Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Theories and Models of Learning for Educational Research and Practice. This
knowledge base features learning theories and models that address how people learn. A
resource useful for scholars of various fields, including educational psychology, instructional
design, and human-computer interaction. Below is the index of learning theories, grouped
into categories. Note that this website is an iterative project and these entries are a work in
progress; please leave comments with suggestions, corrections, and additional references.
Paradigms:
• Behaviorism
• Cognitivism
• Constructivism
• Design-Based
• Humanism
Behaviorist Theories:
Behaviorism Overview
Classical Conditioning (Pavlov)
GOMS Model (Card, Moran, and Newell)
Operant Conditioning (Skinner)
Social Learning Theory (Bandura)
Behaviorism
Summary: Behaviorism is a worldview that operates on a principle of “stimulus-response.”
All behavior caused by external stimuli (operant conditioning). All behavior can be explained
without the need to consider internal mental states or consciousness.
Originators and important contributors: John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, B.F. Skinner, E. L.
Thorndike (connectionism), Bandura, Tolman (moving toward cognitivism)
Keywords: Classical conditioning (Pavlov), Operant conditioning (Skinner), Stimulus-
response (S-R)
Behaviorism
Behaviorism is a worldview that assumes a learner is essentially passive, responding to
environmental stimuli. The learner starts off as a clean slate (i.e. tabula rasa) and behavior is
shaped through positive reinforcement or negative reinforcement. Both positive
reinforcement and negative reinforcement increase the probability that the antecedent
behavior will happen again. In contrast, punishment (both positive and negative) decreases
the likelihood that the antecedent behavior will happen again. Positive indicates the
application of a stimulus; Negative indicates the withholding of a stimulus. Learning is
therefore defined as a change in behavior in the learner. Lots of (early) behaviorist work was
done with animals (e.g. Pavlov’s dogs) and generalized to humans.
Behaviorism precedes the cognitivist worldview. It rejects structuralism and is an extension
of Logical Positivism.
Radical behaviorism
Developed by BF Skinner, Radical Behaviorism describes a particular school that emerged
during the reign of behaviorism. It is distinct from other schools of behaviorism, with major
differences in the acceptance of mediating structures, the role of emotions, etc.
Building upon earlier work by John Dewey and Kurt Levin, American educational theorist
David A. Kolb believes “learning is the process whereby knowledge is created through the
transformation of experience” (1984, p. 38). The theory presents a cyclical model of learning,
consisting of four stages shown below. One may begin at any stage, but must follow each
other in the sequence:
• concrete experience (or “DO”)
• reflective observation (or “OBSERVE”)
• abstract conceptualization (or “THINK”)
• active experimentation (or “PLAN”)