EP 03 00 00 01 TI Rectifier Transformer & Rectifier Characteristics

Engineering Standard
Electrical
Engineering Standard
EP 03 00 00 01 TI
RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER &

RECTIFIER CHARACTERISTICS
Version 3.1
Issued May 2013
Owner: Chief Engineer, Electrical
Approved Neal Hook Authorised Neal Hook

by: Chief Engineer by: Chief Engineer
Electrical Electrical
Disclaimer
This document was prepared for use on the RailCorp Network only.
RailCorp makes no warranties, express or implied, that compliance with the contents of this document shall be
sufficient to ensure safe systems or work or operation. It is the document user’s sole responsibility to ensure that the
copy of the document it is viewing is the current version of the document as in use by RailCorp.
RailCorp accepts no liability whatsoever in relation to the use of this document by any party, and RailCorp excludes
any liability which arises in any manner by the use of this document.
Copyright
The information in this document is protected by Copyright and no part of this document may be reproduced, altered,
stored or transmitted by any person without the prior consent of RailCorp.
UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED Page 1 of 20

RailCorp Engineering Standard — Electrical
Rectifier Transformer & Rectifier Characteristics EP 03 00 00 01 TI
Document control
Version Date Summary of change
November 2001 Last Technical Review
3.0 May 2010 Application of TMA 400 format
3.1 May 2013 Update template
© RailCorp Page 2 of 20
Issued May 2013 UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED Version 3.1
Contents
1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................4
2 Symbols ...................................................................................................................................4
3 General .....................................................................................................................................5
4 RailCorp Rectifier Connections.............................................................................................5
4.1 Connection Types .....................................................................................................................5
4.2 Series, Full Wave Bridge...........................................................................................................5
4.3 Full Wave Bridge.......................................................................................................................6
4.4 Double Star Transformers.........................................................................................................7
4.5 Quadruple Zig Zag ....................................................................................................................8
5 Simple Model of Rectifier and Transformer at ‘Normal’ Loads ..........................................9
6 Rectifier Transformer Impedances......................................................................................10
6.1 Resistance ..............................................................................................................................10
6.2 Reactance ...............................................................................................................................10
6.3 Short Circuit 'Resistance' ........................................................................................................11
6.4 Fault Current Approximations .................................................................................................12
7 Rectifier Resistance..............................................................................................................12
8 Voltage Regulation................................................................................................................13
9 Power Factor .........................................................................................................................13
10 Harmonics..............................................................................................................................14
10.1 General....................................................................................................................................14
10.2 Levels of DC Harmonic Voltage..............................................................................................14
10.3 Levels of AC Harmonic Currents ............................................................................................15
10.4 DC Harmonic Filter..................................................................................................................15
11 DC Reactor.............................................................................................................................15
12 Protection ..............................................................................................................................16
13 Typical Values .......................................................................................................................17
13.1 Double Star- 2.5MW / 1.5MVA................................................................................................17
13.2 Three Phase Bridge - 4MW / 4.2MVA....................................................................................18
13.3 Quad Zig Zag - 4MW / 4.2MVA.............................................................................................19
13.4 Series Bridge - 4MW / 4.2 MVA ............................................................................................20
1 Introduction
This document presents the electrical characteristics of RailCorp rectifiers and rectifier
transformers. Detailed investigations are available in Australian Standard AS1955 and
the 'classical' paper by J C Read titled "The Calculation of Rectifier and Inverter
Performance Characteristics".
This document will attempt to simplify these detailed documents and specially look at
RailCorp rectifiers.
2 Symbols
CT transf. Copper loss (Watts)
CR rectifier losses (watts)
E transformer voltage drop from no load to full load, on dc side
FL HV side fault level in MVA
IA per phase AC current
ID dc current
IDO rated dc current
ISC Rectifier short circuit current (fn of time)
ISCO Rectifier prospective short circuit current
L Reactor Inductance
M 3 phase system fault level at transf LV. terminal (MVA)
P rectifier rating MW [note P = pf x S]
pf load (rectifier) power factor

2
qf reactive power factor = 1 - pf
Ra transformer resistance per phase (ohms)
Req dc resistance to give equivalent voltage in complete transf/rectifier circuit
RTeq dc resistance to give equivalent voltage drop in transformer (normal load
Rsc dc resistance to give equivalent voltage drop in transformer ( short circuit)
RReq dc resistance to give equivalent voltage drop in rectifier
S transformer rating MVA
VA ac phase-phase volts
VAREF ac phase-phase nominal volts
VDREF dc nominal volts (open circuit)
VD dc volts
W impedance volts (%)
Xa transformer reactance per phase (ohms)
3 General
The RailCorp has only 4 types of traction rectifier (see Section 4) with by far the majority
being 12 pulse output. The most common rating is 4MW continuous and with a typical
power factor of 0.95, transformer ratings are 4.2 MVA.
The reactance of rectifier transformers is specified to be the same for different rated
rectifiers so that the fault level at the rectifier is relatively constant for different rated
rectifiers (about 35 MVA). Typical reactances as a percentage of the transformer ratings
are 12% on 4MW; 14% on 5MW and 8% on 2.5MW. These are much higher impedances
than would be expected in large power transformers. They are specified high to reduce
the fault level to make protection of the rectifier easier. It is possible to use this high
value without causing excessive voltage drop because the rectifier has a good power
factor (0.95 or higher).
All RailCorp rectifiers are uncontrolled - the output voltage is directly related to input
voltage and load and cannot be "controlled". All RailCorp rectifiers use silicon diodes.
4 RailCorp Rectifier Connections
4.1 Connection Types

The following types of rectifiers are in use in the RailCorp:-
Series, full wave bridge - the most common type
Full wave bridge (Meeks Rd, Hurstville)
Double Star (Caringbah & Kingsgrove)
Quad Zig Zag (Blacktown West, Cowan - Gosford, Argyle, PA)
In general, the primary windings may be either star or delta but the majority of RailCorp
types have star connected primary.
4.2 Series, Full Wave Bridge

This type of rectifier uses two 750V, full wave, 3 phase rectifiers in series. The
transformer has 2 low voltage windings, one star and one delta (Yy0d1). There is thus a
30° phase difference between the 2 bridges and the output is 12 pulse.
dc no load volts = 2.7 x phase voltage of one secondary winding EQN 1a
(RailCorp usually uses 600V l.v. which gives 1620Vdc)
LV phase current =0.816 x dc current EQN 2a
HV phase current =1.578 x dc current x( LV volts (1 Winding)) EQN 3a

HV volts
harmonic voltages on dc side - 600Hz - 30VRMS

(with no filter) - 1200Hz - 20VRMS
Figure 1
4.3 Full Wave Bridge

This is the simplest type of rectifier but produces a 6 pulse output.
dc no load volts =1.35 x LV phase-phase volts EQN 1b
(RailCorp uses 1210V on LV = 1633V dc)
LV phase current =0.816 x dc current EQN 2b
HV phase current =0.816 x dc current x LV volts EQN 3b

HV volts
Harmonic voltages on dc side with no filter
300 Hz - 95V RMS
600 Hz - 30V RMS
900 Hz - 25V RMS
1200 Hz - 20V RMS
1500 Hz - 15V RMS
Figure 2
4.4 Double Star Transformers

This transformer has 2 star secondaries, 180o out of phase. The two star points are
connected by an inter-phase transformer. It provides half wave rectification of 6 phases
and thus has a 6 pulse output.
dc no load volts = 1.35 x LV phase - phase volts (of 1 Winding) EQN 1c
LV phase current = 0.289 x dc current EQN 2c
HV phase current = 0.408 x dc current x (LV volts (1 Winding)) EQN 3c

HV volts
Harmonic voltages on dc side (with no filter)
300 Hz - 95V RMS
600 Hz - 30V RMS
900 Hz - 25V RMS
1200 Hz - 20V RMS
1500 Hz - 15V RMS
Figure 3
4.5 Quadruple Zig Zag

This type produces a 12 pulse output by half wave rectification of 12 phases. The 12
phases are obtained by using 4 star secondaries and connecting a proportion of one
phase in series with a proportion of another phase to produce 30o phase differences
between each phase. This results in the so called zigzag connection. Three Interphase
transformers are used.
This required a very complicated transformer but was a preferred type with mercury arc
rectifiers which had a high voltage/low current requirement for each tank.
dc no load volts = 1.17 x LV phase - neutral volts EQN 1d
(RailCorp uses 1398V on LV = 1635Vdc)
LV phase current = 0.144 x dc current EQN 2d
HV phase current = 0.675 x dc current x (LV phase - neutral volts)

HV phase - phase volts EQN 3d
Harmonic voltages are the same as Series Full Wave Bridge.
Figure 4
5 Simple Model of Rectifier and Transformer at ‘Normal’

Loads
The rectifier transformer can be modelled as a resistive and reactive load for normal
levels of load (say up to twice rated load). The resistive load is the dc energy which
goes into the rectifier. The reactive `load' represents the reactive energy required in the
production of the harmonic currents in the ac side.
So the total ac current is given by (ID - j qf/pf. ID)
(see Section 9 for qf and pf)
The impedance of the transformer is (Ra + jXa) and the voltage drop through the
transformer is thus
ID (Ra + jXa)(1 - j qf/pf)
The term qf/pf is constant at about 0.33 for normal load levels, so that now Tx volts drop
are
ID (Ra + jXa)(1 - j0.33) EQN.4
(Note Ra & Xa converted to `1500V' side of transf. - see Section 5)
The rectifier can be considered as a resistance and a constant voltage drop of about 5
volts (see Section 6.)
So a "simple" model of a rectifier for normal loads is:
VD = 1625 - ID x Req EQN.5
Where Req = 0.0097(Xa+Xs)% / P ohms EQN. 5a
= 0.032 ohms for 5MW unit on infinite bus
= 0.024 ohms for 4MW unit
= 0.037 ohms for 2.5MW unit
Where Req includes the transf., rectifier, ac & dc cables & reactor.
6 Rectifier Transformer Impedances
6.1 Resistance
Given the impedance voltage W (on Tx base) (%) and the copper loss CT(Watts) at full
load.
The resistance per phase RA is CT

3x (rated amps/phase)2 EQN.6
If S is rating of transf. in MVA, pf is load power factor and VA is the voltage that Ra refers
to:-
Ra = CT *VA2* 10-12 ohms EQN.7

S2
6.2 Reactance
The reactance per phase Xa is
VA* W * 1 EQN.8
√3 *100 rated amps/phase
and Rated amps per phase = S x 106 EQN.9

√3VA
so, Xa = jW * VA2 ohms EQN.10

S * 108
Note:
RailCorp specifies the impedance voltage dependant on the rating i.e. 12% for 4.2 MVA;
14% for 5.3 MVA etc. This means W/S is a 'constant' for all ratings of rectifier
transformers = 2.8 approx.
Therefore Xa = j 30 ohms @ 33kV & j120 ohms @ 66kV for all ratings.
Typical values are CT = 35kW; .. for 4MW and 0.95pf, so Ra = 2.1 ohms @ 33kV
6.3 Short Circuit 'Resistance'

During heavy loads and short circuits, the diode conductions overlap causing a larger
than 'normal' current on the AC side. At the same time the power factor ceases to be
relatively constant and falls to a low level. The simple equations given in Section 4 no
longer hold. J.C.Read's paper gives an approximation for short circuit current for our
types of rectifiers, as follows:
115 * I DO
I DC s / c terminals = EQN. 10a
( Xa % + Xs % )
= 74200 * P EQN. 10b

(Xa+Xs)%
where Xa% and Xs% are based on the transformer rating. eg 12%
The system Xs% can be calculated from:
Xs% (based on Tx) = Xs (ohms) * 108 * S / (VA)2 = S * 100% EQN. 10c

FL
and is usually negligible compared to the transformer Xa%.
(VA is the primary voltage)
Note that the above does not take into account the rectifier and cable resistances. It is
very theoretical. To calculate the actual fault current for a short circuit on the DC side we
need to include the dc resistances to the fault.
Assuming an open circuit dc voltage of 1625V, the equivalent dc resistance of the

transformer and AC system is:
Rsc = 1625/ ( IDC s/c terminals) = 0.021*(Xa+Xs)% (in ohms) EQN. 10d
P
Example:
For a 4.3 MVA transformer with 12% impedance the theoretical max dc fault current is:
115*2600/12 = 24,900A
and so the equivalent dc resistance of the transformer only is:
1625/24900 = 0.065 ohms
Note:
• this is about 2.2 times the normal load value.

• it is the similar for all transformer ratings because we use different impedances for
different ratings
To calculate the actual dc fault current use:
1620/ (1625/ ( IDC s/c terminals) + R dc circuit )
(assumes a 5 volt diode drop)
Example:
For a 4.3 MVA transformer with 12% impedance and other dc resistances as given in
Section 6 of 0.0035 ohms, the actual fault current for a fault on the dc bus is:
1620/(.065+.0035) = 23650 A (ignoring ac system impedance)
6.4 Fault Current Approximations

When a short circuit occurs on the rectifier dc terminals the current initially is an
exponential with a maximum possible value determined by the ‘no load’ resistance given
in eqn. 5A. However, as the current increases, the conduction angle of the diodes
overlap. This virtually results in periods of internal short circuit as two or more diodes
conduct together. The external current is therefore reduced from the value which would
be calculated from 1625/Req to a value of 1625/Rsc . From Read’s paper and a paper by
Witzke, Kresser & Dillared; Voltage Regulation of 12-Phase Double Way Rectifiers, it cad
be deduced that the ‘resistance’ of a rectifier is roughly proportional to the current cubed.
I determined an approximation as follows:-
3
0.0097 * ( Xa + Xs)% 0.0113( Xa + Xs)% ⎡ I D ⎤
R= + *⎢ ⎥ EQN. 10e
P P ⎣ I SCO ⎦
VD REF * P
I SCO = EQN. 10f
0.021 * ( Xa + Xs )%
If there a number of rectifiers in parallel, divide Xa by the number of rectifiers. (assumes

all the same rating P )
1650 ⎛ ⎛
⎜ −
tL ⎞
⎟ ⎞
I = * ⎜1 − e ⎝ R ⎠ ⎟ EQN. 10g
SC
R ⎜ ⎟
⎝ ⎠
7 Rectifier Resistance
Tests usually give losses CR (Watts) at full load. As an approximation, the rectifier can
be represented as resistance and a constant voltage drop in the diodes. [In addition
there are cable & reactor resistances.] At full load the resistance voltage drop and diode
drops are about equal. An equivalent resistance for the rectifier is
2 2 2 12
RReq = CR/rated amps = CR * VDREF /P /10 EQN.11
Typical value for 4MW rectifier CR = 15kW so
RReq = 0.0022 ohms
Typical values of resistance of the rest of the circuit are:-
AC l.v. cables = 0.00015 ohms.

2
(6 x 400mm /phase, 10m long, each cable 0.04552 ohms/km).
DC cables = 0.0001 ohms.
(8 x 400mm2, 20m long).
Reactor about 0.001 ohm.
8 Voltage Regulation
The total voltage drop through the transformer/rectifier/cables and reactor can be
obtained more exactly than from EQN.5 by using EQN.4 and Section 6.
The general equation is:
VD = VA - ID* ⎪(Ra + jXa)(1 - j qf/pf)⎪ - ID * RReq - 5(diode drop)
- Cables and reactor drop EQN.12
Example: with VA = 1625, ID = 2600A and using other typical values given.
VD =1625 - 2600* ⎢(0.0051 + j0.0727)(1-j0.33)⎢ - 2600 x 0.0022 - 5

- 2600(0.00015 + 0.0001 + 0.001)
VD = ⎢1549.4 - j185⎢ - 5.72 - 5 - 3.25
VD = 1546 volts
(`simple' model gives 1544 volts)
9 Power Factor
The power factor caused by rectifiers is relatively constant and can be taken as 0.95 for
most applications. It is relatively independent of load.
If better approximations are required, the following can be used:-
For 6 pulse rectifiers
pf = (1- .0043W) * (1 - S) EQN 13a

10M
For 12 pulse rectifiers
pf = (1- .0045W) * (1 + S) EQN 13b

10M
These neglect the transf. magnetising current.
(Page 506 of Read's paper has graphical solutions)
Because of the non-sinusoidal waveform power factor is NOT the usual cosine of the
angle between the fundamental voltage and current but is defined as:
power factor λ = distortion factor μ * displacement factor cos φ
total mean power

where λ=
total RMS volt amps
I1
μ=
I + Σ ∞n = 2 I n2
2
1
cos φ = cosine of angle between fundamental AC line current and line to neutral voltage.
For our 12 pulse rectifiers μ is approximately (see Section 9):
1/(12+0.0452+0.032+.012+0.0082) = 0.99692
So it does not affect the simple calculation of cos φ very much.
10 Harmonics
10.1 General
The harmonics produced by rectifiers depend on the number of pulses.
On the dc side, harmonic VOLTAGES are produced of frequency m = 50kp
where k = 1, 2... etc. and p=pulse number. EQN 14a
i.e. 6 pulse rectifiers produce 300Hz, 600Hz, 900Hz etc.
12 pulse produce 600Hz, 1200Hz etc.
On the ac side, harmonic CURRENTS are drawn from the supply.
These harmonics are given by m = 50 (pk ± 1) EQN 14b
i.e. for 6 pulse - 250Hz, 350Hz, 550Hz, 650Hz, 850Hz, 950 Hz etc.
i.e. for 12 pulse - 550Hz, 650Hz, 1150Hz, 1250Hz etc.
The ac side harmonic currents can cause harmonic voltages to appear at other points in
the AC System.
The power flow of harmonics is from the load out into the AC system! Therefore energy
meters will subtract the harmonic energy from the consumed energy thus reducing the
electricity bill !
10.2 Levels of DC Harmonic Voltage

Detailed analysis is done in AS1955 but approximate values for typical RailCorp
installations are shown below. Note that although other harmonics besides those given
by 50kp are theoretically zero, imbalances in ac supply voltages between phases and
transformer and diode imbalances cause some other harmonics and typical values are
indicated.
Harmonic levels are a function of supply inductances and the following tables show
typical RailCorp values.
Frequency Hz 6 pulse Vrms 12 pulse Vrms

300 95V -
450 10 -
600 30 30
750 3 -
900 25 3
1200 20 20
1500 15 2
1800 - -
RMS Total 106V 36V
Table 1 - Harmonic Voltage - on dc side (No filter)
These voltages do not vary appreciably with load or rectifier rating. Filtering of the dc
voltage harmonics DOES NOT affect the level of ac harmonic currents.
10.3 Levels of AC Harmonic Currents

The harmonic current magnitudes vary with dc load current. The following table shows
values typical for RailCorp 4MW rectifiers.
Harmonic Freq 6 Pulse 12 Pulse
5 250 18 -
7 350 11 -
11 550 4.5 4.5
13 650 3 3
17 850 1.5 -
19 950 1.0 -
23 1150 1.0 1.0
25 1250 0.8 0.8
Total Harmonic Current 22% 6%
Table 2 Harmonic Phase Current as % of Fundamental
10.4 DC Harmonic Filter

Tuned series R-L-C circuits are provided across the positive and negative rectifier
terminals. These are tuned to 300, 600 and 900 Hz for 6 pulse rectifiers and 600 and
1200 Hz for 12 pulse. These shunt the harmonic current and prevent it from flowing in
the OHW where it could interfere with nearby communications circuits. The harmonic
filters reduce the harmonic voltages by at least a factor of 10.
The DC harmonic filter has very little effect on the production of harmonic currents in ac
side, ie filtering the dc harmonics does not filter the ac harmonics.
11 DC Reactor
A reactor is placed in series with the negative connection to the rectifier. Typical values
are 0.25 to 1 mH. The main purpose of the reactor is to limit the initial rate of rise of
current for a dc fault close to a substation. It also "contributes" to reducing he harmonic
current flowing to the overhead wiring (ie it helps 'smooth' the dc) and the harmonic filter
current.
The initial di/dt = VDREF/L EQN.15
and this must be kept below 6 x 106 A/s to stay within dccb ratings. (This defines the
min. value of 0.25 mH.)
The impedance of the reactor is given by 2π fL and substitution shows the typical values
are 0.5 - 2 ohms - the same order of magnitude of the train loads. Therefore the reactor
is not particularly effective in smoothing the dc.
12 Protection
Because the dc system is unearthed, it presents special protection problems.
The rectifier and transformer are protected against faults within these units by
instantaneous ac overcurrent relays on the rectifier accb (to detect ac fault current flowing
into the trans/rect) and by a dccb which detects current flowing into the rectifier from the
dc bus bar.
The instantaneous ac overcurrent relays are set at about 5 times full load current.
Instantaneous relays operate in about 5 cycles and the rectifier diodes can withstand 5
times overload for this length of time. With rectifiers less than 4MW rating, this setting of
5 times full load allows incorrect operation on dc faults close to the SS, ie, the ac
protection does not discriminate with the feeder dccb. An additional time delay is used in
these cases.
The ac protection also includes an earth fault element but because the transf. secondary
is unearthed, this can only detect earth faults between the accb and transf. and internal
transf. faults to the tank.
The rectifier dccb is usually set at about 1000A for current flowing into the rectifier. Note
that although this is called 'reverse current' protection, the rectifier dccb is actually tripping
in its normal direction i.e. current flow away from the 1500V bus bar.
A 'frame leakage' relay is also connected to detect current flow from the rectifier
enclosure ('frame') and earth.
13 Typical Values
13.1 Double Star- 2.5MW / 1.5MVA

Typical
EQN. Values
HV ph - ph Volts - 33kV
LV ph - ph Volts -
Rated DC Current - 1600A
Tx. Cu Loss -
Tx. Fe Loss -
Tx. Impedance -
Rect. Loss -
DC no Load Volts 1a
H.V. Phase Current 2a
L.V. Phase Current 3a
Per Phase Resistance (HV) 5
Per Phase Reactance (HV) 8
Power Factor 12 0.93
Equiv. DC Resistance of
Complete Tx. & Rect 10, 11
USED AT: Caringbah
Kingsgrove
13.2 Three Phase Bridge - 4MW / 4.2MVA

Typical
EQN. Values
HV ph - ph Volts - 33kV
LV ph - ph Volts - 1210V
Rated DC Current - 2600A
Tx. Cu Loss -
Tx. Fe Loss -
Tx. Impedance - 12%
Rect. Loss - 15000W
DC No Load Volts 1a 1630V
H.V. Phase Current 2a 75A
L.V. Phase Current 3a 2120A
Per Phase Resistance

5
(HV)
Per Phase Reactance

8
(HV)
Power Factor 12 0.93
Complete Tx. & Rect. 10, 11
USED AT: Meeks Road
(5MW)
Hurstville
13.3 Quad Zig Zag - 4MW / 4.2MVA

EQN Typical Values
HV ph - ph Volts - 33kV 66kV
LV ph - neut. Volts - 1398V 1398V
Rated DC Current - 2600A 2600A
Tx. Cu Loss - 36000W 30000W
Tx. Fe Loss -
Tx. Impedance - 12% 12%
Rect Loss - 15000W 15000W
DC No Load Volts 1a 1635V 1635
H.V. Phase Current 2a 75A 37A
L.V. Phase Current 3a 375A 375A
Per Phase Resistance (HV) 5 2.2 ohm 7.4 ohm
Per Phase Reactance (HV) 8 31 ohm 125 ohm
Power Factor 12 .96 .95
Complete Tx. & Rect. 10, 11 0.0298 ohm 0.0318 ohm
USED AT: Argyle PA
Blacktown to Oakey Pk
Cowan to Gosford
13.4 Series Bridge - 4MW / 4.2 MVA

EQN Typical Values
HV ph - ph Volts - 33kV 66kV
LV ph - ph Volts - 600V 600V
Rated DC Current - 2600A 2600A
Tx. Cu Loss - 35000W
Tx. Fe Loss - 5000W
Tx. Impedance - 12% 12%
Rect Loss - 15000W 15000W
DC No Load Volts 1a 1620V 1620V
H.V. Phase Current 2a 75A 37A
L.V. Phase Current 3a 2120A 2120A
Per Phase Resistance (HV) 5 2.1 ohm
Per Phase Reactance (HV) 8 31 ohm
Power Factor 12 .96 0.96
Complete Tx. & Rect. 10, 11 0.291 ohm 0.291 ohm
USED AT: most 33kV locations
Ourimbah to Booragul

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Engineering Standard

RECTIFIER TRANSFORMER &

Issued May 2013

Owner: Chief Engineer, Electrical

Approved Neal Hook Authorised Neal Hook

UNCONTROLLED WHEN PRINTED Page 1 of 20

CR rectifier losses (watts)

E transformer voltage drop from no load to full load, on dc side

FL HV side fault level in MVA

IA per phase AC current

IDO rated dc current

ISC Rectifier short circuit current (fn of time)

ISCO Rectifier prospective short circuit current

M 3 phase system fault level at transf LV. terminal (MVA)

P rectifier rating MW [note P = pf x S]

pf load (rectifier) power factor

Ra transformer resistance per phase (ohms)

Req dc resistance to give equivalent voltage in complete transf/rectifier circuit

RTeq dc resistance to give equivalent voltage drop in transformer (normal load

Rsc dc resistance to give equivalent voltage drop in transformer ( short circuit)

RReq dc resistance to give equivalent voltage drop in rectifier

S transformer rating MVA

VAREF ac phase-phase nominal volts

VDREF dc nominal volts (open circuit)

W impedance volts (%)

Xa transformer reactance per phase (ohms)

4 RailCorp Rectifier Connections

4.1 Connection Types

Series, full wave bridge - the most common type

Full wave bridge (Meeks Rd, Hurstville)

Double Star (Caringbah & Kingsgrove)

Quad Zig Zag (Blacktown West, Cowan - Gosford, Argyle, PA)

4.2 Series, Full Wave Bridge

dc no load volts = 2.7 x phase voltage of one secondary winding EQN 1a

(RailCorp usually uses 600V l.v. which gives 1620Vdc)

LV phase current =0.816 x dc current EQN 2a

HV phase current =1.578 x dc current x( LV volts (1 Winding)) EQN 3a

harmonic voltages on dc side - 600Hz - 30VRMS

4.3 Full Wave Bridge

dc no load volts =1.35 x LV phase-phase volts EQN 1b

(RailCorp uses 1210V on LV = 1633V dc)

LV phase current =0.816 x dc current EQN 2b

HV phase current =0.816 x dc current x LV volts EQN 3b

300 Hz - 95V RMS

600 Hz - 30V RMS

900 Hz - 25V RMS

1200 Hz - 20V RMS

1500 Hz - 15V RMS

4.4 Double Star Transformers

dc no load volts = 1.35 x LV phase - phase volts (of 1 Winding) EQN 1c

LV phase current = 0.289 x dc current EQN 2c

HV phase current = 0.408 x dc current x (LV volts (1 Winding)) EQN 3c

300 Hz - 95V RMS

600 Hz - 30V RMS

900 Hz - 25V RMS

1200 Hz - 20V RMS

1500 Hz - 15V RMS

4.5 Quadruple Zig Zag

dc no load volts = 1.17 x LV phase - neutral volts EQN 1d

(RailCorp uses 1398V on LV = 1635Vdc)

LV phase current = 0.144 x dc current EQN 2d

HV phase current = 0.675 x dc current x (LV phase - neutral volts)

Harmonic voltages are the same as Series Full Wave Bridge.

Ra = CT VA2 10-12 ohms EQN.7