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f f ( x, y y ) f ( x, y )
lim
y y0 y
When these limits exist
Example:
If f ( x, y) 2 x3 3xy 2
f
6x2 3y 2
x
f
6 xy
y
Higher order partial derivatives
If f(x,y) has partial derivatives at each point (x.y) in a region, then f / x and f / y
are themselves fuctions of x and y, which may also have partial derivatives. These
second derivatives are denoted by
f 2 f f 2 f f 2 f
2 f xx 2
y y y 2 f zz
x x x z z z
f 2 f f 2 f
f yx f xy
x y xy y x yx
Example:
If ( x, y) x y e
3 xy 2
find
(a) (b) (c) (d)
x y x x y y
2 2
(e) (f)
yx xy
Solution:
(a)
x
3
x
x ye xy 2
3x y e . y
2 xy 2 2
3x y y e
2 2 xy 2
(b)
y
3
y
x ye xy 2
x e .2 xy
3 xy 2
x 2 xy.e
3 xy 2
2U 2U 2U
suppose U x, y, z x 2 y 2 , z 2 1/ 2 show that 2 0
x 2
y 2
z
U 1 2
x y z 2
2 3 / 2
.2 x x x y z
2 2 2 3 / 2
x 2
2U xx 2 y 2 z 2 3 / 2
x 2 x
3
x x 2 y 2 z 2
5 / 2
.2 x x 2 y 2 z 2
3 / 2
. 1
2
3x 2
x 2
y2 z2
2x2 y 2 z 2
x 2
y z
2
2 5/ 2
x 2
y z 2
2 5/ 2
x 2
y z
2
2 5/ 2
2U 2 y2 x2 z 2 2U 2z 2 x2 y2
y 2
x 2 y 2 z 2 5 / 2 z 2
x 2 y 2 z 2 5 / 2
2U 2U 2U
Adding 2 2
x 2
y z
2x2 y 2 z 2 2 y2 x2 z 2 2z 2 x2 y 2
x 2
y z
2
2 5/ 2
x 2
y z2
2 5/ 2
x 2
y2 z2
5/ 2
2x2 y 2 z 2 2 y 2 x2 z 2 2z 2 x2 y 2
x 2
y2 z2
5/ 2
2x2 2x2 2 y 2 2 y 2 2z 2 2z 2
0
x 2
y z 2
2 5/ 2
Homogeneous Function:
A function f x1 , x2 , ...... xk is a homogeneous function of
degree n in x1 , x2 , ...... xk if
f tx1, tx2 , ......txk t n f x1 , x2 , ...... xk .
For example: 1.
f x, y ax 2 2hxy by 2
is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x and y,
because
f tx, ty a tx 2h tx ty b ty
2 2
t 2 ax 2 2hxy by 2
t 2 f x, y
For example:
2x 3y
2. g x, y
x y
is a homogeneous function of degree 0 in x and y.
y
3. h x, y, z x 2 tan 1 2 yz z 2
x
is a homogeneous function of degree 2 in x, y and z.
x
4. f x, y
x y2
4 2
Similarly, we have u
y 3 y3 ,
y
u
and z 3z 3
z
Adding,
u u u
x
x
y z
y z
3 x3 y 3 z 3 3u
2nd Part: since
u tx, ty, tz tx ty tz
3 3 3
t 3 x3 y 3 z 3
t 3u x, y, z
So, u is a homogeneous function of degree 3 in x, y and z.
Therefore, by Euler’s Theorem have,
u u u
x y z 3u.
x y z
Self Study:
1
Q.1: If V then prove that Vxx Vyy Vzz 0.
x y z
2 2 2
u u
Q.4: If u ln x y
2 2
then prove that 2 0.
x 2
y
1 2
Q.5: If u x 2 y 2 z 2 then prove that
u u u
x y z u
x y z
Q.6: If u is a homogeneous function of degree n in x and y then
prove that 2
x y u n n 1 u
x y
M. M. Billah,
Assistant Professor of Mathematics
AUST