Fundamental Chemical Principles of Synthesis: Chemical transformation and their mechanisms

Outline:

I. Definition of Chemical synthesis, Chemical transformation, and Mechanism

 Chemical synthesis
 the construction of complex chemical compounds from simpler
ones
 It is the process by which many substances important to daily life
are obtained
 It is applied to all types of chemical compounds, but most
syntheses are of organic molecules

 Chemical transformation
 Involves the production of new substances
 The basic units (molecules) of reactants get dismantled and the
atoms are rearranged to form the basic units (molecules) of the
products
 Some chemical bonds must be broken/made to turn the reactant
units into product units

 Clarification:

o molecules don’t just spontaneously break apart into

atoms and then come back together again to make
product molecules
o Collisions of reactant units occur during which bonds are
made/broken. Each type of collision is called an
elementary step

 Mechanism
 Sequence of elementary steps which sum up to a given reaction
equation
 Represents a path by which a chemical reaction might occur

II. Examples of synthesis

 Alkylation - transfer of an alkyl group from one molecule to another.

  Acylation - adding an acyl group to a compound

 Combustion - substance reacts rapidly with oxygen and gives off heat.

 Halogenation - replacement of one or more hydrogen atoms in an organic

compound by a halogen (fluorine, chlorine, bromine or iodine).

 Hydrogenation - chemical reaction between molecular hydrogen and another

compound or element

 Nitration - introduction of a nitro group into an organic chemical compound

 Sulfonation - organic reaction in which a hydrogen atom on an arene is

replaced by a sulfonic acid functional group in an electrophilic aromatic
substitution.

 Fermentation - process that consumes sugar in the absence of oxygen (e.g

cheese, yogurt, wine)
 Saponification - chemical reaction between an acid and a base to form a salt
(e.g soap)

III. Fundamental Chemical Principles

 to find reactions that will affect only one part of the molecule, leaving other
parts unchanged.
 to produce high yields of the desired product in as short a time as possible
IV. Importance of Chemical Synthesis

 to gain a better understanding of their structures

 to produce compounds that do not form naturally for research purposes
 In industry, synthesis is used to make products in large quantity
TECHNOLOGICAL INSTITUTE OF THE PHILIPPINES
363 P. CASAL ST., QUIAPO, MANILA

CHEM 005
Written Report

SUBMITTED BY:
ALARCON, HONEY JANE A.
CH41FB1

SUBMITTED TO:
ENGR. JUANITA APOSTOL

June 20. 2018