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Cost of fault:
$52 MILLIONS!!!
http://www.cbc.ca/money/story/2010/07/07/alcan-explosion.html
http://ca.news.finance.yahoo.com/s/14102010/2/biz-finance-quebec-aluminum-
smelter-explosion-cost-rio-tinto-alcan.html
Accuracy
Combustible Gas Generation rates
3 key
learnings…
Accuracy
DGA
Understanding process and operations
jar
syringe
Gas separation
Sampling Sampling Packaging Transportation Sample Gas
and
point techniques & handling preparation extraction
measurement
& location
Accuracy
Your DGA results: Accurate or not?
Accuracy
Your DGA results: Accurate or not?
Accuracy
DGA as a tool
From Information…
…to Action
Accuracy
Diagnosing transformer
condition
A good rule is: Never make a decision based only on a ratio if either of the
two gases used in a ratio is less than 10 times the amount the gas
chromatograph can detect
FIST 03-30, USA Bureau of reclamation
Accuracy
Diagnosing transformer
condition
TDG (Total Dissolved Gases) expressed in % to 1.000.000ppm, i.e. in the picture TRN1 we see 7%, meaning there is a total of 70.000
ppm of gases (all the gases)
TDCG (Total Dissolved Combustible Gases) all the gases except N2, O2 and CO2, also in % to 1.000.000ppm, that’s why we see 0%
(less than 1ppm, as almost all the gases are N2, O2 and CO2)
THCG (Total Headspace Combustible Gases) are the gases on the headspace at the transformers (especially in sealed transformers
with N2 blanket) as the gases dissolved in the oil are in equilibrium with the headspace, we calculate, based on the Ostwald
coefficient, each gas at the headspace level.
Accuracy
Diagnosing transformer
condition
The Duval Triangle method, like any other DGA diagnostic method, should be
applied only when there is some suspicion of a fault, based on an increase in
1 combustible gas or some other suspicious symptom. The diagnostic method
itself is not a means of fault detection.
If reasonably stable concentrations of the gases were present before the onset
of the suspected fault, it is advisable to subtract out the background
concentrations, provided that the differences are large enough for
interpretation. The diagnosis should be based on recently-formed gas if
possible, and including pre-fault gas in the diagnostic calculations can lead to
misleading results2.
Accuracy
Diagnosing transformer
condition
Rogers used these relationships and determined that if a certain ratio existed, then a specific temperature
had been reached. By comparing a large number of transformers with similar gas ratios and data found
when the transformers were examined, Rogers could then say that certain faults were present. Like the
Key Gas Analysis above, this method is not a “sure thing” and is only an additional tool to use in analyzing
transformer problems.
FIST 03-30, USA Bureau of reclamation
Accuracy
Summary of gases used by
the diagnostics tools
Accuracy
Operationalizing
and integrating
Accuracy
Transformers monitoring: 3 key values
Accuracy
Defining the needs…
1) Review current
resources & operations
Diagnostic value
2) Defining Asset
Criticality
Diagnostic
3) Review needs
# of Gases analyzed
Accuracy
Transformer
Condition evolution – economical costs
Best Case
$ Time
Accuracy
Transformer: Electrical network
The Global Picture
$
Significant savings occur when a large
number of transformers are being monitored
Time
Failures will happen… it’s a matter of probability!!
Accuracy
Monetizing Online monitoring
What you actually pay for
Diagnostic
Diagnostic Value : Value € 000 €
: 0 30
Approx.
Monitoring
Monitoring 0 € : 0$10 000 €
Value :Value
Approx.
Detection Value : Approx. 10 000 €
10 Years
Accuracy
Monetizing Online monitoring
Condition
Condition change change
: better allocation of budget
0€ €
30 000
Diagnostic Value
0€ €
10 000
10 000 €
Monitoring Value
Detection Value
10 Years
When a condition change occurs, Diagnostics
capabilities are important, but otherwise only
Detection and/or Monitoring
Accuracy
Deploying online monitors
Maximizing coverage of electrical assets
Detect
New
Monitor
Diagnose
Sub-station
Critical 1
Critical 2
Deploying online monitors
Alarm
Detect
New
Monitor
Diagnose
Sub-station
Critical 1
Critical 2
Accuracy
Deploying online monitors
Alarm triggers on-site inspection and Myrkos DGA
Detect
New
Monitor
<<<< 1 day
to provide results for
Critical 1 2 diagnostics by Asset manager
or Lab DGA
Critical 2
Accuracy
Deploying online monitors
Multigas can be used effectively to closely monitor transformer
Detect
New
Monitor After condition assessment and
Diagnose decision taken on “faulty” transformer
Sub-station
ASTM D3612
IEC 60567
On-site
Critical 1 2
Condition
assessment
When needed : on-line multigas
Critical 2 3 monitor for problematic/concerning fault
gases evolution (temp/perm)
Accuracy
Deploying online monitors
Budget allocation efficiency
Detect Detect
Diagnose
Sub-station
A B
1x 3-4X
Critical 1 Critical 1
Critical 2 Critical 2
Diagnose
Accuracy
Deploying online monitors
@ equal budget
A B
Detect A B Detect
Sub-station Sub-station
- Extended coverage
- Diagnostics
- Easier data
management
Critical 1 Critical 1
Critical 2 Critical 2
Diagnose
Accuracy
Interchangeability concept: key pointers
Maximizing coverage of electrical assets
Monitor
Critical 1 Diagnose
Critical 2
Accuracy
Balancing values:
interchangeability concept in
action
Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics
**Change in
condition
Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics
Details :
The Calisto 9 measured high values
were recorded for H2, C2H4, C2H6
and most importantly for C2H2.
Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics
Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics
Duval Triangle
1) Adjusted for the actual oil
type used in the
transformer
Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics
Additional
diagnostics
1) Rate of change (Day,
Week, Month, Year)
2) Rogers ratios
3) IEC 60599
4) Doernenburg
5) Key gas method
6) IEEE
Accuracy
Interchangeability concept in action:
from a detection monitor alarm, to multigas diagnostics
The loose contacts were one of the connecting points of the
transformer windings with the OLTC tap positions. These contacts
are located inside the transformer tank, not the OLTC tank
Details :
The transformer was opened, the oil was
removed and the loose contacts were indeed
found and fixed.
Accuracy
mguertin@morganschaffer.com
AUW booth C4
Questions?
Thank you!
Process excellence: empowering the field
On-site Dissolved Gas Analysis
Alert
? On-site visit /
visual inspection
Ton-site/sampling
XXX
Tpacking/shipping/customs Tlab analysis Tresults/condition assessment/decision
1-10 Hours 1-10 Hours 1-5 days 1-5 days
Alert
? On-site visit /
visual inspection
Critical early
detection in H2 Ton-site/sampling Ton-site DGA/ Tlab analysis
immediate result
change
1-10 Hours 0.1 Hours 1-5 days