Networking Technology

HND in Computing Network technology
ICON College of Technology and Management
Faculty of Information Technology and Engineering
BTEC HND in Computing (ICT Systems Support)
Coursework
Networking Technology
Tutor: Professor Reza Joadat
Submitted by
ID No: 2012
Session: February 2012
Student ID: 5735 Page 1 of 55

INDEX
Content names page
1 Background and network architectures 3-13

2 Network Technologies and Network Software 14-21
3 Network connections and components 22-38
4 Networking models and evaluation 39-50
5 References 51
6 Bibliography 52

Part A: Background and network architectures:
1. Background description: describe the scenario of your chosen case,

including business nature, organization size, etc. Briefly introduce some
comparable market competitors.
 Case study 1: A Local estate agents company in London. The company has
around 100 staff members across 10 branches across London. They aim to
offer the best services for professionals in both renting and property sales.
Company overview:
Estate Agent Company is a company which helps people to rent house and sell
properties to local people. Basically they offer people to rent houses to the
tenants and sell houses for long time like pay by mortgage and also buy houses
from local people. This company has ten branches across the London which
break down by different places such as two east London , two in south London,
three in west London and two in north London. This company has One hundred
staffs working across these branches. Liverpool Street is the main branch of this
company.
Company Business nature:
This Company has actively joined with several businesses which are business
nature of this company. This company actively related with managing property,
marketing such as online advertisement and selling properties. This company
also related with net leasing, Development and investment. Local customers are
the main consumer of this company, selling and renting are the main business of
this company.
Organization size:
This company has ten branches across the London that proves as a medium size
organization company itself. This company has 7 or 8 rooms in every branch
but in main branch it has three rooms. Recently they are using computer for data
entry and manage data but they don’t have any centralized system. In order to

fight with competitor it is essential to improve information technology under

this organization. By following, this step company want to develop a new
network system which will handle data efficiency, share resources and manage
cost of this organization. After developing this network company will be
benefited of centralized database system.
Competitive market:
People search their properties based on local communication media, transport,

language, tradition and culture, location of the properties and living cost and
condition, once match those criteria people will move and choose those
properties. But there are lots of small and medium estate company will be on
their chosen area those are the main competitor of this company. Because this
are the local agent on their location and people will try to find those agent for
cheap price. Some of the agent company are advertising on the internet of their
properties, so customer easily can be attracted on those companies. So these
agents are other threads of this company.
Network requirement for this company:
Nowadays network is very important of any small and medium origination for
data communication, share resources and printing staff. Network is required for
this company because it has several branches across the London (10 branches)
those branches need to communicate each other such as sending data one branch
to other, order files and item and centralized data system. So network is
essential for this company to establish centralized database system to control all
the PCs and devices from one or two place. After establish the network this
agent company can able to communicate data from one branch to other and
printing staff. In order to fight with competitor network is required because
already some of the agent has e-business and network on their offices.

 Case study 3: A college specialized in further education and professional

training in IT and finance. This college has over 2000 students and 50 full-
time/ part-time staff members on two campuses across London.
College Overview:
The College is located in Liverpool Street which is situated heart of the central
London but it has another campus bank. This college offers wide range of
professional training in IT and finance section. Basically this college provides
various type of IT and finance subjects for professional training purposes such
as computing, networking, programming, finance management and
accountancy. This college has over 2000 students across these campuses and 50
staffs are working as part-time and full time on this college.
Business nature:
College is an educational organization which trains students in various types of

IT and finance professional courses that refers to be an educational institute. It
has two thousands students who are studying in those branches. 50 staffs are
working across those branches who are working on the administration, teaching
and receptions. Currently this college provides a basic network for their basic
activities such as printing, data processing, reading book and basic computing
experiment section, but one branch cannot transfer data to other branch. So this
college trying to solve this problem to and make an advanced, active network
for their college.
Organization size:
This college indicates that as medium size organization because it has two
branches across the London and 7 to 8 rooms in each braches. Administration,
computer labs, student’s room, class room, reception and account room. In order
to maintain and manage two thousands students, college divides two different
branches for serving quality services and better training system and best
education for their students.

Competitive market:
There are many colleges are exist on the same location of this college, so many
competitor are competing on this location which are offering same range of
courses for the students and about same quality of services. Students always
search for quality services, better opportunity for the education and better
training skill for the professional life. So the college wants to improve an
advanced network to get better quality services for the students.
Network requirement for this college:
In order to provide quality services, better training facility for the IT student’s network
is very important for this college. Because their various reason to get network such as
file sharing, documents data process, files and documents printing and printer sharing,
advanced computer lab for the IT students. The main reason to implement advanced
network is because it gives the facility of centralised control for save cost and more
secured system.

2. Requirement analysis: Explain what new network technologies mean to the

organisation, how the new network design would bring the benefit to
improve the competitiveness of the client. Explain the major functional
requirement involved in network solution.
Computer network is a system for connecting two or more devices such as computer
and printer to share resources print and data transfer each other. Moreover, computer
network is basically an interconnection between two nodes or PC. So the computer
network will be created for fulfillment companies’ requirement which may give success
for these companies.
 What new network technologies means to Estate Agent Company:
According to the first scenario, an advanced, powerful and effective centralised network
will be implemented for joining branches from different part of the London. This
network will bring a verity of new technology for the company which are:
1. Centralised database system: this company is trying to implement network

across their branches, because a computer network can give the facility of the
centralized database. So this system gives opportunity to control the branches
from central branch which gives more security and protection for this company.
2. Connecting branches in a network: ZAK Estate Agent Company has 10
branches across the London and in order to connect all the branches in one
network an advanced and powerful network needed. So the centralized network
system will connect all the branches in one network.
3. Sharing resources: this centralized network will enable to share resources
such as hardware, software and data in different company branches. This
network will ensure that the resources will successful shared and protected.
4. Cost reduction: This network system will reduce the overall cost of this
company such as printing cost, labour cost and some internal cost. This network
will enable to connect devices remotely for different area which will decrease
the company labour cost.
5. Security and protection: This network technology will bring the some new
feature of security and company protection. It will give the software and data

protection and hardware protection as well. Because in every offices will be

managed and protected by smart card system, when anyone wants to enter the
offices he/she has to punch the card to enter the room. The software security is
some third party antivirus will be managed for the company data and software
protection.
6. Centralized database: A centralized network will give the facility of the
centralized database of this company, so company’s all data will be store in one
secured place.
 What new network technologies means to college of IT and finance :

According to the case three, a powerful centralized network system will be
implemented which will enable to join all the computer and printer in one network. The
new network technologies will bring some benefits for this college which are:
1. Centralised the network: this network will bring the benefits of the centralised
network system. A centralised network for this college is connecting all the
network devices in one network and control from one place by the
administrator.
2. Joining college campuses: This network system will enable to connect all the
network devices under one network. So the centralised network will help to
connect two campuses in one network.
3. Effective data management: This network will bring effective data
management for the college. College time table, college result and teacher
lecture sheet the entire document will be separated from one user to other which
will give the data safety.
4. Share resources: this network will provide adequate management for sharing
resources (e.g. computers, printers, data and projectors) for the college. By this
network administrator can easily share resources among the end users.
5. Quality of services: This network will help to give quality services to the
students such as college website, remote coursework submission and lecture
sheet download.
6. Cost reduction: This network will help the college to reduce various costs such
as teacher cost, printer cost, user’s cost and administrator time. This network

will help the teacher to upload files remotely and administrator can control over
the internet.
7. Network protection: This network will help to secured college important files
and data, because this network will also provide third party software to protect
against virus.
 Major functional requirements involved in network solution:
Functional requirement is the specification of the company requirement such as what
type of document needed before design the network. On the specification analysis,
various types of requirements are analysed and identified for the according to
company’s based on equipment and requirements. E.g. these requirement analyses are
documented for the case one and three. Major functional specification are described the
following –
 Size of the network:

In order to justify the size of the network, company has to take some online
feedback, paper feedback from the end-users, questioners, interviews. After
taking these both companies will able to justify the network size which will help
to create network according to their proper topology and specifications.
 Analysis the size of these organisations:

For design the network organisation size justifying is necessary that will help to
create appropriate network architecture for the company’s (ZAK estate agent
company and ZAK college of IT and finance). According to the scenario, both
of the organisations are medium size but case one has 10 branches 1-2 rooms
each and case three has 2 campus and 7-8 rooms each. This information will
help to design floor plan for these companies.
 Hardware specification
Next step is justifying the hardware specification both organisations(estate agent
company and college) such as what are the network devices are required for this
network such how many switch, router, length of the cable, how many computer
and does any PC needs to upgrade. These are the issues are involved in
hardware specification document.
 Software specification:

On the software specification, what type of client and network operating system
will be recommended for both companies, and other software needed for both
companies such as Microsoft office, adobe reader, browser and other
requirement will be mentioned on the software specification section. This
document will help to create efficient, powerful and data traffic free network for
both companies.
i) Server requirement:
Server requirement is what type of network operating system will be required for both
organisations that will be described on the server requirement. Network operating
system will help to control, manage, support both organisations the user, files, printers.
Major functions of the server operating system are-
o It helps to connect two or more computer in one network and manage the
computers.
o It creates, manages and configures user, groups and organisation units of both
organisations.
o Network operating system will helps to give powerful security of the both
companies.
ii) Workstation requirement:
Workstation requirement is what type of client operating system recommended for both
company such as windows, Mac and Ubuntu. A client operating system will help the
use computers, file printing and share resources from one PC to other.
 External requirement:
External requirement is external access requirement of both organisations, so

administrator can access and control remotely from home. So a terminal server will
install for external access in both organisations network.

3. Network Architecture: introduce an appropriate network architecture model

for the solution; explain why the model is chosen.
Network architecture is the layout of a network that is a framework for the

requirement of networking hardware, installation and function of their organisations.
Moreover, network architecture is the procedures and data formats used in both
organisational operations. Commonly two types of network architectures which are:
• Peer to peer network architecture

• Client server network architecture
• Peer to peer network architecture:
Peer to peer network architecture the application, workload and working tasks
are distributed among the network peers. Peer to peer network is designed for
two or more computer and it can share resources, transferring data without any
help of server computers. In the p2p network architecture every client computer
keep the information and resources for other computer and which data will
transfer or share to other computer, that PCs has to turn on for share or access
these resources. Peer to peer network architecture is not secure and appropriate
for these companies (for Estate Agent Company and college) because both
companies network is based on centralised network. Mueller,J (2002)
Figure 1: peer to peer network architecture
• Client-server architecture:

Client-server architecture is a network architecture which has dedicated server exists for
the network. On the Client-server network, server save, protect information and
perform client requests, and client make request for the server and data formatting
process. Client server architecture helps to create centralised network which is one of
the requirement of both companies. According to both scenarios (e.g. estate agent
company and college), client server architecture is recommended because it will give
facility to create centralised network for both companies. Client-server architecture is
chosen for following reason-
Requests Requests
Requests
Responds Responds
Responds
Requests
Responds
Figure2: client-server architecture
1. Client-server architecture will help to share resources by centrally because it

manages data redundancy.
2. This architecture will enhance and improve both organisational (e.g. estate
agent company and college) securities which will ensure to prevent against data
leak and virus attack.
3. Client-server architecture will help to reduce network hardware cost such as
printer and scanner.

4. On Client server architecture gives the facility to remove any hardware which is
connected to the network easily.
Example of the client and server interactions: for example, an online shopping
website such as ebay customer has to request to web server for their secured
information such as user credential, in order to buy anything from the website. So client
will requests and server respond the requests.
user request for log in
verify the user data and accept the request
Cleint web server
Figure 3: example of client server model

Part B: Network Technologies and Network Software:
1) Network topologies: Explain the network topologies to be used in the

network solution, note that you might have different topologies used in
different fields of the overall network, use diagrams to aid your answer.
Network Topology:
Network topology is full layout of a network that is interconnected to the network. A

network topology will help to create appropriate network design for both organisations
(Estate Agent Company and college). Network topology can show where and how
devices will be connected each other.
Bus topology: In the bus topology all the computers are connected on a straight line, so
files and documents will be sent on both organizations’ (Estate Agent Company and
college) branches computer one by one that can cause of data traffic and confliction
between two network devices. On this topology one single connection goes down
means the entire network break down which is harm for both companies (Estate Agent
Company and college) and that reason this topology will not choose on both companies.
[Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]
Figure4: bus topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]
Star Topology: on the star topology all the network nodes are connected in one switch
or hub, if any cable or switch disconnected from both organizations network whole
network can be terminated which is dangerous for both companies (Estate Agent
Company and college) but this topology is suitable for the office area network such as
under one branch, star topology can be install on both companies for less cost compare
to other topology. On the star topology network device isolation is easier than other
topology. Star topology can increase the performance of both companies data sending
unit so data can send more faster from one node to other. [Groth, David; Toby
Skandier (2005)]

Figure5: star topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]
Ring topology: In the ring topology, all the networked computers are connected by
cables which look ring or circle shape. So when any cable or computer will terminate
then both companies network can be down. Moreover, on the ring topology data traffic
can be rise more than other topology because all the computers are connected each
other that means data can be sent one by one. [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]
Figure 6: ring topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]
Mesh Topology: mesh topology is a hybrid topology, this topology all the computers
are connected each other from different part and if any node terminates the whole
network would not break down. This topology’s computers are connected more than
one switch and this topology can handle the data traffic. This type of topology is used
on the metropolitan area network of WAN network. But this network topology is
expensive which may double consideration required for both companies. (e.g. estate
agent company and college) [Stallings, W. (2000)]

Figure7: mesh topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]
Network topology recommendation for Estate Agent Company and college of IT

and finance:
Centralized network is one of the aspects of both organizations (e.g. Estate Agent
Company and college) network that was described on both companies background
chapter which is covered star topology, on the office network structure will be star
topology. Because both organizations (e.g. Estate Agent Company and college) offers
centralized network that enables to connect all the computers in a hub but I am going to
select switch which will good for the both organizations because hub is old technology.
On the star topology gives simplicity function for connecting devices for both
companies network and it has better performance speed when transfer data through
network. A benefit of this topology is it gives easy device isolation process in order to
disconnect device for the network. So when both organizations administrator needs to
disconnect device for special purpose like fixed in it and add new hardware from this
network position then it follows easy process to isolating device from this topology.
For connecting branches under the network, mesh topology will be recommended
because it gives better performance for passing data and this topology connected
strongly each other so there is no scope to take down the network. This topology use
routing technique and all the devices are fully connected each other, if any anywhere

network is broken then it block the path and transfer from other path. This topology will
help to establish powerful network on both organization’s branches (e.g. Estate Agent
Company and college). Both organizations topology will be hybrid topology and as a
break down structure, it will be star on the office area and mesh for connecting
branches. [Stallings, W. (2000)]
Second thing what kind of network will be implemented for the company, which will
configure and connect all the devices to network, LAN (local area network) is chosen
because it gives facility to connect all the devices to the network. It gives better
transferring data speed and it gives opportunity to divide large nodes network in
different smaller part by creating Subnet masking. Subnet mask will segment both
companies network (e.g. Estate Agent Company and college) in various smaller parts.
WAN network is chosen to connecting branches in a network structure because it has
ability to connect the all branches network in one network structure. [Groth, David;
Toby Skandier (2005)]
Role of software and hardware in a network:
• Roles of network hardware:

Network hardware takes very important roles on both organisations network. in
order to create the network of both organisations there are many networking
hardware will be used which are-
Roles of network hardware
NO Devices Name Details
1 Network Interface card  Network interface card creates link

between computers and a network. NIC
can be installed physically in a device for
connecting to the network.
2 Network printer  Network printer is used for network
printer, so any user under both companies
(e.g. Estate Agent Company and college)
network can print. Network printer will
save both organisations costs.
3 Cables  Cables will be used for both companies to
connect devices to network devices. There
are various types of cables can be used for
both companies (e.g. estate agent

company and college) such as CAT 5,

CAT 5e, fibre optic.
4 Switches  Switches are used to connect network
devices to network
 Switches can manage load balancing of a
network
5 Router  Router is the gateway of the network,
router enable to connect devices to the
network.
 Router is used to forward data packet to
the network
6 Cabinet  Cabinet is used to communicate data in a
server on both companies network.
7 Connector  Connector is used to connect CAT 5 or
CAT 5e
Table 1: Roles of network hardware [www.viglen.co.uk]
• Role of Network Software:
In order to implement the network on both organisation some important network

software to run the network which can manage and load balance the network.
The roles of network software are:
Role of Network Software
No Software Name Description
1 Network operating  Network operating system is set of

system programs for managing, controlling
network users and other activities
 It can create groups and organisational
units
 It helps to connect all network devices
2 Client operating system  Client operating system is set of programs
that is manage and control client
computers
 It helps to interact with other devices
3 Microsoft Office  Microsoft office is used perform data
processing and data entry work on the
network computers
4 SQL server  SQL server is used to manage database
for both companies’ website and various
data.

 SQL server in more secured than other

software.
5 Third party antivirus  Third party antivirus is used make secured
software of both companies server and client PCs
 It helps to protect servers and PCs from
the malicious activities and virus.
6 Adobe reader  Adobe reader is the most commonly used
to read pdf format files on network PCs
and the servers.
7 Web developing software  Web developing software (e.g. adobe
Dreamweaver and Microsoft FrontPage)
is used to develop web site for both
organisations.
Table 2: role of network software

2. Network Software: Describe the available network operating systems and

other network software to be chosen for the solution. Discuss the suitability
of your choices with reason of choice.
 Network Operating system:

Network operating system is a set of program that is control, manage and maintain on
both organisations’ (e.g. estate agent company and college) users and groups, help to
print documents and data transferring to clients. Before selecting a network operating
system for both companies, (e.g. estate agent company and college) there are some
essential features has to consider which are—
• Capable of handle and manage printer server, files server, DNS server, name
space server
• Capable of data traffic, fault tolerant and memory load balancing
• Capable of manage, create and configure network users, groups and
organisational units
• Compatible of selected hardware on both organisations. (e.g. estate agent
company and college)
After selecting the NOS both companies administrator has to install the chosen NOS on
both network (e.g. Estate Agent Company and College) and check the NIC, devices
drivers for hardware compatibility for both companies. Different types of network
operating system will describe on following which are—
Linux network operating system:
Linux is a remarkable network operating system which uses command language to

interact with network server PC. Linux operating system takes less hardware
requirement compare to other operating system. Linux is one of the most protective
operating system in the current market but this NOS is costly to implement on the
network and less hardware compatibility, so NOS will not be chosen on both companies
(e.g. Estate Agent Company and College) for this reason. [www.linux.co.uk]

Novell NetWare:
Novell NetWare is NOS which is mostly used to perform multitasking activities on a

PC by using network protocol. Novell is a secured NOS and it uses java based GUI, it
has privilege to manage DNS, DNS server on this NOS. again it has less hardware
compatibility which can be harm for expanding r future devices and based on that’s
reason this NOS is not recommended for both organisations (e.g. Estate Agent
Company and College). [www.novell.com]
Microsoft windows server operating system:
Windows is Microsoft network operating system which is most popular NOS in current
market. Windows has various type of software version which gives different types of
facility to control and mange server on the network. Windows server has ability to
control and mange DHCP, DNS, WINS and manages and control active directory.
Windows server uses user understandable GUI which is easy to operate and it is most
secured NOS. it has less cost to operate as administrators and Microsoft windows
server is less expensive compare to other NOS as well. [www.microsoft.com]
Recommendation network operating system for Estate Agent Company college of

IT and finance:
According to these arguments, a solution can be made which is windows server 2008
as network operating system for both organisations, because this NOS is easy
understandable and more suitable for medium size network. As client operating system
windows seven professional and windows XP professional is recommended because
windows sever 2008 supports both OS and as client OS on the server 2008 panel.
Moreover, this NOS supports NTFS file system which can give more security for both
companies and it has various types of active directory features which can help to
manage and customized when administrator need them and that is way will be chosen
as NOS on both Companies.

Part C: Network connections and components:
1. Network connections: describe the appropriate connection media for each

section of the designed network; discuss the chosen network media with its
advantages and disadvantages.
Networking media:
Networking media means networking connection media which enable to connect

networking devices together for communicating each other on a network. Networking
media such as cable (e.g. coaxial cable, fibre optic), wireless media that are commonly
used for connecting network devices on a network. Moreover, connection media is
referring types of media that are used for connecting or transferring data from one node
to other. There are two types of connection media which are:
i) Cable connection
ii) Weird less connection media
i) Cable connection: Cable connection is a connection media which uses weird

for transferring data or connecting network devices on a network. Types of
Weird connection media are:
1. Twisted pair cable

2. Coaxial cable
3. Fibre optic cable
1. Twisted pair cable: Twisted pair is a copper cable connection media that is
used for connecting telephone devices. This type of cable is twisted for
increasing signal of transmission. Two types of twisted pair cable that are-
a. UTP
b. STP

a. Unshielded twisted pair cable: UTP is a twisted pair cable which is

commonly installed via RJ 45 connector. UTP cable is vastly used for
telephone connection and transfer speed from this type of connection is 10
to 1000 Mbps. UTP is less expensive compare to other cables, it is used
small size connector and upto 100m short length. UTP has 6 category levels
which are varied different speed level in different category level. Although
this type of cable is less expensive and has good transferring speeds but still
not well enough for high speed bandwidth. This type of connection media is
suitable for office network or very small network. So this cable can be
recommended for office network which cover up to 10 to 20 rooms.
[Stallings, W. (2000)]
Figure 8: UTP cable
b. Shielded twisted pair cable: STP is a twisted pair cable that uses
cancellation, cable twisting and shielding techniques and each layer of this
type of cable is enclose by metallic foil. STP cable can provide upto 10 to
100 Mbps and this cable is moderately expensive than others. This type of
cable can be used for medium and large range of network, length can cover
upto 100m.main disadvantage of this type of cable can make data traffic and
unable to handle high bandwidth speed.[ Stallings, W. (2000)]
Figure 9: STP cable

2. Coaxial cable: Coaxial cable is type of wired connection media which has
copper conductor and that is covered by two out liner. Moreover, coaxial cable
uses three techniques to cover the copper conductor and first cover layer is
plastic insulation, second one is braided copper shielding and final cover layer is
outer jacket, coaxial cable is used for LAN and the main advantage of this types
of cable is it can be used for longer distance for connecting network nodes. So
this cable offers longer distance joining network devices compare to UTP and
STP. But this types of network media is expensive than STP and UTP and
possibility of breaking copper conductor which is thread of both organisations
(e.g. Estate Agent Company and College).[ Stallings, W. (2000)]
Figure10: coaxial cable
3. Fibre optic cable: fibre optic is a high standard connection media that has glass
core layer for interacting with network and it has some protective layer for
preventing core layer from any kind of damage. Fibre optic cable unable to turn
360 degree angle because of glass material. This type of cable transfer data by
using light technology and that is make it more faster for communicating within
the network. But fibre optic is most expensive connection media because of its
highest transfer speed. This cable technology supports high speed bandwidth
and prevent from data traffic. So cable can be used for connecting branches on
both organisations (e.g. Estate Agent Company and College).
[http://www.bpcomms.co.uk]

Figure 11: fibre optic cable
ii) Wireless connection media: wireless connection media is network media

which transfer data from one network to the without any cable connection
via radio frequency. There are various types of wireless network media
available such as wireless router, WiFi router which enables to
communicate one node to other. Various types of wireless network media
which are WLANs, mobile computing and Extended LANs. Wireless
network media can be recommended for canteen room or mobile devices.
Chosen network media for Estate Agent Company and College of IT and finance:
Fibre optic is recommended cable as a networking media for joining branches and
office environment for both organisations (e.g. Estate Agent Company and College).
Because this type of cable is suitable for connecting high bandwidth network and it can
save the cost of installation and for the future plane, this cable can give more
opportunity to advance both organisations network internally and externally.
Advantages of fibre optic cable: The main facility for using fibre optic cable are-
 High bandwidth-- Fibre optic cable is capable of high speed bandwidth which
can enable to transfer 10 GB data per second. So it can help to transfer high
range data from one branch to other.
 Most protected media-- This type of cable is most protected because it has
some protective layer which protects the main data layer.

 Safe connection-- Fibre optic cable does not use copper wire and it does not
use electricity for communication. So It can provide safe connection media and
less risk for user and both organisations.
 Future planning— now company will use fibre optic cable for connecting
branches to get high bandwidth which is one kind of invest for both
organisations( Estate Agent Company and College) because if fibre optic cable
uses in increased then company can use it for future as well.
 Save cost—this type of cable can save both companies installation cost.
Because it is very easy to switch to high bandwidth network.
 Eco friendly system—this types of cable is eco friendly because it does not use
copper wire which is not good for the environment.
Disadvantages of fibre optic cable: Disadvantages of fibre optic cables are—
 Cabling expense—this types of cables are most expensive because it uses

expensive material
 Specialist required—for installing the cable specialist is needed, especially
which any connection will terminated for the main line or testing cable
connection.

2. Networking components: describe the typical networking devices used in the

network solution and explain where they are used and why they are used for
which purposes.
Network components: As an IT administrator, there are some networking devices will

be recommended for both companies (Estate Agent Company and College) which are-
 Switches-- Switch is a network device which is used to segment the network.

Moreover, Switch is network device will provide the connection port to connect
network PCs to connecting each other. Switch will enable to connect nodes on a
local area network. Switches are similar like hub but switches are a more
intelligent than that and higher price as well. Nowadays every LAN network
switches are used for connecting network. The Netgear GSM7228PS switches
are recommended for both companies (Estate Agent Company and College).
[network-tool.com]
 Router—Router is a intermediate hardware piece which is enable to connect

two nodes or network devices for communicating each other. Router is used to
forward data from one destination to other. Router exists on network layer that
is run by some special programs for routing purposes. Router uses routing
protocols for forwarding data packet to network devices and router has routing
table. Cisco 3925E integrated services router is recommended for both
companies (Estate Agent Company and College). [network-tool.com]
 Server— Server is the main controlling device on a network, commonly server

is used for store data, controlling client PCs and managing network. Server send
information while client request for sending any information. Basically server is
controlled by administrator and it uses a network operating system for managing
it by a network administrator. Server will help to centralise the both companies
network which will provide more security for both companies (Estate Agent
Company and College). Various types of server such as file server, print server,
email server and web server that will help to centralised the both network. So
the server device will be required for both companies (Estate Agent Company
and College). [network-tool.com]
 Network interface Card— Network interface card is a hardware piece which

establishes connection between a node and a network. Network interface card
manage network connection between a node and both companies’ network
(Estate Agent Company and College) and network interface card perform
encoding activities on a network. Two types of NIC available which are wire
and wireless and both provides 10 Mbps to 100 Mbps. Moreover, it has other
types such as parallel and serial bus NIC. But currently PCI based NIC is used
mostly because it is less expensive and faster communication speed, these types
of NIC is easy to install in network nodes. So PCI based NIC is recommended
for both companies’ (Estate Agent Company and College) network because it
supports both wire and wireless connection.
NIC configuration procedures:

In order to install the NIC on client PCs or the server is same. The installation
process for NIC card is based on windows 7 platform but it can be followed in
any platform in windows and procedures are following-
figure 12: NIC installation process [emea.microsoftstore.com]
• First of all, network administrator has to find out the my computer tab on the
start menu and right click on the my computer and click on the device manager
and again right click on the unknown network adaptors option.

Figure 13: NIC installation process [emea.microsoftstore.com]
• Next step is to find out the storage location where the network card driver is
located and click next.
• Now computer will install the driver and after finishing it, it will show message
to the user that driver is installed and click on close to finish the installation.
 Ethernet-- is a LAN network standard that is vastly used on LAN network. In

the Ethernet nodes are connected in local area network form and uses particular
protocols to manage the information flow in both companies network (Estate
Agent Company and College). For communicating between network computers
it mostly uses coaxial cable and 10 based network connection is recommended
for both companies (Estate Agent Company and College).


3. Network Diagram: To present your overall idea of network design, drown a

professional network diagram include detailed connection devices, media
and software mentioned above.
Design floor plan for college of IT and finance:
Meeting Room
Figure 14: floor plan for college of IT and finance

LAN network design for college of IT and finance:
Windows
server 2008
running
Print server
file server
Clie
nt
Server
Windwos 7
pro terminal
services
web server
database server
Windows 7 pro network Administration application server Internet
cloud
Finance department
Level 2 switch
Switch
Firewall
Printer 5 Gb bandwidth
1 Gb speed
1 Gb speed
Ethernet high speed bandwidth up to 10 Gb

Router
1 Gb speed 1 Gb speed
windows
Switch Switch xp pro
Windows
xp pro house selling and renting dep
Printer
Estate consultancy
Figure 15: LAN design for college of IT and finance

Campus network for college of IT and finance:
C am pus 1 W o rk s t a t io n
FDDI 1 0 0 M b p s E th e rn e t
1 0 0 0 U s e rs G ro u p
W o rk s t a tio n cam pus 2

G ro u p 1 0 0 0 U s e rs
C o l l e g e o f IT a n d fi n a n c e
Figure 16: campus network for college of IT and finance

Floor plan for Estate Agents Company:
Office
32 sq m
Data entry 11 PCs
department
11 PCs
Retails and donation
management department 4 PCs Account
department
Office
24 sq m
Server
room
Wi -Fi Zone
Information
6 PCs department
HR
department
5 PCs
Engineering
department
6 PCs
Administration
department 7 PCs
Figure 17: floor plan of Estate Agent Company

LAN network for Estate Agents company:
Figure 18: LAN design for Estate Agents Company

Design branch network for Estate Agents Company:
branch hanbury branch Workstation

Workstation
st Seymour Group
Group
10 users Place10 users
High Bandwidth
DSL 7 Mbps
branch green
Workstation
street
Group
10 users
branch Portal
Way Workstation
FDDI 100Mbps Ethernet
10 users Group
branch
Workstation Cromwell Road
Group 10 users EstateAgents company
main branch
Liverpool st
100Mbps Ethernet
branch oxford st
Workstation
100 Mbps Ethernet 10 users
Group
branch Norwood
Workstation
High Street
Group
10 users
branchEssex branch fleet st

Workstation
Workstation st 10 users
Group
Group 10 users

Figure 19: branch network for Estate Agents Company

Active directory design for both organizations:
Figure 20: design active directory for both company
Outline of networking utility:
Utility name Details
1. Log Mein software This utility software will help to access

remotely to the client computer, if any
problem to access the terminal service
than it gives the back up to access client
computer.
2. Microsoft network This tools is use to the company to
monitor analyze the protocol
3. Fping This utility will use to check ping if any

problem occurs.

4. Webwatchbot This tool will use to monitor company’s

www activities.
Table 3: networking tools [www.slac.stanford.edu]

Part D Networking models and evaluation:
1. Networking models: explain the situation of interconnection in the designed

network, discuss how OSI model could be used to guide the interconnection
in implementation
OSI is stand for open system interconnection and it is an international organisational for
standardisation (ISO) for global communication that is characterized seven layers for
implementing protocol.
Moreover, OSI model starts from bottom to top level and one layer to next processes it.
It provides the service to top level while the bellow layer has received.
ISO started for developing the OSI framework model. OSI have two important
elements, which are abstract model and networking model. It is called seven layer and
reference Model as well.
OSI is span seven layers, which transmits data from bottom level to upper.
7. Application layer
6. Presentation layer
5. Session layer
4. Transport layer
3. Network layer
2. Data link layer
1. Physical layer

Overview of the OSI model:
The overview of the OSI model will mention on the following table:
# Name of Layer OSI protocols TCP/IP protocols AppleTalk IPX Misc. examples
7 Application FTAM, X.400, X.50 NNTP, SIP, SSI, D AFP, ZIP,RT RIP, SAP HL7, Modbus
0, DAP,ROSE, RTS NS, FTP,Gopher, MP, NBP
E, ACSE,CMIP HTTP, NFS, NTP,
DHCP,SMPP, SM
TP, SNMP, Telnet,
RIP,BGP
6 Presentation ISO/IEC 8823, MIME, SSL, TLS, AFP TDI, ASCII, EBCDIC, MIDI, MPEG
X.226, XDR
ISO/IEC 9576-1,
X.236
5 Session ISO/IEC 8327, Sockets. Session ASP, ADSP,P NWLink Named pipes, NetBIOS, SAP, half
X.225, establishment AP duplex, full duplex, simplex, RPC
ISO/IEC 9548-1, in TCP, RTP
X.235
4 Transport ISO/IEC 8073, TP0, TCP, UDP, SCTP, DDP, SPX NBF
TP1, TP2, TP3, TP4 DCCP
(X.224),
ISO/IEC 8602,

X.234
3 Network ISO/IEC 8208, X.25 IP, IPsec, ICMP, I ATP(TokenTa IPX NBF, Q.931, IS-IS
(PLP), GMP, OSPF lk orEtherTalk
ISO/IEC 8878, X.22 )
3, ISO/IEC 8473-
1, CLNPX.233.
2 Data Link ISO/IEC 7666, X.25 PPP, SBTV SLIP, LocalTalk,App IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet), 802.11a/b/g/n
(LAPB),Token Bus, PPTP leTalk Remote 802.3framing, MAC/LLC, 802.1Q
X.222, Access, PPP Ethernet II (VLAN), ATM, HDP, FDDI,Fibre
ISO/IEC 8802-2 LL framing Channel, Frame
C Type 1 and 2 Relay, HDLC, ISL, PPP, Q.921, Token
Ring, CDP, NDPARP (maps layer 3 to
layer 2 address), ITU-T G.hn DLL
CRC, Bit stuffing, ARQ, Data Over
Cable Service Interface Specification
(DOCSIS), interface bonding

1 Physical X.25 (X.21bis, EIA/ RS-232, RS- RS-232, Full

TIA-232,EIA/TIA- 422, STP,Phon duplex, RJ45, V.35, V.34, I.430, I.431, T
449, EIA-530,G.703) eNet 1, E1, 10BASE-T,100BASE-TX, POTS,
SONET, SDH, DSL, 802.11a/b/g/n
PHY, ITU-T G.hn PHY,Controller Area
Network, Data Over Cable Service
Interface Specification (DOCSIS)
Table 4: osi model functionality

Functionality of each layer:
1. Physical layer: This layer is specified physical requirement and electrical

specification for network devices. Physical layer is defined the connection
between a network devices and transmission medium. This layer figures out the
network devices such as hubs, network adapters, cable requirement, pin.
The physical layer, the lowest layer of the OSI model, is concerned with the
transmission and reception of the unstructured raw bit stream over a physical
medium. It describes the electrical/optical, mechanical, and functional interfaces
to the physical medium, and carries the signals for all of the higher layers.
[www.support.microsoft.com]
The main functions of physical layer are:
• Terminating and Making a communication to the communication

medium
• Processing various communication resources among the network users
• Converting or Encoding digital data (binary) for better understanding

by the network devices
• Accommodating physical devices on this layer
• Various transmitting techniques such as deciding whether transmitting

digital data to baseband or baseband signal
2. Data link layer: Data link layer helps to transfer data frame between one
network PCs to other over the physical layer without occurring any errors.
Actually, this layer is intended for transferring data frame to point to point or
multi point network media. This layer will define WAN network data link
protocol for ZAK.com that is how data frame will transfer from on node to
other. The function of data link layer are:
• Creating logical communication between two network nodes
• Various traffic controlling process such as if any data frame will not
process through the network it will inform the networking nodes
• Data link maintain data frame sequence such as transferring and

receiving data frame one node to other
• Data link layer check and justify the data frame errors for integrity

• Data link layer decide whether node has right to use the physical media
access.
3. Network layer: Network layer manages and controls subnet-masking operation

in a network that will determine in which physical way data frame will go. This
layer is also performed routing functionality in a network, creating report for the
delivered data errors. The main functionality of this layer:
• On this layer, subnet masking operations such as network segmenting

activities, routing are performed
• This layer performs data frame routing among the networks
• Fragmenting data frame if the data size is maximum and reassembling

to destination address
• Data traffic control by subnet when router buffering
• Converting logical identity into physical identity
• Monitoring and accounting subnet usage for billing information
Communications Subnet
The network layer software must build headers so that the network layer software
residing in the subnet intermediate systems can recognize them and use them to route
data to the destination address.
This layer relieves the upper layers of the need to know anything about the data
transmission and intermediate switching technologies used to connect systems. It
establishes, maintains and terminates connections across the intervening
communications facility (one or several intermediate systems in the communication
subnet).
In the network layer and the layers below, peer protocols exist between a node and its
immediate neighbor, but the neighbor may be a node through which data is routed, not
the destination station. The source and destination stations may be separated by many
intermediate systems.
The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained. 2011. The OSI
Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained .
[http://support.microsoft.com]
4. Transport layer: Transport layer enables to transfer data frame to end user and
insure error free data to client or end user and protecting from duplication as

well. So if any data will fail to send then this layer will responsible of correcting
data from error and duplication. The main functionality of this layer:
• The main functionality of this layer is segmenting message into smaller

pieces and receiving message from upper layer such as session layer
• This layer provides message reliable acknowledgement during ‘end 2

end’ message delivery
• It controls message traffic such as any messages are not available for
buffering it will inform the transmitting station for backing it off.
• It creates logical link and sort out the messaging placement, which one
will be place on which session.
5. Session layer: It cooperates establishing session between running task on

different network station. It allows establishing, controlling and managing and
terminating the connectivity between locally and remotely access. Main
functionality of this layer are:
• Permits to run two application tasks on different nodes and terminating

connection from them
• Permits these task to communicate each other over the network
• Managing special identity recognition such as name
• Performing various security and logging processes
6. Presentation layer: presentation layer creates and establishes context between

entities of application layer. It uses high level syntax when presentation services
provides mapping for then and encapsulates data section into session protocol
data unit and passes down the stack. Main functionality of this layer:
• Converting data into application and network formats
• Encrypting data from this layer and when it is processed to the

application that will accept the created form (encrypted data).
• Translating special character codes
• It compresses the data bit when it will send trough the network
• Translating bit order, cr-cr/lf
7. Application layer: Application layer is layer that is close to the end user that is
end user can directly communicate by the application to the network. Moreover,

it is window of accessing network by the application. Main functionality of this

layer:
• Various files and resources sharing by the application layer
• Accessing remote files and resources
• Accessing remote printer
• Managing network locally and remotely

HND in computing Network technology
2) Networking standards: discuss related networking standards used in designed
network above.
Network Standards: Networking standards is a highly quality technical files or documents which
maintains and manage connection quality. A network standard will be used for both companies
(e.g. estate agent companies and college of it and finance) that will carry out the network load and
connection types for both companies. the network standards are:
Name Description
IEEE 802.1 Bridging (networking) and Network Management
IEEE 802.3 Ethernet
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g/n Wireless LAN (WLAN) & Mesh (Wi-Fi certification)
IEEE 802.15 Wireless PAN
IEEE 802.15.1 Bluetooth certification
IEEE 802.15.2 IEEE 802.15 and IEEE 802.11 coexistence
IEEE 802.15.3 High-Rate wireless PAN
IEEE 802.15.4 Low-Rate wireless PAN (e.g., ZigBee, WirelessHART, MiWi, etc.)
IEEE 802.15.5 Mesh networking for WPAN
Student ID: 5735 Page 48

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IEEE 802.16 Broadband Wireless Access (WiMAX certification)
IEEE 802.16.1 Local Multipoint Distribution Service
IEEE 802.17 Resilient packet ring
IEEE 802.18 Radio Regulatory TAG
IEEE 802.19 Coexistence TAG
IEEE 802.20 Mobile Broadband Wireless Access
IEEE 802.21 Media Independent Handoff
IEEE 802.22 Wireless Regional Area Network
IEEE 802.23 Emergency Services Working Group

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Table 5: network standard [http://grouper.ieee.org]
Network standard recommendation for both organization:
IEEE 802.3 is recommended for both organization e.g. college of IT and finance and Estate Agent
Company. Because this standard is suitable for Ethernet, technology and it can provide high speed
connection to both companies network. This standard is less expensive and more cost effective.
3) Network Evaluation: Discuss how the network effectiveness would be evaluated, and
discuss future extensions as well as how the network would adapt to new networking
technology developments.
Network evaluation:
After design and implementation, the network next step is evaluation and troubleshooting. This
part company spot problematic routers and hardware upgrade and replacement issues, bandwidth
allocation for the network will be describing. Justifying high network performance availability,
visualization, solving WAN link problem quickly, and resolving traffic tendency.
List of investigating troubleshoot of NOS installation:

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Installation component Status
1. Windows server 2003 installation process It is installed successfully to server and

running on the distributed servers.
2. DHCP server installation DHCP installation is successfully install to

server and scope are configured
3. NOS upgrade issue Previously company was using windows

server 2003.but I have selected windows
server 2008 .so upgrade issues was drivers
and backup that was processed by backing
up the old files and installing existing
hardware driver on the windows server
2008. NOS upgrade is successfully
installed.
4. IP configuration By the DHCP server an IP range is reserved

for the server and special devices.
5. Printer configuration Printer is successfully install in server
6. User group and group policy User group and group policy successfully
implemented in server
7. NOS upgrade For the future if, company want to upgrade

Microsoft NOS then it is easy to upgrade
from the windows server 2008.
8. IP problem Sometime IP problem will happen but

DHCP policy will solve the problem.
Table 6: network evaluation for both network college of IT and finance and Estate Agent Company

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Future extension for both networks:
Every time is coming new technology that has to monitor by the network designer for both
companies college of IT and finance and Estate Agent Company. There will be various types of
innovative ideas that coming that will help to increase the performance of both networks in future.
Future extension Description
1 Mobile technology In future a wide range of wireless network technology will be

implemented for all branches, so any mobile can access to the
network from anywhere.
2 Network In future a more advance and include new mobile technology and
improvement high performance PCs will includes to get powerful performance
3 Better security For both companies will may develop new and better own security
software software for their organisations
4 Updating standards If any new standard will implement then it will be updated to the
standards
5 DHCP relay agent In future, a new DHCP relay agent system and scope will be
and scope introduced for the both company.
introducing
Table 7: future extension for both companies (Estate Agents Company and college of IT and
finance
These are the main issue are involve with network evaluation and above facts will be extended in
futures.

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References:
[ONLINE] Available at: http://support.microsoft.com/kb/103884. [Accessed 25 December 2011]
[ONLINE] Available at: http://grouper.ieee.org/groups/802/802%20overview.pdf. [Accessed 05

March 2012].
BP Communications - Fibre Optics, Fusion Splicing, OTDR Testing. 2012. BP Communications -

Fibre Optics, Fusion Splicing, OTDR Testing. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.bpcomms.co.uk/disadvantages.htm. [Accessed 05 March 2012]
Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005). Network+ Study Guide, Fourth Edition'. Sybex,
Inc.. ISBN 0-7821-4406-3.
Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2. 2012. Microsoft Windows Server 2008 R2. [ONLINE]
Available at: http://www.microsoft.com/en-us/server-cloud/windows-server/default.aspx.
[Accessed 05 March 2012].
Mueller,J (2002) SAMS teach yourself Windows XP in 21 days Sams publishing 2nd edition. New
Jersey: Prentice Hall.

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Manage File & Print Networks | Open Enterprise Server | Novell. 2012. Manage File & Print
Networks | Open Enterprise Server | Novell. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.novell.com/products/openenterpriseserver/. [Accessed 05 March 2012]
Network Monitoring Tools. 2012. Network Monitoring Tools. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.slac.stanford.edu/xorg/nmtf/nmtf-tools.html. [Accessed 05 March 2012]
Stallings, W. (2000) Data and Computer Communications.6th ed. New Jersey: Prentice Hall.
The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained . 2011. The OSI Model's Seven
Layers Defined and Functions Explained . [ONLINE] Available at:
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/103884. [Accessed 23 December 2011]
Viglen Ltd - PCs, Notebooks, Storage, Software, Peripherals, Services. 2012. Viglen Ltd - PCs,
Notebooks, Storage, Software, Peripherals, Services. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.viglen.co.uk/devportal/std/storefront/storefront.asp?guid=17586375207&errMsg=.
[Accessed 05 March 2012]
Windows 7 - Buy, download and upgrade from Microsoft Store UK. 2012. Windows 7 - Buy,
download and upgrade from Microsoft Store UK. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://emea.microsoftstore.com/UK/en-GB/Microsoft/Windows/Windows-7?
tduid=409156126713748e757e16310cbc0d08. [Accessed 05 March 2012].

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Bibliography:
Windows 7 - Buy, download and upgrade from Microsoft Store UK. 2012. Windows 7 - Buy,
download and upgrade from Microsoft Store UK. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://emea.microsoftstore.com/UK/en-GB/Microsoft/Windows/Windows-7?
tduid=409156126713748e757e16310cbc0d08. [Accessed 05 March 2012].
BP Communications - Fibre Optics, Fusion Splicing, OTDR Testing. 2012. BP Communications -

Fibre Optics, Fusion Splicing, OTDR Testing. [ONLINE] Available at:
http://www.bpcomms.co.uk/disadvantages.htm. [Accessed 05 March 2012]
The OSI Model's Seven Layers Defined and Functions Explained . 2011. The OSI Model's Seven
Layers Defined and Functions Explained . [ONLINE] Available at:
http://support.microsoft.com/kb/103884. [Accessed 23 December 2011]

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HND in Computing Network technology

ICON College of Technology and Management

Faculty of Information Technology and Engineering

BTEC HND in Computing (ICT Systems Support)

Tutor: Professor Reza Joadat

Session: February 2012

Student ID: 5735 Page 1 of 55

1 Background and network architectures 3-13

4 Networking models and evaluation 39-50

Student ID: 5735 Page 2 of 55

Part A: Background and network architectures:

1. Background description: describe the scenario of your chosen case,

Company Business nature:

Student ID: 5735 Page 3 of 55

fight with competitor it is essential to improve information technology under

People search their properties based on local communication media, transport,

Network requirement for this company:

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 Case study 3: A college specialized in further education and professional

College is an educational organization which trains students in various types of

Student ID: 5735 Page 5 of 55

Network requirement for this college:

Student ID: 5735 Page 6 of 55

2. Requirement analysis: Explain what new network technologies mean to the

 What new network technologies means to Estate Agent Company:

1. Centralised database system: this company is trying to implement network

Student ID: 5735 Page 7 of 55

protection and hardware protection as well. Because in every offices will be

 What new network technologies means to college of IT and finance :

Student ID: 5735 Page 8 of 55

 Size of the network:

 Analysis the size of these organisations:

Student ID: 5735 Page 9 of 55

External requirement is external access requirement of both organisations, so

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3. Network Architecture: introduce an appropriate network architecture model

Network architecture is the layout of a network that is a framework for the

• Peer to peer network architecture

Figure 1: peer to peer network architecture

Student ID: 5735 Page 11 of 55

Figure2: client-server architecture

1. Client-server architecture will help to share resources by centrally because it

Student ID: 5735 Page 12 of 55

user request for log in

verify the user data and accept the request

Cleint web server

Figure 3: example of client server model

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Part B: Network Technologies and Network Software:

1) Network topologies: Explain the network topologies to be used in the

Network topology is full layout of a network that is interconnected to the network. A

Figure4: bus topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]

Student ID: 5735 Page 14 of 55

Figure5: star topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]

Figure 6: ring topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]

Student ID: 5735 Page 15 of 55

Figure7: mesh topology [Groth, David; Toby Skandier (2005)]

Network topology recommendation for Estate Agent Company and college of IT

Student ID: 5735 Page 16 of 55

Role of software and hardware in a network:

• Roles of network hardware:

Roles of network hardware