Documente Academic
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• Topics to discuss
• Principles of dielectrics
• Dielectrics Loss and Breakdown
• Polarizations
• Frequency dependence
• Ferro-, Piezo- and Pyro- electrics
ESO 205
Nature and Properties of Materials
Why are these important?
• A variety of applications
o Sensors
§ Force, strain and temperature sensing
o Actuators
§ Example: quartz watches, piezoelectric motor
o Memories or data storage
§ DRAMs, FRAMs
o Transducers
§ Naval and aerospace applications
http://www.eetimes.com/document.asp?doc_id=1276895
DRAMs
Materials:
SiO2, Ta2O5, HfO2
High-force high-deflection piezoelectric diaphragm actuator
Materials:
Pb(ZrTi)O3, BaTiO3, PbTiO3
Yokogawa resonant pressure sensor
The resonator is excited by the application of an alternating current in a DC magnetic biasing
field, with a variable-gain amplifier used to maintain a constant vibration amplitude.
http://www.wtec.org/loyola/mems/c5_s3.htm
Basic Characteristics
• At zero field, the centers of positive and negative charges
coincide.
• Upon application of a dc or static electric field, there is short
range migration of charges.
• However, there is a limited movement of charges leading to
the formation of charge dipoles and the material, in this state,
is considered as ‘polarized’. These dipoles are aligned in the
direction of the applied field.
µ
E
+q -q
d
Basic Characteristics
P=N.µ
Conversely, if all the dipoles were aligned in random
directions, then
P=N.Σµ=0
Capacitor
• The air-gap can store energy
• If we can move charges temporarily, more charge can be
stored
• Bound charge around ionic cores in a material can lead to
dielectric properties
Surface charge
Dipolar Polarization
No charge
nC
Surface charge density σ = = P
A
Parallel Plate Capacitor (Vacuum)
Maxwell Equation
ρ
∇.E =
εo
d
2
ρ ρt Q
E = ∫ dx = =
− d2 −t ε o ε o Aε o
d
2
Qd
V = ∫ Edx =
− d2 Aε o
Q Qd εo A
=V = ⇒C=
C Aε o d
Capacitor with a Dielectric
ε rε o A
C=
Plate Capacitor with
a Dielectric
d
εr : Relative dielectric
constant of the dielectric (>1)
r
e
ing
as
cre
In
vaccum
V
For a capacitor in vacuum
Dielectric Displacement
Extra term due
to Dielectric
Dielectric susceptibility
εr = n2 Electromagnetic Theory
Electronic Polarization
Ionic solids
• Orientation PolarizationCation
(ao)
E
Anion
E=0
Shift in electron
+ - orbitals
¡
E
+
- + + +
-
E=0 E Polar Molecules
such as Ice
- +
-+
E=0 E
• Interfacial Polarization (ao)
Interface polarization
at impurities
E
M+
M+ OR
M+
Metal
Electrodes
E
(d) Interfacial Polarization
Frequency Dependence
Increasing Mass of dipole
Interface polarization
Dipole polarization
Ionic Polarization
Electronic Polarization
Pint
Dielectric Constant
Pd
Pi
Pel
1 8 13 15
10 10 10 10
log frequency
Dielectric Constant vs. Frequency
Dipolar
Ionic
Electronic
Space Charge
Material er n2 Dominant mechanisms
C (Diamond) ~5.7 5.85 Electronic
Ge ~16 16.73 Electronic
NaCl ~5.9 2.37 Electronic and Ionic
Water (H2O) ~80 1.77 Electronic, Ionic and Dipolar
Dielectric Strength
• Parameter of usefulness
• Defined as maximum field which
dielectric can withstand before failure
• Marked by sudden and rapid increase
in the conductivity i.e. high electron
concentration in the conduction band.
• Intrinsic Mechanisms
o Rise in electron temperature
o Population increase in the conduction band
• Thermal Breakdown 1: Free ions accelerated by the field
o Joule heating, faster than dissipation induce a current.
o Reduces the intrinsic dielectric strength 2: These will be saturated after a
• Discharge breakdown certain voltage and give a constant
o Ionization in the vicinity of the dielectric current,
followed by subsequent breakdown 3 and 4: Caused by ion avalanche
Classification of Dielectrics
• Non-polar dielectrics
o Dielectrics having no dipole moment in the absence of
electric field
o Example: Inert gases, N2, CH4 + - +
• Polar Dielectrics
o Dielectrics having finite dipole moment in the absence of
electric field
o Permanent dipole moment
o Example; H2O, CH3Cl etc
Crystallographic Considerations
• Bravais Lattices: 14
Polar Non-polar
none 432 X 3m 23
4 4mm 4 42m 22
mm2 222
Piezoelectrics
6 6mm 6 6m 622 (except 432)
2
3 3m 32
2 m none
F
1 none
10 groups 11 groups
Noncentrosymmetric Point groups
X
Polar Non-polar (X)
none 432 3m 23
4 4mm 4 42m 22
mm2 222
Pyroelectrics
6 6mm 6 6m 622 (10 Polar Groups)
2
3 3m 32
2 m none
1 none
10 groups 11 groups
Pyroelectrics
• Polar Crystals
o These crystals can be spontaneously polarized and
polarization can be compensated through external or
internal conductivity or twinning or domain formation.
20 Noncentrosymmetric PGs
Piezoelectric Effect
P = d .s
Charge
development e = d .E
d = piezoelectric coefficient
Stress
• Inkjet printers
• Diesel engines
• X-ray shutters
• Ultrasound imaging
Buzzer
Pyroelectricity Charge
• Applications
o Memories
o Sensors
o Actuators
Domain Formation
PR
Curie-Weiss Law
3Tc
c=
T - Tc