Rourkela Environment - Status Report

Environment 9-0
Environment 9-1
9 ENVIRONMENT
9.1 WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION
Winds are light to moderate in force with some strengthening. Maximum mean wind Speed of 2.87
m/s was recorded in the month of March. On the basis of the IMD, Jharsuguda records it can be
concluded that the predominant wind are from North followed by West, NW and East. The mean
annual wind speed is 2.44 m/s. The moderate wind speeds would imply a wide spatial dispersion of
pollutants, as the plume rise would be elevated. The spread of fugitive dust would also be limited due
to this phenomenon.
NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited prepared wind rose diagrams for proposed site of
Rourkela Power Project-III. Wind rose diagram for all the post-monsoon and winter season have been
prepared based on hourly reading of wind speed and direction. Winds are moderate with mean speed
of 1.1 to 2.0 m/s, during study period. Maximum mean wind speed 2.0 m/s was observed in the month
of February 2012. The annual mean wind speed was observed as 1.5 m/s.
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Figure 9.1 : Map showing study area
(Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report-NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited )

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Figure 9.2 : Wind Rose Diagram of Post Monson Season
(Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report-NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited)
Figure 9.3 : Wind rose diagram of winter season

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9.2 AIR POLLUTION

State pollution control board, Odisha conducted assessment of ambient air quality data at various
locations of Rourkela Township before, after and during deepavali festival in for 2009, 2010 and 2011.
Figure 9.4 : Map showing locations for assessment of air quality during Deepavali
(Source: Google map)
The locations are-
Sector-4 (residential zone)
SPCB regional office
Udit Nagar (commercial zone)
Rourkela govt. hospital (silence zone)

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Table 9.1: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring During pre Deepavali
NAAQ
NAAQ
standards
Pollutant Location 2009 2010 2011 standards
(residential
(industrial)
and others)
Particulate Matter- SPCB regional office 182 263
In 24 Hourly Sector-4
500 200
Average SPM Udit Nagar 192 225
(µg/m³) Rourkela govt. hospital 181 236
150 100
Average RSPM Udit Nagar 98 104
Particulate Matter SPCB regional office
(PM10)- In 24 Sector-4 96
100
Hourly Average Udit Nagar 201
PM10(µg/m³) Rourkela govt. hospital 117
SPCB regional office 5.6 5
Gaseous Matter- In
Sector-4 5.5
24 Hourly Average 120 80
Udit Nagar 5.4 5.3 6.8
SO2 (µg/m³)
Rourkela govt. hospital 5.4 4.8 4.9
SPCB regional office 10.6 10
Gaseous Matter- In
Sector-4 10.1
Udit Nagar 9.9 10.7 11.7
NO2 (µg/m³)
(Source: SPCB, Rourkela)
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During pre deepavali concentration of SPM was found to range from 181-192(µg/m³) in 2009 and 225-
263 (µg/m³) in 2010.In 2010 the SPM concentration was higher than the standard. Concentration of
RSPM was found to range from 79-105(µg/m³) in 2009 and 104-115(µg/m³) in 2010, which are slightly
higher than the standard. Concentration of PM10 was found to range 96-201(µg/m³); which is higher
than the standard. Concentration of SO2 was found to range 5.4-5.6(µg/m³) in 2009. 4.8-5.3(µg/m³) in
2010 and 4.9-6.8(µg/m³) in 2011, which are well within the standard. Concentration of NO2 was found to
range 9.9-10.6(µg/m³) in 2009. 9.6-10.7(µg/m³) in 2010 and 10.1-11.7(µg/m³) in 2011, which are well
within the standard.
Table 9.2 : Ambient Air Quality Monitoring During Deepavali
NAAQ
NAAQ
standards
(residential
(industrial)
and others)
Particulate Matter- SPCB regional office 219 333 500 200
In 24 Hourly
Average SPM
(µg/m³)
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Sector-4
Udit Nagar 334 296
Rourkela govt. hospital 321 267
150 100

(PM10)- In 24 Sector-4 197
100
SPCB regional office 5.9 7.2
Gaseous Matter- In
Sector-4 11.3
SO2 (µg/m³)
SPCB regional office 11 11.9
Gaseous Matter- In
Sector-4 19.4
Udit Nagar 28.3 13 26.3
NO2 (µg/m³)
Rourkela govt. hospital 21.3 10 17.5
During deepavali concentration of SPM was found to range from 219-334µg/m³) in 2009 and 267-
333(µg/m³) in 2010.wchich are higher than the standard. Concentration of RSPM was found to range
from 126-158(µg/m³) in 2009 and 140-149(µg/m³) in 2010, which are higher than the standard.
Concentration of PM10 was found to range 197-283(µg/m³); which is higher than the standard.
Concentration of SO2 was found to range 5.9-9.2(µg/m³) in 2009. 5.1-7.5(µg/m³) in 2010 and 7.6-
11.3(µg/m³) in 2011, which are well within the standard. Concentration of NO2 was found to range 11-
28.3(µg/m³) in 2009.10-11.9(µg/m³) in 2010 and 17.5-26.3(µg/m³) in 2011, which are well within the
standard.
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Table 9.3 : Ambient Air Quality Monitoring During post Deepavali
NAAQ
NAAQ
standards
(residential
(industrial)
and others)
500 200
Average SPM Udit Nagar 183 213
150 100
(PM10)- In 24 Sector-4 118
100
Gaseous Matter- In
Sector-4 6.1
SO2 (µg/m³)
Gaseous Matter- In
Sector-4 10.8
Udit Nagar 10.2 11.6 12.3
NO2 (µg/m³)
Rourkela govt. hospital 10.5 9.7 10
During pre deepavali concentration of SPM was found to range from 183-267(µg/m³) in 2009 and 213-
293 (µg/m³) in 2010.In 2010 the SPM concentration was higher than the standard. Concentration of
RSPM was found to range from 111-11-(µg/m³) in 2009 and 106-134(µg/m³) in 2010, which are higher
than the standard. Concentration of PM10 was found to range 118-233(µg/m³); which is higher than the
standard. Concentration of SO2 was found to range 5.5-6.3(µg/m³) in 2009. 4.7-5.4(µg/m³) in 2010 and
5.4-7.3(µg/m³) in 2011, which are well within the standard. Concentration of NO2 was found to range
10.2-10.7(µg/m³) in 2009. 9.7-11.6(µg/m³) in 2010 and 10-12.3(µg/m³) in 2011, which are well within the
standard.
The concentration of gaseous pollutants like SO2 and NO2 in ambient air in the study area is well within
the permissible limit of National Ambient Air Quality Standard. But the concentration of particulate
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pollutants like SPM and RSPM (PM10) is slightly higher than the permissible limit of National Ambient
Air Quality Standard. There is a gradual increase in concentration of particulate pollutants occurred
from 2009 to 2011.
Most polluted areas are shown in Figure 9.5.
Figure 9.5 : Map showing most polluted areas
(Source: Google map)
NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited prepared an Environmental Impact Assessment Report for
Rourkela Power Project-III in June 2012.Ambient Air Quality around the project was monitored at eight
locations. The concentrations of pollutants like RSPM (PM2.5, PM10), SO2, NO2 and Ozone (O3) have
been recorded.
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Figure 9.6 : Sampling points for Ambient Air Quality
The sampling locations were: Bijubandh (AAQ1), Rourkela Township (AAQ2), Kantajhar (AAQ3),
TangarapaliBurhi (AAQ4), Basanti Colony (AAQ5), Goriyatola (AAQ6), Bandamunda (AAQ7),
Dharamdihi (AAQ8).
Figure 9.7 : Ambient Air Quality Status for Particulate matter

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Concentration of Particulate Matter-PM2.5 was found to range from 31.7-38.3(µg/m³) in Ambient Air
Quality Status 2011-2012, which is well within the standard. Concentration of Particulate Matter-PM10
was found to range from 61.3-78(µg/m³) in Ambient Air Quality Status 2011-2012, which is also well
within the standard.
Figure 9.8 : Ambient Air Quality Status for Gaseous matter
Concentration of gaseous Matter-SO2 was found to range from 13.4-22.2(µg/m³) in Ambient Air
Quality Status 2011-2012, which is well within the standard. Concentration of gaseous Matter-NOx was
found to range from 18.6-29(µg/m³) in Ambient Air Quality Status 2011-2012, which is also well within
the standard.
Figure 9.9 : Ambient Air Quality Status for Gaseous matter - Average Ozone

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Concentration of gaseous Matter-ozone (O3) was found to range from 17.1-25.2(µg/m³) in Ambient Air
Quality Status 2011-2012, which is well within the standard.
Thus, the most polluted area in the study area was found to be Rourkela Township area, as depicted in
the Figure 9. 10.
Figure 9.10 : Map showing Most Polluted Area (Rourkela Township (AAQ2)
9.2.1 Year Wise Air Quality Variation

The Regional Office of State Pollution Control Board, Rourkela has recorded the ambient air quality for
a few parameters such as SPM, RSPM, SO2, NO2 annually, which have been plotted on graphs (Figure
9.11 -9.12) and compared with NAAQ standards.

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Figure 9.11: Concentration Of SPM (mg/m 3) Monitored At SPCB Regional Office
600
500 SPCB regional office
400 National ambient air quality

standards (industrial)
300
National ambient air quality
200 standards (residential and
others)
100
0
2004 2005 2006 2009 2010
Concentration of SPM is increasing annually, from 2004-2010 it increased 165 (µg/m³) to 263(µg/m³).
Figure 9.12 : Concentration of RSPM (mg/m3) Monitored At SPCB Regional Office
160

120

standards (industrial)
80
60
standards (residential and
40 others)
20
0
2004 2005 2006 2009 2010
Concentration of RSPM is also increasing annually, from 2004-2010 it increased 82(µg/m³) to
115(µg/m³).
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Figure 9.13 : Concentration of SO2 (mg/m3) Monitored At SPCB Regional Office
140
100
80 standards (industrial)

40
others)
20
0
2004 2005 2006 2009 2010
No annual variation in concentration of SO2, it is well within the permissible limit of National Ambient
Air Quality Standard.
Figure 9.14 : Concentration of NO2 (mg/m3) Monitored At SPCB Regional Office
140
100
80 standards (industrial)

40
others)
20
0
2004 2005 2006 2009 2010
No significant annual variation in concentration of NO2, it is also well within the permissible limit of
National Ambient Air Quality Standard.

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Figure 9.15 : Map showing Pollution levels in different areas (Qualitative)
6
1
4
5
3
7
2
(Source: Prepared base map by planning group)
Predominant wind direction
Most polluted areas- Rourkela Township, Sector-5,(1) Bijubandh(2), Kalunga (3)
Less polluted areas- Basanti Colony (4), Bandamunda (5)
Areas with no pollution issues- Kantajhar (6), Goriyatola (7), TangarapaliBurhi (8),
Dharamdihi(9)
9.2.2 Issues
On the basis of results presented by NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited it can be
concluded that the concentration of pollutants like SPM, RSPM (PM2.5, PM10), SO 2, NOx and
Ozone(O3) in ambient air in the study area are well within the permissible limit of National Ambient Air
Quality Standard. But as per the study of State pollution control board, Odisha, the levels of SPM &
RSPM are a matter of concern for Rourkela. The levels of SPM and RSPM are increasing annually.
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9.2.3 Air Pollution at Kalunga Industrial Area

The amount of air pollution is very high in the Kalunga industrial area located in the western side of
Rourkela. The reasons are:
 The emission from sponge iron factories in the Kalunga industrial resulted in the increase of air
pollution.
 There is a huge amount of untreated emissions during charging and power cuts (almost 5-6
hrs).
 Night time switching off electrostatic precipitator (ESP), as it consumes huge amount of
electricity and is expensive.
The effects are;
 The particulates and gaseous pollutants, alone and in combination, can cause serious setbacks
to the overall physiology of plants.
 Both airborne particles, RSPM and SPM, can cause asthma, migraine, cancer and heart attack.
It is very important to reduce the air pollutants in Kalunga area since it is very near to residential areas.
The pollution control measures required are; Proper operation of ESP, Wet scrubbers, bag filters and
swiveling hood.
9.2.4 Air Pollution at Bijubandh

The amount of RSPM and SPM are very high in this area. The reasons for air pollution are; this area is
situated very close to the Steel Plant and also does not have any barrier to obstruct the emissions from
the Steel Plant.
The effects are;
 The particulates and gaseous pollutants, alone and in combination, can cause serious setbacks
to the overall physiology of plants.
 Both airborne particles, RSPM and SPM, can cause asthma, migraine, cancer and heart attack.
9.2.5 Air Pollution at Rourkela Township and Sector-5

The amount of RSPM and SPM are very high in this area. The reasons for air pollution are; Increase in
vehicular emission due to increase in number of vehicles in every year and road expansion activities
cause air pollution in this area. Road expansion projects are moving at a snail’s pace for nearly three
years now. To worsen the situation, seldom is water sprinkling done to keep the problem under
control. The effects of the pollution are same as mentioned earlier.
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9.3 WATER POLLUTION

9.3.1 Water Quality Analysis – Experimental Results
Figure 9.16 : Water (Surface and Ground Water) Sampling locations
2
4
9.3.1.1 Methodology of Sampling and Analysis

Water samples (both surface and ground water) were collected during the study from different sources
and analyzed for selected physico-chemical parameters. The pH of samples were derived at by pH-
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meter, turbidity by turbidity-meter, TDS by TDS meter, chloride content by titrometric analysis,
hardness by the EDTA test.
9.3.1.2 Results
The values observed for the five parameters for which the samples were tested are presented in Table
9.1 along with the (tolerance limits of) Indian specifications for Class C water (IS:2296). pH varied from
6.8 to 7.95, which is within the acceptable range of 6.5-8.5. The turbidity level ranged from 0 NTU to
14.7 NTU, which is very low. TDS content varied from 84 mg/l to 207 mg/l, which is well within 2000
mg/l. Chloride content level ranged from 12.01 to 38.04 mg/l. The degree of hardness varied from 8 to
123 mg/l, which is within permissible limit of 600 mg/l.
Perusal of the Table 9.1 shows that there is a considerable variation in the water quality of the different
samples. Each sample is best and worst in one parameter or the other, but only among the given five
samples. It is evident that all of the parameters are below the permissible standard stipulated for inland
surface water (class C i.e. drinking water source with conventional treatment followed by disinfection).
Table 9.4 : Water Quality Experiment Results
LABEL SAMPLING CHLORIDE HARDNESS

pH TURBIDITY TDS (mg/l)
NO LOCATION (mg/l) (mg/l)
Civil Township
1 6.80 0.0 NTU 145 .0 38.04 123
Borewell
Groundwater near
2 6.95 1.5 NTU 207.0 27.53 87
slag mountain
Brahmani River-in the
upstream of Intake
3 7.95 0.0 NTU 101.4 12.01 8
point near Tarkera
village
Brahmani River-300-
m in the downstream
4 7.15 3.5 NTU 122.0 18.02 99
- Discharge point
near Deogan village
Shankh river
5 upstream before 7.61 14.7 NTU 84.0 12.51 90
Rourkela city start
IS: 2296 (Class C) 6.5-
2000.0 1000.00 600
Tolerance limits 8.5
(Source: Experimental results obtained from laboratory)
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9.3.2 NSPCL EIA Study Area Report – Water Quality

Besides the study conducted by our study group, NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited(NSPCL)
also conducted a study of water quality, both from surface and ground water sources, around a 10-km
radius from the existing Rourkela Power Plant. The results were as follows:
9.3.2.1 Surface Water Quality (During the Study Period Oct 2011-Feb 2012)
The range of values observed for various physico-chemical and micro-biological parameters in the
water sample of Brahmani River are presented in Table 9.2 along with Indian specifications for Class C
water (IS: 2296). pH of water of Brahmani river varied between 7.2 to 8.1, which is within the accepta ble
range of 6.5-8.5.
Temperature of water samples ranged between 22.0 oC and 27.8oC. The TDS content varied from 82
mg/l to 240 mg/l which is well within permissible limit of 2000 mg/l. The conductivity ranged from 135
μmhos/cm to 370 μmhos/cm. Total suspended solids ranged from 10-198 mg/l. Dissolved oxygen level
varied between 3.7 mg/l and 8.2 mg/l. The turbidity level ranged from 07 NTU to 82 NTU. The degree
of hardness varied from 36 to 127 mg/l, which is within permissible limit of 600 mg/l. Calcium varied
between 18 mg/l and 35 mg/l which is below the permissible limit of 200 mg/l. Magnesium varied from
2.5 to 16.2 mg/l. Chloride content level ranged from 15 to 65 mg/l while sulphate ranged from 4.3 mg/l
to105 mg/l. BOD levels ranged between 2 to 17.5 mg/l and COD levels between 7.4 to 30 mg/l. Nitrate
and phosphate content were marginal. The existing levels of BOD, COD and NO3 do not indicate any
perceivable pollution within the monitoring stretch. Iron content ranged between 0.8 to 3.7 mg/l which
exceeded the prescribed limit (0.3 mg/l) in both upstream and downstream during the study period.
This is because Rourkela lies in the heart of iron ore belts.
Fluoride, Oil & Grease and phenolic compounds contents were below detection limit.
Most of the heavy metals were absent. Total coliform counts varied in the range of 450-1610 MPN/100
ml.
Perusal of the Table 9.2 shows that there is a considerable variation in the water quality of two
stretches i.e. upstream of intake point and downstream of discharge point. There is considerable
deterioration of the water quality in the downstream region which may be due to discharge of
municipal and industrial effluents. It is evident that most of the parameters were below the permissible
standard stipulated for inland surface water (class C i.e. drinking water source with conventional
treatment followed by disinfection) except few.
Table 9.5 : Surface Water Quality
Parameters SW1 SW2 SW3 IS: 2296 (Class C)

Unit
No. of Observations 5 5 5 Des. limit Toler.
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Limit**
pH 7.2-7.9 7.7-8.0 7.6-8.1 6.5-8.5 NR
Temperature °C 22-25.7 25-27.3 26-27.8
Dissolved Oxygen mg/l 6.4-8.2 3.9-4.5 3.7-4.4
Total Suspended mg/l
10-187 25-195 20-198
Solids
Total Dissolved Solids mg/l 82-110 120-225 125-240 500 2000
µ
Conductivity 135-170 185-346 192-370
mhos/cm
Turbidity NTU 07-62 9-75 10-82
Alkalinity (as CaCO3) mg/l 40-70 55-80 57-82 200 600
Hardness (as CaCO3) mg/l 36-104 47-127 45-125 300 600
Calcium (as Ca+2) mg/l 18-28 20-35 21-35 75 200
Magnesium (as Mg+2) mg/l 2.5-11.5 5.5-16.2 4.5-15.7
Nitrate (as NO3- ) mg/l 0.10-2.83 1.0-2.0 1.1-1.9 45 100
Chloride (as Cl- ) mg/l 15-29 30-60 32-65 250 1000
Sulphate (as SO4-2) mg/l 4.3-6.2 42-100 43-105 200 400
Fluoride (as F-) mg/l 0.02-0.28 0.02-0.36 0.02-0.31
Oil & Grease mg/l <0.01 1.0-2.2 1.0-2.2 0.01 0.03
Phenolic Compounds mg/l
<0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002
(as C6H5OH)
Biochemical Oxygen mg/l
2.0-7.2 7.5-17.5 8.3-16.9
Demand
Chemical Oxygen mg/l
7.4-12.2 12-30 11.1-29.8
Demand
Arsenic (as As) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.05 NR
Mercury (as Hg) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 0.001 NR
Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 NR
Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.01 NR
Hexavalent Chromium mg/l
<0.05 <0.05 <0.05 0.05 NR
(as Cr+6)
Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 1.5
Zinc (as Zn) mg/l <1 <1 <1 1.5
Selenium (as Se) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01 NR
Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.8-1.8 2.3-3.6 2.2-3.7 0.3 1.0
Total Coliform (MPN) /100 ml 450-750 1100-1500 1120-1610
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Sampling locations key:

SW1: Brahmani River-in the upstream of Intake point near Tarkera village
SW2: Brahmani River-100-m in the downstream of Discharge point near Deogan village
SW3: Brahmani River-further 200-m in the downstream of Discharge point near Deogan village
9.3.2.2 Ground Water Quality (During the Study Period Oct 2011-Feb 2012)
The range of values observed for various physico-chemical and microbiological parameters for ground
water at three sampling locations are presented in Table 9.3. pH varied from 6.5 to 6.9, which is within
the acceptable range of 6.5-8.5.Total suspended solids ranged from 10 mg/l to 36 mg/l. TDS content
varied from 155 mg/l to 186 mg/l, which is well within 2000 mg/l. The conductivity ranged between 221
μmhos/cm and 302 μmhos/cm. The alkalinity level varied from 120 mg/l to 150 mg/l which is within
permissible limit of 600 mg/l. Degree of hardness ranged from 52 mg/l to 135 mg/l. Calcium varied
between 10 mg/l and 36 mg/l which is below the permissible limit of 200 mg/l. Magnesium varied from
8.5 mg/l to 24 mg/l.
Nitrate content varied between 0.11 mg/l and 0.24 mg/l which is within 100 mg/l. Phosphate ranged
from 0.17 mg/l to 0.31 mg/l and potassium varied between 1.0 mg/l and 1.7 mg/l.
The chloride level (15.8 mg/l to 46 mg/l) was low. The sulphate level varied between 24 mg/l and 168
mg/l. Oil & Grease and phenolic compounds were below the detectable limit. BOD ranged from 1.1
mg/l to 2.5 mg/l while COD 6.0 mg/l to 12.0 mg/l. Iron content varied between 0.05 mg/l and 0.22
mg/l. Most of the heavy metals were absent.
Perusal of Table 9.3 shows that there is marginal variation in the ground water quality among the two
sampling locations. However, all the parameters are within the permissible limits for Drinking Water
Standards and many parameters are within the desirable limits.
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Table 9.6 : Ground water Quality
Parameters GW1 GW2 D.W. Std. (IS:10500)

No. of Observations Unit 5 5 Des. Limit1” Per. Limit*
pH 6.7-6.9 6.5-6.9 6.5-8.5 NR
TSS mg/l 30-36 10-12
TDS mg/l 170-186 155-162 500 2000
µ
Conductivity 278-302 221-227
mhos/cm
Alkalinity mg/l 145-150 120-128 200 600
Hardness mg/l 132-135 52-56 300 600
Calcium mg/l 30-36 10-12 75 200
Magnesium mg/l 21-24 8.5-9.6
Sodium (as Na+) mg/l 11.2-12.3 10.2-14.3
Potassium (as K+) mg/l 1.0-1.7 1.1-1.3
Nitrate (as NO3-) mg/l 0.11-0.24 0.12-0.21 45 100
Phosphate mg/l 0.17-0.31 0.18-0.23
Chloride (as Cl- ) mg/l 42-46 15.8-21.0 250 1000
Sulphate mg/l 24-28 156-168 200 400
Fluoride (as F-) mg/l <0.02 <0.02
Oil & Grease mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.01 0.03
Phenolic Compounds mg/l <0.001 <0.001 0.001 0.002
BOD mg/l 1.1-1.3 2.0-2.5
COD mg/l 6-8 6.5-12
Arsenic (as As) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.05 NR
Mercury (as Hg) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 0.001 NR
Lead (as Pb) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 0.05 NR
Cadmium (as Cd) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.01 NR
Hexavalent Chromium (as
mg/l <0.05 <0.05 0.05 NR
Cr+6)
Copper (as Cu) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 0.05 1.5
Zinc (as Zn) mg/l <1.0 <1.0 5 15
Selenium (as Se) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 0.01 NR
Iron (as Fe) mg/l 0.20-0.22 0.05-0.07 0.3 1.0

Sampling locations key:
GW1: Dug Well-Sector-2, Steel Township-Jhupudi Basti
GW2: Tube well-Koel Nagar, in the Rourkela Steel Township
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9.3.3 Surface Water Quality along Brahmani River
State pollution control board, Odisha conducted assessment of surface water quality data at various
locations of Rourkela along the Brahmani River in 2011, the results of which are as follows:
Table 9.7 : The pH values of all samples
pH
Rourkela(F)Downstream
(Brahmani)
Rourkela Downstream
(Brahmani)
Panposh Downstream
(Brahmani)
Panposh Upstream
(Brahmani)
0 2 4 6 8 10
Tolerance limits : 6.5-8.5
Annual Average Minimum Maximum

The pH values of all samples were found to be within tolerance limits.
Table 9.8 : The BOD values of all samples
BOD, mg/l
Rourkela(F)Downstream (Brahmani)
Rourkela Downstream (Brahmani)
Panposh Downstream (Brahmani)
Panposh Upstream (Brahmani)

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Tolerance limits : < 3.0

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The BOD values of all samples were found to be within tolerance limits. The samples from Brahmani
downstream at Panposh and Rourkela township show higher levels of BOD than prescribed standards
as per Tolerance Limits for Inland Surface water bodies (IS: 2296-1982)
Table 9.9 : The DO levels of all samples
DO, mg/l
Rourkela(F)Downstream…
Rourkela Downstream…
Panposh Downstream…
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Tolerance limits : Class 'B' >5.0

Class 'C' >4.0

The dissolved oxygen levels are better than prescribed standards in all samples.
Table 9.10 : The total Coliform count levels of all samples
Tolerance limits : Class 'B' < 500 TC, MPN/100ml

Class 'C' < 5000
Rourkela(F)Downstream…
Rourkela Downstream (Brahmani)
Panposh Downstream (Brahmani)
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 9001000

Hundreds
Series4 Annual Average Minimum Maximum

The total Coliform count exceeds standards considerably at downstream stretch of Brahmani at
Rourkela, and comparatively begins to exceed limits at Panposh downstream stretch.

Environment 9-26
9.3.4 Surface Water Quality along Brahmani River - Issues
In the recent study conducted by PCB of Rourkela Township waste water before confluencing to river
Brahmani at Tarkera, spanning over three months on the specified dates, the results are depicted in
charts between Figure 9.16 – 9.17.
Figure 9.17 : The pH and TSS values variation over 3 months
TSS, mg/l
pH 120
100
10 80
86 86
60 78
5
40
0 20
28.09.2012 25.10.2012 30.11.2012
0
pH 28.09.2012 25.10.2012 30.11.2012
Prescribed min TSS, mg/l

Prescribed max. Prescribed standard

As found in the previous study of 2011, the 2012 data also indicates that the surface water quality
conforms to the prescribed standards for pH limits. The total suspended solids were also found to be
within prescribed maximum limits. But
Figure 9.18 : The BOD and COD values variation over 3 months
BOD3 at 27oC COD, mg/l

80 270 263
257
60 260
65 250
40 56
48 240 235
20 230
0 220
28.09.2012 25.10.2012 30.11.2012 28.09.2012 25.10.2012 30.11.2012
BOD3 at 27oC COD, mg/l

Prescribed standard Prescribed standard

Environment 9-27
Biological Oxygen Demand was above the prescribed standard, indicating polluted water of Brahmani
River due to high discharge of untreated municipal sewage than desired. Though it was reducing at a
steady rate over the months, it is not clear if it follows a seasonal cycle.
The chemical oxygen demand levels were found to be highly fluctuating, possibly due to climate
change from post monsoon season to winter, or other reasons that may have to be investigated.
9.4 NOISE POLLUTION
NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited (NSPCL) also conducted a study for the noise levels.
9.4.1 Selection of Measurement Locations
To understand the noise levels in the study area around the plant and inside the plant area ambient
noise measurement was undertaken at ten locations. The noise measurement locations were selected
keeping in view of the existing industrial, commercial, residential and sensitive areas like hospitals,
schools etc. Details of the measurement locations have been presented in Table 9.11.
Table 9.11 : Noise Measurement Locations in the Study Area
Location Code Location

Study Area
N1 Entry Gate of Plant
N2 Rourkela Township
N3 Bijubandh
N4 Kantajhar
N5 Tangarapali Burahi
N6 Baraghat
N7 Dumorata
N8 Bandamunda
N9 Railway Colony
N10 School in the Steel Township
Environment 9-28
Figure 9.19 : Ambient Noise Measurement Locations
There are different types of fields for measuring the ambient noise level, which can be categorized as
free field, near field and far field.
a) Free Field
The free field is defined as a region where sound wave propagates without obstruction from source to
the receiver. In such case, the inverse square law can be applied so that the sound pressure level
decreases by 6dB (A) as the distance is doubled.
b) Near Field
The near field is defined as that region close to the source where the inverse square law does not
apply. Usually this region is located within a few wavelengths from the source.
Environment 9-29
c) Far Field
The far field is defined as that region which is at a distance of more than 1meter from the sour.
9.4.2 Parameters Measured

The parameters measured are L10, L50, L90, Leq, Lday, and Lnight. For measurement of Leq, noise
monitoring equipments have the facility for measurement of Leq directly. However, Leq can also be
calculated using the following equation:
Leq (hrly) = L50 + (L10 - L90)2 /60
where,
L10 (Ten Percentile Exceeding Level) is the level of sound, which exceeds 10% of the total time of
measurement.
L50 (Fifty Percentile Exceeding Level) is the level of sound, which exceeds 50% of the total time of
measurement.
L90 (Ninety Percentile Exceeding Level) is the level of sound, which exceeds 90% of the total time of
measurement.
Lday: This represents Leq of daytime. Lday is calculated as Logarithmic average using the Hourly Leq’s
for day time hours from 6.00 A.M to 10.00 P.M.

Lnight: This represents Leq of nighttime. Lnight is calculated as Logarithmic average using the hourly
Leq’s for nighttime hours from 10.00 PM to 6.00 A.M.
9.4.3 Method of Measurement

Noise measurement was carried out continuously for 24-hours. During each hour, parameters like L10,
L50, L90 and Leq were directly computed by the instrument based on the Sound Pressure Levels (SPL).
Monitoring was carried out at ‘A’ weighting and in fast response mode.
9.4.4 Results and Discussions

The summary of measured parameters like Leq., Lday, Lnight, L10, L50, L90 for all the sampling
locations in the post-monsoon season is presented in Fig9.4.4.Theoverall Leq value varied between
43.8 dB (A) to 51.1 dB (A). Day time and nighttime Leq varied between 45.5 dB (A) to 53.2 dB (A) and
36.5 dB (A) to 40.9 dB (A) respectively. The highest Leq value 51.1 dB (A) was recorded at the plant
entry gate and the lowest Leq value 43.8 dB (A) was recorded at Baraghat village. The highest Lday
53.2 dB (A) was recorded at plant entry gate and also the highest Lnight 40.9 dB(A) at the same
location while the lowest 36.5 dB (A) at Kantajhar village. It is noted that the noise levels were within
the permissible limit of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards with respect to noise both during
day time and night time at most of the locations.
Environment 9-30
Table 9.12 : Post Monsoon season noise level

Location Noise Level in dB (A)
Post-Monsoon
L10 L50 L90 Leq Lday Lnight
Entry Gate of Plant 55.2 48.5 42.6 51.1 53.2 40.9
Rourkela Township 51.3 45.2 40.1 47.3 49.5 39.7
Bijubandh 49.2 44.6 38.2 46.6 48.2 37.3
Kantajhar 50.8 43.2 38.4 46.6 48.2 37.3
Tangarapali Burahi 52.1 44.6 37.8 48.0 50.1 38.3
Baraghat 48.1 42.8 40.2 43.8 45.5 36.9
Dumorata 53.5 47.2 42.1 49.4 51.2 37.1
Bandamunda 51.9 44.1 39.1 46.8 47.4 37.4
Railway Colony 50.2 45.6 40.8 47.1 49.8 38.5
School in the Steel Township 50.9 44.8 40.2 46.7 48.7 37.6
9.4.5 Ambient Noise Standards

The Ambient Air Quality Standards with respect to Noise have been stipulated by Government of India
vide Gazette Notification dated 14.2.2000 and The Noise Pollution (Regulation and Control)
(Amendment) Rules 2010 and given in Table 9.13.
Table 9.13 : Ambient Air Quality Standards with Respect to Noise *

Area Code Category of Area Limits in dB(A), Leq
Day time Night time
A Industrial Area 75 70
B Commercial Area 65 55
C Residential Area 55 45
D Silence Zone 50 40
* Environment (Protection) Third Amendment Rules, 2000.
Gazette Notification Government of India dated 14.2.2000 and The Noise Pollution (Regulation and
Control) (Amendment) Rules 2010.
** Day Time: 6.00 AM to 10.00 PM
# Night Time: 10.00 PM to 6.00 A.M

@ Silence zone is defined as an area up to 100 meters around such premises as hospitals, educational
institutions and courts. The silence zones are to be declared by the competent authority; Use of
vehicular horns, loudspeakers and bursting of crackers shall be banned in these zones.
Environment 9-31
State pollution control board, Odisha conducted assessment of noise levels at various locations of
Rourkela in the pre-Dussehra, during Dussehra and post-Dussehra 2011, the results of which are as
follows:
Figure 9.20 : Pre-Dussehra Noise Levels
75
70
65
60
55
50
45
40
Sector 6 (Residential
IGH(Silence Zone)night
Uditnagar (Commercial
Birsa Road (Industrial

IGH(Silence Zone) day
Zone) night
Zone) night
Zone) day
Zone) day
zone) night
zone) day
12-10-10 30-09-11

40
50
55
60
65
70
75
45
40
45
50
55
60
70
75
80
65

Zone) day
Zone) day
Birsa Road (Industrial Birsa Road (Industrial
21-10-10
17-10-10
Zone) night Zone) night
Uditnagar (Commercial Uditnagar (Commercial

zone) day zone) day

12-10-11
06-10-11
Figure 9.21 : On -Dussehra Noise Levels
Figure 9.22 : Post – Dussehra Noise level

zone) night
zone) night
Zone) day
Zone) day
Sector 6 (Residential Zone) night
Zone) night
Environment
9-32
Environment 9-33
The noise levels were measured at 10 locations within the study area and inside the plant to assess the
background noise levels in different zones viz., Residential, Industrial, Commercial and Silence zones.
Noise levels were measured using an Integrating Sound Level Meter and Leq values were calculated for
24 hours. The major noise generating sources in a thermal power plant are the turbines, turbo
generators, compressors, pumps, fans, coal handling plant etc. from where noise is continuously
generated. Acoustic enclosures have been provided to control the noise level below 85 dB (A).
Wherever it is not possible technically to meet the required noise levels, the personnel working in the
high noise area shall be provided with ear plug.
The operation of the equipments will generate noise ranging between 75-90 dB (A). The predicted
noise level due to operation of such equipment at a distance of 1.0-Km from the source is 34.5 dB
(A).The ambient noise level recorded during field studies in the nearby village located at a distance of
1.0-Km from Rourkela PP-III, ranges between 36.5 to 53.2 dB (A). As the ambient noise levels are higher
than the predicted noise levels, due to masking effect, no increase in the ambient noise levels during
construction phase is envisaged.
However, workers within the construction area and plant area may be affected due to high noise levels.
Adequate protective measures in the form of ear-muffs /ear plugs/ masks shall be provided to such
persons, which will minimize/eliminate such adverse impacts. In addition, reduction in noise levels shall
also be achieved through built-in design requirements to produce minimum noise, proper lay out
design, adding the sound barriers, use of enclosures with suitable absorption material etc. Provision of
green belt and afforestation will further help in reducing the noise levels. As per the direction received
from MoEF, Bhubaneswar NSPCL, Rourkela has taken a proactive step to enhance the greenery in the
township through mass tree plantation. The plantation area is situated in the Durgapur hill just behind
the Sector-06 Tareni temple. About 6400 saplings like Simarua, Nimba, Amala, Karanga and Saguan
are planted in the 4 hectors area by Forest Department in the year 2010 and 2011.
9.5 URBAN FORESTRY – PLANTATION MATRIX

The forests of the state fall under two major forest types, i.e., tropical moist deciduous forest and the
tropical dry deciduous forest. Odisha has a diverse variety of plants. Odisha's forests yield large
quantities of teak and bamboo. Teak, apart from medicinal plants and kendu leaves contribute
substantially towards Odisha's economy. Sal and Bamboos, the dominant species fully established and
abundant in these forests varying from a fairly pure to a mixed crop and occurs throughout the area.
The other notes worthy species are Harida, Haldu, Char are observed.
Environment 9-34
About 6400 saplings like Simarua, Nimba, Amala, Karanga and Saguan have been planted in 4 hectares
area by the Forest department in the year 2010 and 2011.The region is surrounded by Durgapur
Reserved Forest in the North which has highest elevation of 355-m above msl with slope towards West.
In the Southeast Sunaprabat Reserved Forest is located with elevation of 300-m above msl.
In order to increase the forest cover plantation is done under various schemes. Some of them are listed
below in the plantation matrix.
Table 9.14 : Plantation Matrix (2011-2012)
2011-2012 TARGET ACHIEVEMENT

Name of the Scheme
B.Economic Plantation 0 0
CAMPA 550 550
Comp. Affn 144.5 144.5
13th FC 40 40
OFSDP (By PD) 2870 2870
National Bamboo Mission 45 25
MGNREGS 2020 100
Bald Hill 100 100
NAP Through FDA 0 0
RSP 6 6
Total Phy. Target 5755.5 3825.5
(Source: Forestry Department)
Environment 9-35
Table 9.15 : Plantation Achieved in 2011-2012

3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500 target
0 achievement

From the plantation matrix given we can see that all the targets were achieved accept for the scheme
MGNREGS for the year 2011-2012 and both Bamboo and MGNERGS for the year 2012-2013.
Table 9.16 : Plantation Matrix (2012-2013 and 2013-2014)
2012-2013 2013-2014
Name Of The Scheme
Target Achievement Target
B.Economic Plantation 0 0 0
CAMPA 1000 1000 1600
13th FC 40 40 40
OFSDP (By PD) 2481 2481 0
Comp. Affn 254.314 254.314 0
Bamboo 105 25 25
National Bamboo Mission
@400 plants per ha. 105 105 80
MGNREGS 1150 390.12 1500
Avenue Plantation (SP) 15 15 20
Bald Hill (SP) 100 100 100
Bald Hill (CAMPA) 0 0 50
NAP Through FDA 400 400 0
Total Phy. Target 5530.314 4782.434 3370
Environment 9-36
Table 9.17 : Plantation Achieved in 2011-2012
3500
3000
2500
2000
1500
1000
500 target
0 achievement
9.5.1 Vegetation
The vegetation in the study area is of tropical dry deciduous type. Sal, the dominant species fully
established and abundant in the forests varying from a fairly pure to a mixed crop and occurs
throughout the area. The main associates of Sal are Asan, Kurum, Bija or Piasaletc. The most common
tree species in the study area are Terminaliaarjuna (Kahawa), Terminaliatomentosa (Saja),
Terminaliachebula (Harra), Madhucaindica (Mahua), Buteamonosperma (Palas), Pterocarpusmarsupium

(Bija), Anogeissuslatifolia (Dhaura), Diospyrpsmelanoxylon (Tendu), Buchananialatifolia (Char) etc. There
is no national park or sanctuary in the study area.
The list of most common tree species and their common use is given below in Table 9.18.
Table 9.18 : Common tree species and their common use

S.NO Common Tree Species Common use
1 Terminaliatomentosa (Sahaj) Used in house building
2 Terminaliaarjuna (Kahua or Arjun A medicinal plant
3 Terminaliabelerica (Bahada) A medicinal plant
4 Terminaliachebula (Harida) Myrobalan is used in dyeing and making ink
5 Emblicaofficinalis (Anla) A medicinal plant
6 Boswelliaserrata (Salai) A timber tree
7 Pterocarpusmarsupium(Bija) An excellent wood quality next to teak
8 Chloroxylonswietania (Bheru) Very common in forest
Environment 9-37
9 Dalbergiasissoo (Shisham) An important timer tree

10 Adina cardifolia (Haldu) Used for making combs
11 Sohleichheraoleosa (Kusum) Very good hard wood
12 Acacia catechu (Khair) Yields katha
13 Limoniaacidissima (Kaith) Fruit is used for making chatani.
14 Aeglemarmelos (Bel) Religious tree and fruit is used for making sharbat
15 Buteamonosperma (Palas) Better known as the flame of the forest, very
handsome when in flower. Lac is grown on it and the
roots are used for making rope fibre
16 Cleistanthuscolinus (Karada) A species most conspicuous in the under storey. The
wood is very hard and durable. The tribal people
spread the leaves of this plant in their paddy fields to
repel and eliminate insect pests which damage rice
plants.
17 Vanda roxburghii (Orchid) Flowers are pretty and at times scented
18 Cleistanthuscolinus (Karada) A species most conspicuous in the under storey. The
wood is very hard and durable. The tribal people
spread the leaves of this plant in their paddy fields to
repel and eliminate insect pests which damage rice
plants.
19 Cynodondactylon (Doob) A perennial grass used as fodder
20 Setariaglauca (Sawan) Grain is used as food by the tribal people
(Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report for Rourkela Power Project-III (1 x 250 MW)

Rourkela Environment - Status Report

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Environment 9-0

9.1 WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION

Figure 9.1 : Map showing study area

(Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report-NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited )

Figure 9.2 : Wind Rose Diagram of Post Monson Season

(Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report-NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited)

Figure 9.3 : Wind rose diagram of winter season

(Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report-NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited )

9.2 AIR POLLUTION

(Source: Google map)

The locations are-

Sector-4 (residential zone)

SPCB regional office

Udit Nagar (commercial zone)

Rourkela govt. hospital (silence zone)

Table 9.1: Ambient Air Quality Monitoring During pre Deepavali

within the standard.

Table 9.2 : Ambient Air Quality Monitoring During Deepavali

Particulate Matter SPCB regional office

Table 9.3 : Ambient Air Quality Monitoring During post Deepavali

from 2009 to 2011.

Most polluted areas are shown in Figure 9.5.

Figure 9.5 : Map showing most polluted areas

(Source: Google map)

Figure 9.6 : Sampling points for Ambient Air Quality

(Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report-NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited )

Figure 9.7 : Ambient Air Quality Status for Particulate matter

(Source: SPCB, Rourkela)

within the standard.

Figure 9.8 : Ambient Air Quality Status for Gaseous matter

(Source: SPCB, Rourkela)

(Source: SPCB, Rourkela)

Quality Status 2011-2012, which is well within the standard.

the Figure 9. 10.

(Source: Environmental Impact Assessment Report-NTPC-SAIL Power Company Private Limited )

9.2.1 Year Wise Air Quality Variation

9.11 -9.12) and compared with NAAQ standards.

Figure 9.11: Concentration Of SPM (mg/m 3) Monitored At SPCB Regional Office

500 SPCB regional office

400 National ambient air quality

(Source: SPCB, Rourkela)

Figure 9.12 : Concentration of RSPM (mg/m3) Monitored At SPCB Regional Office

140 SPCB regional office

100 National ambient air quality

(Source: SPCB, Rourkela)

Concentration of RSPM is also increasing annually, from 2004-2010 it increased 82(µg/m³) to

Figure 9.13 : Concentration of SO2 (mg/m3) Monitored At SPCB Regional Office

120 SPCB regional office

60 National ambient air quality

(Source: SPCB, Rourkela)

Air Quality Standard.

Figure 9.14 : Concentration of NO2 (mg/m3) Monitored At SPCB Regional Office

120 SPCB regional office

60 National ambient air quality

(Source: SPCB, Rourkela)

National Ambient Air Quality Standard.

Figure 9.15 : Map showing Pollution levels in different areas (Qualitative)

(Source: Prepared base map by planning group)

Predominant wind direction

Most polluted areas- Rourkela Township, Sector-5,(1) Bijubandh(2), Kalunga (3)

Less polluted areas- Basanti Colony (4), Bandamunda (5)

9.2.3 Air Pollution at Kalunga Industrial Area