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I. Design Resources: Steel Joist Institute - Technical Digest #11 - Design of Joist Girder
Frames provides guidance and a design example of obtaining the design loads for a joist
- joist girder moment frame. Technical Digest #11should be used as a guide when
designing joist frames and is available from The Steel Joists Institute,
http://www.steeljoist.org/. Designing with Steel Joists Joist Girders Steel Deck, by:
Fisher, West, and Van de Pas, is another text than can be referenced for topics such as
the design on joists with end moments and is available through Nucor Corp by visiting,
www.vulcraft.com/catalogs.htm.
III. End Moments vs. Axial Forces and Providing Loading Information: There are two
types of interaction forces that impact the joist design. These are the End Moments and
Axial Forces that result from a single-line frame analysis. These forces are shown as
MEB and PEB respectively in Figure 2 below. The single-line frame analysis outputs End
Moments (MEB) and Axial Force (PEB). These end forces are then transformed to top and
bottom chord axial forces shown as PTC and PBC respectively.
Note: A full truss frame analysis example is provided in Steel Joist Institute – Technical
Digest #11 – Design of Joist Girder Frames.
Page 1 of 14
PTC
Deff / 2
PBC
PEB M EB
PTC = −
2 Deff
PEB M EB
PBC = +
2 Deff
where Deff can be approximated as : Deff = 0.95(JoistDepth )
Figure 2
Any joist that is subject to an applied end moment should be designated a special joist
by including “SP” behind the designation on the contract documents. The contract
documents must also provide the appropriate loading information as outlined below.
Figure 3
Page 2 of 14
Please refer to the loading diagram provided (See Figure 3):
2. Design Uniform Loads, these include but are not limited to Dead, Roof Live,
Floor Live, Snow, and Net Uplift loads.
3. The Joist End Moment (MEB) magnitude and load type (i.e. is the moment due
to Wind, Dead, Roof Live, Floor Live, etc.).
4. The Joist Axial Load (PEB) magnitude and load type. The PEB should be
equally distributed between the top and bottom chords. (Note: these loads
are different than couple resulting from the applied end moments.)
5. Any minimum gross moment of inertia requirements. The SER must assume
a value for the gross moment of inertia for a joist member in order to perform
the frame analysis. It is important for the joist manufacturer to be provided
with this gross moment of inertia value. The manufacturer will be providing a
member that satisfies the assumptions made by the SER. It is important that
the assumed gross moment of inertia is close to the actual value provided.
Otherwise there will be a “stiffness mismatch,” resulting in a structure that
does not match the analysis assumptions. Please refer to the CMC JOIST &
DECK website http://www.cmcjd.com to download our standard load
information tool. This tool will enable you to obtain gross moment of inertia
values for K-Series, KCS-Series, LH-Series and DLH-Series joists. Gross
moment of inertia values for joist girders can be obtained from our “Girder
Moment of Inertia Tool” by clicking here: CMC JOIST & DECK - Joist Girder
Moment of Inertia Calculator Note: See Appendix A for derivation of the
Moment of Inertia Equation formulas published in the front of the SJI Load
Tables for K, LH, and DLH-Series joists. See Appendix B for derivation of the
Moment of Inertia formulas published in the SJI Load Table for TB-Series
Joist Girders.
Page 3 of 14
It is important to note that the End Moment (MEB) and Axial Force (PEB) should be
provided to the joist manufacturer rather than the equivalent top and/or bottom chord
axial forces (PTC & PBC) See Figure 2. This is important since axial forces are assumed to
be transferred directly through the chord members and do not affect web shear. Applied
end moments affect the shear in the joist web members. If only axial forces are specified
that force will be assumed to act exclusively through the chord member, without any
consideration of the transfer of forces through the web members. This could result in a
problem with web shear and possibly undersized web members.
CMC JOIST & DECK has made available two charts for download (AutoCAD format)
that can be utilized in order to clearly provide the necessary design information on the
contract drawings.
- The ‘Moment Load Chart’ provides a chart to display end moments, axial
loads, and gross moment of inertia requirements for several joist marks.
The ‘Moment Load Chart’ provides a chart to display end moments, axial loads, and
gross moment of inertia requirements for several joist marks.
IV. KCS Joists and End Moments: KCS Series joists should not be specified with
applied end moments. The intent of the KCS-Series of joists is to allow flexibility in the
placement and magnitude of concentrated loads due to items such as RTU’s. The KCS
series of joists do not have published allowable uniform loads, but rather a maximum
shear and moment envelope. KCS joists chords are designed for a flat positive moment
envelope with zero moment at each end, See Figure 1. Therefore, specifying applied
end moments causes the moment envelope to be non-zero at the end, contrary to the
moment envelope. When applied end moments are specified on KCS joist it is unclear to
the joist manufacturer how these forces are to interact with the design forces resulting
from the moment and shear envelope.
Page 4 of 14
An alternative is to specify a special joist with end moments and a moving load or loads
to account for variable placement of concentrated loads. Be sure when specifying a
special joist of this type to provide as described in Section III, joist depth, uniform loads,
end moment values, concentrated load values, load types and spacing. Also, be sure to
specify the gross moment of inertia requirements.
M M
0 0
Span
V. Moment Connections: Once the SER has determined the appropriate loading
information to be provided to the joist manufacturer in Section 3, the design of the joist to
support connection must be considered. The design of this connection is not the
responsibility of the joist manufacturer SSE. The following is a guide to determining the
feasibility of a particular type of moment resisting connection, be it a direct or indirect.
A direct type connection, which is discussed in further detail later, usually involves a
plate welded to the column cap plate (knife plate), a plate welded to the side of the
column or across the top chords of joists bearing at a column (tie plate), or an angle
connecting the top chords of joists bearing at a column (tie angle). The direct connection
is often more labor intensive for the erector than an indirect connection, however this
type of connection is typically more economical for the joist manufacturer.
An indirect type connection is a connection that utilizes the joist bearing to column weld
in order to form an eccentric weld group and transfer the PTC force from the joist top
chord into the column. This connection assumes that the joist seat is stiff enough to
facilitate the transfer of forces directly to the top chord neutral axis. This connection is
preferred by the erectors since it usually only requires them to place additional weld on
the joist seats during erection.
This connection, if achievable in the field, typically requires little modification to the joist
seats. It is important to note that if an eccentric weld group cannot be accommodated
(this is outlined later), that the ends of the joist will need to be reinforced to resist the
resulting force eccentric moment. Reinforcing the joist ends can become costly.
Page 5 of 14
A. Moment Connections without Tie Plates, Tie Angles, or Knife Plates: In
order to specify an indirect type moment connection that does not utilize tie
plates, tie angles, or knife plates an eccentric weld group must be developed at
the joist seat. This connection will transfer the top chord connection design force
(PTC) from the centroid of the top chord angle into the bottom of the seat and then
to the joist support. (See Figure 4) Based on the following check it can be
determined whether or not an indirect type connection is feasible for a particular
situation. The weld must also be established to transfer the bottom chord
connection design force (PBC) from the column stabilizer plate into the bottom
chord.
a. Top Chord (Seat) Connection Design:
PTC
Y
e
Figure 4 K-Series = 2 ½”
LH-Series = 5”
TB – Series 7 ½”
e = S − Y or
e = S − 0.025 D
Page 6 of 14
Once the eccentricity value, “e,” (See Figure 4) is established the feasibility of an
eccentric weld group can be checked. Refer to AISC Manual of Steel Construction,
Allowable Stress Design, ninth edition, page 4-75 for sizing of the eccentric weld to
transfer the connection design force. It should be noted that this is a design for the seat
connection weld in shear only, no provisions are made here for evaluating this weld in
combination with vertical forces such as uplift.
Please refer to the chart below (Figure 5) for connection forces that can be resisted
based on seat depth, weld thickness, and weld length combinations.
Ref.: Manual of Steel Construction - Allowable Stress Design - 9th Editiion - pg. 4-75
* = See Figure 4
** = Fillet weld is to be each side of seat
*** = This value is the min. bearing length over steel for each series. Only use values greater than this if it can
be verified that the larger amount of bearing can be obtained.
Note: This chart assumes a infinetely stiff bearing in order to transfer the connection force.
Figure 5
Page 7 of 14
Note: See Appendix C for a sample eccentric weld group calculation, on which the chart
above is based.
The maximum weld size for a K-Series connection should be limited to 1/4" fillet weld
and 1/2" fillet weld for LH and TB series joists. The weld length that can be specified is
based on the length of seat that is bearing on steel. K-Series joists require a minimum of
2 1/2" of bearing over steel (standard seat length is 4"). LH and TB series joists require
4" of bearing over steel (standard seat length is 6").
FBC
Figure 6
The bottom chord connection should be sized to accommodate the FBC force shown in
Figure 6. For E70XX electrodes the weld will resist 928# per 1/16” of weld 1” long
(Allowable Strength Design). For K-Series joists the thickness of this weld should not
generally exceed 1/8”and for LH-Series and TB-Series joists the weld thickness should
not exceed ¼”. These weld values are only suggested maximums. The bottom chord
sizes of joists can vary greatly and it recommended that the joist manufacturer be
contacted for assistance in determining the optimum weld size for a particular bottom
chord connection.
B. Moment Connections with Tie Plates, Tie Angles, or Knife Plates: If the top
chord connection force (PTC) cannot be accommodated with an eccentric weld
group as described in Section V, a direct chord connection must be used. This
type of connection typically utilizes a knife plate, tie plate or tie angle to directly
connect the top chord of the joist to a column or another joist top chord. Again,
the design of these connections is not the responsibility of the SSE. The tie plate,
knife plate, or tie angle and the welds connecting these items shall be designed
Page 8 of 14
to resist the top chord connection force (PTC). The bottom chord connection is
designed to resist the bottom chord connection (PBC) as shown above.
Click on this links below to view moment resisting sections as well as general
sections for our K-Series, LH-Series and TB-Series joists and joist girders in pdf
format.
- For K-Series joists the welds connecting tie plates, tie angles, or knife plates
should be limited to 3/16” due to small top chord sizes. Likewise for LH-
Series and TB-Series joists should be limited to ¼”. Thicker welds may be
specified but please contact your joist manufacturer for approximate chord
thickness.
- Moment resisting sections utilizing tie angles are best applied to K-Series
joists and small LH-Series joists that have round bar end webs. This avoids
interference with the joist double angle end webs. Also, when sizing the tie
angles they should be limited based on the seat depth. The typical seat depth
for K-Series joists is 2 ½”, for LH-Series joists it is 5”, and for TB-Series joists
it is 7 ½”.
Page 9 of 14
Appendix A: K, LH, & DLH Series Moment of Inertia Equation Derivation:
Derive the (Ij ) equation in the front of the load tables for K, LH, & DLH Series joists:
Ij = 26.767wL3x10-6
Definition:
w = Red number from load tables, plf. The load which will produce deflection = L/360
E = 29,000,000 psi
Derivation:
1.15 factor is assumed to account for
5wL4 deflection due to web elongation
Δ= 1.15
384EI
Set Δ = L/360
⎛ in. ⎞ ⎛ # ft ⎞ 4 4 4 in.
4
L⎜12 ⎟ 5⎜ w ⎟ L Ft 12 1.15
⎝ ft. ⎠ = ⎝ ft 12in. ⎠ ft.4
360 ⎛ # ⎞
384EI j ⎜ 2 ⎟in 4
Solve for I : ⎝ in ⎠
j
⎛1⎞
5 w ⎜ ⎟ L4 12 4 1.15 (360)
Ij = ⎝ 12 ⎠
384 E (12) L
Ij = 26.767 w L3 x 10-6
Example:
L = 42 – 0.3333 = 41.6667
Page 10 of 14
From CMC JOIST & DECK design program; Ij = 300 in4
Page 11 of 14
Appendix B: TB Series Moment of Inertia Equation Derivation:
Igirder = 0.027 N P L d
Definition:
N = Number of panels
P = Load per panel point, kips
L = Length of girder, feet.
d = Depth of girder, inches
Assumptions:
Fy = 50 ksi
Ft = 0.6 Fy = 30 ksi
Fa = 0.5 Fy = 25 ksi
E = 29,000 ksi
deff = 0.98 d
Derivation:
NP = Total load on girder
NP/L = Total load per foot on girder
⎛ NP ⎞ 2
⎜ ⎟L
wL ⎝ L ⎠ 2
NPL ⎛ in. ⎞
M= = = ⎜12 ⎟ = 1.5NPL
8 8 8 ⎝ ft. ⎠
M 1.5 NPL
Applied Couple = =
d eff 0.98d
Ig = ∑ ( ) ⎛ 0.98 ⎞
I + Ad = BC area ⎜
2 ⎛ 0.98 ⎞
d ⎟ + TC area ⎜ d⎟
⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
Ignore I
Page 12 of 14
Appendix C: Eccentric Weld Group Sample Calculation:
-Ref.: Manual of Steel Construction – Allowable Stress Design – 9th Edition – pg. 4-75
In order to determine the allowable connection force (PTC – See Figure 2 above) that
can be resisted by an indirect or standard joist bearing connection, an eccentric weld
group will need to be evaluated. This example assumes a standard connection design
for a LH-Series Joist having a 5” deep seat, 6” long with an assumed eccentricity of 2”.
The standard weld length and size for this connection is 2” of ¼” fillet weld on each side
of the seat that is centered on the 6” long bearing angles. The weld electrode is
assumed to be E70XX. Therefore:
2. Solve for a :
e = al = 4.5in.
e 4.5in.
a= = = 2.25in.
l 2in.
a = 2.25in.
Note: For the case where the load is not in the place of the weld, which is true for all
indirect joist seat connections, C values should be taken from the column where k = 0 .
⎧a = 2.2, C = 0.193⎫
From the table, for ⎨ ⎬
⎩a = 2.4, C = 0.177⎭
Page 13 of 14
4. Solve for Allowable Connection Force PTC :
Page 14 of 14