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Administrative distance:

0 Directly connected interface


0 Static route pointing to an interface
1 Static route pointing to a next-hop neighbor
5 Summarized EIGRP route
20 External BGP route
90 Internel EIGRP route
100 IGRP route
110 OSPF route
115 IS-IS route
120 RIP route
140 EGP route
170 External EIGRP route
200 Internal BGP route
255 Unknown routing source

Performing Password Recovery for the ASA


5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance
Performing Password Recovery for the ASA 5500 Series Adaptive Security Appliance

To recover from the loss of passwords, perform the following steps:

Step 1 Connect to the security appliance console port

Step 2 Power off the security appliance, and then power it on.

Step 3 During the startup messages, press the Escape key when prompted to enter ROMMON.

Step 4 To set the security appliance to ignore the startup configuration at reload, enter the
following command:

rommon #1> confreg

The security appliance displays the current configuration register value, and asks if you want to
change the value:

Current Configuration Register: 0×00000011

Configuration Summary:

boot TFTP image, boot default image from Flash on netboot failure
Do you wish to change this configuration? y/n [n]:

Step 5 Record your current configuration register value, so you can restore it later.

Step 6 At the prompt, enter Y to change the value.

The security appliance prompts you for new values.

Step 7 Accept the default values for all settings, except for the “disable system configuration?”
value; at that prompt, enter Y.

Step 8 Reload the security appliance by entering the following command:

rommon #2> boot

The security appliance loads a default configuration instead of the startup configuration.

Step 9 Enter privileged EXEC mode by entering the following command:

hostname> enable

Step 10 When prompted for the password, press Return.

The password is blank.

Step 11 Load the startup configuration by entering the following command:

hostname# copy startup-config running-config

Step 12 Enter global configuration mode by entering the following command:

hostname# configure terminal

Step 13 Change the passwords in the configuration by entering the following commands, as
necessary:

hostname(config)# password password

hostname(config)# enable password password

hostname(config)# username name password password

Step 14 Change the configuration register to load the startup configuration at the next reload by
entering the following command:

hostname(config)# config-register value


Where value is the configuration register value you noted in Step 5. 0×1 is the default
configuration register.

Step 15 Save the new passwords to the startup configuration by entering the following
command:

hostname(config)# copy running-config startup-config

Interview Questions :Networking


1. What are 10Base2, 10Base5 and 10BaseT Ethernet LANs
10Base2—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that
uses baseband
signaling, with a contiguous cable segment length of 100 meters and a maximum of 2 segments.
10Base5—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that
uses baseband
signaling, with 5 continuous segments not exceeding 100 meters per segment.
10BaseT—An Ethernet term meaning a maximum transfer rate of 10 Megabits per second that
uses baseband
signaling and twisted pair cabling.

2. What is the difference between an unspecified passive open and a fully specified passive open
An unspecified passive open has the server waiting for a connection request from a client. A
fully specified passive open has the server waiting for a connection from a specific client.

3. Explain the function of Transmission Control Block


A TCB is a complex data structure that contains a considerable amount of information about
each connection.

4. What is a Management Information Base (MIB)


A Management Information Base is part of every SNMP-managed device. Each SNMP agent has
the MIB database that contains information about the device’s status, its performance,
connections, and configuration. The MIB is queried by SNMP.

5. What is anonymous FTP and why would you use it


Anonymous FTP enables users to connect to a host without using a valid login and password.
Usually, anonymous FTP uses a login called anonymous or guest, with the password usually
requesting the user’s ID for tracking purposes only. Anonymous FTP is used to enable a large
number of users to access files on the host without having to go to the trouble of setting up logins
for them all. Anonymous FTP systems usually have strict controls over the areas an anonymous
user can access.
6. What is a pseudo tty
A pseudo tty or false terminal enables external machines to connect through Telnet or rlogin.
Without a pseudo tty, no connection can take place.

7. Which layer of the 7 layer model provides services to the Application layer over the Session
layer connection?
Presentation.

8. What does the Mount protocol do ?


The Mount protocol returns a file handle and the name of the file system in which a requested
file resides. The message is sent to the client from the server after reception of a client’s request.

9. What is External Data Representation


External Data Representation is a method of encoding data within an RPC message, used to
ensure that the data is not system-dependent.

10. Which OSI Reference Layer controls application to application communication?


Session

11. BOOTP helps a diskless workstation boot. How does it get a message to the network looking
for its IP address and the location of its operating system boot files ?
BOOTP sends a UDP message with a subnetwork broadcast address and waits for a reply from a
server that gives it the IP address. The same message might contain the
name of the machine that has the boot files on it. If the boot image location is not specified, the
workstation sends another UDP message to query the server.

12. What is a DNS resource record


A resource record is an entry in a name server’s database. There are several types of resource
records used, including name-to-address resolution information. Resource records are maintained
as ASCII files.

13. What protocol is used by DNS name servers


DNS uses UDP for communication between servers. It is a better choice than TCP because of the
improved speed a connectionless protocol offers. Of course, transmission reliability suffers with
UDP.

14. What is the difference between interior and exterior neighbor gateways
Interior gateways connect LANs of one organization, whereas exterior gateways connect the
organization to the outside world.

15. What is the HELLO protocol used for


The HELLO protocol uses time instead of distance to determine optimal routing. It is an
alternative to the Routing Information Protocol.

16. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the three types of routing tables
The three types of routing tables are fixed, dynamic, and fixed central. The fixed table must be
manually modified every
time there is a change. A dynamic table changes its information based on network traffic,
reducing the amount of manual maintenance. A fixed central table lets a manager
modify only one table, which is then read by other devices. The fixed central table reduces the
need to update each machine’s table, as with the fixed table. Usually a
dynamic table causes the fewest problems for a network administrator, although the table’s
contents can change without the administrator being aware of the change
.
17. What is a characteristic of Store and Forward switches?
They read the entire frame and check CRC before forwarding.

18. What is source route


It is a sequence of IP addresses identifying the route a datagram must follow. A source route may
optionally be included in an IP datagram header.

19. What is RIP (Routing Information Protocol)


It is a simple protocol used to exchange information between the routers.

20. What is SLIP (Serial Line Interface Protocol)


It is a very simple protocol used for transmission of IP datagrams across a serial line.

21. What is Proxy ARP


It is using a router to answer ARP requests. This will be done when the originating host believes
that a destination is local, when in fact is lies beyond router.

22. What is OSPF


It is an Internet routing protocol that scales well, can route traffic along multiple paths, and uses
knowledge of an Internet’s topology to make accurate routing decisions.

23. What is Kerberos


It is an authentication service developed at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Kerberos
uses encryption to prevent intruders from discovering passwords and gaining unauthorized
access to files.

24. What is a Multi-homed Host


It is a host that has a multiple network interfaces and that requires multiple IP addresses is called
as a Multi-homed Host.

25. What is NVT (Network Virtual Terminal)


It is a set of rules defining a very simple virtual terminal interaction. The NVT is used in the start
of a Telnet session.

26. What is Gateway-to-Gateway protocol


It is a protocol formerly used to exchange routing information between Internet core routers.
27. What is BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)
It is a protocol used to advertise the set of networks that can be reached with in an autonomous
system. BGP enables this information to be shared with the autonomous system. This is newer
than EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol).

28. What is autonomous system


It is a collection of routers under the control of a single administrative authority and that uses a
common Interior Gateway Protocol.

29. What is EGP (Exterior Gateway Protocol)


It is the protocol the routers in neighboring autonomous systems use to identify the set of
networks that can be reached within or via each autonomous system.

30. What is IGP (Interior Gateway Protocol)


It is any routing protocol used within an autonomous system.

31. What is Mail Gateway


It is a system that performs a protocol translation between different electronic mail delivery
protocols.

32. What is wide-mouth frog


Wide-mouth frog is the simplest known key distribution center (KDC) authentication protocol.

33. What are Digrams and Trigrams


The most common two letter combinations are called as digrams. e.g. th, in, er, re and an. The
most common three letter combinations are called as trigrams. e.g. the, ing,
and, and ion.

34. What is silly window syndrome


It is a problem that can ruin TCP performance. This problem occurs when data are passed to the
sending TCP entity in large blocks, but an interactive application on the
receiving side reads 1 byte at a time.

35. What is region


When hierarchical routing is used, the routers are divided into what we call regions, with each
router knowing all the details about how to route packets to destinations
within its own region, but knowing nothing about the internal structure of other regions.

36. What is multicast routing


Sending a message to a group is called multicasting, and its routing algorithm is called multicast
routing.

37. What is traffic shaping


One of the main causes of congestion is that traffic is often busy. If hosts could be made to
transmit at a uniform rate,congestion would be less common. Another open loop
method to help manage congestion is forcing the packet to be transmitted at a more predictable
rate. This is called traffic shaping.

38. What is packet filter


Packet filter is a standard router equipped with some extra functionality. The extra functionality
allows every incoming or outgoing packet to be inspected. Packets meeting
some criterion are forwarded normally. Those that fail the test are dropped.

39. What is virtual path


Along any transmission path from a given source to a given destination, a group of virtual
circuits can be grouped together into what is called path.

40. What is virtual channel


Virtual channel is normally a connection from one source to one destination, although multicast
connections are also permitted. The other name for virtual channel is virtual circuit.

41. What is logical link control


One of two sublayers of the data link layer of OSI reference model, as defined by the IEEE 802
standard. This sublayer is responsible for maintaining the link between computers when they are
sending data across the physical network connection.

42. Why should you care about the OSI Reference Model
It provides a framework for discussing network operations and design.

43. What is the difference between routable and non- routable protocols
Routable protocols can work with a router and can be used to build large networks. Non-
Routable protocols are designed to work on small, local networks and cannot be used with a
router.

44. What is MAU


In token Ring , hub is called Multistation Access Unit(MAU).

45. Explain 5-4-3 rule


In a Ethernet network, between any two points on the network, there can be no more than five
network segments or four repeaters, and of those five segments only three of
segments can be populated.

46. What is the difference between TFTP and FTP application layer protocols
The Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) allows a local host to obtain files from a remote host
but does not provide reliability or security. It uses the fundamental packet delivery services
offered by UDP. The File Transfer Protocol (FTP) is the standard mechanism provided by TCP /
IP for copying a file from one host to another. It uses the services offered by TCP and so is
reliable and secure. It establishes two connections (virtual circuits) between the hosts, one for
data transfer and another for control information.
47. What is the range of addresses in the classes of internet addresses
Class A 0.0.0.0 – 127.255.255.255
Class B 128.0.0.0 – 191.255.255.255
Class C 192.0.0.0 – 223.255.255.255
Class D 224.0.0.0 – 239.255.255.255
Class E 240.0.0.0 – 247.255.255.255

48. What is the minimum and maximum length of the header in the TCP segment and IP
datagram
The header should have a minimum length of 20 bytes and can have a maximum length of 60
bytes.

49. What is difference between ARP and RARP


The address resolution protocol (ARP) is used to associate the 32 bit IP address with the 48 bit
physical address, used by a host or a router to find the physical address of
another host on its network by sending a ARP query packet that includes the IP address of the
receiver. The reverse address resolution protocol (RARP) allows a host to discover its Internet
address when it knows only its physical address.

50. What is ICMP


ICMP is Internet Control Message Protocol, a network layer protocol of the TCP/IP suite used by
hosts and gateways to send notification of datagram problems back to the sender. It uses the echo
test / reply to test whether a destination is reachable and responding. It also handles both control
and error messages.

51. What are the data units at different layers of the TCP / IP protocol suite
The data unit created at the application layer is called a message, at the transport layer the data
unit created is called either a segment or an user datagram, at the network layer the data unit
created is called the datagram, at the data link layer the datagram is encapsulated in to a frame
and finally transmitted as signals along the transmission media.

52. What is Project 802


It is a project started by IEEE to set standards that enable intercommunication between
equipment from a variety of
manufacturers. It is a way for specifying functions of the physical layer, the data link layer and to
some extent the network layer to allow for interconnectivity of major LAN
protocols.
It consists of the following:
802.1 is an internetworking standard for compatibility of different LANs and MANs across
protocols.
802.2 Logical link control (LLC) is the upper sublayer of the data link layer which is non-
architecture-specific, that is
remains the same for all IEEE-defined LANs.
Media access control (MAC) is the lower sublayer of the data link layer that contains some
distinct modules each
carrying proprietary information specific to the LAN product
being used. The modules are Ethernet LAN (802.3), Token ring LAN (802.4), Token bus LAN
(802.5).
802.6 is distributed queue dual bus (DQDB) designed to be used in MANs.

53. What is Bandwidth


Every line has an upper limit and a lower limit on the frequency of signals it can carry. This
limited range is called the
bandwidth.

54. Difference between bit rate and baud rate.


Bit rate is the number of bits transmitted during one second whereas baud rate refers to the
number of signal units per
second that are required to represent those bits.
baud rate = bit rate / N where N is no-of-bits represented by each signal shift.

55. What is MAC address


The address for a device as it is identified at the Media Access Control (MAC) layer in the
network architecture. MAC
address is usually stored in ROM on the network adapter card and is unique.

56. What is attenuation


The degeneration of a signal over distance on a network cable is called attenuation.

57. What is cladding


A layer of a glass surrounding the center fiber of glass inside a fiber-optic cable.

58. What is RAID


A method for providing fault tolerance by using multiple hard disk drives.

59. What is NETBIOS and NETBEUI


NETBIOS is a programming interface that allows I/O requests to be sent to and received from a
remote computer and it
hides the networking hardware from applications.
NETBEUI is NetBIOS extended user interface. A transport protocol designed by microsoft and
IBM for the use on small
subnets.

60. What is redirector


Redirector is software that intercepts file or prints I/O requests and translates them into network
requests. This comes under presentation layer.

61. What is Beaconing


The process that allows a network to self-repair networks problems. The stations on the network
notify the other stations on the ring when they are not receiving the transmissions. Beaconing is
used in Token ring and FDDI networks.
62. What is terminal emulation, in which layer it comes
Telnet is also called as terminal emulation. It belongs to application layer.

63. What is frame relay, in which layer it comes


Frame relay is a packet switching technology. It will operate in the data link layer.

64. What do you meant by “triple X” in Networks


The function of PAD (Packet Assembler Disassembler) is described in a document known as
X.3. The standard protocol has been defined between the terminal and the PAD, called X.28;
another standard protocol exists between hte PAD and the network, called X.29. Together, these
three recommendations are often called “triple X”

65. What is SAP


Series of interface points that allow other computers to communicate with the other layers of
network protocol stack.

66. What is subnet


A generic term for section of a large networks usually separated by a bridge or router.

67. What is Brouter


Hybrid devices that combine the features of both bridges and routers.

68. How Gateway is different from Routers


A gateway operates at the upper levels of the OSI model and translates information between two
completely different network architectures or data formats.

69. What are the different type of networking / internetworking devices


Repeater:
Also called a regenerator, it is an electronic device that operates only at physical layer. It
receives the signal in the
network before it becomes weak, regenerates the original bit pattern and puts the refreshed copy
back in to the link.

Bridges:
These operate both in the physical and data link layers of LANs of same type. They divide a
larger network in to smaller
segments. They contain logic that allow them to keep the traffic for each segment separate and
thus are repeaters that relay a frame only the side of the segment containing the intended recipent
and control congestion.

Routers:
They relay packets among multiple interconnected networks (i.e. LANs of different type). They
operate in the physical,
data link and network layers. They contain software that enable them to determine which of the
several possible paths is the best for a particular transmission.
Gateways:
They relay packets among networks that have different protocols (e.g. between a LAN and a
WAN). They accept a
packet formatted for one protocol and convert it to a packet formatted for another protocol before
forwarding it. They operate in all seven layers of the OSI model.

70. What is mesh network


A network in which there are multiple network links between computers to provide multiple
paths for data to travel.

71. What is passive topology


When the computers on the network simply listen and receive the signal, they are referred to as
passive because they don’t amplify the signal in any way. Example for passive topology – linear
bus.

72. What are the important topologies for networks

BUS topology:
In this each computer is directly connected to primary network cable in a single line.
Advantages:
Inexpensive, easy to install, simple to understand, easy to extend.

STAR topology:
In this all computers are connected using a central hub.
Advantages:
Can be inexpensive, easy to install and reconfigure and easy to trouble shoot physical problems.

RING topology:
In this all computers are connected in loop.
Advantages:
All computers have equal access to network media, installation can be simple, and signal does
not degrade as much as
in other topologies because each computer regenerates it.

73. What are major types of networks and explain


Server-based network
Peer-to-peer network
Peer-to-peer network, computers can act as both servers sharing resources and as clients using
the resources.
Server-based networks provide centralized control of network resources and rely on server
computers to provide
security and network administration

74. What is Protocol Data Unit


The data unit in the LLC level is called the protocol data unit (PDU). The PDU contains of four
fields a destination
service access point (DSAP), a source service access point (SSAP), a control field and an
information field. DSAP, SSAP are addresses used by the LLC to identify the protocol stacks on
the receiving and sending machines that are generating and using the data. The control field
specifies whether the PDU frame is a information frame (I -
frame) or a supervisory frame (S – frame) or a unnumbered frame (U – frame).

75. What is difference between baseband and broadband transmission


In a baseband transmission, the entire bandwidth of the cable is consumed by a single signal. In
broadband transmission, signals are sent on multiple frequencies, allowing multiple signals to be
sent simultaneously.

76. What are the possible ways of data exchange


(i) Simplex (ii) Half-duplex (iii) Full-duplex.

77. What are the types of Transmission media


Signals are usually transmitted over some transmission media that are broadly classified in to
two categories.
Guided Media:
These are those that provide a conduit from one device to another that include twisted-pair,
coaxial cable and fiber-optic
cable. A signal traveling along any of these media is directed and is contained by the physical
limits of the medium. Twisted-pair and coaxial cable use metallic that accept and transport
signals in the form of electrical current. Optical fiber is a glass or plastic cable that accepts and
transports signals in the form of light.
Unguided Media:
This is the wireless media that transport electromagnetic waves without using a physical
conductor. Signals are
broadcast either through air. This is done through radio
communication, satellite communication and cellular telephony.

78. Difference between the communication and transmission.


Transmission is a physical movement of information and concern issues like bit polarity,
synchronization, clock etc.
Communication means the meaning full exchange of information between two communication
media.

79.The Internet Control Message Protocol occurs at what layer of the seven layer model?
Network

80.Which protocol resolves an IP address to a MAC address?


ARP

81.MIDI and MPEG are examples of what layer of the OSI seven layer model?
Presentation
82.What is the protocol number for UDP?
17

83.Which protocol is used for booting diskless workstations?


RARP

84.Which layer is responsible for putting 1s and 0s into a logical group?


Physical

85.What does ‘P’ mean when running a Trace?


Protocol unreachable

86.UDP works at which layer of the DOD model?


Host to Host

87.What is the default encapsulation of Netware 3.12?


802.2

88.Ping uses which Internet layer protocol?


ICMP

89.Which switching technology can reduce the size of a broadcast domain?


VLAN

90.What is the first step in data encapsulation?


User information is converted into data.

91.What is the protocol number for TCP?


6

92.What do you use the Aux port for?


Modem

93.Repeaters work at which layer of the OSI model?


Physical

94.WAN stands for which of the following?


Wide Area Network

95.What ISDN protocol specifies concepts, terminology, and services?


I

96.LAN stands for which of the following?


Local Are Network
97.DHCP stands for
Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

98.What does the acronym ARP stand for?


Address Resolution Protocol

99.Which layer is responsible for identifying and establishing the availability of the intended
communication partner?
Application.

100.Which OSI layer provides mechanical, electrical, procedural for activating, maintaining
physical link?
Physical

Technical Interview Questions – Active


Directory
Technical Interview Questions – Active Directory

* What is Active Directory?


* What is LDAP?
* Can you connect Active Directory to other 3rd-party Directory Services? Name a few options.
* Where is the AD database held? What other folders are related to AD?
* What is the SYSVOL folder?
* Name the AD NCs and replication issues for each NC
* What are application partitions? When do I use them
* How do you create a new application partition
* How do you view replication properties for AD partitions and DCs?
* What is the Global Catalog?
* How do you view all the GCs in the forest?
* Why not make all DCs in a large forest as GCs?
* Trying to look at the Schema, how can I do that?
* What are the Support Tools? Why do I need them?
* What is LDP? What is REPLMON? What is ADSIEDIT? What is NETDOM? What is
REPADMIN?
* What are sites? What are they used for?
* What’s the difference between a site link’s schedule and interval?
* What is the KCC?
* What is the ISTG? Who has that role by default?
* What are the requirements for installing AD on a new server?
* What can you do to promote a server to DC if you’re in a remote location with slow WAN
link?
* How can you forcibly remove AD from a server, and what do you do later? • Can I get user
passwords from the AD database?
* What tool would I use to try to grab security related packets from the wire?
* Name some OU design considerations.
* What is tombstone lifetime attribute?
* What do you do to install a new Windows 2003 DC in a Windows 2000 AD?
* What do you do to install a new Windows 2003 R2 DC in a Windows 2003 AD?
* How would you find all users that have not logged on since last month?
* What are the DS* commands?
* What’s the difference between LDIFDE and CSVDE? Usage considerations?
* What are the FSMO roles? Who has them by default? What happens when each one fails?
* What FSMO placement considerations do you know of?
* I want to look at the RID allocation table for a DC. What do I do?
* What’s the difference between transferring a FSMO role and seizing one? Which one should
you NOT seize? Why?
* How do you configure a “stand-by operation master” for any of the roles?
* How do you backup AD?
* How do you restore AD?
* How do you change the DS Restore admin password?
* Why can’t you restore a DC that was backed up 4 months ago?
* What are GPOs?
* What is the order in which GPOs are applied?
* Name a few benefits of using GPMC.
* What are the GPC and the GPT? Where can I find them?
* What are GPO links? What special things can I do to them?
* What can I do to prevent inheritance from above?
* How can I override blocking of inheritance?
* How can you determine what GPO was and was not applied for a user? Name a few ways to do
that.
* A user claims he did not receive a GPO, yet his user and computer accounts are in the right
OU, and everyone else there gets the GPO. What will you look for?
* Name a few differences in Vista GPOs
* Name some GPO settings in the computer and user parts.
* What are administrative templates?
* What’s the difference between software publishing and assigning?
* Can I deploy non-MSI software with GPO?
* You want to standardize the desktop environments (wallpaper, My Documents, Start menu,
printers etc.) on the computers in one department. How would you do that?

1. Describe how the DHCP lease is obtained.


It’s a four-step process consisting of (a) IP request, (b) IP offer, © IP selection and (d)
acknowledgement.
2. I can’t seem to access the Internet, don’t have any access to the corporate network
and on ipconfig my address is 169.254.*.*. What happened?
The 169.254.*.* netmask is assigned to Windows machines running 98/2000/XP if the
DHCP server is not available. The name for the technology is APIPA (Automatic Private
Internet Protocol Addressing).
3. We’ve installed a new Windows-based DHCP server, however, the users do not
seem to be getting DHCP leases off of it. The server must be authorized first with the
Active Directory.
4. How can you force the client to give up the dhcp lease if you have access to the client
PC?
ipconfig /release
5. What authentication options do Windows 2000 Servers have for remote clients?
PAP, SPAP, CHAP, MS-CHAP and EAP.
6. What are the networking protocol options for the Windows clients if for some
reason you do not want to use TCP/IP? NWLink (Novell), NetBEUI, AppleTalk
(Apple).
7. What is data link layer in the OSI reference model responsible for? Data link layer
is located above the physical layer, but below the network layer.
Taking raw data bits and packaging them into frames. The network layer will be
responsible for addressing the frames, while the physical layer is reponsible for retrieving
and sending raw data bits.
8. What is binding order?
The order by which the network protocols are used for client-server communications. The
most frequently used protocols should be at the top.
9. How do cryptography-based keys ensure the validity of data transferred across the
network?
Each IP packet is assigned a checksum, so if the checksums do not match on both
receiving and transmitting ends, the data was modified or corrupted.
10. Should we deploy IPSEC-based security or certificate-based security?
They are really two different technologies. IPSec secures the TCP/IP communication and
protects the integrity of the packets. Certificate-based security ensures the validity of
authenticated clients and servers.
11. What is LMHOSTS file?
It’s a file stored on a host machine that is used to resolve NetBIOS to specific IP
addresses.
12. What’s the difference between forward lookup and reverse lookup in DNS?
Forward lookup is name-to-address, the reverse lookup is address-to-name.
13. How can you recover a file encrypted using EFS?
Use the domain recovery agent.
14. How do you double-boot a Win 2003 server box? The Boot.ini file is set as read-only,
system, and hidden to prevent unwanted editing. To change the Boot.ini timeout and
default settings, use the System option in Control Panel from the Advanced tab and select
Startup.
15. What do you do if earlier application doesn’t run on Windows Server 2003? When
an application that ran on an earlier legacy version of Windows cannot be loaded during
the setup function or if it later malfunctions, you must run the compatibility mode
function. This is accomplished by right-clicking the application or setup program and
selecting Properties –> Compatibility –> selecting the previously supported operating
system.
16. If you uninstall Windows Server 2003, which operating systems can you revert to?
Win ME, Win 98, 2000, XP. Note, however, that you cannot upgrade from ME and 98 to
Windows Server 2003.
17. How do you get to Internet Firewall settings? Start –> Control Panel –> Network and
Internet Connections –> Network Connections.
18. What are the Windows Server 2003 keyboard shortcuts? Winkey opens or closes the
Start menu. Winkey + BREAK displays the System Properties dialog box. Winkey +
TAB moves the focus to the next application in the taskbar. Winkey + SHIFT + TAB
moves the focus to the previous application in the taskbar. Winkey + B moves the focus
to the notification area. Winkey + D shows the desktop. Winkey + E opens Windows
Explorer showing My Computer. Winkey + F opens the Search panel. Winkey + CTRL +
F opens the Search panel with Search for Computers module selected. Winkey + F1
opens Help. Winkey + M minimizes all. Winkey + SHIFT+ M undoes minimization.
Winkey + R opens Run dialog. Winkey + U opens the Utility Manager. Winkey + L
locks the computer.
19. What is Active Directory? Active Directory is a network-based object store and service
that locates and manages resources, and makes these resources available to authorized
users and groups. An underlying principle of the Active Directory is that everything is
considered an object—people, servers, workstations, printers, documents, and devices.
Each object has certain attributes and its own security access control list (ACL).
20. Where are the Windows NT Primary Domain Controller (PDC) and its Backup
Domain Controller (BDC) in Server 2003? The Active Directory replaces them. Now
all domain controllers share a multimaster peer-to-peer read and write relationship that
hosts copies of the Active Directory.
21. How long does it take for security changes to be replicated among the domain
controllers? Security-related modifications are replicated within a site immediately.
These changes include account and individual user lockout policies, changes to password
policies, changes to computer account passwords, and modifications to the Local Security
Authority (LSA).
22. What’s new in Windows Server 2003 regarding the DNS management? When DC
promotion occurs with an existing forest, the Active Directory Installation Wizard
contacts an existing DC to update the directory and replicate from the DC the required
portions of the directory. If the wizard fails to locate a DC, it performs debugging and
reports what caused the failure and how to fix the problem. In order to be located on a
network, every DC must register in DNS DC locator DNS records. The Active Directory
Installation Wizard verifies a proper configuration of the DNS infrastructure. All DNS
configuration debugging and reporting activity is done with the Active Directory
Installation Wizard.
23. When should you create a forest? Organizations that operate on radically different
bases may require separate trees with distinct namespaces. Unique trade or brand names
often give rise to separate DNS identities. Organizations merge or are acquired and
naming continuity is desired. Organizations form partnerships and joint ventures. While
access to common resources is desired, a separately defined tree can enforce more direct
administrative and security restrictions.
24. How can you authenticate between forests? Four types of authentication are used
across forests: (1) Kerberos and NTLM network logon for remote access to a server in
another forest; (2) Kerberos and NTLM interactive logon for physical logon outside the
user’s home forest; (3) Kerberos delegation to N-tier application in another forest; and (4)
user principal name (UPN) credentials.

1.
What snap-in administrative tools are available for Active Directory? Active
Directory Domains and Trusts Manager, Active Directory Sites and Services Manager,
Active Directory Users and Group Manager, Active Directory Replication (optional,
available from the Resource Kit), Active Directory Schema Manager (optional, available
from adminpak)
2. What types of classes exist in Windows Server 2003 Active Directory?
o Structural class. The structural class is important to the system administrator in
that it is the only type from which new Active Directory objects are created.
Structural classes are developed from either the modification of an existing
structural type or the use of one or more abstract classes.
o Abstract class. Abstract classes are so named because they take the form of
templates that actually create other templates (abstracts) and structural and
auxiliary classes. Think of abstract classes as frameworks for the defining objects.
o Auxiliary class. The auxiliary class is a list of attributes. Rather than apply
numerous attributes when creating a structural class, it provides a streamlined
alternative by applying a combination of attributes with a single include action.
o 88 class. The 88 class includes object classes defined prior to 1993, when the
1988 X.500 specification was adopted. This type does not use the structural,
abstract, and auxiliary definitions, nor is it in common use for the development of
objects in Windows Server 2003 environments.
3. How do you delete a lingering object? Windows Server 2003 provides a command
called Repadmin that provides the ability to delete lingering objects in the Active
Directory.
4. What is Global Catalog? The Global Catalog authenticates network user logons and
fields inquiries about objects across a forest or tree. Every domain has at least one GC
that is hosted on a domain controller. In Windows 2000, there was typically one GC on
every site in order to prevent user logon failures across the network.
5. How is user account security established in Windows Server 2003? When an account
is created, it is given a unique access number known as a security identifier (SID). Every
group to which the user belongs has an associated SID. The user and related group SIDs
together form the user account’s security token, which determines access levels to objects
throughout the system and network. SIDs from the security token are mapped to the
access control list (ACL) of any object the user attempts to access.
6. If I delete a user and then create a new account with the same username and
password, would the SID and permissions stay the same? No. If you delete a user
account and attempt to recreate it with the same user name and password, the SID will be
different.
7. What do you do with secure sign-ons in an organization with many roaming users?
Credential Management feature of Windows Server 2003 provides a consistent single
sign-on experience for users. This can be useful for roaming users who move between
computer systems. The Credential Management feature provides a secure store of user
credentials that includes passwords and X.509 certificates.
8. Anything special you should do when adding a user that has a Mac? “Save password
as encrypted clear text” must be selected on User Properties Account Tab Options, since
the Macs only store their passwords that way.
9. What remote access options does Windows Server 2003 support? Dial-in, VPN, dial-
in with callback.
10. Where are the documents and settings for the roaming profile stored? All the
documents and environmental settings for the roaming user are stored locally on the
system, and, when the user logs off, all changes to the locally stored profile are copied to
the shared server folder. Therefore, the first time a roaming user logs on to a new system
the logon process may take some time, depending on how large his profile folder is.
11. Where are the settings for all the users stored on a given machine? \Document and
Settings\All Users
12. What languages can you use for log-on scripts? JavaScipt, VBScript, DOS batch files
(.com, .bat, or even .exe)
13. What’s the difference between local, global and universal groups? Domain local
groups assign access permissions to global domain groups for local domain resources.
Global groups provide access to resources in other trusted domains. Universal groups
grant access to resources in all trusted domains.
14. I am trying to create a new universal user group. Why can’t I? Universal groups are
allowed only in native-mode Windows Server 2003 environments. Native mode requires
that all domain controllers be promoted to Windows Server 2003 Active Directory.
15. What is LSDOU? It’s group policy inheritance model, where the policies are applied to
Local machines, Sites, Domains and Organizational Units.
16. Why doesn’t LSDOU work under Windows NT? If the NTConfig.pol file exist, it has
the highest priority among the numerous policies.
17. Where are group policies stored? %SystemRoot%System32\GroupPolicy
18. What is GPT and GPC? Group policy template and group policy container.
19. Where is GPT stored? %SystemRoot%\SYSVOL\sysvol\domainname\Policies\GUID
20. You change the group policies, and now the computer and user settings are in
conflict. Which one has the highest priority? The computer settings take priority.
21. You want to set up remote installation procedure, but do not want the user to gain
access over it. What do you do? gponame–> User Configuration–> Windows Settings–
> Remote Installation Services–> Choice Options is your friend.
22. What’s contained in administrative template conf.adm? Microsoft NetMeeting
policies
23. How can you restrict running certain applications on a machine? Via group policy,
security settings for the group, then Software Restriction Policies.
24. You need to automatically install an app, but MSI file is not available. What do you
do? A .zap text file can be used to add applications using the Software Installer, rather
than the Windows Installer.
25. What’s the difference between Software Installer and Windows Installer? The
former has fewer privileges and will probably require user intervention. Plus, it uses .zap
files.
26. What can be restricted on Windows Server 2003 that wasn’t there in previous
products? Group Policy in Windows Server 2003 determines a users right to modify
network and dial-up TCP/IP properties. Users may be selectively restricted from
modifying their IP address and other network configuration parameters.
27. How frequently is the client policy refreshed? 90 minutes give or take.
28. Where is secedit? It’s now gpupdate.
29. You want to create a new group policy but do not wish to inherit. Make sure you
check Block inheritance among the options when creating the policy.
30. What is “tattooing” the Registry? The user can view and modify user preferences that
are not stored in maintained portions of the Registry. If the group policy is removed or
changed, the user preference will persist in the Registry.
31. How do you fight tattooing in NT/2000 installations? You can’t.
32. How do you fight tattooing in 2003 installations? User Configuration - Administrative
Templates - System - Group Policy - enable - Enforce Show Policies Only.
33. What does IntelliMirror do? It helps to reconcile desktop settings, applications, and
stored files for users, particularly those who move between workstations or those who
must periodically work offline.
34. What’s the major difference between FAT and NTFS on a local machine? FAT and
FAT32 provide no security over locally logged-on users. Only native NTFS provides
extensive permission control on both remote and local files.
35. How do FAT and NTFS differ in approach to user shares? They don’t, both have
support for sharing.
36. Explan the List Folder Contents permission on the folder in NTFS. Same as Read &
Execute, but not inherited by files within a folder. However, newly created subfolders
will inherit this permission.
37. I have a file to which the user has access, but he has no folder permission to read it.
Can he access it? It is possible for a user to navigate to a file for which he does not have
folder permission. This involves simply knowing the path of the file object. Even if the
user can’t drill down the file/folder tree using My Computer, he can still gain access to
the file using the Universal Naming Convention (UNC). The best way to start would be
to type the full path of a file into Run… window.
38. For a user in several groups, are Allow permissions restrictive or permissive?
Permissive, if at least one group has Allow permission for the file/folder, user will have
the same permission.
39. For a user in several groups, are Deny permissions restrictive or permissive?
Restrictive, if at least one group has Deny permission for the file/folder, user will be
denied access, regardless of other group permissions.
40. What hidden shares exist on Windows Server 2003 installation? Admin$, Drive$,
IPC$, NETLOGON, print$ and SYSVOL.
41. What’s the difference between standalone and fault-tolerant DFS (Distributed File
System) installations? The standalone server stores the Dfs directory tree structure or
topology locally. Thus, if a shared folder is inaccessible or if the Dfs root server is down,
users are left with no link to the shared resources. A fault-tolerant root node stores the
Dfs topology in the Active Directory, which is replicated to other domain controllers.
Thus, redundant root nodes may include multiple connections to the same data residing in
different shared folders.
42. We’re using the DFS fault-tolerant installation, but cannot access it from a Win98
box. Use the UNC path, not client, only 2000 and 2003 clients can access Server 2003
fault-tolerant shares.
43. Where exactly do fault-tolerant DFS shares store information in Active Directory?
In Partition Knowledge Table, which is then replicated to other domain controllers.
44. Can you use Start->Search with DFS shares? Yes.
45. What problems can you have with DFS installed? Two users opening the redundant
copies of the file at the same time, with no file-locking involved in DFS, changing the
contents and then saving. Only one file will be propagated through DFS.
46. I run Microsoft Cluster Server and cannot install fault-tolerant DFS. Yeah, you
can’t. Install a standalone one.
47. Is Kerberos encryption symmetric or asymmetric? Symmetric.
48. How does Windows 2003 Server try to prevent a middle-man attack on encrypted
line? Time stamp is attached to the initial client request, encrypted with the shared key.
49. What hashing algorithms are used in Windows 2003 Server? RSA Data Security’s
Message Digest 5 (MD5), produces a 128-bit hash, and the Secure Hash Algorithm 1
(SHA-1), produces a 160-bit hash.
50. What third-party certificate exchange protocols are used by Windows 2003 Server?
Windows Server 2003 uses the industry standard PKCS-10 certificate request and PKCS-
7 certificate response to exchange CA certificates with third-party certificate authorities.
51. What’s the number of permitted unsuccessful logons on Administrator account?
Unlimited. Remember, though, that it’s the Administrator account, not any account that’s
part of the Administrators group.
52. If hashing is one-way function and Windows Server uses hashing for storing
passwords, how is it possible to attack the password lists, specifically the ones using
NTLMv1? A cracker would launch a dictionary attack by hashing every imaginable term
used for password and then compare the hashes.
53. What’s the difference between guest accounts in Server 2003 and other editions?
More restrictive in Windows Server 2003.
54. How many passwords by default are remembered when you check “Enforce
Password History Remembered”? User’s last 6 passwords.

1. What is presentation layer responsible for in the OSI model? The presentation layer
establishes the data format prior to passing it along to the network application’s interface.
TCP/IP networks perform this task at the application layer.
2. Does Windows Server 2003 support IPv6? Yes, run ipv6.exe from command line to
disable it.
3. Can Windows Server 2003 function as a bridge? Yes, and it’s a new feature for the
2003 product. You can combine several networks and devices connected via several
adapters by enabling IP routing.
4. What’s the difference between the basic disk and dynamic disk? The basic type
contains partitions, extended partitions, logical drivers, and an assortment of static
volumes; the dynamic type does not use partitions but dynamically manages volumes and
provides advanced storage options
5. What’s a media pool? It is any compilation of disks or tapes with the same
administrative properties.
6. How do you install recovery console? C:\i386\win32 /cmdcons, assuming that
your Win server installation is on drive C.
7. What’s new in Terminal Services for Windows 2003 Server? Supports audio
transmissions as well, although prepare for heavy network load.
8. What scripts ship with IIS 6.0? iisweb.vsb to create, delete, start, stop, and list Web
sites, iisftp.vsb to create, delete, start, stop, and list FTP sites, iisdir.vsb to create, delete,
start, stop, and display virtual directories, iisftpdr.vsb to create, delete, start, stop, and
display virtual directories under an FTP root, iiscnfg.vbs to export and import IIS
configuration to an XML file.
9. What’s the name of the user who connects to the Web site anonymously?
IUSR_computername
10. What secure authentication and encryption mechanisms are supported by IIS 6.0?
Basic authentication, Digest authentication, Advanced digest authentication, Certificate-
based Web transactions that use PKCS #7/PKCS #10, Fortezza, SSL, Server-Gated
Cryptography, Transport Layer Security
11. What’s the relation between SSL and TLS? Transport Layer Security (TLS) extends
SSL by providing cryptographic authentication.

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