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A review of XDMA-WDM-PON for Next Generation Optical Access Networks

Conference Paper · December 2012

DOI: 10.1109/GIIS.2012.6466763

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 GIIS'12 1569677485

A Review of XDMA-WDM-PON for Next Generation

Optical Access Networks
Maybemar Hernández, Alfredo Arcia, Rodolfo Alvizu, Mónica Huerta
Networks and Applied Telematics Group - GRETA
Simon Bolivar University- USB
Sartenejas-Venezuela
maybemarh@usb.ve, arcia86alfredo@gmail.com, ralvizu@usb.ve, mhuerta@usb.ve

Abstract— Hybrid Wavelength Division Multiplexing-Passive
Optical Networks (XDMA-WDM-PON) seems to be the solution to
tackle the requirements for optical access networks of the future.
This article presents the trending for Next Generation Optical
Access Networks (NG-OAN). In this work the requirements for
optical access networks of the future are summarized in order to
compare several XDMA-WDM-PON proposed solutions. Time
Division Multiple Access (TDMA), Optical Code Division Multiple
Access (OCDMA) and Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple
Access (OFDMA) covers the main requirements for future Passive
Optical Networks. The results demonstrate that the future optical
access networks will be supported by OFDM-WDM-PON
architectures.
Keywords— Next Generation Optical Access Networks,
Requirements, Passive Optical Networks, WDM, TDMA, OCDMA,
OFDM
Currently deployed standards for PONs are based on Time
Division Multiplexing (TDM-PON). TDM is a multiplexing
scheme that allows N users to share in time the bandwidth
offered by a single wavelength. However, the most employed
nowadays are Ethernet PON (EPON- IEEE 802.3ah), adopted
mainly in Asia, and Gigabit capable PON (GPON- ITU-T G.984)
adopted in Europe and North America [3].
EPON transports Ethernet frames over PON. This combines
the low costs of the Ethernet devices with the passive
components of PON. Ethernet in the first mile (IEEE 802.3)
established in 2004 the standard for symmetric traffic at a
transmission rate of 1 Gbps, for a 10 to 20 km link, with 16
Optical Network Units (ONU) per Optical Line Terminal (OLT).
Meanwhile, GPON transmits TDM data frames at a transmission
speed of 2.5 Gbps for the downlink (DL) and 1,25 Gbps for the
uplink (UL).

I. INTRODUCTION With the increment in the services demand, a new 10Gbps

The exponential growth in the internet demand and high
bandwidth applications is penetrating into the optical access
networks. A recent Cisco’s forecast project shows that the
internet will increase 3.8-fold from 2011 to 2016. The video
internet traffic will occupy the 55% of the global internet traffic.
It is expected that the average broadband speed will grow 3,8-
fold from 2011 to 2016, from 9,1 Mbps to 34 Mbps and the
broadband connection should be faster than 5 Mbps [1].
Next Generation Optical Access Networks (NG-OAN) should
provide and fulfill the requirements of future services and end
users. Several architectures have been proposed and analyzed
worldwide, however it is necessary for the NG-OAN to be
compatibles with the Passive Optical Networks (PON) that are
currently implemented [2].
(10GE-PON) standard was necessary. However, as the
requirements increment the TDM-PON architecture will become
insufficient. The requirements for OAN of the future cover a
wide range, from bandwidth and high transmission speeds
through costs and energy savings.
A solution to fulfill with the current requirements is the
implementation of Wavelength Division Multiplexing PON
(WDM-PON), in which a specific wavelength is assigned to each
ONU. This system is limited by the number of available
wavelengths that can be transmitted through the fiber. In WDM-
PON a bigger bandwidth than the needed is assigned to each
user. Therefore this scheme presents an inefficient use of the
capacity of the system [4].
Hybrid WDM-PON networks (XDMA-WDM-PON) offers
the necessary capacity and flexibility to cover the requirements of
the future. Divergent options exist nowadays. TDMA-WDM-
PON transmits TDM frames over different wavelengths to
multiple users and offers a high ONUs capacity. However it has a
low transmission speed and requires a high synchronization.
Optical Code Division Multiple Access-WDM-PON (OCDMA-
WDM-PON) uses encoded data in smaller units (chips) for
different users to employ the same bandwidth without
interference each other. This system offers high ONUs capacity,
high transmission speed and security. However this scheme is not
yet affordable and requires passive optical devices that are not yet
feasible. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access-WDM-

978-1-4673-5216-1/12/$31.00 ©2012 IEEE

1
PON (OFDMA-WDM-PON) uses orthogonal subcarriers over
WDM to transmit data in parallel at a lower transmission speed.
Nonetheless it requires advanced digital signal processors and
high speed components.
In this paper the requirements for future proof NG-OAN and
the state of the art of hybrid WDM-PON are presented. The paper
is organized as follows. Section II exhibits the requirements of
NG-OAN. Section III, IV, and VI presents the state of the art of
hybrid TDMA, OCDMA and OFDMA WDM-PON respectively.
Section VII contains a comparison of the three architectures
based on the requirements of optical access networks of the
future and suggests a trending for NG-OAN.
II. REQUIREMENTS FOR OPTICAL ACCESS NETWORKS OF THE
FUTURE.
Due to the increasing demand in services by internet users,
the optical access networks of the future shall offer the
capabilities to fulfill all the requirements. On the nearest future,
the optical access networks should support a major number of
users and deliver a higher bandwidth while lowering down the
energy consumption.
The networks that have currently been implemented are
composed for many tiers: access, metro, backhaul, outer core and
inner core. These layers also have many IP routers and nodes that
are costly in energy and in packet delay due to the Optic-
Electronic- Optic conversions (OEO). The design of a multilayer
network compatible with Gbps access rates must be developed,
and should offer high scalability and flexibility, guaranteed end
to end performance and survivability, energy efficiency, and
lower cost of ownership. Networks may move more functions to
the optical domain to take advantage of the scalability of optics
as the traffic levels and bit rate increases [5].
The Optical Networks of the future should be remotely
reconfigurable by a combination of hardware and software, this
technology must allow to brought up, turn of, or reroute a
wavelength without affecting the existing traffic [6].
A. Higher Network Capacity
There are three approaches for increasing the network
capacity: increase the number of wavelengths supported by the
fiber, increase the bit rate of every wavelength (spectral
efficiency), and reduce the amount of signal distortion
accumulated per unit distance. These approaches may be useful
in the nearest future, but in all of these cases advanced
modulations formats will be required [6]. Some complicated
modulations like Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (X-QAM),
Polarization Multiplexing (PM) and OFDMA are currently being
investigated. However Polarization Multiplexed Quadrature and
Phase Shift Keying (PM-QPSK) with coherent receivers is the
main choice in industry [7].
1) Increasing the bit Rate of a Wavelength: One method to
increase the bit rate is to use larger signal constellations. Using a
modulation format with low Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR)
requirement increases the achievable capacity. Nevertheless,
data rate cannot be increased indefinitely by higher-order
modulation because of the nonlinear Shannon’s limit [8].
2
One of the disadvantages of increasing the wavelengths bit
rate is the cost. With each fourfold of bit rate the cost of the
associated transponder increment by a 2 or 2.5 factor [6]. The
main challenge of this option is the development of high speed
electronics.
2) Increasing the number channels: Instead of increasing the
bit rate, can take advantage of the fiber capacity by increasing
the number of wavelengths, reducing the inter channel spacing
and possibly the bit rate. One approach to this methodology
could be achieved with WDM or/and OFDM.
3) Nonlinearity Compensation: The capacity of the fiber is
limited by the nonlinearities. In the absence of noise, a single-
channel signal is limited by self-phase modulation (SPM),
whereas WDM systems are limited by cross-phase modulation
(XPM) and four-wave mixing (FWM) [8].
The Nonlinear Schrodinger Equation (NLSE) is deterministic;
it means that SPM, XPM and FWM could be compensated with
digital signal processing (DSP). As this capability improves, and
systems seek to achieve highest capacity, nonlinearity
compensation could become practical.
The NG-OAN should be faster, with increased bandwidth
compared to existing standards (e.g., EPON, GPON). It is
expected that the minimum bit rate required in NG-OAN for
downstream will be around 10Gbps, while the upstream
requirement will be around 2,5 Gbps [9].
In the case that ONUs shares the same channel for
downstream or upstream, the bandwidth allocation will be
dynamic. This will allow operators to manage several kinds of
traffic and different transmission bit rates upon requests.
Hybrid WDM PON architectures such as TDMA-WDM-
PON, OCDMA-WDM-PON, and OFDMA-WDM-PON allows
higher bit rate transmissions and an effective use of the allocated
resources.
B. Digital Transmitter and receiver
Next generation systems will continue with the trend that
enables the technologies of 100 Gbps. DSP is playing an
important role in the transmitter and receivers of the optical
networks, where advanced algorithms can be used to compensate
fiber impairments. Digital coherent transmitter and receiver
enables novel modulation formats, for example OFDM or
OCDM [8].
A software-defined optical system with DSP at both
transmitter and receiver enables the most agile platform. It allows
channel impairments to be compensated by powerful DSP
algorithms, and enables new signal (de)multiplexing paradigms.
In addition, the channel data rate, modulation format, and coding
scheme can all be programmed by network management in
response to changing channel conditions. This enables network
flexibility since optical signals may be routed anywhere,
irrespective of the distance, fiber type, or the number of
Reconfigurable Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers (ROADMs)
transited in correspondence with adjusting the modulation format
and coding scheme. Such network flexibility enables to provide
reliable end-to-end connection at the highest data rate possible
[8].
C. Space Division Multiplexing.
Future systems could require space-division multiplexing
(SDM). The simplest SDM method is to use multiple fibers. This
requires parallel transmitters, fibers, amplifiers, and receivers.
System complexity will scale approximately linearly with
capacity, so cost reduction per bit will only be achieved by
minimizing the cost of inline amplifiers and transponders [8].
An alternative strategy is to have SDM within a single strand
of fiber. Two such schemes have been proposed. These are:
multicore fiber (MCF), and multimode fiber (MMF) [8]. In
mode-division multiplexing (MDM), the spatial modes of an
MMF are used as parallel channels. In a MCF a strand of fiber
contain multiple single-mode cores. Both technologies face a
major number of challenges, the practicability of these schemes
relies on future improvements in large-scale photonic integration
and in digital signal processors.
D. Adaptation and Scalability.
The massive deployment of fiber is limited by infrastructure
investment. Hence, it is required to ensure future adaptation and
scalability of the inversion. A major challenge for service
providers is to keep simple the operating procedures and ensure
convergence of different networks. A migration to packet traffic
transport platforms and the tendency towards a common access
architecture facilitates the acquisition of new access technologies
[10].
The system must be flexible with the ability to be
incorporated in sequential and modular way. It must satisfy the
needs of the operators in terms of network administration and
implementation costs. It must also allow different types of user
(for example business user, residential users, etc.) where each
may have different requirements and subject to individual claims
[10].
E. Cost and Energy Efficiency.
The cost is the current limiting factor for massive
deployments in optical access networks. There are different costs
to consider in the networks: implementation, maintenance,
infrastructure, network improvement and environmental impact.
Energy efficiency has become an increasingly important aspect
for network design. It is estimated that the internet currently
consumes about 0,4 percent of the total energy consumption in
broadband-enabled countries and consume 10000 more energy
than the minimum required [11]. Due to its low power
consumption, PON is considered as a green technology. A
solution path in energy consumption in short term will be 10G
PON [12]. However for long term WDM-PON is the technology
that has the lowest power consumption [12].
F. Integrity and Security.
Redundancy includes automatic reconnection across
redundant network elements, and should minimize the impact in
case of failure. The system must be able to provide mechanisms
for fault detection as monitoring and diagnosis for proper
3
management. The network must also be able to locate and
remotely provide a solution on the full extent of the network [10].
The systems must support heterogeneous access networks.
The convergence of networks offers the possibility to optimize
the total costs and to provide several access technology solutions.
In this context, fixed access backhauling and mobile backhauling
must be considered [10].
Due to their point to multipoint topology, PON is susceptible
to malicious attacks, the main security threats are; denial of
service attack, eavesdropping and masquerading of an ONU [13].
Future access networks must provide data security and integrity
to the customers. The terminal equipment should be simpler in
terms of administration and configuration as possible (Plug and
play) [10].
G. Long Reach Systems
Network operators are looking forward to simplify the
network structure and reduce the number of access sites. Node
consolidation would satisfy this requirement improving the
overall cost efficiency of the network. Node consolidation is
possible by increasing the reach at about 100 Km and the number
of users supported by each access sites [10, 14]. This long reach
optical network could be though as a way to combine access and
backhaul/metro networks [14-15]. The consolidation will reduce
the number of aggregation nodes and the costs in network
operation [13].
As a solution to cover the requirements of the OAN of the
future, hybrid architectures based on WDM-PON are being
widely investigated. Special interest is focused on TDMA,
OCDMA and OFDMA, as schemes for hybrid WDM-PON.
Their advantages and disadvantages will be discussed.
III. TDMA-WDM-PON
A logical and possible step from current 10 Gigabit TDM-
PON would be 40 Gigabit TDM-PON. Nonetheless at these data
rates, with Non Return to Zero (NRZ) modulation, the limitations
start to appear, as penalties of nonlinearities and constrained
optical budget. Advanced modulation formats could be a solution
for nonlinearities. However, the implementation of these
modulation schemes is very costly and difficult to implement in
transmitter and receiver [16].
A combination of the techniques used in TDM and WDM
result in a scheme where the resources offered by a wavelength
are shared in time by different users, as shown in Fig 1. Hybrid
TDMA-WDM-PON is defined as a network in which a set of
wavelengths can be used to establish communication between the
OLT and several ONUs; each wavelength is shared by different
ONUs [3, 9].
For Next Generation Optical Access Networks, TDMA-
WDM-PON has been considered and widely studied. There are
two possible configurations, dynamic or static. In a static
network, a set of ONUs has a fixed wavelength with which
communicate with the OLT. This is also called WDM stacking
[3, 9]. In a dynamic system the wavelength allocation may be
reconfigurable.

Figure 1. Hybrid TDMA-WDM-PON [18].
The design and implementation of this architecture represent
a challenge. The network shall be dynamic in the way that each
ONU must be able to tune in all the wavelengths shared by the
OLT. The transmitters and receivers should be tune in time to
receive and send the data packets. The scheduling algorithms
must be able to reconfigure the wavelengths and time slots
depending on the load and demand, which is known as dynamic
bandwidth allocation (DBWA) [3].
In order to lower the implementation costs it is not convenient
to implement a laser with a single wavelength at each ONU.
Therefore, colorless ONUs seems to be the best choice [17].
A proposed architecture, based on WDM -TDM -PON using
dynamic bandwidth allocation and new modulation schemes was
demonstrated [3]. In the downlink, Quadrature and Phase Shift
Keying (QPSK) is used meanwhile On Off Keying (OOK) is
implemented in the Uplink. These modulation formats decrease
the chromatic dispersion and interference during the
transmission. The data rate achieved was 10 Gbps for the DL and
1.25 Gbps for the UL. For the implemented DBWA algorithms it
is demonstrated that WDM-TDM-PON presents a smooth
improvement over TDM-PON.
A high capacity and long reach DWDM-TDMA-PON system
was demonstrated [17]. The reach was 135.1 km serving 8192
ONUs with symmetric traffic at 320 Gbps. The network
configuration consisted on 64 wavelengths, 50 GHz spaced each,
half of the wavelengths for the UL and the other half for the DL,
each at a transmission rate of 10 Gbps, and serving at 256 ONUs.
The long reach was achieved with Erbium Doped Fiber
Amplifiers (EDFAs). The implemented ONUs where colorless
and reflective. With this architecture is demonstrated that the
node consolidation and network integration is possible, and is
shown as a good candidate for the optical access networks of the
future.
With variation of the former architecture, a bigger ONUs
capacity was achieved [16]. The total ONUs capacity
accomplished was of 16384, over a 100 km reach, at a
transmission rate of 10 Gbps per wavelength. The main
difference between the architectures mentioned is the
implementation of External Cavity Lasers (ECL) in the ONUs
[16]. This upturn allows the ONUs to tune in to the different
wavelengths, creating a dynamic network. With this scheme is
also proved the node consolidation and metro access integration.
4
IV. OCDMA-WDM-PON
OCDMA over WDM PON is first introduced as a solution to
provide symmetric traffic in PON. In this scheme OCDM
channels are superposed over WDM channels. On each WDM
grid (Ȝ = 1, 2… N), M users may be added with a different
optical code. Hence, the total user capacity will be NxM. This
architecture could be seeing as M sub-channels that share the
bandwidth offered by a wavelength, where each code can be
repeated in every WDM channel (Fig 2). One of the many
difficulties with the implementation of OCDMA-WDM-PON is
the generation of the optical codes. In [19] a Superstructure Fiber
Bragg Grating (SSFBG) was used to develop the optical codes.
Although SSFBG is a passive device, the implementation costs
make the proposed architecture not yet feasible.
A theoretical demonstration shows that a hybrid OCDMA
architecture could support 16000 to 32000 subscribed users [20].
This proves that OCDMA offers a high user capacity because of
the use of optical codes. To maintain the minimum interference
between the parallel transmissions, chaotic optical codes where
implemented, this guaranteed a BER of 10¯¹².
The record asynchronous transmission speed was achieved
with an WDM-OCDMA-PON architecture [21]. The data rate
was 2,56 Tbps (48Gbps x 8Ȝ x 4Orthogonal Codes x 2
Polarization modes), transmitted and received asynchronously
with an 8x8 multiport encoder/decoder (E/D) that
generate/process 8 chips length optical codes at a rate of 320
GChips/s. This E/D allows the achievement of 2.56 Tbps data
rate over a 50 km fiber.
Even though OCDMA-WDM-PON seems to be a good
approach for NG-OAN, the complexity and costs of this system
make them difficult to implement in at short term [22]. It was
also demonstrated that the noise is incremented and the spectral
efficiency is reduced compared with WDM-PON [22].
V. OFDMA-WDM-PON
OFDM is an option that may offer a major capacity for the
NG-OAN. There are multiple variations for the implementation
of Optical OFDM. Between these, in the simplest form, is the
transmission of optical subcarriers directly over the network, this
is known as OFDM-PON. A more complex scheme consists in
offer multiple access, where subcarriers are not dedicated to a
Figure 2. Configuration of Hybrid OCDMA-WDM-PON [20].
single user but can be used by different users. Wavelengths are
multiplexed in time slots depending on the resources demand;
this is known as OFDM-TDM-PON. Finally, a set of OFDM
subcarriers could be modulated and transmitted over a set of
different wavelengths to different ONUs as shown in Fig 3. This
last scheme known as OFDM-WDM-PON offers the biggest
capacity, higher spectral efficiency and applicability, and
compatibility with DSP for PON [23-24].
OFDMA-DWDM-PON is presented as an architecture that
offers high speed transmissions (Tbps) trough long distances and
serving multiple users [25]. This makes it ideal for NG- OAN.
The principle for this scheme consists in generating OFDM
subcarriers that are then optically modulated by a continuous
wave (CW). All the different wavelengths are multiplexed and
transmitted through a Singular Single Mode Fiber (SSMF). After
a few miles a local exchange (LE) is used to amplify and route
the signals. Once the signals reach the ONUs, each one tuned to a
wavelength, and an OFDM subcarrier. For the upstream the
OFDM subcarrier is mapped in the UL wavelength and then
transmitted. In the LE all the wavelengths are combined and
amplified. The signals are then received coherently by the OLT.
This architecture supports Ȝ x N ONUs without compensation for
CD [25]. The main difficulties for the implementation of this
scheme is the requirement of advanced DSP in the transceivers,
high speed Analog to Digital-Digital to Analog converters
(ADC/DAC) to achieve the sampling rates needed, and fast
Radio Frequency (RF) components to generate the OFDM
signals [23].
A record 1.92 Tbps OFDMA-DWDM-PON over 100 km has
been demonstrated [26]. The transmission was achieved in a
SSMF over 100 km, proven to be an architecture that allows node
consolidation. The main problems with the architecture, which
require high speed components, where solved using ONUs side
coherent detection. This feature allows the use of basic RF
components to generate the OFDM signals, and the use of
common ADCs/DACs/DSP components in the ONUs. 40
wavelengths with four subcarriers each at 12 Gbps were used,
resulting in a transmission of 48 Gbps per wavelength. It is
possible with this architecture to offer data transmission at 1
Gbps for 1000 users. These results prove the efficiency of
OFDM-WDM-PON [26].
Figure 3. OFDMA-WDM-PON architecture for heterogeneous service delivery [23].
5
A symmetric 1,2 Tbps transmission over 90 Km. for DWDM-
OFDMA-PON has been demonstrated [27]. The proposed system
supports up to 800 ONUs with reduced complexity and is
proposed as a solution for metro access consolidation.
The symmetric transmission for colorless ONUs in Fast
OFDM-WDM-PON has been reached [28]. To accomplish
colorless ONUs, the wavelength used for the downstream (DS) is
re-used for the upstream (US). To achieve colorless and source
free ONUs, new techniques has been implemented, so high speed
components are no longer necessary [29-30].
VI. RESULTS
In order to fulfill the requirements of the future, new
architectures of optical access networks has been proposed.
However, some of them offer more benefits than others. The
Table I show a comparison for the different parameters that
defines the Hybrid optical access networks.
Even though the three mentioned technologies are based on
WDM-PON, there are some important differences between them.
As is observed, TDM and OFDM exhibit a desired behavior for
NG-OAN; these architectures have a better performance in costs,
reach and spectral efficiency with respect to OCDM. Besides, a
high data rate can be offered to a big number of users with these
two architectures, meanwhile OCDMA can offer the highest
achieved data rate but to a lower number of users.
Although, has been theoretically proven that OCDM could
support 16000 to 32000 users [20], practical demonstrations
show that currently 64 users can successfully transmit data at
high speed [21]. The low ONUs capacity, low spectral efficiency,
high costs and short reach makes OCDMA-WDM-PON an
architecture that is not yet feasible for NG-OAN. TDMA-WDM-
PON offers much of the desired features, however for future
OAN is in disadvantage with OFDM since it offers a lower
spectral efficiency and will be limited in data rate because of the
synchronization required.
The trending in investigation worldwide show that future NG-
OAN will be supported by OFDM [11, 23, 25, 31-32]. The
spectral efficiency, long reach, compensation for chromatic
dispersion, high transmission speed, high ONUs capacity,
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