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IEEE Transactions on Power Apparatus and Systems, Vol. PAS-97, no. 1, January/February 1978
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MODELING OF SOLID ROTOR TURBOGENERATORS

PART I: THEORY AND TECHNIQUES

S.D. Umans J,A. Mallick G.L. Wilson
Electric Power Systems Engineering Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Cambridge, Massachusetts

Abstract OVERVIEW OF MATHEMATICAL GENERATOR MODELING

This paper discusses techniques for Isdelim
turboqtneratortbased upon measured machine properties.
Of specific concern is the two port nature of the d-
axis and the consequent requirement upon proper iden-
tification of the field winding properties. Techniques
for deriving models from frequency response measure-
ments are presented.
INTRODUCTION
It recent years, considerable interest has been
generated by questions relating to the modeling of
solid rotor turbogenerators. These questions have
dealt both with the complexity of models required
(i.e. the number and distributions of "windings" used
to represent the rotor body) for different types of
studies as well as with techniques for obtaining para-
meter values for these models. An excellent review of
much of the work performed'in this area can be found
in a July 1974 IEEE Proceedings article entitled
"Recent Trends and Progress in Synchronous Machine
Modeling in the Electric Utility Industry".'
This interest has arisen due to concern that
greater accuracy in the representation of turbogener-
ators for use in large scale digital computer studies
is required as the complexity and size of power sys-
tems increase. This requirement will be enhanced by
the application of control schemes which will permit
power systems to operate closer to stability margins.
In order to properly design such controls, it is
imperative that the relevant dynamical properties of
the power system elements, of which the generator is
one of the most important, be properly represented.
References 2-9 document various studies which
have dealt with questions relating to the adequacy
and accuracy of traditional techniques for the model-
ing of solid rotor turbogeneritors. These studies
provide considerable indication that further work is
necessary and that frequency response measurement
techniques, from which a relatively detailed charac-
terization of machine properties can be obtained, can
be expected to play a significant role in future
techniques.
This paper deals with two general topics. The
first is a discussion of the overall nature of turbo-
generator models, and the second is the presentation
of techniques by which turbogenerator models can be
derived from frequency response measurements. Detail-
ed discussion of these topics can be found in refer-
ences 10 and 11.
Strictly speaking, the goal in creating mathemat-
ical models of solid rotor generators is to represent
them in such a fashion that the model can be expected
to perfectly represent the generator for any particular
condition that the user may wish to simulate. In this
context, perfectly is meant to indicate that the pre-
dictions of the model are indistinguishable from the
performance of the actual generator.
In actual fact, due to the complexities of the
physical world, few, if any, systems can be modeled
perfectly. Thus, the essence of modeling becomes an
exercise in attempting to capture the pertinent char-
acteristics of the device to be modeled. The complex-
ity of the solid 'iron rotor is well known. An exact
solution of the nonlinear, continuum phenomena which
occur there has never been accomplished. Even if such
a solution were found, there is no doubt that it would
be far too complex for any practical use.
Hence, any attempt to model the properties of a
solid rotor turbogenerator must deal immediately with
the question of the use to which the models will be
put. This, of course, immediately places the burden
of intelligent use of these models upon the user.
The models to be discussed in this paper are in-
tended for use in studies of the electromechanical
properties of the combined generator and power system.
Thus, although our models may claim to represent the
electrical properties of a generator, it is understood
that this claim does not extend to such questions as
the impedance of the generator to switching surges,
which would require models which include the details
of the distributed inductances and capacitance of the
generator windings. Similarly, though the models may
be used to determine the amount of power dissipated in
the rotor during a transient, they will be of little
use in determining the regions of the rotor in which
this dissipation occurs; this would require models
which specifically represent the various parts of the
rotor such as the teeth, the slot wedges, the pole
face, etc.
The basis for the mathematical modeling of syn-
chronous generators stems from work done in the 1920's
and 1930's. One principal feature of this work
was the development of a scheme via which stator
quantities could be transformed into the rotor refer-
ence frame (d-q transformation). Another important
result was the discovery that it is possible to re-
present, to a fair degree of accuracy, the properties
of a solid cylindrical rotor such as that of a turbo-
generator by a mathematical model consisting of a few
discrete windings.

Use of the d-q transformation, permits us to

consider the generator as being composed of two
separate electrical networks* representing the direct-
Paper F 77 160-5, recommended and approved by the IEEE Power System
Engineering Committee of the IEEE Power Engineering Society for presentation at _______________________
the IEEE PIS Winter Meeting, New York, WY., January 30-February 4, 1977: Strictly speaking, there is a third network, the zero
Manuscript submitted August 26, 1976; made available for printing December 9, study-
1976. sequence network which must be considered when study-
ing unbalanced operating conditions. Such conditions
0 0 1 8 -9 5 1 0 / 7 8 / 0 1 0 0 -0 2 6 9 $ 0 0 .7 5C1 ‘ 9 7 8 IEE E will not be considered in this paper.
269