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Suggested Reading
Zumdahl Chapter 8 Section 8.1, 8.2, 8.8
Essential Question
What are the properties of chemical bonds?
Learning Objective
State and explain the relationship between the number of bonds, bond
length and bond strength.
Define the term average bond enthalpy.
Explain the concept of bond energy.
Explain in terms of average bond enthalpies, why some reaction are
exothermic and others are endothermic.
Calculate the heats of reaction for bond energies.
Bond Order
Bond order is the number of bonding pairs of electrons between two
atoms. In a covalent compound, a single bond has a bond order of one, a
double bond has a bond order of two, a triple bond has a bond order of
three, and so on.
To determine the bond order between two covalently bonded atoms, follow
these steps:
Solution:
Since there are 3 dashes, that means that it is a triple bond. A triple bond
means that there is a bond order of 3.
When there are more than two atoms in the molecule, follow these
steps to determine the bond order:
Bond order increases across a period and decreases down a group. Thus,
it follows the same general trend as effective nuclear charge. Hmm....
Bond Length
Bond length is the distance between the nuclei in a covalent bond. Bond
lengths are determined experimentally using x-ray diffraction or the analysis of
molecular spectra. Recall that Watson and Crick based their model of DNA on
the x-ray diffraction studies carried out by Rosalind Franklin. Knowing the
bond length in a particular molecule can sometimes provide a clue about the
type of bonding present.
The bond length varies for each type of bond and a comparison of bond
lengths is shown below in Table 2.
Therefore, the bond length of a triple bond < double bond < single bond.
The length of the bond can be inferred from the bond order. The higher the
bond order, the stronger the pull between the two atoms and the shorter
the bond length. Generally, the length of the bond between two atoms is
approximately the sum of the covalent radii of the two atoms, X + Y. Bond
length is given in picometers or nanometers.
When a chemical reaction occurs, molecular bonds are broken and other
bonds are formed to make different molecules. For example, the bonds of
two water molecules are broken to form hydrogen and oxygen.
If the reactants have weak bonds, while the products have strong bonds
then the reaction is exothermic (enthalpy change < 0). There is a small
amount of energy needed to break the bond (smaller bond energy) and
a bigger energy released when strong bonds form. A negative enthalpy
change means that the system released energy.
If the reactants have strong bonds, but the products have weak bonds
its an endothermic reaction. (enthalpy change > 0). The energy required
to break the reactant bonds is greater than the energy released when
the product bonds form.
Then examine the bond breakage which is located in the reactant side and
find the average bond energy in the table above:
The net change of the reaction is therefore 587-594= -7 kJ. Since it's
a negative number you know that the reaction is exothermic.