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Designing Joists with End Moments

A Resource for the Specifying Professional

I. Design Resources: Steel Joist Institute - Technical Digest #11 - Design of Joist Girder
Frames provides guidance and a design example of obtaining the design loads for a joist
- joist girder moment frame. Technical Digest #11should be used as a guide when
designing joist frames and is available from The Steel Joists Institute,
http://www.steeljoist.org/. Designing with Steel Joists Joist Girders Steel Deck, by:
Fisher, West, and Van de Pas, is another text than can be referenced for topics such as
the design on joists with end moments and is available through Nucor Corp by visiting,
www.vulcraft.com/catalogs.htm.

II. Moment Connection Background: Design of the moment resisting connections is


typically not the responsibility of the joist manufacturer’s Specialty Structural Engineer
(SSE). The joist manufacturer must design the joists to resist the applied end moments
defined by the Structural Engineer of Record. The joist manufacturer must also know
how these forces are transferred into the joist members, i.e. what type of connection is
being used to transfer the forces to the joist. These connections must be clearly shown
on the contract documents. There are two types of connections generally used when
designing joists to resist applied end moments, a direct chord connection and indirect
chord connection. The direct connection is one that connects the joist top chord directly
to the column or an assumed infinitely stiff member that then connects to the column. An
indirect connection is one that does not provide a direct connection between the top
chord and column, but relies on the connection between the joist seat and column to
transfer load into the joist top chord. Both of these connection types are discussed in
further detail in Section V of this document. Deciding which type of connection is
appropriate should be decided during the design phase of the project. Determining these
types of connections during design will allow more accurate prices from the erector,
general contractor and joist manufacturer. It will also help to avoid delays resulting from
revising connection details during the joist drawing approval process.

III. End Moments vs. Axial Forces and Providing Loading Information: There are two
types of interaction forces that impact the joist design. These are the End Moments and
Axial Forces that result from a single-line frame analysis. These forces are shown as
MEB and PEB respectively in Figure 2 below. The single-line frame analysis outputs End
Moments (MEB) and Axial Force (PEB). These end forces are then transformed to top and
bottom chord axial forces shown as PTC and PBC respectively.
Note: A full truss frame analysis example is provided in Steel Joist Institute – Technical
Digest #11 – Design of Joist Girder Frames.

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PTC

Joist Effective Depth (Deff)


Deff / 2
PEB
MEB

Deff / 2
PBC

PEB M EB
PTC = −
2 Deff
PEB M EB
PBC = +
2 Deff
where Deff can be approximated as : Deff = 0.95(JoistDepth )
Figure 2

Any joist that is subject to an applied end moment should be designated a special joist
by including “SP” behind the designation on the contract documents. The contract
documents must also provide the appropriate loading information as outlined below.

Figure 3

Page 2 of 14
Please refer to the loading diagram provided (See Figure 3):

1. The desired depth or minimum standard joist designation required.

2. Design Uniform Loads, these include but are not limited to Dead, Roof Live,
Floor Live, Snow, and Net Uplift loads.

3. The Joist End Moment (MEB) magnitude and load type (i.e. is the moment due
to Wind, Dead, Roof Live, Floor Live, etc.).

4. The Joist Axial Load (PEB) magnitude and load type. The PEB should be
equally distributed between the top and bottom chords. (Note: these loads
are different than couple resulting from the applied end moments.)

5. Any minimum gross moment of inertia requirements. The SER must assume
a value for the gross moment of inertia for a joist member in order to perform
the frame analysis. It is important for the joist manufacturer to be provided
with this gross moment of inertia value. The manufacturer will be providing a
member that satisfies the assumptions made by the SER. It is important that
the assumed gross moment of inertia is close to the actual value provided.
Otherwise there will be a “stiffness mismatch,” resulting in a structure that
does not match the analysis assumptions. Please refer to the CMC JOIST &
DECK website http://www.cmcjd.com to download our standard load
information tool. This tool will enable you to obtain gross moment of inertia
values for K-Series, KCS-Series, LH-Series and DLH-Series joists. Gross
moment of inertia values for joist girders can be obtained from our “Girder
Moment of Inertia Tool” by clicking here: CMC JOIST & DECK - Joist Girder
Moment of Inertia Calculator Note: See Appendix A for derivation of the
Moment of Inertia Equation formulas published in the front of the SJI Load
Tables for K, LH, and DLH-Series joists. See Appendix B for derivation of the
Moment of Inertia formulas published in the SJI Load Table for TB-Series
Joist Girders.

6. Load Combinations must also be provided on the contract documents. Often


local building codes require the use of specific load combinations. The joist
manufacturer does not have access to the local codes and typically default to
those from ASCE-7. If load combinations, other than those from ASCE-7, are
required it is necessary to provide them on the contract documents. During
the detailing phase CMC JOIST & DECK will provide the assumed load
combinations and ask for approval of them.

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It is important to note that the End Moment (MEB) and Axial Force (PEB) should be
provided to the joist manufacturer rather than the equivalent top and/or bottom chord
axial forces (PTC & PBC) See Figure 2. This is important since axial forces are assumed to
be transferred directly through the chord members and do not affect web shear. Applied
end moments affect the shear in the joist web members. If only axial forces are specified
that force will be assumed to act exclusively through the chord member, without any
consideration of the transfer of forces through the web members. This could result in a
problem with web shear and possibly undersized web members.

CMC JOIST & DECK has made available two charts for download (AutoCAD format)
that can be utilized in order to clearly provide the necessary design information on the
contract drawings.

- The ‘Design Data Chart’ provides a convenient format in which to provide


load values, load combinations, and net uplift values.

- The ‘Moment Load Chart’ provides a chart to display end moments, axial
loads, and gross moment of inertia requirements for several joist marks.

- Please click below for links to the charts:

o DESIGN DATA CHART.pdf


o MOMENT LOAD CHART.pdf

The ‘Moment Load Chart’ provides a chart to display end moments, axial loads, and
gross moment of inertia requirements for several joist marks.

IV. KCS Joists and End Moments: KCS Series joists should not be specified with
applied end moments. The intent of the KCS-Series of joists is to allow flexibility in the
placement and magnitude of concentrated loads due to items such as RTU’s. The KCS
series of joists do not have published allowable uniform loads, but rather a maximum
shear and moment envelope. KCS joists chords are designed for a flat positive moment
envelope with zero moment at each end, See Figure 1. Therefore, specifying applied
end moments causes the moment envelope to be non-zero at the end, contrary to the
moment envelope. When applied end moments are specified on KCS joist it is unclear to
the joist manufacturer how these forces are to interact with the design forces resulting
from the moment and shear envelope.

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An alternative is to specify a special joist with end moments and a moving load or loads
to account for variable placement of concentrated loads. Be sure when specifying a
special joist of this type to provide as described in Section III, joist depth, uniform loads,
end moment values, concentrated load values, load types and spacing. Also, be sure to
specify the gross moment of inertia requirements.

M M

0 0
Span

KCS Joist Moment Envelope


Figure 1

V. Moment Connections: Once the SER has determined the appropriate loading
information to be provided to the joist manufacturer in Section 3, the design of the joist to
support connection must be considered. The design of this connection is not the
responsibility of the joist manufacturer SSE. The following is a guide to determining the
feasibility of a particular type of moment resisting connection, be it a direct or indirect.

A direct type connection, which is discussed in further detail later, usually involves a
plate welded to the column cap plate (knife plate), a plate welded to the side of the
column or across the top chords of joists bearing at a column (tie plate), or an angle
connecting the top chords of joists bearing at a column (tie angle). The direct connection
is often more labor intensive for the erector than an indirect connection, however this
type of connection is typically more economical for the joist manufacturer.

An indirect type connection is a connection that utilizes the joist bearing to column weld
in order to form an eccentric weld group and transfer the PTC force from the joist top
chord into the column. This connection assumes that the joist seat is stiff enough to
facilitate the transfer of forces directly to the top chord neutral axis. This connection is
preferred by the erectors since it usually only requires them to place additional weld on
the joist seats during erection.

This connection, if achievable in the field, typically requires little modification to the joist
seats. It is important to note that if an eccentric weld group cannot be accommodated
(this is outlined later), that the ends of the joist will need to be reinforced to resist the
resulting force eccentric moment. Reinforcing the joist ends can become costly.

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A. Moment Connections without Tie Plates, Tie Angles, or Knife Plates: In
order to specify an indirect type moment connection that does not utilize tie
plates, tie angles, or knife plates an eccentric weld group must be developed at
the joist seat. This connection will transfer the top chord connection design force
(PTC) from the centroid of the top chord angle into the bottom of the seat and then
to the joist support. (See Figure 4) Based on the following check it can be
determined whether or not an indirect type connection is feasible for a particular
situation. The weld must also be established to transfer the bottom chord
connection design force (PBC) from the column stabilizer plate into the bottom
chord.
a. Top Chord (Seat) Connection Design:

i. Establishing the Connection Design Force: In order to establish


the appropriate connection design forces we again need to turn
to Figure 2 and the values of PTC & PBC . Once the PTC & PBC
values have been established the design can continue.

PTC
Y
e

Typical Seat Depths:


Seat Depth (S)

Figure 4 K-Series = 2 ½”
LH-Series = 5”
TB – Series 7 ½”

ii. Establishing the Eccentricity Value (e):

Top Chord ( Y ) can be approximated as 2.5% of Joist Depth (D), so:

e = S − Y or

e = S − 0.025 D

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Once the eccentricity value, “e,” (See Figure 4) is established the feasibility of an
eccentric weld group can be checked. Refer to AISC Manual of Steel Construction,
Allowable Stress Design, ninth edition, page 4-75 for sizing of the eccentric weld to
transfer the connection design force. It should be noted that this is a design for the seat
connection weld in shear only, no provisions are made here for evaluating this weld in
combination with vertical forces such as uplift.

Please refer to the chart below (Figure 5) for connection forces that can be resisted
based on seat depth, weld thickness, and weld length combinations.

Eccentric Weld Group Capacities


Capacities given in kips

Fillet Weld Thickness **


Joist Series Seat Depth Assumed e * Weld Length 1/8" 3/16" 1/4" 5/16" 3/8" 7/16" 1/2"
K-Series 2 1/2" 2 1/8" 1" 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4 1.6
2 1/2" *** 2.5 3.7 4.9 6.1 7.4 8.6 9.8
3" 3.5 5.2 7.0 8.7 10.4 12.2 13.9
4" 6.0 9.0 12.0 15.0 18.0 21.0 24.0
Ybar = 3/8"
5" 4 5/8" 2 1/2" *** 1.2 1.7 2.3 2.9 3.5 4.0 4.6
3" 1.7 2.5 3.3 4.1 5.0 5.8 6.6
4" 2.9 4.4 5.9 7.3 8.8 10.2 11.7
LH-Series 5" 4 1/2" 2" 1.5 1.9 2.3 2.6 3.0
3" 3.4 4.3 5.1 6.0 6.8
4" *** 6.0 7.5 9.0 10.5 12.0
5" 9.3 11.6 13.9 16.2 18.5
6" 13.2 16.5 19.8 23.1 26.4
6" 5 1/2" 2" 1.2 1.6 1.9 2.2 2.5
3" 2.8 3.5 4.2 4.9 5.6
Ybar = 1/2" 4" *** 4.9 6.2 7.4 8.6 9.9
5" 7.7 9.6 11.6 13.5 15.4
6" 10.9 13.7 16.4 19.1 21.9
7 1/2" 7" 3" 2.2 2.7 3.3 3.8 4.4
4" *** 3.9 4.9 5.8 6.8 7.8
5" 6.0 7.6 9.1 10.6 12.1
6" 8.7 10.9 13.0 15.2 17.4
TB-Series 6" 5 1/4" 2" 1.3 1.6 2.0 2.3 2.6
3" 2.9 3.6 4.4 5.1 5.8
4" *** 5.2 6.5 7.8 9.1 10.3
5" 8.0 10.1 12.1 14.1 16.1
6" 11.4 14.3 17.2 20.0 22.9
7 1/2" 6 3/4" 3" 2.3 2.8 3.4 4.0 4.5
Ybar = 3/4" 4" *** 4.0 5.0 6.1 7.1 8.1
5" 6.3 7.9 9.4 11.0 12.6
6" 9.0 11.3 13.6 15.8 18.1
10" 9 1/4" 4" *** 2.9 3.7 4.4 5.2 5.9
5" 4.6 5.8 6.9 8.1 9.2
6" 6.6 8.3 9.9 11.6 13.2

Ref.: Manual of Steel Construction - Allowable Stress Design - 9th Editiion - pg. 4-75
* = See Figure 4
** = Fillet weld is to be each side of seat
*** = This value is the min. bearing length over steel for each series. Only use values greater than this if it can
be verified that the larger amount of bearing can be obtained.
Note: This chart assumes a infinetely stiff bearing in order to transfer the connection force.
Figure 5

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Note: See Appendix C for a sample eccentric weld group calculation, on which the chart
above is based.

The maximum weld size for a K-Series connection should be limited to 1/4" fillet weld
and 1/2" fillet weld for LH and TB series joists. The weld length that can be specified is
based on the length of seat that is bearing on steel. K-Series joists require a minimum of
2 1/2" of bearing over steel (standard seat length is 4"). LH and TB series joists require
4" of bearing over steel (standard seat length is 6").

b. Bottom Chord Connection Design:

WELD AFTER ALL


DEAD LOADS APPLIED

FBC
Figure 6

The bottom chord connection should be sized to accommodate the FBC force shown in
Figure 6. For E70XX electrodes the weld will resist 928# per 1/16” of weld 1” long
(Allowable Strength Design). For K-Series joists the thickness of this weld should not
generally exceed 1/8”and for LH-Series and TB-Series joists the weld thickness should
not exceed ¼”. These weld values are only suggested maximums. The bottom chord
sizes of joists can vary greatly and it recommended that the joist manufacturer be
contacted for assistance in determining the optimum weld size for a particular bottom
chord connection.

B. Moment Connections with Tie Plates, Tie Angles, or Knife Plates: If the top
chord connection force (PTC) cannot be accommodated with an eccentric weld
group as described in Section V, a direct chord connection must be used. This
type of connection typically utilizes a knife plate, tie plate or tie angle to directly
connect the top chord of the joist to a column or another joist top chord. Again,
the design of these connections is not the responsibility of the SSE. The tie plate,
knife plate, or tie angle and the welds connecting these items shall be designed

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to resist the top chord connection force (PTC). The bottom chord connection is
designed to resist the bottom chord connection (PBC) as shown above.

Click on this links below to view moment resisting sections as well as general
sections for our K-Series, LH-Series and TB-Series joists and joist girders in pdf
format.

- Moment Resisting Sections, K, LH, DLH & TB Series


- General Sections, K-Series
- General Sections, LH & DLH-Series
- General Sections, TB-Series

Some points to consider when specifying moment resisting connections:

- For K-Series joists the welds connecting tie plates, tie angles, or knife plates
should be limited to 3/16” due to small top chord sizes. Likewise for LH-
Series and TB-Series joists should be limited to ¼”. Thicker welds may be
specified but please contact your joist manufacturer for approximate chord
thickness.

- Moment resisting sections utilizing tie angles are best applied to K-Series
joists and small LH-Series joists that have round bar end webs. This avoids
interference with the joist double angle end webs. Also, when sizing the tie
angles they should be limited based on the seat depth. The typical seat depth
for K-Series joists is 2 ½”, for LH-Series joists it is 5”, and for TB-Series joists
it is 7 ½”.

- Utilizing moment resisting sections on the contract documents will ensure a


more economical price from the joist manufacturer. In the absence of
eccentric weld groups or moment resisting sections, joist manufacturers
typically assume that the ends of joists with end moments will be reinforced to
resist the moment, resulting in an increased cost for the job.

Page 9 of 14
Appendix A: K, LH, & DLH Series Moment of Inertia Equation Derivation:

Derive the (Ij ) equation in the front of the load tables for K, LH, & DLH Series joists:

Ij = 26.767wL3x10-6

Definition:

w = Red number from load tables, plf. The load which will produce deflection = L/360

E = 29,000,000 psi

L = Span of joist, feet.


For K-Series, L=Span-0.3333
For LH, DLH, L= Clear span + 0.6667

Derivation:
1.15 factor is assumed to account for
5wL4 deflection due to web elongation
Δ= 1.15
384EI
Set Δ = L/360

⎛ in. ⎞ ⎛ # ft ⎞ 4 4 4 in.
4
L⎜12 ⎟ 5⎜ w ⎟ L Ft 12 1.15
⎝ ft. ⎠ = ⎝ ft 12in. ⎠ ft.4
360 ⎛ # ⎞
384EI j ⎜ 2 ⎟in 4
Solve for I : ⎝ in ⎠
j

⎛1⎞
5 w ⎜ ⎟ L4 12 4 1.15 (360)
Ij = ⎝ 12 ⎠
384 E (12) L

Ij = 26.767 w L3 x 10-6

Example:

Calculate Ij of a 26K7 with a span of 42 feet.

w360 = 150 plf,

L = 42 – 0.3333 = 41.6667

Substitute into Ij equation: Ij = 290.44 in4

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From CMC JOIST & DECK design program; Ij = 300 in4

Top Chord; 1 ¾ x 1 ¾ x 0.155


Bottom Chord; 1 ½ x 1 ½ x 0.155
Igross; 300 in4
Ieffective; 0.85 x Igross = 255 in4

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Appendix B: TB Series Moment of Inertia Equation Derivation:

Derive the Igirder equation in the SJI catalog, Section 1006.

Igirder = 0.027 N P L d

Definition:
N = Number of panels
P = Load per panel point, kips
L = Length of girder, feet.
d = Depth of girder, inches

Assumptions:
Fy = 50 ksi
Ft = 0.6 Fy = 30 ksi
Fa = 0.5 Fy = 25 ksi
E = 29,000 ksi
deff = 0.98 d

Derivation:
NP = Total load on girder
NP/L = Total load per foot on girder
⎛ NP ⎞ 2
⎜ ⎟L
wL ⎝ L ⎠ 2
NPL ⎛ in. ⎞
M= = = ⎜12 ⎟ = 1.5NPL
8 8 8 ⎝ ft. ⎠
M 1.5 NPL
Applied Couple = =
d eff 0.98d

1.5 NPL 1.5 NPL


0.05102 NPL
BC area = 0.98d = TC area = 0.98d =
0.06122 NPL
0.6Fy d 0.5Fy d
2 2

Ig = ∑ ( ) ⎛ 0.98 ⎞
I + Ad = BC area ⎜
2 ⎛ 0.98 ⎞
d ⎟ + TC area ⎜ d⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Ignore I

(0.05102 + 0.06122 )⎛⎜ 0.98 ⎞⎟ d 2 NPL


Ig = ⎝ 2 ⎠
d
I g = 0.027 dNPL

Page 12 of 14
Appendix C: Eccentric Weld Group Sample Calculation:

-Ref.: Manual of Steel Construction – Allowable Stress Design – 9th Edition – pg. 4-75

In order to determine the allowable connection force (PTC – See Figure 2 above) that
can be resisted by an indirect or standard joist bearing connection, an eccentric weld
group will need to be evaluated. This example assumes a standard connection design
for a LH-Series Joist having a 5” deep seat, 6” long with an assumed eccentricity of 2”.
The standard weld length and size for this connection is 2” of ¼” fillet weld on each side
of the seat that is centered on the 6” long bearing angles. The weld electrode is
assumed to be E70XX. Therefore:

PTC = P = Allowable Eccentric Load (kip)


SeatDepth = DSEAT = 5in.
Y TC = 0.5in.
weld length = l = 2in.
16 ths of Fillet Weld Size = D = 4
C1 = Coeff . for Weld Electrode Used = 1.0

1. Solve for Eccentricity ( e ) See fig. 2:

e = DSEAT − Y TC = 5in. − 0.5in = 4.5in.


e = 4.5in.

2. Solve for a :
e = al = 4.5in.
e 4.5in.
a= = = 2.25in.
l 2in.
a = 2.25in.

3. Obtain Coefficient C From table:

Note: For the case where the load is not in the place of the weld, which is true for all
indirect joist seat connections, C values should be taken from the column where k = 0 .

⎧a = 2.2, C = 0.193⎫
From the table, for ⎨ ⎬
⎩a = 2.4, C = 0.177⎭

linear interpolation between these two values gives: C = 0.189

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4. Solve for Allowable Connection Force PTC :

PTC = P = DCC1 L = 4 * 0.189 *1.0 * 2 = 1.51kip


PTC = 1.51kip ≈ 1.5kip

Note: For Tabular Values of this Calculation See Figure 5.

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