LOCAL"GOVERNMENT"LAW"(Municipal"Corporation"Law)"
'
• Macariola(vs(Asuncion((basin'mugawas'sa'MCQ.'Haha)(
→ Branches'of'Political'Law:'
! Constitutional' Law' –' a.' powers' and' functions' of' the'
government;' b.' inherent' powers' of' the' State' in'
relation'to'the'Bill'of'Rights'
! Administrative'Law'–'modern'field'of'political'law.'
> External' Admin' Law' –' rules' and' principles'
governing' the' relationships' between'
governmental' agencies' or' organs.' E.g.'
President' and' Department' of'
Transportation' relationship;' or' GOCC'
related'to'another'agency.'
> Internal' Admin' Law' –' deals' with' matters'
about' public' officials.' E.g.' appointments,'
qualifications,' promotion,' demotion,'
discipline,' etc.' (recently,' Internal' Admin'
Law' is' changed' to' Law' on' Public' Officers'
merged'with'Election'Law)'
! Local'Government'Law'
! Public'International'Law'
• Under' Article' 10,' 1987' Constitution' mandated' for' the'
enactment'of'a'Local'Government'Code'of'1991.'
' ! Purpose:'
General"Principles"
A. Corporation'
B. Municipal'Corporation'
C. Overview'of'the'Philippine'Government'
D. Local'Government'of'the'Philippines'
E. Loose' Federation' of' LGUs' and' Regional' Development'
Councils'
' are'LGU,'an'agent'of'the'national'government.'Thus,'
" the' obvious' public' purpose' is' GOVERNANCE.' LGU’s'
A."Corporation"
" subdivision.'
Definition:"
→ An'artificial'being'created'by'operation'of'law,'having'the'
right' of' successions' and' the' powers,' attributes' and'
properties' expressly' authorized' by' law' or' incident' to' its'
existence.' (Sec.' 2,' Corporation' Code' of' the' Philippines' –'
BP'Blg.'68)'
→ An' artificial' being,' invisible,' intangible,' and' existing' only'
in' contemplation' of' law.' (Dartmouth' College' Case,' US'
Case)'
→ A' legal' institution' devised' to' confer' upon' individuals' of'
which' it' is' composed' of' powers,' privileges,' and'
immunities'which'they'would'not'otherwise'possess'and'
the'most'important'of'which'are'continuous'legal'identity'
or'unity,'and'perpetual'or'indefinite'succession'under'the'
corporate' name,' notwithstanding' successive' changes,' by'
death' or' otherwise,' in' the' corporators' or' members.'
(Dillon,'Commentaries'on'Law'of'Municipal'Corporations,'
Vol.'1'–'5th'ed.)'
' → Under' the' principles' of' common' law,' where' a' body' of'
! Local'government'unit'is'a'corporation.''
' corporate' powers,' a' presumption' arises' of' an' ancient'
Kinds"of"Corporation"
• Private'Corporation'
→ Formed' for' some' private' purpose,' benefit,' aim' or' end,'
such' as' a' business' corporation' formed' and' organized'
under'a'general'law'on'corporation.'
By: RLB
→ It'is'created'for'private'objectives.
! Manner' of' creating:' Private' corporation' is' created'
pursuant" to" a" law.' A' creation' of' a' privation'
corporation,' through' SEC,' must' be' in' accordance'
with' the' provisions' of' a' general" law—Corporation'
Code' of' the' Philippines.' The' said' Code' is' applicable'
to'all'corporations.'
! Purpose:' for' private' purpose—Profit' is' the' goal'
unless'you'are'a'charitable'organization.'
! Governed'by:'
- General'law'(Corporation'Code)'
- Its'articles'of'incorporation'
'
• Public'Corporation'
→ Organized'for'a'government'of'a'portion'of'a'State,'such'
as'a'local'government'unit.'
→ It'is'created'for'public'purposes.'
! Manner'of'creating:'Created'by'law.'Charter,'it’s'not'
a' name' of' a' person,' it’s' actually' refers' to' the' law'
creating' the' public' corporation.' That’s' why' we' have'
charter'day'celebrations.'We'celebrate'the'day'when'
the' local' government' unit' had' been' incorporated'
directly'by'law.'Directly'by'Congress.'
Public' purpose—governance' or'
administration' of' a' political' subdivision' and' the'
delivery'of'basic'services'to'the'inhabitants'but'only'
to'the'extents'to'its'governmental'purpose.'We'have'
the' national' government' but' since' the' national'
government' cannot' afford' to' take' care' all' the'
concerns' of' all' geographical' components' of' the'
territory,'then'it'has'to'create'subsidiaries'and'these'
primary' purpose' is' the' governance' of' the' political'
! Governed'by:'
- LGC'of'1991'
- The' charter,' the' law' creating' it.' It' looks' like' a'
little'LGC.'
'
Special"Kinds"of"Corporations"(defects'are'present'in'the'creation.'
thus,' not' a' perfect' corporation' but' the' law' treat' them' as'
corporation'by'reason'of'equity)'
• Corporation'De'Facto'
→ Consent'of'the'State'is'implied'rather'than'expressed,'by'
the' general' consent' to' that' kind' of' corporation,' even'
though' the' conditions' of' incorporation' are' not'
substantially'complied'with.'
! If'the'law'creating'a'LGU'is'declared'unconstitutional'
but' the' LGU' continues' to' perform' as' such.' It' is' a'
corporation'that'only'exists'in'fact'but'not'in'law.'
'
• Corporation'by'Prescription'
men' have' been' for' a' long' time' in' the' exercise' of'
charter,' granted' to' their' predecessors,' making' the'
exercise'of'such'powers'lawful'and'rightful.'
→ A'lost'grant'or'charter'from'the'crown'is'being'presumed.'
! A' corporation' created' many' many' years' ago' and'
nobody'questioned'its'existence.'
1"
' B."Municipal"Corporations"
• Corporation'by'Estoppel' "
→ While' as' against' the' State,' a' corporation' cannot' be' Elements:"
created'by'the'mere'agreement'or'other'act'or'omission' 1) Legal' Creation' or' Incorporation' –' pertains' to' the' law'
by' other' persons,' yet' as' between' private' litigants,' they' creating'the'LGU.'
place' themselves' where' they' would' not' be' permitted' to' 2) Corporate'Name'–'it'is'required.'It'cannot'be'nameless.'It'
deny'the'fact'of'the'existence'of'the'corporation,'by'their' is' more' than' a' name' because' it' has' to' act,' as' a' juridical'
agreements,'admissions'or'conduct.' entity,'carrying'only'that'name'in'entering'contracts.'e.g.'
! A' corporation' that' is' defectively' created' making' it' “City'of'Cebu”.'And'when'the'name'has'to'be'changed,'it'
not' a' truly' a' corporation' but' in' your' dealings' with' can' only' be' changed' upon' consultation' with' the'
other' entities' you' represent' that' you' are' a' Philippine' Historical' Institute.' And' it' must' not' carry' a'
corporation.'' name'of'a'living'person'except'when'that'name'connotes'
' to' a' special,' social' or' political' significance' in' that' place.'
Kinds"of"Public"Corporation" And' thus,' you' may' notice' that' names' of' the' municipals'
• QuasibPublic'Corporation" are'names'of'dead'people.'E.g.'andres,'narciso,'rizal.'
→ A' private' corporation' that' renders' public' service' or' 3) Inhabitants'–'people'who'compose'the'LGU.'According'to'
supplies'public'wants,'such'as'public'utility'companies." Dillon,' there' can' never' be' a' municipal' corporation'
→ Though' organized' for' private' profit,' they' are' compelled' without'inhabitants.'
by' law' or' contract' to' render' public' service.' It' combines' 4) Territory'–'consist'of'landmass,'water'and'other'parts'of'a'
the'elements'of'a'public'and'private'corporation." territory.'
! Quasi'b'it'is'not'but'it'is'almost" '
" Dual"Nature"and"Function"of"LGUs"
• Municipal'Corporation'(Pure)" ! An'important'principle'in'the'study'of'LGU'is'that'every'local'
→ A' body' politic' and' corporate' constituted' by' the' government' possesses' dual' functions:' Governmental' and'
incorporation' of' the' inhabitants' for' purposes' of' local' Proprietary."
governance'thereof.'Referred'to'as'“Local'Governments”." "
! Incorporation' of' the' inhabitants,' their' participation,' a) Governmental'(also'called'public'or'political)"
means'through'a'plebiscite.'(Always'required)'" → Administering'the'powers'of'the'State'and'promoting'the'
" public'welfare"
Local"Government" → When' exercising' such' powers,' it' is' considered' as' a'
→ Political' Subdivision' of' a' nation' or' state' which' is' political'subdivision,'thus,'it'becomes'accountable'to'the'
constituted' by' law' and' has' substantial' control' of' local' national'government."
affairs.' " E.g.'Exercise'of:' Local'police'power'
E.g.' Provinces' –' a' political' subdivision' and' ' ' ' Taxation'
territorial' subdivision' under' the' 1987' ' ' ' Eminent'domain'for'public'works'
Constitution' "
! LGU,' as' a' political' subdivision,' are' there' to' handle' b) Proprietary"
local'governance'and'administration'of'public'affairs.' → Exercised' for' the' special' benefit' or' advantage' of' the'
As'an'agency.' community"
! LGU,' as' a' territorial' subdivision,' is' for' geographic' → When' exercising' this' corporate' power,' then' it' is' a'
purposes.'You'perceive'it'as'tangible'and'physical.' corporate' entity' representing' the' inhabitants' of' its'
! LGU,' as' a' limitation" to" power,' is' there' as' a' way' to' territory."
limit' the' powers' of' the' government.' Under' the' → Accountable' to' the' people,' not' to' the' national'
principle' of' proper' and' valid' delegation' of' powers,' government."
when'some'powers'are'supposed'to'be'vested'on'the' " E.g.' Slaughter'Houses'
national' government,' we' decided' to' share' that' ' ' Markets'
power.' And' thus,' LGU' exercises' governmental' ' ' Maintenance'of'parks'
powers' as' well.' Delegation' of' powers' means' that' if' ' ' Cemeteries'
those' powers' were' already' delegated' to' LGUs' then' ' ' Fiesta'Celebration'
that'means'that'central'government'cannot'exercise' • Basis:'
those' powers' until' and' unless' it' will' decide' to' reb → Local'Government'Code'of'1991'
exercise'those'powers.' - Sec.' 15' Political' and' Corporate' Nature' of' Local'
' Government' Units.' b' Every' local' government' unit'
• Philippines' adopted' a' more' limited' system' of' local' created' or' recognized' under' this' Code' is' a' body'
government'and'that'is'the'DECENTRALIZE'setbup.' politic' and' corporate' endowed' with' powers' to' be'
' exercised' by' it' in' conformity' with' law.' As' such,' it"
' shall" exercise" powers" as" a" political" subdivision" of"
" the" national" government" and" as" a" corporate" entity"
" representing"the"inhabitants"of"its"territory.'
" '
"

By: RLB 2"

• What' is' the' legal' relevance' of' characterizing' a' particular'
function' of' a' local' government' unit' as' either'
“public/governmental”'or'“private/proprietary”?'
→ Liability'
→ Garnishment'of'FUNDS'
→ Liability'of'LGUs'for'CONTRACTS'
→ CONTROL'OF'CONGRESS'OVER'LGUs,'especially'in'matters'
of' disposition' of' properties' held' by' LGUs' and' extent' of'
LGUs'exercise'of'specific'powers'of'local'autonomy'
→ Treating' an' LGU' as' an' “instrumentality' of' the'
government”'or'not'for'some'legal'purpose.'
→ Etc.'
' SEC.' 22.' Corporate' Powers.' b' (a)' Every' local'
o Liability'of'LGUs'for'DAMAGES'
" What’s' the' relevance' in' distinguishing' these' two'
functions?'Supposed'that'the'city'mayor'ordered'the'
cutting' off' of' tall' trees' because' of' impending' storm'
or' typhoon,' and' he' ordered' Juan' to' go' to' Plaza'
Independencia'and'check'if'there'are'tall'trees'there'
and' Juan' did' find' an' acacia' tree' so' he' had' it' cut' off'
and'incidentally'it'fell'on'a'pedestrian,'Pedro.'Pedro'
died'on'the'spot.'So'the'heirs'of'Pedro'want'to'sue.'
Who' should' be' the' defendants?' Should' it' be' Juan'
who'caused'the'cutting'off'of'the'acacia'tree'that'he'
did' not' observe' diligence' and' therefore' he' was'
negligent?' Are' you' going' to' sue' the' mayor' because'
he'ordered'the'cutting'off'of'the'tree?'Or'you'going'
to'sue'the'City'of'Cebu?'Probably,'you'would'find'the'
distinctions'between'these'two'functions'relevant'in'
this'problem.'
" It’s' relevant' in' a' lot' of' areas.' Like' here,' it’s' for'
damages.' Remember' a' municipal' corporation' is' a'
juridical'entity'and'since'it'is'a'corporation,'it'has'its'
own' personality,' you' can' sue' it.' It’s' either' you' sue'
the' corporation' or' the' employee' or' all' of' them.' We'
will'not'answer'it'right'now'because'it'requires'a'lot'
of'qualifications.'But'what'is'important'is'for'you'to'
realize' how' to' distinguish' one' from' the' other.'
Governmental'and'proprietary.'
' The' Sangguniang' Bayan' passed' an' ordinance' appropriating'
o Garnishment'of'FUNDS'
" In'cases'involving'monetary'claims,'the'judgment'will'
require' the' defendant' to' pay' money.' It' maybe' that'
before' the' finality' of' the' decision' (during' the'
pendency'of'the'case),'the'plaintiff'maybe'able'to'get'
a'writ'preliminary'attachment.'Or'you'wait'until'you'
get' a' favorable' decision' and' it' becomes' final' and'
executor,' that’s' where' you' ask' the' court' to' issue' a'
writ' of' execution,' to' order' the' sheriff' to' satisfy' the'
monetary'judgment.'
" If' the' defendant' happens' to' be' a' LGU,' how' will' the'
sheriff' satisfy' the' judgement?' Because' when' it' is' a'
public' fund' is' beyond' garnishment,' beyond'
attachment,' beyond' execution.' But' how' do' you'
know' that' the' fund' held' by' the' LGU' is' public' or'
private?'We'will'not'discuss'this'right'now.'There'will'
be'a'specific'chapter'for'this.'(kapuya'sir'ui!)'
' '
o Liability'of'LGUs'for'CONTRACTS'
" Basic' principle' in' consti:' if' the' State' enters' into' a'
contract,' it' maybe' held' liable' exbcontractu' (arising'
By: RLB
out' of' the' contract)' on' the' basis' that' if' it' has'
descended' to' the' level' of' an' individual' by' entering'
into'proprietary'or'commercial'contracts.'Therefore,'
the'State'has'lost'its'privilege'of'being'immune'from'
suit.'This'is'not'absolute.'
" But' if' contracts' entered' into' by' the' State' are' for'
public'or'governmental'purpose'then'you'cannot'sue'
the'State.'
" Suability' is' not' an' issue' insofar' as' LGUs' are'
concerned.' LGU' CAN' BE' SUED.' The' relevant' issue' is'
the'liability'of'the'LGUs.'Sec.'22'of'the'LGC'provides:'
(an'express'consent'by'law)'
government' unit,' as' a' corporation,' shall' have'
the'following'powers:'
(2)'To'sue'and'be'sued;'
'
o CONTROL'OF'CONGRESS'OVER'LGUs,'especially'in'matters'
of' disposition' of' properties' held' by' LGUs' and' extent' of'
LGUs'exercise'of'specific'powers'of'local'autonomy'
" What' properties' are' held' by' LGUs' and' what'
properties'are'under'the'control'of'Congress.'(Public'
and'Private'properties'of'LGU)'
" The'property'under'whose'name'it'is'registered'does'
not'governed.'It'doesn’t'mean'that'when'it'is'under'
the'name'of'the'City'of'Cebu,'it'is'proprietary.'It'may'
be'held'for'governmental'capacity'and'when'it'is'for'
governmental' purpose' the' LGU' cannot' claim'
deprivation'of'beneficial'use'because'the'LGU'here'is'
an' agent' only' of' the' government.' If' it' is' held' on' a'
proprietary' capacity,' it' is' entitled' to' compensable'
taking.'
'
• Bar' Question:' Johnny' was' employed' as' a' driver' by' the'
Municipality' of' Calumpit,' Bulacan.' While' driving' recklessly' a'
municipal' dump' truck' with' its' load' of' sand' for' the' repair' of'
municipal'streets,'Johnny'hit'a'jeepney.'Two'passengers'of'the'
jeepney'were'killed.'
'
P300,000'as'compensation'for'the'heirs'of'the'victims.'
1.'is'the'municipality'liable'for'the'negligence'of'Johnny?'
(two'answers)'
2.'is'the'municipality'ordinance'valid?'
'
1st'Answer:'Yes.'Under'Section'24'of'the'LGC'of'1991,'an'
LGU' and' its' officials' is' not' exempted' from' liability' for'
death' or' injury' to' persons' or' damages' to' property.'
Whether' the' act' is' governmental' or' proprietary' it' is' still'
liable.'
'
2nd' Answer:' No.' LGUs' are' liable' for' negligent' acts' (torts)'
of' regular' employees' only' when' they' are' exercising'
proprietary' functions.' Since' they' deliver' sand' and' gravel'
for' road' repairs,' it' is' a' governmental' function.' Thus,' the'
LGU' must' be' exempt' from' liability.' (San' Fernando' La'
Union'case)'
• Bara(Lidasan(vs.(Comelec'(A'law'was'enacted'for'the'creation'
of' Municipality' of' Dianaton' in' the' Province' of' Lanao' Del' Sur'
but' which' includes' 12' barrios' situated' in' 2' municipalities' in'
3"
 the'Province'of'Cotabato.'–'Changes'in'the'boundaries'of'the'
two'provinces.)'
→ Because'of'the'2nd'function'of'the'LGU'as'an'agency'of'the'
community' in' the' administration' of' local' affairs,' an' LGU'
must' be' selfbsufficient' to' enable' it' to' exercise' its'
corporate'powers'and'serve'its'constituents.'
→ Municipal' corporations' perform' twin' functions.'Firstly.'
They' serve' as' an' instrumentality' of' the' State' in' carrying'
out'the'functions'of'government.'Secondly.'They'act'as'an'
agency' of' the' community' in' the' administration' of' local'
affairs.'It'is'in'the'latter'character'that'they'are'a'separate'
entity'acting'for'their'own'purposes'and'not'a'subdivision'
of'the'State.''
→ The' idea' that' it' must' be' selfbsufficient' therefore' is'
relevant' to' the' second' function' that' it' must' be' a'
corporate' entity' representing' the' inhabitants' of' the'
community.''
' foregoing"
• Surigao( Electric( Co.,( Inc.( vs.( Municipality( of( Surigao' (Public'
Service' Act' was' amended' requiring' Surigao' Electric' Co.' to'
comply'with'a'certificate'of'public'convenience'and'necessity)'
→ Because'of'the'1st'function'of'the'LGU'as'an'agency'of'the'
State,' an' LGU' can' therefore' be' considered' as' an'
instrumentality'of'the'National'Government.'Therefore,'it'
is' exempt' from' obtaining' the' CPC' as' provided' for' in' the'
Public'Service'Act.'
→ Governmental' affairs' do' not' lose' their' governmental'
character' by' being' delegated' to' the' municipal'
governments.' Nor' does' the' fact' that' such' duties' are'
performed' by' officers' of' the' municipality'which,' for'
convenience,' the' state' allows' the'municipality'to' select,'
change'their'character.'
→ There' has' been' a' recognition' by' this' Court' of' the' dual'
character' of' a' municipal' corporation,' one' as'
governmental,' being' a' branch' of' the' general'
administration'of'the'state,'and'the'other'as'quasibprivate'
and' corporate...............' It' would,' therefore,' be' to' erode'
the' term' "government' entities"' of' its' meaning' if' we' are'
to'reverse'the'Public'Service'Commission'and'to'hold'that'
a'municipality'is'to'be'considered'outside'its'scope.'
' inquiry' of' its' existence' can' be' collaterally' or' directly'
" attacked."
Classification"of"Power"
• express,' implied,' inherent' (powers'necessary'and'proper'
for' governance,' e.g.' to' promote' health' and' safety,'
enhance'prosperity,'improve'morals'of'inhabitants)"
• public'or'governmental,'private'or'proprietary"
• intramural,'extramural"
• mandatory,'directory;'ministerial,'discretionary"
' attacks'applies'only'where'the'municipal'corporation'
Sources"of"Powers"
• General:"
- 1987'Constitution'(Article'10'–'Sec.'5,'6'&'7)'
Section"5.'Each'local'government'unit'shall'have'
the'power'to'create'its'own'sources'of'revenues'
and' to' levy' taxes,' fees' and' charges' subject' to'
such' guidelines' and' limitations' as' the' Congress'
may'provide,'consistent'with'the'basic'policy'of'
local' autonomy.' Such' taxes,' fees,' and' charges'
shall' accrue' exclusively' to' the' local'
governments.'
By: RLB
"
Section" 6.' Local' government' units' shall' have' a'
just'share,'as'determined'by'law,'in'the'national'
taxes' which' shall' be' automatically' released' to'
them.'
"
Section"7.'Local'governments'shall'be'entitled'to'
an' equitable' share' in' the' proceeds' of' the'
utilization' and' development' of' the' national'
wealth' within' their' respective' areas,' in' the'
manner' provided' by' law,' including' sharing' the'
same' with' the' inhabitants' by' way' of' direct'
benefits.'
'
- LGC' of' 1991' (RA' 7160)' –' the' consolidations' of' past' local'
government'laws."
- Others' statutes' or' acts' not' inconsistent' with' the'
'
• Specific:"
- Charter'–'the'statute'creating'the'LGU,'insofar'as'it'is'not'
inconsistent'with'the'LGC'of'1991."
'
• Problem' 1:' A' community' of' people' in' the' northern' part' of'
Cebu'had'always'wanted'to'have'their'own'local'government'
unit.' Apparently,' these' people' were' considered' minority' of'
Cebu'as'their'predecessors'were'mainly'from'the'province'of'
Bohol.' Claiming' that' they' have' unique' culture' and' tradition'
different' from' most' Cebuanos,' they' lobbied' in' Congress' for'
the'enactment'of'a'law'for'the'creation'of'a'new'municipality'
to' be' called' “Buenavista' 2”.' Although' lacking' in' population'
requirement,'they'were'able'to'convince'the'Congress'to'pass'
a'law'creating'the'new'municipality.'Local'officials'were'then'
elected'and'acted'as'such'for'40'years.'Buenavista'2'had'then'
entered'into'contracts'and'transactions'with'various'persons."
→ What' are' the' legal' considerations' involved' in' this'
problem?' The' existence' of' the' municipality' can' be'
questioned'because'of'the'lack'in'population.'If'it'can'be'
determined' whether' it' is' a' de' facto' corporation' or'
Buenavista' 2' is' really' a' nullity' from' the' start,' then' the'
→ The'case'of'Malabang(vs.(Benito"
- It' is' indeed' true' that,' generally,' an' inquiry' into' the'
legal' existence' of' a' municipality' is' reserved' to' the'
State' in' a' proceeding' for' quo' warranto' or' other'
direct'proceeding,'and'that'only'in'a'few'exceptions'
may' a' private' person' exercise' this' function' of'
government.' But' the' rule' disallowing' collateral'
is' at' least' a' de' facto' corporation.' For' where' it' is'
neither' a' corporation' de' jure' nor' de' facto,' but' a'
nullity,' the' rule' is' that' its' existence' may' be'
questioned' collaterally' or' directly' in' any' action' or'
proceeding'by'any'one'whose'rights'or'interests'are'
affected' thereby,' including' the' citizens' of' the'
territory' incorporated' unless' they' are' estopped' by'
their'conduct'from'doing'so."
'
• Problem'2:'The'municipality'of'Pablo'was'created'through'EO'
288'in'1948'and'since'then'they'have'been'exercising'powers'
4"
 of'a'local'government'unit.'In'1965,'the'SC'in'Pelaez2vs2Auditor2
General' invalidated' certain' EOs' issued' by' the' President'
creating'municipalities'on'the'ground'that'the'power'to'create'
local' government' is' a' legislative' function.' EO' 288' was' not'
among' those' EOs' that' were' declared' void.' In' 1986,' a' quo'
warranto'case'filed'questioning'the'status'of'Pablo.'Were'the'
transactions'entered'into'by'the'Municipality'of'Pablo'valid?"
→ Yes,' the' transactions' entered' into' by' the' Municipality' of'
Pablo'are'valid.'
→ The'case'of'Municipality(of(Jimenez(vs.(Baz,(Jr.'
Sinacaban' attained' a' status' of' at' least' a' de' facto'
municipal'corporation'because'its'existence'had'not'been'
questioned' for' 40' years.' Thus,' there' is' long' use' of'
corporate' powers.' In' fact,' it' attained' a' de' jure' status'
when' the' 1987' Constitution' included' in' the' appended'
Ordinance'for'Legislative'Districts.'
' → Public' policy' that' supports' the' security' of' units' of' local'
• Problem'3:'The'municipality'of'Auring'was'created'through'EO'
405' in' 1962' and' immediately' exercised' powers' of' a' LGU.' In'
1965,' the' SC' in' Pelaez2 vs2 Auditor2 General' invalidated' certain'
EOs' issued' by' the' President' creating' municipalities' on' the'
ground' that' the' power' to' create' local' government' is' a'
legislative' function.' EO' 405' was' among' those' EOs' that' were'
declared'void'by'the'SC.'Were'the'transactions'entered'into'by'
the'municipality'of'Auring'between'1962b1965'valid?"
→ No,' they' were' not' valid.' The' case' of' Sultan' Osop' Camid'
where'the'municipality'was'declared'viod'ab'initio."
' a'de'jure'public'corporation'
• Problem'4:'Municipality'of'Badong'was'created'in'1959'by'EO'
353.'It'became'a'5th'class'municipality'1965.'In'the'same'year,'
Pelaez2vs2Auditor2General'invalidated'some'EOs'(excluding'EO'
353)'of'the'President'which'created'some'municipalities.'The'
1987' Constitution' included' in' its' Ordinance' (appendix)' which'
apportioned'the'seats'of'the'House'of'Representatives'(as'one'
of'the'10'municipalities'composing'the'4th'district'of'Mangingit'
Province).' Badong’s' existence' was' questioned' in' 1989.' Were'
the'transactions'entered'by'Badong'valid?"
→ Yes,'the'transactions'are'valid."
→ The'case'of'Municipality(of(San(Narciso(vs.(Mendez,(Sr."
San' Andres' became' de' jure' by' subsequent' recognition'
because' it' was' included' in' the' appended' Ordinance' for'
Legislative'District'in'the'1987'Constitution."
' '
Kinds"of"Municipal"Corporation'
• De' Jure' –' created' with' all' the' elements' of' a' municipal'
corporation'being'present.'
• De'Facto'–'there'is'colorable'compliance'with'the'requisites'of'
a'de'jure'municipal'corporation.'
' De"Facto"Corporation"
Doctrine"of"Operative"Fact"
→ Before' a' law' is' declared' unconstitutional' or' void,' it' is'
presumed'to'be'valid.'The'acts'existed'as'a'fact'and'these'
acts'have'consequences'that'cannot'be'ignored.'
' d) Assumption'of'corporate'powers'
Doctrine"of"De"Facto"Corporation"
→ There' is' authority' in' law' for' a' municipal' corporation' but'
there' is' failure' to' comply' with' the' constitutional' or'
statutory'requirement,'it'cannot'be'said'to'exist'de'jure.'
But' when' the' organization' of' the' people' of' a' given'
territory' is' of' a' corporation' under' a' color' of' delegated'
authority,' followed' by' a' user' in' good' faith' of' the'
By: RLB
governmental' powers' incidental' thereto,' it' will' be'
recognized' by' the' law' as' a' municipal' corporation' de'
facto.'
→ Municipal'corporation'may'exist'by'prescription'where'it'
is' shown' that' the' community' has' claimed' and' exercised'
corporate' functions,' with' the' knowledge' and'
acquiescence' of' the' legislature' and' without' interruption'
or' objection' for' a' period' long' enough' to' afford' title' by'
prescription.'
→ These'municipal'corporations'have'exercised'their'powers'
for' a' long' period' without' objection' on' the' part' of' the'
government'and'although'no'charter'is'in'existence,'it'is'
presumed' that' they' were' duly' incorporated' in' the' first'
place'and'that'their'charters'had'been'lost.'
'
• Basis:'
government' and' the' conduct' of' their' business' against'
attack' grounded' upon' collateral' inquiry' into' the' legality'
of'their'organization'(doctrine'of'operative'fact)'
→ Underlies' the' theory' that' local' units' may' exist' through'
prescription.'
'
• Effects:'
→ Where'there'is'at'least'a'de'facto'municipal'corporation'
- Acts' of' the' entity' will' be' respected' and' will' be'
recognized'as'valid'and'binding'by'the'State'as'if'it'is'
→ No'municipality'corporation'at'all'
- The'acts'of'the'entity'are'not'recognized'as'valid'by'
the'State.'
'
Note:2The'State'controls'the'objects'and'methods'of'the'
creation' of' local' units' and' to' effectuate' a' policy' in' that'
area,'it'should'be'free'to'challenge'local'departures'from'
that' policy.' Long" exercise" of" corporate" powers" without"
question" from" any" quarter" is" not" enough" to" silence" the"
State;'It'might'still'be'directly'attack'the'legal'existence'of'
a' local' unit,' in' a' quo' warranto' or' other' proceedings,' on'
the' ground' that' there' was' no' authority' in' law' for' its'
existence' or' that' there' were' irregularities' in' its'
organization,'as'the'case'may'be.'
• The'State'may'recognized'a'de'facto'corporation'and'render'it'
de'jure'by:'
- Subsequent'legislative'recognition;'or'
- Validation'
"
• Elements:'
a) Valid'law'authorizing'incorporation'
b) Attempt'in'good'faith'to'organize'it'
c) Colorable'compliance'with'law'
'
• What’s'the'relevance'if'it'is'de'jure'and'not'just'de'facto?'
→ When' a' corporation' is' de' jure,' its' existence' cannot' be'
challenged' because' it' is' a' valid' corporation.' If' it' is' de'
facto,'being'defective'in'nature'may'be'challenged.'
'
'
5"
• How'do'we'challenge'the'existence?'TAKE'NOTE'OF'THIS!'
→ Quo' warranto' proceeding' by' the' State' only.' A' direct'
action/attack.'
→ Collateral'attack'is'not'allowed,'as'a'general'rule.'
→ An'exception'is'when'a'municipal'corporation'is'a'TOTAL'
nullity' (not' even' a' de' facto' corporation),' the' charter' is'
declared' void' from' the' beginning' or' when' there' had'
never' been' any' charter' at' all.' And' thus,' it' can' be'
collateral'attack'may'be'availed'of'and'may'be'done'by'a'
private'individual.'
' considered' valid' because' only' 1' year' of' existence,'
• Municipality(of(Candijay(vs.(CA'
→ Same'ruling'in'Jimenez'and'Narciso'case'
→ In'addition,'the'Municipality'of'Alicia'should'benefit'from'
the' effects' of' Section' 442' (d)' of' the' LGC' of' 1991' which'
was' declared' in' Narciso' as' a' “curative' law”' aimed' at'
giving'“validity'to'acts'done'that'would'have'been'invalid'
under' existing' laws,' as' if' existing' laws' have' been'
complied'with.”'
→ Municipality' of' Alicia' attained' the' status' of' de' jure'
municipality.'
' the' principle' of' limited' government.' And' so' almost'
• Sec.' 442' (d)' of' LGC:' “Municipalities' existing' as' of' the' date' of'
the'effectivity'of'this'Code'shall'continue'to'exist'and'operate'
as' such.' Existing' municipal' districts' organized' pursuant' to'
presidential'issuances'or'EOs'and'which"have"their"respective"
set"of"elective"municipal"officials'holding"office"at"the"time"of"
the"effectivity"of"this"Code'shall'henceforth'be'considered'as'
regular'municipalities.”'
→ Take'note'of'these'factual'conditions/elements'that'must'
be'present:'
1) Which' have' their' respective' set' of' elective'
municipal'officials'
2) Holding' office' at' the' time' of' the' effectivity'
of'this'Code'
' national' government' and' the' local' government.' It'
• Sultan(Osop(Camid(vs.(Office(of(the(President'(Municipality'of'
Andong'was'declared'viod'ab'initio'by'the'SC'4'decades'ago.)'
→ Sec.' 442' (d)' of' LGC' is' not' a' blanket' curative' law.' It' does'
not' sanction' the' recognition' of' just' any' municipality.' It'
only' applies' to' those' LGU' who' can' prove' a' continued'
exercise'of'corporate'powers.'
→ SC,' being' not' a' trier' of' facts,' cannot' ascertain' the'
truthfulness' of' petitioner’s' allegation' of' continued'
exercise'of'corporate'powers.'(there'should'have'been'a'
trial'court'that'ascertained'it).'
' '
• Doctrine( of( Operative( Fact,2 applicable2 in2 invalidity2 created2
LGU2 (20042 BAR2 EXAM):2 Suppose' that' one' year' after' Masigla'
was'constituted'as'a'municipality,'the'law'creating'it'is'voided'
because' of' defects.' Would' that' invalidate' the' acts' of' the'
municipality'and/or'its'municipal'officers?2
→ Answer:''No.'Case'of'Mun.(of(Malabang(vs(Benito((1969)2
E.O.'386'creating'the'municipality'in'question'is'
a' nullity' pursuant' to' the' ruling' in' Pelaez' vs'
Auditor' General' and' Mun.' of' San' Joaquin' vs'
Siva.' The' EO' therefore' “created' no' office.”' This'
is'not'to'say,'however,'that'the'acts'done'by'the'
municipality' of' Balabagan' in' the' exercise' of' its'
corporate'powers'are'a'nullity'because'the'E.O.'
is,' in' legal' contemplation,' as' inoperative' as'
By: RLB
though' it' had' never' been' passed.' For' the'
existence' of' EO' 386' is' “an' operative' fact' which'
cannot'justly'be'ignored.”'There'is'then'no'basis'
for' the' respondent’s' apprehension' that' the'
invalidation' of' the' executive' order' creating'
Balabagan' would' have' the' effect' of' unsettling'
many'an'act'done'in'reliance'upon'the'validity'of'
the'creation'of'that'municipality.2
→ Can'Masigla'be'considered'a'de'facto'corporation?"
- No.' Applying' the' case' of' Malabang,' it' cannot' be'
thus,' it' is' not' sufficient' to' be' considered' as' long'
continued'exercise'of'corporate'powers."
"
"
C."Overview"of"the"Philippine"Local"Government"System"
"
• Vertical'Classification'of'Philippine'Local'System:'UNITARY'(as'
distinguished'from'Federal)2
→ We'are'now'living'in'a'generation'where'people'believe'in'
the'principle'of'constitutionalism'such'that'we'believe'in'
always,' the' government' powers' are' limited.' These'
powers'can'be'limited'in'a'lot'of'ways.'Examples'are:2
- Provisions' in' the' Constitution' providing' certain'
prohibitions.'E.g.'Bill'of'Rights2
- Social,' economic' and' political' principles.' E.g.'
Democracy'–'as'embedded'in'our'Consti2
- Distributing'the'powers'of'the'government:2
(1)' Horizontal' –' powers' are' distributed' in' the' 3'
branches' of' government,' namely:' Legislative,'
Executive' and' Judicial.' It' can' be' Presidential'
(separation' of' powers)' or' Parliamentary' (fusion' of'
powers'of'the'legislative'and'executive)'
(2)' Vertical' –' distribution' of' powers' between' the'
can'be'Unitary'and'Federal.2
'
• Federal'Government2
→ The' governmental' powers' are' centered' in' the'
governmental' subdivision' while' they' surrender' some' of'
their'powers'to'create'the'central/federal'government.'
→ A'unitary'government'is'a'single,'centralized'government,'
exercising' powers' over' both' the' internal' and' external'
affairs'of'the'state;'the'powers'are'shared'by'the'national'
government'and'the'local'government.'
• Unitary'Government2
→ The' governmental' powers' reside' in' the' central/national'
government' and' these' are' distributed' to' the' different'
political'subdivision.'
→ A' federal' government' consists' of' autonomous' state'
(local)'government'units'merged'into'a'single'state,'with'
the' national' government' exercising' a' limited' degree' of'
power' over' the' domestic' affairs' but' generally' full'
direction' of' the' external' affairs' of' the' state,' the' powers'
are' divided' by' the' national' government' and' the' local'
government.'
2
→ Powers'granted'to'local'governments'are'enumerated'in'
the' law' that' created' them.' Any' power' that' is' not'
6"
 conferred' to' the' local' government' must,' therefore,' be' a'
power' pertain' to' the' national' government.' (same' as'
residual' power' vested' in' the' president' in' a' horizontal'
form'of'government.)2
' Panlungsod,' like' other' local' legislative' bodies,' has' been'
• Philippines' is' not' purely' a' unitary' government.' We' have'
adopted' a' unique' kind' of' system,' a' decentralization' system'
which' enables' political' subdivisions' to' have' more' autonomy'
compared'to'a'unitary'setbup.2
→ SEC.' 5.' Rules' of' Interpretation.' b' In' the' interpretation' of'
the'provisions'of'this'Code,'the'following'rules'shall'apply:'
(a)' Any' provision' on' a' power' of' a' local' government'
unit' shall' be' liberally' interpreted' in' its' favor,' and' in'
case'of'doubt,'any'question'thereon'shall'be'resolved'
in' favor' of' devolution' of' powers' and' of' the' lower'
local'government'unit.'Any'fair'and'reasonable'doubt'
as'to'the'existence'of'the'power'shall'be'interpreted'
in'favor'of'the'local'government'unit'concerned;'
- Atty.' DBL’s' justification:' To' ensure' local'
autonomy'as'mandated'by'the'Constiution.'
2 Deconcentration"
• Lina(vs(Pano(
→ Ours' is' still' a' unitary' form' of' government,' not' a' federal'
state.' Being' so,' any' form' of' autonomy' granted' to' local'
governments' will' necessarily' be' limited' and' confined'
within' the' extent' allowed' by' the' central' authority.'
Besides,' the' principle' of' local' autonomy' under' the' 1987'
Constitution'simply'means'“decentralization.”'It'does'not'
make'local'governments'sovereign'within'the'state'or'an'
“imperium'in'imperio.”2
2 hereby'declared'the'policy'of'the'State'that'the"territorial"
• Zoomzat,(Inc.(vs(PP(
→ Petitioner' assails' the' findings' of' Special' Prosecutor'
Pascual' that' under' Executive' Order' No.' 205,' it' is' the'
National'Telecommunications'Commission'(NTC),'and'not'
the' local' government' unit,' that' has' the' power' and'
authority' to' allow' or' disallow' the' operation' of' cable'
television.'It'argues'that'while'the'NTC'has'the'authority'
to' grant' the' franchise' to' operate' a' cable' television,' this'
power' is' not' exclusive' because' under' the' Local'
Government'Code,'the'city'council'also'has'the'power'to'
grant' permits,' licenses' and' franchises' in' aid' of' the' local'
government'unit’s'regulatory'or'revenue'raising'powers.2
→ Executive' Order' No.' 205' clearly' provides' that' only' the'
NTC' could' grant' certificates' of' authority' to' cable'
television' operators' and' issue' the' necessary'
implementing' rules' and' regulations.' Likewise,' Executive'
Order' No.' 436,' vests' with' the' NTC' the' regulation' and'
supervision'of'cable'television'industry'in'the'Philippines.'
→ It' is' clear' that' in' the' absence' of' constitutional' or'
legislative'authorization,'municipalities'have'no'power'to'
grant' franchises.' Consequently,' the' protection' of' the'
constitutional' provision' as' to' impairment' of' the'
obligation' of' a' contract' does' not' extend' to' privileges,'
franchises'and'grants'given'by'a'municipality'in'excess'of'
its'powers,'or'ultra'vires.'
→ But,'lest'we'be'misunderstood,'nothing'herein'should'be'
interpreted' as' to' strip' LGUs' of' their' general' power' to'
prescribe'regulations'under'the'general'welfare'clause'of'
the'Local'Government'Code.'It'must'be'emphasized'that'
when' E.O.' No.' 436' decrees' that' the' "regulatory' power"'
By: RLB
shall' be' vested' "solely"' in' the' NTC,' it' pertains' to' the'
"regulatory' power"' over' those' matters,' which' are'
peculiarly'within'the'NTC’s'competence'…'
→ There' is' no' dispute' that' respondent' Sangguniang'
empowered'to'enact'ordinances'and'approve'resolutions'
under' the' general' welfare' clause' of' B.P.' Blg.' 337,' the'
Local' Government' Code' of' 1983.' That' it' continues' to'
possess' such' power' is' clear' under' the' new' law,' R.A.' No.'
7160'(the'Local'Government'Code'of'1991).'
→ Indeed,' under' the' general' welfare' clause' of' the' Local'
Government' Code,' the' local' government' unit' can'
regulate'the'operation'of'cable'television'but'only'when'it'
encroaches'on'public'properties,'such'as'the'use'of'public'
streets,'rights'of'ways,'the'founding'of'structures,'and'the'
parceling' of' large' regions.' Beyond' these' parameters,' its'
acts,' such' as' the' grant' of' the' franchise' to' Spacelink,'
would'be'ultra'vires.'
"
Local" Autonomy," Decentralization," Devolution," and"
"
• Provisions'about'local'autonomy:'
- Art.'II,'Sec'25'(Constitution)—“The'State'shall'ensure'the'
autonomy'of'local'governments.”2
2
- Art.' X,' Sec' 2' (Constitution)—“The' territorial' and' political'
subdivisions'shall'enjoy'local'autonomy.”2
2
- Sec.' 2,' LGC' of' 1991—' Declaration' of' Policy.' b' (a)' It' is'
and" political" subdivisions" of" the" State" shall" enjoy"
genuine"and"meaningful"local"autonomy'to'enable'them'
to' attain' their' fullest' development' as' selfbreliant'
communities' and' make' them' more' effective' partners' in'
the' attainment' of' national' goals.' Toward' this' end,' the'
State'shall'provide'for'a'more'responsive'and'accountable'
local'government'structure'instituted'through'a'system'of'
decentralization'whereby'local'government'units'shall'be'
given' more' powers,' authority,' responsibilities,' and'
resources.' The' process' of' decentralization' shall' proceed'
from' the' national' government' to' the' local' government'
units.'
2
Local"Autonomy"
→ The'degree'of'selfbdetermination'exercised'by'LGUs'visbàb
vis'the'central'government.'The'system'of'achieving'local'
autonomy'is'known'as'decentralization'and'this'system'is'
realized'through'the'process'called'devolution.'
→ In' the' Philippines,' it' is' the' public' administrative' powers'
over'local'affairs'are'delegated'to'political'subdivisions.'It'
refers' to' decentralization' of' administrative' powers' or'
functions.'
'
• Limbona(vs(Mengelin(
→ Generally,' autonomy' is' either' (1)' Decentralization' of'
administration'or'(2)'Decentralization'of'power.2
→ There' is' decentralization" of" administration' when' the'
central' government' delegates' administrative' powers' to'
political'subdivisions'in'order'to'broaden'the'base'of'govt.'
power' and' in' the' process' to' make' local' govts.' “more'
7"
 responsive' and' accountable,”' and' “ensure' their' fullest'
development'as'selfbreliant'communities'and'make'them'
more' effective' partners' in' the' pursuit' of' national'
development'and'social'progress.”2
→ Decentralization" of" power,' on' the' other' hand,' involves'
an' abdication' of' political' power' in' favour' of' local'
government' units' declared' to' be' autonomous.' In' that'
case,'the'autonomous'government'is'free'to'chart'its'own'
destiny' and' shape' its' future' with' minimum' intervention'
from' central' authorities.' According' to' a' constitutional'
author,' decentralization' of' power' amounts' to' “selfb
immolation.”' Since' in' that' event,' the' autonomous'
government' becomes' accountable' not' to' the' central'
authorities'but'to'its'constituency.2
2 country'still'lies'in'the'President'and'Congress.'
• Insofar' as' Autonomous' Region' of' Muslim' Mindanao' is'
concerned,' it' is' important' to' determine' whether' we' have'
granted'decentralization'of'power'in'order'that'the'courts'can'
exercise'judicial'review'over'issues'in'ARMM.'Because'if'there'
is' decentralization' of' power,' then' there' is' total' abdication' of'
power'in'favor'of'LGU.'
! Constitutional'provisions'regarding'abdication'of'power'in'
ARMM:'
o Section" 15.' There' shall' be' created' autonomous'
regions' in' Muslim' Mindanao' and' in' the' Cordilleras'
consisting' of' provinces,' cities,' municipalities,' and'
geographical' areas' sharing' common' and' distinctive'
historical' and' cultural' heritage,' economic' and' social'
structures,' and' other' relevant' characteristics' within"
the"framework"of"this"Constitution"and"the"national"
sovereignty" as" well" as" territorial" integrity" of" the"
Republic"of"the"Philippines.'
' the' various' local' government' units' to' perform' specific' functions'
o Section" 16.' The' President" shall" exercise" general"
supervision'over'autonomous'regions'to'ensure'that'
laws'are'faithfully'executed.'
' and' authority' upon' various' local' government' units' to'
o Section"17.'All'powers,'functions,'and'responsibilities'
not" granted" by" this" Constitution" or" by" law" to" the"
autonomous"regions"shall"be"vested"in"the"National"
Government.'
' of' national' agencies' and' offices' corresponding' to' the'
o Section" 20.' Within' its' territorial' jurisdiction' and'
subject" to" the" provisions" of" this" Constitution" and"
national"laws,'the'organic'act'of'autonomous'regions'
shall'provide'for'legislative'powers'over:'
(1) Administrative'organization;'
(2) Creation'of'sources'of'revenues;'
(3) Ancestral'domain'and'natural'resources;'
(4) Personal,'family,'and'property'relations;'
(5) Regional'urban'and'rural'planning'development;'
(6) Economic,'social,'and'tourism'development;'
(7) Educational'policies;'
(8) Preservation' and' development' of' the' cultural'
heritage;'and'
(9) Such'other'matters'as'may'be'authorized'by'law'
for'the'promotion'of'the'general'welfare'of'the'
people'of'the'region.'
' national'government.'E.g.'central'office'to'regional'office'
By: RLB
! These' are' legal' basis' that' although' ARMM' is' different'
from' the' regular' political' subdivisions,' there' is' no' total'
abdication'of'powers'in'favor'of'ARMM.'
"
Administrative"Powers"of"Political"Powers"
• What' is' the' kind' of' decentralization' adopted' or' practiced' in'
the'Philippines?'
→ Answer:'Pimentel(v.(Aguirre(
! Under'the'Philippine'concept'of'local'autonomy,'the'
national' government' has' not' completely'
relinquished' all' its' powers' over' local' governments,'
including' autonomous' regions.' Only' administrative'
powers' over' local' affairs' are' delegated' to' political'
subdivisions.' Thus,' policybsetting' for' the' entire'
"
Decentralization"
→ A'system'whereby'“local'government'units”'shall'be'given'
more' powers,' authority,' responsibilities,' and' resources.”'
(Sec.'2,'LGC)'
→ The' Process' of' decentralization' shall' proceed' from' the'
National' Government' to' the' local' government' units.'
(Ibid.)'
"
Devolution"
Section"17:'(e)'National'agencies'or'offices'concerned'shall'devolve'
to' local' government' units' the' responsibility' for' the' provision' of'
basic'services'and'facilities'enumerated'in'this'Section'within'six'(6)'
months'after'the'effectivity'of'this'Code.'
'
As' used' in' this' Code,' the' term' "devolution"' refers' to' the' act' by'
which'the'national'government'confers'power'and'authority'upon'
and'responsibilities.'
'
→ The'act'by'which'the'National'Government'confers'power'
perform' specific' functions' and' responsibilities.' [Sec.'
17(4)(e)]'
→ It' shall' include' the' transfer' to' local' government' units' of'
the' records,' equipment,' and' other' assets' and' personnel'
devolved'powers,'functions,'and'responsibilities.'[Ibid.]'
→ The'powers'conferred'are'to'the'local'government'unit'
"
Deconcentration"
SEC."528."Deconcentration"of"Requisite"Authority"and"Power.'
b' The' national' government' shall,' six' (6)' months' after' the'
effectivity'of'this'Code,'effect'the'deconcentration'of'requisite'
authority' and' power' to' the' appropriate' regional' offices' or'
field' offices' of' national' agencies' or' offices' whose' major'
functions'are'not'devolved'to'local'government'units.'
"
→ The' process' of' transferring' authority' and' power' to' the'
appropriate' regional' offices' or' field' offices' of' national'
agencies' or' offices' whose' major' functions' are' not'
devolved'to'local'government'units.'(Sec.'528,'LGC)'
→ The' powers' conferred' are' to' the' local' offices' of' the'
(
(
8"
Basic"Distinctions:" jurisdiction,' subject' to' the' provisions' of' this' Code' and'
1) Local' Autonomy' –' degree' of' selfbdetermination' exercised' by' national'policies;'
LGUs'visbàbvis'the'central'government.' '
2) To' attain' local' autonomy,' a' system' of' Decentralization' is' a' (j)'Effective'mechanisms'for'ensuring'the'accountability'of'
prebrequisite.'' local' government' units' to' their' respective' constituents'
3) To'effect'system'of'decentralization,'a'process'of'Devolution'is' shall'be'strengthened'in'order'to'upgrade'continually'the'
applied.' quality'of'local'leadership;'
4) Deconcentration' refers' to' the' transfer' of' functions' from' '
national' office' to' regional' and' local' offices' involving' (k)' The' realization' of' local' autonomy' shall' be' facilitated'
administrative'functions.' through' improved' coordination' of' national' government'
→ SEC." 3." Operative" Principles" of" Decentralization.' b' The' policies' and' programs' and' extension' of' adequate'
formulation'and'implementation'of'policies'and'measures' technical' and' material' assistance' to' less' developed' and'
on' local' autonomy' shall' be' guided' by' the' following' deserving'local'government'units;'
operative'principles:' '
(a)' There' shall' be' an' effective' allocation' among' the' (l)' The' participation' of' the' private' sector' in' local'
different' local' government' units' of' their' respective' governance,' particularly' in' the' delivery' of' basic' services,'
powers,'functions,'responsibilities,'and'resources;' shall' be' encouraged' to' ensure' the' viability' of' local'
' autonomy' as' an' alternative' strategy' for' sustainable'
(b)' There' shall' be' established' in' every' local' government' development;'and'
unit'an'accountable,'efficient,'and'dynamic'organizational' '
structure' and' operating' mechanism' that' will' meet' the' (m)' The' national' government' shall' ensure' that'
priority' needs' and' service' requirements' of' its' decentralization' contributes' to' the' continuing'
communities;' improvement' of' the' performance' of' local' government'
' units'and'the'quality'of'community'life.'
(c)'Subject'to'civil'service'law,'rules'and'regulations,'local' '
officials' and' employees' paid' wholly' or' mainly' from' local' • PROBLEM:' Even' during' the' 1973' Constitution,' local'
funds'shall'be'appointed'or'removed,'according'to'merit' governments'had'already'been'given'“local'autonomy.”'In'the'
and'fitness,'by'the'appropriate'appointing'authority;' appointment' of' a' Provincial' Accountant,' the' Sec.' of' Dept.' of'
' Budget' and' Management' appoints' from' among' the' list' of'
(d)'The'vesting'of'duty,'responsibility,'and'accountability' nominees' the' Governor' would' submit' to' the' DBM.' This' was'
in' local' government' units' shall' be' accompanied' with' the' case' before' the' Local' Government' Code' of' 1991took'
provision'for'reasonably'adequate'resources'to'discharge' effect.'When'a'Governor'submitted'a'list'of'nominees,'namely'
their' powers' and' effectively' carry' out' their' functions;' X,'Y'and'Z,'for'the'position'of'Prov’l.'Accountant,'none'of'the'
hence,' they' shall' have' the' power' to' create' and' broaden' nominees'was'a'CPA,'which'was'one'of'the'qualifications'for'a'
their'own'sources'of'revenue'and'the'right'to'a'just'share' Prov’l.' Accountant.' The' Sec.' of' DBM' appointed' instead' W,' a'
in' national' taxes' and' an' equitable' share' in' the' proceeds' CPA.'What'are'the'legal'aspects'of'this'case?'
of'the'utilization'and'development'of'the'national'wealth' → Answer:'San(Juan(case'
within'their'respective'areas;' - All' the' assigned' errors' relate' to' the' issue' of'
' whether' or' not' the' private' respondent' is'
(e)' Provinces' with' respect' to' component' cities' and' lawfully' entitled' to' discharge' the' functions' of'
municipalities,' and' cities' and' municipalities' with' respect' PBO'(Provincial'Budget'Officer)'of'Rizal'pursuant'
to' component' barangays,' shall' ensure' that' the' acts' of' to'the'appointment'made'by'public'respondent'
their' component' units' are' within' the' scope' of' their' DBM's' Undersecretary' upon' the'
prescribed'powers'and'functions;' recommendation'of'then'Director'Abella'of'DBM'
' Region'IV.'
(f)' Local' government' units' may' group' themselves,' - The'petitionerbgovernor’s'arguments'rest'on'his'
consolidate' or' coordinate' their' efforts,' services,' and' contention' that' he' has' the' sole' right' and'
resources'for'purposes'commonly'beneficial'to'them;' privilege' to' recommend' the' nominees' to' the'
' position' of' PBO' and' that' the' appointee' should'
(g)' The' capabilities' of' local' government' units,' especially' come' only' from' his' nominees.' In' support'
the' municipalities' and' barangays,' shall' be' enhanced' by' thereof,'he'invokes'Section'1'of'Executive'Order'
providing' them' with' opportunities' to' participate' actively' No.'112.'
in'the'implementation'of'national'programs'and'projects;' - The' issue' before' the' Court' is' not' limited' to' the'
' validity' of' the' appointment' of' one' Provincial'
(h)' There' shall' be' a' continuing' mechanism' to' enhance' Budget' Officer.' The' tug' of' war' between' the'
local' autonomy' not' only' by' legislative' enabling' acts' but' Secretary' of' Budget' and' Management' and' the'
also'by'administrative'and'organizational'reforms;' Governor'of'the'premier'province'of'Rizal'over'a'
' seemingly' innocuous' position' involves' the'
(i)' Local' government' units' shall' share' with' the' national' application' of' a' most' important' constitutional'
government' the' responsibility' in' the' management' and' policy'and'principle,'that'of'local'autonomy.'We"
maintenance'of'ecological'balance'within'their'territorial' have" to" obey" the" clear" mandate" on" local"

By: RLB 9"

 autonomy." Where" a" law" is" capable" of" two"
interpretations," one" in" favor" of" centralized"
power" in" Malacañang" and" the" other" beneficial"
to"local"autonomy,"the"scales"must"be"weighed"
in"favor"of"autonomy.'
- The'exercise'by'local'governments'of'meaningful'
power'has'been'a'national'goal'since'the'turn'of'
the' century.' And' yet,' in' spite' of' constitutional'
provisions' and,' as' in' this' case,' legislation'
mandating' greater' autonomy' for' local' officials,'
national' officers' cannot' seem' to' let' go' of'
centralized' powers.' They' deny' or' water' down'
what'little'grants'of'autonomy'have'so'far'been'
given'to'municipal'corporations.'
- When"the"Civil"Service"Commission"interpreted"
the" recommending" power" of" the" Provincial"
Governor" as" purely" directory," it" went" against"
the" letter" and" spirit" of" the" constitutional"
provisions" on" local" autonomy.' If' the' DBM'
Secretary' jealously' hoards' the' entirety' of'
budgetary'powers'and'ignores'the'right'of'local'
governments' to' develop' selfbreliance' and'
resoluteness'in'the'handling'of'their'own'funds,'
the' goal' of' meaningful' local' autonomy' is'
frustrated'and'set'back.'
- The' PBO' is' expected' to' synchronize' his' work'
with' DBM.' More' important,' however,' is' the'
proper'administration'of'fiscal'affairs'at'the'local'
level.' Provincial' and' municipal' budgets' are'
prepared'at'the'local'level'and'after'completion'
are' forwarded' to' the' national' officials' for'
review.' They' are' prepared' by' the' local' officials'
who' must' work' within' the' constraints' of' those'
budgets.' They' are' not' formulated' in' the' inner'
sanctums' of' an' allbknowing' DBM' and'
unilaterally' imposed' on' local' governments'
whether'or'not'they'are'relevant'to'local'needs'
and' resources.' It' is' for' this' reason' that' there'
should' be' a' genuine' interplay,' a' balancing' of'
viewpoints,' and' a' harmonization' of' proposals'
from'both'the'local'and'national'officials.'It'is'for'
this' reason' that' the' nomination' and'
appointment' process' involves' a' sharing' of'
power'between'the'two'levels'of'government.'
- Our' national' officials' should' not' only' comply'
with' the' constitutional' provisions' on' local'
autonomy' but' should' also' appreciate' the' spirit'
of' liberty' upon' which' these' provisions' are'
based.'
→ Also,'The'affirmation'that'the'Philippines'is'still'a'Unitary'
government'and'the'guarantee'that'LGUs'shall'enjoy'local'
autonomy' create' a' tension' between' the' national'
governments'and'the'local'governments.'
' including' the' power' of' taxation.' Accordingly,' the' charter'
• Magtajas(Case'(PAGCOR'wants'to'build'a'Casino'in'CDO)(
→ The' rationale' of' the' requirement' that' the' ordinances'
should' not' contravene' a' statute' is' obvious.' Municipal'
governments'are'only'agents'of'the'national'government.'
Local' councils' exercise' only' delegated' legislative' powers'
conferred' on' them' by' Congress' as' the' national' lawb
making' body.' The' delegate' cannot' be' superior' to' the'
By: RLB
principal' or' exercise' powers' higher' than' those' of' the'
latter.'
→ The' basic' relationship' between' the' national' legislature'
and' the' local' government' units' has' not' been' enfeebled'
by' the' new' provisions' in' the' Constitution' strengthening'
the'policy'of'local'autonomy.'Without'meaning'to'detract'
from' that' policy,' we' here' confirm' that' Congress' retains'
control' of' the' local' government' units' although' in'
significantly'reduced'degree'now'than'under'our'previous'
Constitutions.'
'
• Lina(Case(
→ Since'Congress'has'allowed'the'PCSO'to'operate'lotteries'
which' PCSO' seeks' to' conduct' in' Laguna,' pursuant' to' its'
legislative'grant'of'authority,'the'province’s'Sangguniang'
Panlalawigan'cannot'nullify'the'exercise'of'said'authority'
by'preventing'something'already'allowed'by'Congress.'
→ Ours"is"still"a"unitary"form"of"government,"not"a"federal"
state." Being" so," any" form" of" autonomy" granted" to" local"
governments" will" necessarily" be" limited" and" confined"
within" the" extent" allowed" by" the" central" authority."
Besides,"the"principle"of"local"autonomy"under"the"1987"
Constitution" simply" means" "decentralization"." It" does"
not" make" local" governments" sovereign" within" the" state"
or"an""imperium"in"imperio"."(empire"within"an"empire)"
→ To' conclude' our' resolution' of' the' first' issue,' respondent'
mayor' of' San' Pedro,' cannot' avail' of' Kapasiyahan' Bilang'
508,' Taon' 1995,' of' the' Provincial' Board' of' Laguna' as'
justification' to' prohibit' lotto' in' his' municipality.' For' said'
resolution' is' nothing' but' an' expression' of' the' local'
legislative' unit' concerned.' The' Board's' enactment,' like'
spring' water,' could' not' rise' above' its' source' of' power,'
the'national'legislature.'
→ In' sum,' we' find' no' reversible' error' in' the' RTC' decision'
enjoining' Mayor' Cataquiz' from' enforcing' or'
implementing' the' Kapasiyahan' Blg.' 508,' T.' 1995,' of' the'
Sangguniang' Panlalawigan' of' Laguna.' That' resolution'
expresses' merely' a' policy' statement' of' the' Laguna'
provincial' board.' It' possesses' no' binding' legal' force' nor'
requires' any' act' of' implementation.' It' provides' no'
sufficient' legal' basis' for' respondent' mayor's' refusal' to'
issue' the' permit' sought' by' private' respondent' in'
connection'with'a'legitimate'business'activity'authorized'
by'a'law'passed'by'Congress.'
'
• Laguna( Lake( Dev’t.( Authority( case' (upheld' the' authority' of'
the'central'government)(
→ The'power'of'the'Authority'to'grant'permits'for'fishpens,'
fishcages,' and' other' aquabculture' structures' is' for' the'
purpose'of'effectively'regulating'and'monitoring'activities'
in'the'Laguna'de'Bay'region.'It'does'partake'of'the'nature'
of' police' power' which' is' the' most' pervasive,' the' least'
limitable' and' the' most' demanding' of' all' State' powers'
of'the'Authority'which'embodies'a'valid'exercise'of'police'
power'should'prevail'over'the'Local'Government'Code'of'
1991'on'matters'affecting'Laguna'de'Bay.'
'
• To' resolve' the' conflicts' of' cases' involving' whose' authority'
should'prevail:'
10"
 → If'the'legal'issues'are'clear'in'favor'of'central'government,' • Kinds"of"Cities:"
the' proper' judicial' reasoning' should' be' in' favor' of' the' 1. Component" City' –' not' qualified' to' be' highly' urbanized;'
central' government' because' we' are' in' a' unitary' setbup.' inhabitants'can'vote'for'provincial'candidates'and'can'run'
But'in'a'situation'where'there'is'doubt'such'that'the'law' for' provincial' elective' posts' =' under' the' supervisory'
is' not' clear' that' it' favors' central' authority,' it' should' be' power'of'the'province.'
resolve'in'favor'of'local'autonomy.'To'the'extent'that'no' 2. Independent"Component"City'–'independent'in'the'sense'
national'authority'is'prejudiced'in'that'interpretation.' that' the' charter' prohibits' the' voters' from' voting' for'
' provincial'elective'posts'='outside'the'supervisory'power'
• PROBLEM:' A' law' was' passed' calling' for' the' abolition' of' of'the'province.'(Abella(vs(Comelec)'
barangays.'Is'the'law'unconstitutional?'Why'or'why'not?' 3. Highly" Urbanized" City' –' independent' from' province' by'
→ It'is'unconstitutional.'Section'1,'Article'10'of'our' reason' of' status' =' outside' the' supervisory' power' of' the'
Constitution'does'not'create'local'government'units.'It' province.'
only'constitutionally'ensures'the'existence'of'these' '
territorial'and'political'units'in'our'structure'(Bernas).' • Abella(vs(Comelec((1991)(
Hence,'a'law'cannot,'for'example,'abolish'barangays.' → The'main'issue'in'these'consolidated'petitions'centers'on'
→ While' it' is' true' that' Congress' has' the' power' to' create' a' who' is' the' rightful' governor' of' the' province' of' Leyte' 1)'
LGUs' but' that' power' should' refer' to' create' a' SPECIFIC' petitioner' Adelina' Larrazabal' (G.R.' No.' 100739)' who'
LGU.'And'so'the'power'to'destroy'should'also'refer'to'the' obtained' the' highest' number' of' votes' in' the' local'
power'to'abolish'a'SPECIFIC'LGU,'assuming'the'conditions' elections'of'February'1,'1988'and'was'proclaimed'as'the'
for' abolition' are' present.' But' to' abolish' ALL' barangays' duly'elected'governor'but'who'was'later'declared'by'the'
and' consequently,' abolish' a' barangay' system' is' not' Commission' on' Elections' (COMELEC)' "...' to' lack' both'
allowed'because'of'Sec.'1,'Art.'10'of'the'Constitution.' residence' and' registration' qualifications' for' the' position'
' of' Governor' of' Leyte' as' provided' by' Art.' X,' Section' 12,'
→ Section" 1," Article" 10," Constitution' –' The' territorial' and' Philippine' Constitution' in' relation' to' Title' II,' Chapter' I,'
political'subdivision'of'the'Republic'of'the'Philippines'are' Sec.' 42,' B.P.' Blg.' 137' and' Sec.' 89,' R.A.' No.' 179' and' is'
the'provinces,'cities,'municipalities'and'barangays.'There' hereby'disqualified'as'such'Governor"'
shall' be' autonomous' regions' in' Muslim' Mindanao' and' → Failing' in' her' contention' that' she' is' a' resident' and'
the'Cordilleras'as'hereinafter'provided.' registered' voter' of' Kananga,' Leyte,' the' petitioner' poses'
' an'alternative'position'that'her'being'a'registered'voter'in'
→ Section" 12," Article" 10," Constitution' –' Cities' that' are' Ormoc' City' was' no' impediment' to' her' candidacy' for' the'
highly' urbanized,' as' determined' by' law,' and' component' position'of'governor'of'the'province'of'Leyte.'
cities'whose'charters'prohibit'their'voters'from'voting'for' → Section'12,'Article'X'of'the'Constitution'provides:'
provincial' elective' officials,' shall' be' independent' of' the' Cities' that' are' highly' urbanized,' as' determined'
province.' The' voters' of' component' cities' within' a' by' law,' and' component' cities' whose' charters'
province,' whose' charters' contain' no' such' prohibition,' prohibit' their' voters' from' voting' for' provincial'
shall' not' be' deprived' of' their' right' to' vote' for' elective' elective' officials,' shall' be' independent' of' the'
provincial'officials.' province.'The'voters'of'component'cities'within'
a' province,' whose' charters' contain' no' such'
prohibition,' shall' not' be' deprived' of' their' right'
Territorial"and"Political"Subdivisions:" to'vote'for'elective'provincial'officials.'
Regular'LGUs' Provinces,'Cities,'Municipalities,' → Section' 89' of' Republic' Act' No.' 179' creating' the' City' of'
and'Barangays' Ormoc'provides:'
Autonomous' Muslim'Mindanao'and' Election'of'provincial'governor'and'members'of'
Regions' Cordilleras' the' Provincial' Board' of' the' members' of' the'
bArt.'X'Sec'1'(Consti)' Provincial'Board'of'the'Province'of'Leyte'—'The'
Special'LGUs' Special'Metropolitan'Political' qualified' voters' of' Ormoc' City' shall' not' be'
Subdivisions' qualified' and' entitled' to' vote' in' the' election' of'
bArt.'X'Sec'11'(Consti)' the'provincial'governor'and'the'members'of'the'
' provincial'board'of'the'Province'of'Leyte.'
' → Relating' therefore,' section' 89' of' R.A.' 179' to' section' 12,'
• Problem:" You' are' asked' about' the' extent' of' the' powers' of' a' Article' X' of' the' Constitution' one' comes' up' with' the'
Province' over' a' city' which' is' geographically' situated' in' the' following' conclusion:' that' Ormoc' City' when' organized'
same' province.' How' will' you' respond?' In' particular,' may' the' was' not' yet' a' highlyburbanized' city' but' is,' nevertheless,'
Provincial' Board' or' SP' set' aside' an' oridance' of' a' city' that' is' considered'independent'of'the'province'of'Leyte'to'which'
geographically' situated' in' the' province?' What' about' the' EOs' it'is'geographically'attached'because'its'charter'prohibits'
of' the' Mayor' of' that' city,' may' they' be' set' aside' by' the' its' voters' from' voting' for' the' provincial' elective' officials.'
governor?'May'the'resident'of'that'city'run'for'Governor?' The' question' now' is' whether' or' not' the' prohibition'
' against'the''city's'registered'voters''electing'the'provincial'
→ It'depends.'(Distinguish'the'kinds'of'cities)" officials'necessarily'mean,'a'prohibition'of'the'registered'
' voters'to'be'elected'as'provincial'officials.'
'

By: RLB 11"

 → The' petitioner' citing' section' 4,' Article' X' of' the'
Constitution,'to'wit:'
Sec.'4.'The'President'of'the'Philippines'shall'exercise'
general' supervision' over' local' governments.'
Provinces' with' respect' to' component' cities' and'
municipalities' and' cities' and' municipalities' with'
respect' to' component' barangays,' shall' ensure' that'
the' acts' of' their' component' units' are' within' the'
scope'of'their'prescribed'powers'and'functions.'
→ submits' that' "while' a' Component' City' whose' charter'
prohibits'its'voters'from'participating'in'the'elections'for'
provincial' office,' is' indeed' independent' of' the' province,'
such' independence' cannot' be' equated' with' a' highly'
urbanized' city;' rather' it' is' limited' to' the' administrative'
supervision' aspect,' and' nowhere' should' it' lead' to' the'
conclusion' that' said' voters' are' likewise' prohibited' from'
running'for'the'provincial'offices."'(Petition,'p.'29)'
→ The' argument' is' untenable.' Section' 12,' Article' X' of' the'
Constitution'is'explicit'in'that'aside'from'highlyburbanized'
cities,' component' cities' whose' charters' prohibit' their'
voters' from' voting' for' provincial' elective' officials' are'
independent' of' the' province.' In' the' same' provision,' it'
provides' for' other' component' cities' within' a' province'
whose' charters' do' not' provide' a' similar' prohibition.'
Necessarily,' component' cities' like' Ormoc' City' whose'
charters' prohibit' their' voters' from' voting' for' provincial'
elective' officials' are' treated' like' highly' urbanized' cities'
which'are'outside'the'supervisory'power'of'the'province'
to' which' they' are' geographically' attached.' This'
independence' from' the' province' carries' with' it' the'
prohibition'or'mandate'directed'to'their'registered'voters'
not' to' vote' and' be' voted' for' the' provincial' elective'
offices.' The' resolution' in' G.R.' No.' 80716' entitled' Peralta'
v.' The' Commission' on' Elections,' et' al.' dated' December'
10,' 1987' applies' to' this' case.' While' the' cited' case'
involves' Olongapo' City' which' is' classified' as' a' highly'
urbanized'city,'the'same'principle'is'applicable.'
→ Moreover,'Section'89'of'Republic'Act'179,'independent'of'
the'constitutional'provision,'prohibits'registered'voters'of'
Ormoc' City' from' voting' and' being' voted' for' elective'
offices' in' the' province' of' Leyte.' We' agree' with' the'
COMELEC'en'banc'that'"the'phrase''shall'not'be'qualified'
and' entitled' to' vote' in' the' election' of' the' provincial'
governor'and'the'members'of'the'provincial'board'of'the'
Province'of'Leyte''connotes'two'prohibitions'—'one,'from'
running'for'and'the'second,'from'voting'for'any'provincial'
elective'official.""
→ The'phrase'“shall2not2be2qualified2and2entitled2to2vote2in2
the2 election2 of2 the2 provincial2 governor2 and2 the2 members2
of2the2provincial2board2of2the2Province2of2Leyte”2as'found'
in' the' Charter' of' Ormoc' City' (ICC)' connotes' two'
prohibitions:'
o From'running'for'provincial'elective'posts'
o From'voting'for'provincial'candidates'
' Agreement.'
• Query:"A'highly'urbanized'city'is'independent'of'the'province'
where'it'is'geographically'located.'Consequently,'its'residents'
cannot' run' for' provincial' posts' and' cannot' as' well' vote' for'
provincial'candidates.'Mandaue'City'of'Cebu'is'a'HUC,'but'its'
residents' can' still' run' for' provincial' post' and' can' vote' for'
provincial'candidates.'How'was'that'possible?"
By: RLB
→ Although' Sec.' 12,' Art.' 10' of' the' Constitution' mandates'
HUCs' are' independent' from' the' province' and' thus,'
outside' the' supervisory' power' of' the' province,' Sec.' 452'
of'the'LGC'provides'a'vested'right'for'the'voters'provided'
that'the'conditions'required'are'met."
→ SEC' 452b' Highly' Urbanized' City' –' xxx' (c)' Qualified' voters'
of' cities,' who' acquire" the" right" to" vote" for" elective"
provincial"officers"prior"to"the"classification"of"said"cities"
as" HUC' after" the" ratification" of" the" Constitution' and'
before" the" effectivity" of" this" Code,' shall' continue' to'
exercise'such'right.'
'
• Special"Metropolitan"Political"Subdivisions"
→ Sec."11"Art."10"consti"–'The'Congress'may,'by'law,'create'
special' metropolitan' political' subdivisions,' subject' to' a'
plebiscite' as' set' forth' in' Section' 10' hereof.' The'
component' cities' and' municipalities' shall' retain' their'
basic' autonomy' and' shall' be' entitled' to' their' own' local'
executive' and' legislative' assemblies.' The' jurisdiction' of'
the' metropolitan' authority' that' will' thereby' be' created'
shall'be'limited'to'basic'services'requiring'coordination.'
→ Created'by'Congress'and'requires'plebiscite'
→ The'component'cities'and'municipalities'shall'retain'their'
basic' autonomy' and' shall' be' entitled' to' their' own' local'
executives'and'legislative'assemblies'
→ Jurisdiction' is' limited' to' basic' services' requiring'
coordination'
'
• MMDA(vs(BelPAir(Village'
→ MMDA'is'not'an'LGU,'nor'a'Special'Metropolitan'political'
subdivision'because'there'was'no'plebiscite'held'after'the'
law' that' created' it' was' enacted' and' the' President'
exercises'not'just'supervision'but'control'over'it.'
→ MMDA'has'purely'administrative'function'
→ Because' MMDA' is' not' a' political' subdivision,' it' cannot'
exercise'political'power'like'police'power.'
'
• Loose"Federation"of"LGUs"
→ Sec.' 13' Art.' 10' Consti' –' Local' government' units' may'
group'themselves,'consolidate'or'coordinate'their'efforts,'
services,'and'resources'for'purposes'commonly'beneficial'
to'them'in'accordance'with'law.'
→ Section' 33.' Cooperative' Undertakings' Among' Local'
Government' Units.' b' Local' government' units' may,'
through' appropriate' ordinances,' group' themselves,'
consolidate,' or' coordinate' their' efforts,' services,' and'
resources' for' purposes' commonly' beneficial' to' them.' In'
support'of'such'undertakings,'the'local'government'units'
involved' may,' upon' approval' by' the' sanggunian'
concerned' after' a' public' hearing' conducted' for' the'
purpose,' contribute' funds,' real' estate,' equipment,' and'
other' kinds' of' property' and' appoint' or' assign' personnel'
under'such'terms'and'conditions'as'may'be'agreed'upon'
by' the' participating' local' units' through' Memoranda' of'
'
Take" note:'The'resultant'consolidation'will'not'be'a'new'
corporate' body.' Why?' Because' the' requirement' that' an'
LGU' should' be' created' by' law' is' of' constitutional' origin.'
That' requirement' remains,' so' that' it' cannot' be' done'
12"
 either'by'MOA'or'ordinance.'It'has'to'be'by'law.'It'cannot'
be'given'a'separate'personality.'
' 2. The'Local'Tax'Code'(PD'201)'
→ Sec.' 14' Art.' 10' consti' –' The' President' shall' provide' for'
regional' development' councils' or' other' similar' bodies'
composed'of'local'government'officials,'regional'heads'of'
departments' and' other' government' offices,' and'
representatives' from' nonbgovernmental' organizations'
within' the' regions' for' purposes' of' administrative'
decentralization'to'strengthen'the'autonomy'of'the'units'
therein'and'to'accelerate'the'economic'and'social'growth'
and'development'of'the'units'in'the'region."
→ LGUs' may' group' themselves,' consolidate' or' coordinate'
their' efforts,' services,' and' resources' for' purposes'
commonly'beneficial'to'them'in'accordance'with'law.'(Sec'
13'Art'X'Consti)'
→ How?' (1)' Thru' Ordinaces;' (2)' Upon' approval' by' the'
Sanggunian' concerned,' after' lawful' hearing,' then'
contribute'funds'and'assets'thru'MOA'(Sec'33,'LGC)'
' '
• May' this' federation' or' consolidation' of' LGU' enter' into'
contracts?'If'yes,'how'may'the'federation'or'consolidation'of'
LGUs'enter'into'contracts?'Under'what'name?'
→ The'resultant'consolidation'would'not'be'a'new'corporate'
body,' and' therefore,' it' does' not' have' a' personality.' It'
cannot'act'as'if'it'is'a'“person”'who'can'act'with'juridical'
effects.'
→ What' are' consolidated' are' not' corporate' personalities'
but' only' “efforts,' services,' and' resources”' for' purposes'
commonly'beneficial'to'them.'
' administrative'regulations,'or'part'or'parts'thereof'which'
• Regional"Development"Councils"
→ To' be' established' by' the' President' and' does' not' need'
authorization'from'Congress.'
→ Composedd' of' LG' officials,' regional' heads' of' Depts.,' and'
other' government' offices' and' representatives' of' NGOs'
within'the'region.'
' national'gov’t.'as'provided'by'the'Code."
The"Local"Government"Code"of"1991"
" •
• Sec." 3" Art." 10" consti" –' The' Congress' shall' enact' a' local'
government' code' which' shall' provide' for' a' more' responsive'
and' accountable' local' government' structure' instituted'
through' a' system' of' decentralization' with' effective'
mechanisms' of' recall,' initiative,' and' referendum,' allocate'
among' the' different' local' government' units' their' powers,'
responsibilities,' and' resources,' and' provide' for' the'
qualifications,' election,' appointment' and' removal,' term,'
salaries,'powers'and'functions'and'duties'of'local'officials,'and'
all'other'matters'relating'to'the'organization'and'operation'of'
the'local'units.2
→ Constitutionally'mandated'(Art'X'Sec'3)'
→ Mandatory'contends'of'the'Code:'
- Responsive'and'accountable'structure'
- System'of'decentralization'
- Mechanism'of'recall,'initiative'and'referendum'
- Allocation' of' powers,' responsibilities' and' functions'
of'LGUs'
- Qualifications,'elections,'etc.'of'elective'officials.'
' by' any' local' government' unit' pursuant' to' the' provisions'
'
By: RLB
• Sources"of"the"Code:"(Codified)"
1. The'LGC'of'1983'(BP'Blg.'337)'
3. The'Real'Property'Tax'Code'(PD'464)'
4. Barangay'Justice'Law'(PD'1508)'
'
• Scope"and"Application"of"the"Code"
" Section"4."Scope"of"Application.'b'This'Code'shall'apply'to'
all' provinces,' cities,' municipalities,' barangays,' and' other'
political' subdivisions' as' may' be' created' by' law,' and,' to'
the' extent' herein' provided,' to' officials,' offices,' or'
agencies'of'the'national'government.'
'
" Section" 526." Application" of" this" Code" to" Local"
Government" Units" in" the" Autonomous" Regions.' b' This'
Code'shall'apply'to'all'provinces,'cities,'municipalities'and'
barangays' in' the' autonomous' regions' until' such' time' as'
the'regional'government'concerned'shall'have'enacted'its'
own'local'government'code.'
" Section"529."Tax"Ordinances"or"Revenue"Measures."b'All'
existing' tax' ordinances' or' revenue' measures' of' local'
government'units'shall'continue'to'be'in'force'and'effect'
after' the' effectivity' of' this' Code' unless' amended' by' the'
sanggunian' concerned,' or' inconsistent' with,' or' in'
violation'of,'the'provisions'of'this'Code.'
'
" Section"534."Repealing"Clause.'–'
(f)' All' general' and' special' laws,' acts,' city' charters,'
decrees,' executive' orders,' proclamations' and'
are' inconsistent' with' any' of' the' provisions' of' this' Code'
are'hereby'repealed'or'modified'accordingly.'
→ The' code' shall' apply' to:' Provinces,' Cities,'
Municipalities,' and' Barangays' and' other' political'
subdivisions'created'by'law."
→ It' shall' also' apply' to' officials' and' offices' of' the'
"
What2about2Provinces,2Cities,2Municipalities,2and2Barangays2in2
the2Autonomous2Regions2(ARs)?2
→ LGC'applies'until'AR'has'its'own'Code.'
'
• Rules"of"Interpretation"
→ Section"5."Rules"of"Interpretation.'b'In'the'interpretation'
of' the' provisions' of' this' Code,' the' following' rules' shall'
apply:'
(a)' Any' provision' on' a' power' of' a' local' government' unit'
shall' be' liberally' interpreted' in' its' favor,' and' in' case' of'
doubt,'any'question'thereon'shall'be'resolved'in'favor'of'
devolution'of'powers'and'of'the'lower'local'government'
unit.'Any'fair'and'reasonable'doubt'as'to'the'existence'of'
the' power' shall' be' interpreted' in' favor' of' the' local'
government'unit'concerned;'
'
(b)' In' case' of' doubt,' any' tax' ordinance' or' revenue'
measure' shall' be' construed' strictly' against' the' local'
government' unit' enacting' it,' and' liberally' in' favor' of' the'
taxpayer.' Any' tax' exemption,' incentive' or' relief' granted'
13"
 of'this'Code'shall'be'construed'strictly'against'the'person'
claiming'it.'
' or'the'towns'and'municipalities'comprising'the'region'—'
(c)' The' general' welfare' provisions' in' this' Code' shall' be'
liberally' interpreted' to' give' more' powers' to' local'
government' units' in' accelerating' economic' development'
and' upgrading' the' quality' of' life' for' the' people' in' the'
community;'
' the'Laguna'Lake'Development'Authority'and'granting'the'
(d)' Rights' and' obligations' existing' on' the' date' of'
effectivity'of'this'Code'and'arising'out'of'contracts'or'any'
other'source'of'presentation'involving'a'local'government'
unit' shall' be' governed' by' the' original' terms' and'
conditions'of'said'contracts'or'the'law'in'force'at'the'time'
such'rights'were'vested;'and'
' Republic'Act'No.'4850'and'its'amendments.'The'repeal'of'
(e)' In' the' resolution' of' controversies' arising' under' this'
Code' where' no' legal' provision' or' jurisprudence' applies,'
resort' may' be' had' to' the' customs' and' traditions' in' the'
place'where'the'controversies'take'place.'
→ Liberal' interpretation' in' favour' of' LGUs,' Devolution' of'
powers,'and'General'Welfare'ordinances"
→ In' case' of' doubt' as' to' existence' of' power,' resolved' in'
favour'of'LGU.'(vs'residual'power'doctrine)"
→ But' in' tax' ordinances' are' construed' strictly' against' the'
LGU'and'liberally'in'favour'of'taxpayer."
→ Where' no' law' of' jurisprudence' applies,' customs' or'
traditions' in' the' locality' may' be' applied' to' resolve'
controversies."
' statute,'provided'for'a'particular'case'or'class'of'cases,'is'
• Effectivity"of"LGC"
→ Section" 536." Effectivity" Clause.' b' This' Code' shall' take'
effect' on' January' first,' nineteen' hundred' ninetybtwo,'
unless' otherwise' provided' herein,' after' its' complete'
publication' in' at' least' one' (1)' newspaper' of' general'
circulation.'
→ January'1,'1992"
→ Effects:'"
1. All'tax'ordinances'or'revenue'measures'of'LGUs'
enacted'before'the'LGC'of'1991'shall2continue2to2
be2 in2 fore2 and2 effect' after' the' effectivity' of' the'
LGC,' unless' amended' by' the' Sanggunian' or'
inconsistent2with2or2in2violation2of2the2provisions2
of2the2code.2Sec'529'LGC."
2. All' general' and' special' laws,' acts,' city' charters,'
decrees,' EOs,' Proclamations,' and' admin'
regulations'or'parts'thereof'that'are'inconsistent'
with' any' of' the' provisions' of' the' Code' are'
repealed' or' modified' accordingly.' Sec' 534' (f),'
LGC."
# Note:' Implied' Repeal' is' not' favoured'
(see'LLDA(case)"
' structures'is'for'the'purpose'of'effectively'regulating'and'
• Laguna(Lake(Development(Authority(vs(CA'b'The'provisions'of'
the' LGC' do' not' necessarily' repeal' the' laws' creating' the' LLDA'
and'granting'the'latter'water'rights'authority'over'Laguna'de'
Bay'and'the'lake'region.'
→ In' this' petition' for' certiorari,' prohibition' and' injunction,'
the' Authority' contends:' The' Honorable' CA' committed'
serious' error' when' it' ruled' that' the' power' to' issue' fish'
pen' permits' in' Laguna' de' Bay' has' been' devolved' to'
By: RLB
concerned' (lakeshore)' LGUs.' Which' agency' of' the'
Government' —' the' Laguna' Lake' Development' Authority'
should' exercise' jurisdiction' over' the' Laguna' Lake' and' its'
environs' insofar' as' the' issuance' of' permits' for' fishery'
privileges'is'concerned?'
→ We'hold'that'the'provisions'of'Republic'Act'No.'7160'do'
not' necessarily' repeal' the' aforementioned' laws' creating'
latter'water'rights'authority'over'Laguna'de'Bay'and'the'
lake'region.'
→ The'Local'Government'Code'of'1991'does'not'contain'any'
express'provision'which'categorically'expressly'repeal'the'
charter'of'the'Authority.'It'has'to'be'conceded'that'there'
was' no' intent' on' the' part' of' the' legislature' to' repeal'
laws'should'be'made'clear'and'expressed.'
→ Considering'the'reasons'behind'the'establishment'of'the'
Authority,' which' are' environmental' protection,'
navigational' safety,' and' sustainable' development,' there'
is' every' indication' that' the' legislative' intent' is' for' the'
Authority'to'proceed'with'its'mission.'
→ It'has'to'be'conceded'that'the'charter'of'the'Laguna'Lake'
Development' Authority' constitutes' a' special' law.'
Republic' Act' No.' 7160,' the' Local' Government' Code' of'
1991,'is'a'general'law.'It'is'basic'in'statutory'construction'
that'the'enactment'of'a'later'legislation'which'is'a'general'
law'cannot'be'construed'to'have'repealed'a'special'law.'It'
is' a' wellbsettled' rule' in' this' jurisdiction' that' "a' special'
not' repealed' by' a' subsequent' statute,' general' in' its'
terms,' provisions' and' application,' unless' the' intent' to'
repeal' or' alter' is' manifest,' although' the' terms' of' the'
general' law' are' broad' enough' to' include' the' cases'
embraced'in'the'special'law."'
→ Where' there' is' a' conflict' between' a' general' law' and' a'
special' statute,' the' special' statute' should' prevail' since' it'
evinces' the' legislative' intent' more' clearly' than' the'
general' statute.' The' special' law' is' to' be' taken' as' an'
exception' to' the' general' law' in' the' absence' of' special'
circumstances' forcing' a' contrary' conclusion.' This' is'
because' implied' repeals' are' not' favored' and' as' much' as'
possible,' effect' must' be' given' to' all' enactments' of' the'
legislature.'A'special'law'cannot'be'repealed,'amended'or'
altered'by'a'subsequent'general'law'by'mere'implication.'
→ Thus,' it' has' to' be' concluded' that' the' charter' of' the'
Authority'should'prevail'over'the'Local'Government'Code'
of'1991.'The'power'of'the'local'government'units'to'issue'
fishing' privileges' was' clearly' granted' for' revenue'
purposes.'
→ On' the' other' hand,' the' power' of' the' Authority' to' grant'
permits' for' fish' pens,' fish' cages' and' other' aquabculture'
monitoring'activities'in'the'Laguna'de'Bay'region'(Section'
2,' Executive' Order' No.' 927)' and' for' lake' quality' control'
and'management.'It'does'partake'of'the'nature'of'police'
power'which'is'the'most'pervasive,'the'least'limitable'and'
the' most' demanding' of' all' State' powers' including' the'
power' of' taxation.' Accordingly,' the' charter' of' the'
Authority' which' embodies' a' valid' exercise' of' police'
14"
 power'should'prevail'over'the'Local'Government'Code'of'
1991'on'matters'affecting'Laguna'de'Bay.'
→ Removal' from' the' Authority' of' the' aforesaid' licensing'
authority' will' render' nugatory' its' avowed' purpose' of'
protecting' and' developing' the' Laguna' Lake' Region.'
Otherwise' stated,' the' abrogation' of' this' power' would'
render' useless' its' reason' for' being' and' will' in' effect'
denigrate,' if' not' abolish,' the' Laguna' Lake' Development'
Authority.' This,' the' Local' Government' Code' of' 1991' had'
never'intended'to'do.'
" bounds" with" technical" descriptions;' and'
Creation," Conversion," Division," Merger," Abolition," Substantial"
Change"of"Boundary"
A. Regular'Political'Subdivisions'
B. Autonomous'regions'
C. Special'Metropolitan'Political'Subdivisions'
D. Beginning'of'Corporate'Existence'
' National' Statistics' Office' (NSO),' and' the' Lands'
• General"Requirements"in"the"creation"or"conversion"LGU:"
1. Law'
2. Plebiscite'
3. Compliance' with' Criteria' on' Income,' Land,' &/or'
Population'
' boundaries' of' local' government' units' shall' take' effect'
- Constitutional'Mandate:'
→ Section" 10.' No' province,' city,' municipality,' or' barangay'
may' be' created,' divided,' merged,' abolished,' or' its'
boundary'substantially'altered,'except'in'accordance'with'
the'criteria'established'in'the'local'government'code'and'
subject' to' approval' by' a' majority' of' the' votes' cast' in' a'
plebiscite'in'the'political'units'directly'affected.'
→ Section" 11.' The' Congress' may,' by' law,' create' special'
metropolitan'political'subdivisions,'subject'to'a'plebiscite'
as' set' forth' in' Section' 10' hereof.' The' component' cities'
and' municipalities' shall' retain' their' basic' autonomy' and'
shall' be' entitled' to' their' own' local' executive' and'
legislative' assemblies.' The' jurisdiction' of' the'
metropolitan' authority' that' will' thereby' be' created' shall'
be'limited'to'basic'services'requiring'coordination.'
' except'in'accordance'with'the'criteria'established'in'
- Local'Government'Code'provisions:'
→ Section"6."Authority"to"Create"Local"Government"Units."b'
A'local'government'unit'may'be'created,'divided,'merged,'
abolished,'or'its'boundaries'substantially'altered'either'by'
law' enacted' by' Congress' in' the' case' of' a' province,' city,'
municipality,' or' any' other' political' subdivision,' or' by'
ordinance' passed' by' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan' or'
sangguniang' panlungsod' concerned' in' the' case' of' a'
barangay'located'within'its'territorial'jurisdiction,'subject'
to' such' limitations' and' requirements' prescribed' in' this'
Code.'
' municipality' or' a' cluster' of' barangays' may' be'
→ Section" 7." Creation" and" Conversion.' b' As' a' general' rule,'
the'creation'of'a'local'government'unit'or'its'conversion'
from' one' level' to' another' level' shall' be' based' on'
verifiable'indicators'of'viability'and'projected'capacity'to'
provide'services,'to'wit:'
- Income.' b' It' must' be' sufficient,' based' on'
acceptable'standards,'to'provide'for'all'essential'
government' facilities' and' services' and' special'
functions' commensurate' with' the' size' of' its'
By: RLB
population,'as'expected'of'the'local'government'
unit'concerned;'
- Population.'b'It'shall'be'determined'as'the'total'
number' of' inhabitants' within' the' territorial'
jurisdiction' of' the' local' government' unit'
concerned;'and'
- Land" Area." c" It" must" be" contiguous," unless" it"
comprises" two" or" more" islands" or" is" separated"
by"a"local"government"unit"independent"of"the"
others;' properly" identified" by" metes" and"
sufficient' to' provide' for' such' basic' services' and'
facilities' to' meet' the' requirements' of' its'
populace.'
'
Compliance' with' the' foregoing' indicators' shall' be'
attested' to' by' the' Department' of' Finance' (DOF),' the'
Management' Bureau' (LMB)' of' the' Department' of'
Environment'and'Natural'Resources'(DENR).'
'
→ Section" 10." Plebiscite" Requirement.' b' No' creation,'
division,' merger,' abolition,' or' substantial' alteration' of'
unless' approved' by' a' majority' of' the' votes' cast' in' a'
plebiscite' called' for' the' purpose' in' the' political' unit' or'
units'directly'affected.'Said'plebiscite'shall'be'conducted'
by' the' Commission' on' Elections' (COMELEC)' within' one'
hundred'twenty'(120)'days'from'the'date'of'effectivity'of'
the'law'or'ordinance'effecting'such'action,'unless'said'law'
or'ordinance'fixes'another'date.'
'
• LEAGUE(OF(CITIES(OF(THE(PHILS.(VS(COMELEC(
→ The"16"Cityhood"Bills"do"not"violate"Article"X,"Section"10"
of"the"Constitution.'
→ Article'X,'Section'10'provides—'
Section' 10.' ' No' province,' city,' municipality,' or'
barangay' may' be' created,' divided,' merged,'
abolished,' or' its' boundary' substantially' altered,'
the' local' government' code' and' subject' to' approval'
by' a' majority' of' the' votes' cast' in' a' plebiscite' in' the'
political'units'directly'affected.'
→ The' tenor' of' the' ponencias' of' the' November' 18,' 2008'
Decision' and' the' August' 24,' 2010' Resolution' is' that' the'
exemption' clauses' in' the' 16' Cityhood' Laws' are'
unconstitutional'because'they'are'not'written'in'the'Local'
Government'Code'of'1991'(LGC),'particularly'Section'450'
thereof,' as' amended' by' Republic' Act' (R.A.)' No.' 9009,'
which'took'effect'on'June'30,'2001,'viz.—'
Section' 450.' Requisites' for' Creation.' –a)' A'
converted' into' a' component' city' if' it' has' a' locally'
generated' annual' income,' as' certified' by' the'
Department' of' Finance,' of' at' least' One" Hundred"
Million"Pesos"(P100,000,000.00)"for"at"least"two"(2)"
consecutive" years' based' on' 2000' constant' prices,'
and'if'it'has'either'of'the'following'requisites:'
x'x'x'x''
(c)'The'average'annual'income'shall'include'the'
income' accruing' to' the' general' fund,' exclusive'
15"
 of' special' funds,' transfers,' and' nonbrecurring'
income.'(Emphasis'supplied)'
→ Prior'to'the'amendment,'Section'450'of'the'LGC'required'
only' an' average' annual' income,' as' certified' by' the'
Department'of'Finance,'of'at'least'P20,000,000.00'for'the'
last' two' (2)' consecutive' years,' based' on' 1991' constant'
prices.'
→ Before' Senate' Bill' No.' 2157,' now' R.A.' No.' 9009,' was'
introduced' by' Senator' Aquilino' Pimentel,' there' were' 57'
bills' filed' for' conversion' of' 57' municipalities' into'
component' cities.' ' During' the' 11th' Congress' (June' 1998b
June'2001),'33'of'these'bills'were'enacted'into'law,'while'
24'remained'as'pending'bills.''Among'these'24'were'the'
16' municipalities' that' were' converted' into' component'
cities'through'the'Cityhood'Laws.'
→ While' R.A.' No.' 9009' was' being' deliberated' upon,'
Congress' was' well' aware' of' the' pendency' of' conversion'
bills'of'several'municipalities,'including'those'covered'by'
the'Cityhood'Laws,'desiring'to'become'component'cities'
which' qualified' under' the' P20' million' income'
requirement' of' the' old' Section' 450' of' the' LGC.' ' The'
interpellation' of' Senate' President' Franklin' Drilon' of'
Senator'Pimentel'is'revealing,'
→ Clearly,'based'on'the'above'exchange,'Congress'intended'
that' those' with' pending' cityhood' bills' during' the' 11th'
Congress' would' not' be' covered' by' the' new' and' higher'
income'requirement'of'P100'million'imposed'by'R.A.'No.'
9009.''When'the'LGC'was'amended'by'R.A.'No.'9009,'the'
amendment'carried'with'it'both'the'letter'and'the'intent'
of' the' law,' and' such' were' incorporated' in' the' LGC' by'
which'the'compliance'of'the'Cityhood'Laws'was'gauged.'
→ Notwithstanding' that' both' the' 11th' and' 12th' Congress'
failed' to' act' upon' the' pending' cityhood' bills,' both' the'
letter' and' intent' of' Section' 450' of' the' LGC,' as' amended'
by'R.A.'No.'9009,'were'carried'on'until'the'13th'Congress,'
when' the' Cityhood' Laws' were' enacted.' ' The' exemption'
clauses' found' in' the' individual' Cityhood' Laws' are' the'
express' articulation' of' that' intent' to' exempt' respondent'
municipalities'from'the'coverage'of'R.A.'No.'9009.'
→ Even' if' we' were' to' ignore' the' above' quoted' exchange'
between' then' Senate' President' Drilon' and' Senator'
Pimentel,' it' cannot' be' denied' that' Congress' saw' the'
wisdom' of' exempting' respondent' municipalities' from'
complying' with' the' higher' income' requirement' imposed'
by' the' amendatory' R.A.' No.' 9009.' ' Indeed,' these'
municipalities'have'proven'themselves'viable'and'capable'
to'become'component'cities'of'their'respective'provinces.''
It' is' also' acknowledged' that' they' were' centers' of' trade'
and' commerce,' points' of' convergence' of' transportation,'
rich' havens' of' agricultural,' mineral,' and' other' natural'
resources,'and'flourishing'tourism'spots.''In'this'regard,'it'
is' worthy' to' mention' the' distinctive' traits' of' each'
respondent'municipality,'
→ The' enactment' of' the' Cityhood' Laws' is' an' exercise' by'
Congress'of'its'legislative'power.''Legislative'power'is'the'
authority,' under' the' Constitution,' to' make' laws,' and' to'
alter'and'repeal'them.'The'Constitution,'as'the'expression'
of' the' will' of' the' people' in' their' original,' sovereign,' and'
unlimited'capacity,'has'vested'this'power'in'the'Congress'
of' the' Philippines.' ' The' grant' of' legislative' power' to'
Congress' is' broad,' general,' and' comprehensive.' ' The'
By: RLB
legislative'body'possesses'plenary'powers'for'all'purposes'
of'civil'government.''Any'power,'deemed'to'be'legislative'
by' usage' and' tradition,' is' necessarily' possessed' by'
Congress,'unless'the'Constitution'has'lodged'it'elsewhere.''
In' fine,' except' as' limited' by' the' Constitution,' either'
expressly' or' impliedly,' legislative' power' embraces' all'
subjects,' and' extends' to' matters' of' general' concern' or'
common'interest.'
→ Without'doubt,'the'LGC'is'a'creation'of'Congress'through'
its' lawbmaking' powers.' ' Congress' has' the' power' to' alter'
or'modify'it'as'it'did'when'it'enacted'R.A.'No.'9009.''Such'
power' of' amendment' of' laws' was' again' exercised' when'
Congress' enacted' the' Cityhood' Laws.' ' When' Congress'
enacted' the' LGC' in' 1991,' it' provided' for' quantifiable'
indicators' of' economic' viability' for' the' creation' of' local'
government' units—income,' population,' and' land' area.''
Congress'deemed'it'fit'to'modify'the'income'requirement'
with' respect' to' the' conversion' ' of' municipalities' into'
component' cities' when' it' enacted' R.A.' No.' 9009,'
imposing'an'amount'of'P100'million,'computed'only'from'
locallybgenerated'sources.''However,'Congress'deemed'it'
wiser' to' exempt' respondent' municipalities' from' such' a'
belatedly'imposed'modified'income'requirement'in'order'
to' uphold' its' higher' calling' of' putting' flesh' and' blood' to'
the' very' intent' and' thrust' of' the' LGC,' which' is'
countryside' development' and' autonomy,' especially'
accounting' for' these' municipalities' as' engines' for'
economic'growth'in'their'respective'provinces.'
→ Undeniably,' R.A.' No.' 9009' amended' the' LGC.' ' But' it' is'
also'true'that,'in'effect,'the'Cityhood'Laws'amended'R.A.'
No.' 9009' through' the' exemption' clauses' found' therein.''
Since' the' Cityhood' Laws' explicitly' exempted' the'
concerned' municipalities' from' the' amendatory' R.A.' No.'
9009,' such' Cityhood' Laws' are,' therefore,' also'
amendments' to' the' LGC' itself.' ' For' this' reason,' we'
reverse'the'November'18,'2008'Decision'and'the'August'
24,' 2010' Resolution' on' their' strained' and' stringent' view'
that' the' Cityhood' Laws,' particularly' their' exemption'
clauses,'are'not'found'in'the'LGC.'
'
OPPOSITIONS:"
→ Sec.' 10,' Art.' 10' consti:' No' province,' city,' municipality' or'
barangay'shall'be'created,'divided,'merged,'abolished,'or'
its' boundary' substantially' altered,' except" in" accordance"
with" the" criteria" established" in" the" LGC' and' subject' to'
approval' by' majority' of' the' votes' cast' in' a' plebiscite' in'
the'political'units'directly'affected.'
→ The'consti'is'clear.'The'creation'of'LGUs'must'follow'the'
criteria" established" in" the" LGC'and'not'in'any'other'law.'
There' is' only' one' LGC." Congress" cannot" write" such"
criteria"in"any"other"law,"like"the"Cityhood"laws.'
→ No'other'law,'not'even'the'charter'of'the'city,'can'govern'
such' creation.' The' clear' intent' of' the' consti' is' to' insure'
that' the' creation' of' cities' and' other' political' units' must'
follow' the" same" uniform," noncdiscriminatory" criteria"
found"solely"in"the"LGC.'Any'derogation'or'deviation'from'
the'criteria'prescribed'in'the'LGC'violates'Sec.'10,'Art.'10.'
→ They'were'just'pending'bills'at'that'time'and'thus'have'no'
force'and'effect'of'a'law.'
'
'
16"
• League(of(Cities(Case(
→ Issue:' Are' the' 16' Cityhood' laws' unconstitutional' in' the'
light'of'the'following'provision'in'the'Constitution?'Sec'10'
Art.'X.'
→ The'Constitution'is'clear.'The'creation'of'LGU'must'follow'
the' criteria" established" in" the" LGC" and' not' in' any' other'
law.' There' is' only' one' LGC.' Congress' cannot' write' such'
criteria'in'any'other'law,'like'the'Cityhood'Laws.'(RA'9009'
June' 30,' 2001' amended' SEC' 450' of' LGC,' increasing'
income'req.'for'a'city'to'P100M.)'
→ No'other'law,'not'even'the'charter'of'the'city'can'govern'
such' creation.' The' clear' intent' of' the' Consti' is' to' insure'
that' the' creation' of' cities' and' other' political' units' must'
follow' the' same' uniform,' nonbdiscriminatory' criteria'
found'solely'in'the'LGC.'Any'derogation'or'deviation'from'
the'criteria'prescribed'in'the'LGC'violates'SEC'10,'Art.'X.'
' Province(of(North(Cotabato(vs(GRP(
• 2008(League(of(Cities(case(reversed(on(Dec.(21,(2009:(
→ Velasco,' Jr:' These' criteria' need' not' be' embodied' in' the'
LGC,'albeit'this'code'is'the'ideal'repository'to'ensure,'as'
much' as' possible,' the' element' of' uniformity.' Congress'
can' even,' after' making' a' codification,' enact' an'
amendatory' law,' adding' to' the' existing' layers' of'
indicators' earlier' codified,' just' as' efficaciously' as' it' may'
reduce'the'same.(
→ The' amendatory' RA' 9009' upped' the' already' codified'
income' requirement' from' P' 20' M' to' P' 100M…' The'
passage' of' amendatory' laws' is' no' differenet' from' the'
enactment' of' laws,' i.e.,' the' cityhood' laws' specifically'
exempting' a' particular' political' subdivision' from' the'
criteria' earlier' mentioned.' Congress,' in' enacting' the'
exempting' law/s,' effectively' decreased' the' already'
codified'indicators.(
→ Petitioners’' theory' that' Congress' must' provide' the'
criteria'solely'in'the'LGC'and'not'in'any'other'law'strikes'
the'Court'as'illogical.'For'if'we'pursue'their'contention'to'
its' logical' conclusion,' then' RA' 9009' embodying' the' new'
and' increased' income' criterion' would,' in' a' way,' also'
suffer'the'vice'of'unconstitutionality.(
→ It' is' startling,' however,' that' petitioners' do' not' question'
the' constitutionality' of' RA' 9009,' as' they' in' fact' use' said'
law'as'an'argument'for'the'alleged'unconstitutionality'of'
the'cityhood'laws.(
( exceed' those' granted' to' any' local' government' under'
• League(of(Cities((Aug.(24,(2010)(
→ Granted' the' Motion' of' League' of' Cities' of' the' Phil.' And'
reinstated' its' November' 18,' 2008' Decision' declaring' the'
16'Cityhood'laws'unconstitutional.(
→ The'same'reasons'as'that'of'Nov.'18:'(
1. Violation'of'Sec'10'Art'X'Consti,'and'(
2. Violation'of'Equal'Protection'Clause.(
' concept,' indicating' that' the' Parties' actually' framed' its'
• League(of(Cities((Feb(15,(2011;(April(12,(2011,(June(28,(2011)(
→ Granted'the'Motion'for'Recon'of'the'16'“cities;”'reversed'
and'set'aside'the'24'Aug.'2010'Resolution'of'SC'
→ Decided'on'the'basis'of'SC’s'reasoning'in'the'21'Dec.'2009'
Ruling'that'Congress’'intent'to'exempt'the'16'Cities'from'
the'operation'of'RA'9009'should'be'respected.'
' the'Central'Government.'
Take"Note:"which'League'of'Cities'decision'should'be'used'as'legal'
basis' in' the' exam?' Cite' the' legal' standing' of' the' SC' in' upholding'
By: RLB
the' Congress’' intent' and' SC’s' legal' basis' in' upholding' the'
Constitution'intent.'(2008'ruling'and'2011'Ruling)'
'
• What'is'association'in'Public'International'Law?'
→ Association' means' that' the' associated' state' has' internal'
selfb'government,'while'the'independent'state'with'which'
it' is' associated' is' responsible' for' foreign' affairs' and'
defense.'
→ This' happens' where' two' States' sort' of' collaborate' or'
enter'into'an'agreement'where'one'is'considered'inferior'
and' the' other' superior' because' it' says' of' “unequal'
power”.'E.g.'colonies'
→ The' weaker' State' is' called' Associated' and' the' superior'
State'is'called'Principal.'
'
• Can'an'“associated'state”'be'established'in'the'Philippines?'
→ The' RP' entered' into' a' MOA' with' the' MILF.' The' MOA'
provided' for' the' creation' of' Bangsamoro' Juridical' Entity'
(BJE)' whereby' there' will' be' a' some' sort' of' government'
structure.' There' will' also' be' the' territory' of' this'
Bangsamoro' juridical' entity' and' it' has' also' defined' who'
are' the' supposed' constituents' of' such' juridical' entity.'
Naay'government,'people,'and'territory.'And'insofar'as'it'
is' allowed' to' relate' itself' to' foreign' states,' the' MOA'
provides'that'it'can'do'so'through'the'instrumentality'of'
the' national' government.' In' fact,' under' the' MOA,' it'
mentioned' of' the' sobcalled' association' kind' of'
relationship.2
→ Such' MOA' is' unconstitutional.' If' an' associated' state' is'
legally'a'state'then'it'cannot'exist'in'the'Phils.'Remember,'
sovereignty' is' indivisible.' You' cannot' divide' sovereignty,'
there'should'only'be'one'authority.2
→ The" concept" of" an" “associated" state”" is" not" sanctioned"
by"the"Constitution."Under"Art."X,"the"following"are"the"
only" recognized" “political" subdivisions”" in" the"
Philippines:" Provinces," Cities," Municipalities," Barangays"
and"the"ARMM"and"the"Cordilleras."
→ The" MOAcAD" is" inconsistent" with" the" Constitution" and"
laws"as"presently"worded.'
→ In'general,'the'objections'against'the'MOAbAD'center'on'
the' extent' of' the' powers' conceded' therein' to' the' BJE.'
Petitioners' assert' that' the' powers' granted' to' the' BJE'
present' laws,' and' even' go' beyond' those' of' the' present'
ARMM.'Before'assessing'some'of'the'specific'powers'that'
would'have'been'vested'in'the'BJE,'however,'it'would'be'
useful' to' turn' first' to' a' general' idea' that' serves' as' a'
unifying' link' to' the' different' provisions' of' the' MOAbAD,'
namely,' the' international' law' concept' of' association.'
Significantly,' the' MOAbAD' explicitly' alludes' to' this'
provisions'with'it'in'mind.''
→ Association' is' referred' to' in' paragraph' 3' on' TERRITORY,'
paragraph' 11' on' RESOURCES,' and' paragraph' 4' on'
GOVERNANCE.' It' is' in' the' last' mentioned' provision,'
however,' that' the' MOAbAD' most' clearly' uses' it' to'
describe'the'envisioned'relationship'between'the'BJE'and'
→ The" relationship" between" the" Central" Government" and"
the" Bangsamoro" juridical" entity" shall" be" associative"
17"
 characterized" by" shared" authority" and" responsibility"
with' a' structure' of' governance' based' on' executive,'
legislative,' judicial' and' administrative' institutions' with'
defined' powers' and' functions' in' the' comprehensive'
compact.' A' period' of' transition' shall' be' established' in' a'
comprehensive'peace'compact'specifying'the'relationship'
between'the'Central'Government'and'the'BJE.'(Emphasis'
and'underscoring'supplied)'
→ The' nature' of' the' "associative"' relationship' may' have'
been'intended'to'be'defined'more'precisely'in'the'still'to'
be' forged' Comprehensive' Compact.' Nonetheless,' given'
that' there' is' a' concept' of' "association"' in' international'
law,' and' the' MOAbAD' b' by' its' inclusion' of' international'
law' instruments' in' its' TORb' placed' itself' in' an'
international' legal' context,' that' concept' of' association'
may' be' brought' to' bear' in' understanding' the' use' of' the'
term'"associative"'in'the'MOAbAD.'
→ Keitner'and'Reisman'state'that'[a]n'association'is'formed'
when' two" states' of' unequal' power' voluntarily' establish'
durable' links.' In' the' basic' model,' one" state," the"
associate,"delegates"certain"responsibilities"to"the"other,"
the" principal," while" maintaining" its" international" status"
as" a" state." Free" associations" represent" a" middle" ground"
between" integration" and" independence.' x' x' x(Emphasis'
and'underscoring'supplied)'
→ For'purposes'of'illustration,'the'Republic'of'the'Marshall'
Islands' and' the' Federated' States' of' Micronesia' (FSM),'
formerly' part' of' the' U.S.badministered' Trust' Territory' of'
the' Pacific' Islands,151' are' associated' states' of' the' U.S.'
pursuant'to'a'Compact'of'Free'Association.'The'currency'
in' these' countries' is' the' U.S.' dollar,' indicating' their' very'
close' ties' with' the' U.S.,' yet' they' issue' their' own' travel'
documents,' which' is' a' mark' of' their' statehood.' Their'
international' legal' status' as' states' was' confirmed' by' the'
UN' Security' Council' and' by' their' admission' to' UN'
membership.'
→ According' to' their' compacts' of' free' association,' the'
Marshall'Islands'and'the'FSM'generally'have'the'capacity'
to' conduct' foreign' affairs' in' their' own' name' and' right,'
such'capacity'extending'to'matters'such'as'the'law'of'the'
sea,' marine' resources,' trade,' banking,' postal,' civil'
aviation,' and' cultural' relations.' The' U.S.' government,'
when'conducting'its'foreign'affairs,'is'obligated'to'consult'
with'the'governments'of'the'Marshall'Islands'or'the'FSM'
on'matters'which'it'(U.S.'government)'regards'as'relating'
to'or'affecting'either'government.''
→ In' the' event' of' attacks' or' threats' against' the' Marshall'
Islands'or'the'FSM,'the'U.S.'government'has'the'authority'
and'obligation'to'defend'them'as'if'they'were'part'of'U.S.'
territory.'The'U.S.'government,'moreover,'has'the'option'
of' establishing' and' using' military' areas' and' facilities'
within'these'associated'states'and'has'the'right'to'bar'the'
military'personnel'of'any'third'country'from'having'access'
to'these'territories'for'military'purposes.'
→ It' bears' noting' that' in' U.S.' constitutional' and'
international' practice,' free' association' is' understood' as'
an' international' association' between' sovereigns.' The'
Compact' of' Free' Association' is' a' treaty' which' is'
subordinate' to' the' associated' nation's' national'
constitution,' and' each' party' may' terminate' the'
association' consistent' with' the' right' of' independence.' It'
By: RLB
has' been' said' that,' with' the' admission' of' the' U.S.b
associated' states' to' the' UN' in' 1990,' the' UN' recognized'
that' the' American' model' of' free' association' is' actually'
based'on'an'underlying'status'of'independence.152'
→ In' international' practice,' the' "associated' state"'
arrangement' has' usually' been' used' as' a' transitional"
device' of' former' colonies' on' their' way' to' full'
independence.' Examples' of' states' that' have' passed'
through' the' status' of' associated' states' as' a' transitional'
phase' are' Antigua,' St.' KittsbNevisbAnguilla,' Dominica,' St.'
Lucia,' St.' Vincent' and' Grenada.' All' have' since' become'
independent'states.153'
→ Back' to' the' MOAbAD,' it' contains' many' provisions' which'
are' consistent' with' the' international' legal' concept' of'
association,' specifically' the' following:' the' BJE's' capacity'
to' enter' into' economic' and' trade' relations' with' foreign'
countries,'the'commitment'of'the'Central'Government'to'
ensure' the' BJE's' participation' in' meetings' and' events' in'
the' ASEAN' and' the' specialized' UN' agencies,' and' the'
continuing'responsibility'of'the'Central'Government'over'
external'defense.'Moreover,'the'BJE's'right'to'participate'
in' Philippine' official' missions' bearing' on' negotiation' of'
border' agreements,' environmental' protection,' and'
sharing' of' revenues' pertaining' to' the' bodies' of' water'
adjacent' to' or' between' the' islands' forming' part' of' the'
ancestral'domain,'resembles'the'right'of'the'governments'
of' FSM' and' the' Marshall' Islands' to' be' consulted' by' the'
U.S.' government' on' any' foreign' affairs' matter' affecting'
them.'
→ These' provisions' of' the' MOA' indicate,' among' other'
things,' that' the' Parties' aimed" to" vest" in" the" BJE" the"
status" of" an" associated" state" or," at" any" rate," a" status"
closely"approximating"it.''
→ The" concept" of" association" is" not" recognized" under" the"
present"Constitution'
→ No'province,'city,'or'municipality,'not'even'the'ARMM,'is'
recognized' under' our' laws' as' having' an' "associative"'
relationship' with' the' national' government.' Indeed,' the'
concept' implies' powers' that' go' beyond' anything' ever'
granted' by' the' Constitution' to' any' local' or' regional'
government.' It' also' implies' the' recognition' of' the'
associated' entity' as' a' state.' The' Constitution,' however,'
does' not' contemplate' any' state' in' this' jurisdiction' other'
than'the'Philippine'State,'much'less'does'it'provide'for'a'
transitory' status' that' aims' to' prepare' any' part' of'
Philippine'territory'for'independence.'
→ Even'the'mere'concept'animating'many'of'the'MOAbAD's'
provisions,' therefore,' already' requires' for' its' validity' the'
amendment' of' constitutional' provisions,' specifically' the'
following'provisions'of'Article'X:'
→ SECTION'1.'The'territorial'and'political'subdivisions'of'the'
Republic' of' the' Philippines' are' the' provinces," cities,"
municipalities," and" barangays.' There' shall' be'
autonomous" regions' in' Muslim' Mindanao' and' the'
Cordilleras'as'hereinafter'provided.'
→ SECTION' 15.' There' shall' be' created' autonomous' regions'
in' Muslim' Mindanao' and' in' the' Cordilleras' consisting' of'
provinces,' cities,' municipalities,' and' geographical' areas'
sharing' common' and' distinctive' historical' and' cultural'
heritage,' economic' and' social' structures,' and' other'
relevant' characteristics' within" the" framework" of" this"
18"
 Constitution" and" the" national" sovereignty" as" well" as" called'Masigla.'Granting'the'Masigla’s'proponents'succeed'to'
territorial"integrity"of"the"Republic"of"the"Philippines.' secure'a'law'in'their'favour,'would'a'plebiscite'be'necessary'or'
→ The" BJE" is" a" far" more" powerful' entity" than" the" not?'If'it'is,'who'should'vote'or'participate'in'the'plebiscite?'
autonomous"region'recognized"in"the"Constitution' → Plebiscite'is'necessary'because'this'involves'a'creation'of'
→ It' is' not' merely' an' expanded' version' of' the' ARMM,' the' LGU.'Under'the'Constitution'and'LGC'of'1991,'a'plebiscite'
status' of' its' relationship' with' the' national' government' is'an'INDISPENSIBLE'REQUIREMENT.'
being' fundamentally' different' from' that' of' the' ARMM.' → The'whole'80'barangays'of'Madako'because'there'would'
Indeed,' BJE" is" a" state" in" all" but" name" as" it" meets" the" be' an' adverse' effect' of' the' mother' unit' with' respect' to'
criteria" of" a" state" laid" down" in" the" Montevideo" income,'population'and'territory.'
Convention,154' namely,' a' permanent' population,' a' '
defined' territory,' a' government,' and' a' capacity' to' enter' • Tan(vs(COMELEC(
into'relations'with'other'states.'' → A' plebiscite' for' creating' a' new' province' should' include'
→ Even' assuming' arguendo' that' the' MOAbAD' would' not' the'participation'of'the'residents'of'the'mother'province'
necessarily' sever' any' portion' of' Philippine' territory,' the" in' order' to' conform' to' the' constitutional' requirement.'
spirit"animating"it'b'which'has'betrayed'itself'by'its'use'of' XXXXXX' BP' 885,' creating' the' Province' of' Negros' del'
the'concept'of'association'b'runs"counter"to"the"national" Norte,' is' declared' unconstitutional' because' it' excluded'
sovereignty"and"territorial"integrity"of"the"Republic.'' the' voters' of' the' mother' province' from' participating' in'
→ The" defining" concept" underlying" the" relationship" the' plebiscite' (and' it' did' not' comply' with' the' area' of'
between" the" national" government" and" the" BJE" being" criterion' prescribed' in' the' LGC).' XXXX' Where' the' law'
itself" contrary" to" the" present" Constitution," it" is" not" authorizing'the'holding'of'a'plebiscite'is'unconstitutional,'
surprising" that" many" of" the" specific" provisions" of" the" the' Court' cannot' authorize' the' holding' of' a' new' one.'
MOAcAD"on"the"formation"and"powers"of"the"BJE"are"in" XXXX' The' fact' that' the' plebiscite' which' the' petition'
conflict"with"the"Constitution"and"the"laws.' sought'to'stop'had'already'been'held'and'officials'of'the'
→ Article' X,' Section' 18' of' the' Constitution' provides' that' new'province'appointed'does'not'make'the'petition'moot'
"[t]he' creation' of' the' autonomous' region' shall' be' and' academic,' as' the' petition' raises' an' issue' of'
effective' when' approved' by' a' majority' of' the' votes' cast' constitutional'dimension.'
by' the' constituent' units' in' a' plebiscite' called' for' the' → Units" affected' means' units/residents' of' the' political'
purpose,' provided' that' only" provinces," cities," and" entity' who' stand' to' be' economically' dislocated' by' the'
geographic"areas"voting"favorably"in"such"plebiscite"shall" separation' of' a' portion' thereof' have' the' right' to'
be" included" in" the" autonomous" region."' (Emphasis' participate'in'a'plebiscite.'
supplied)' "
→ As' reflected' above,' the' BJE' is' more' of' a' state' than' an' Criteria"for"Creation"&"Conversion:""
autonomous'region.'But'even'assuming'that'it'is'covered' 1. Income—c/o'Dept.'of'Finance'
by' the' term' "autonomous' region"' in' the' constitutional' 2. Population—c/o'NSO'
provision' just' quoted,' the' MOAbAD' would' still' be' in' 3. Land'Area—c/o'DENR'
conflict' with' it.' Under' paragraph' 2(c)' on' TERRITORY' in' '
relation' to' 2(d)' and' 2(e),' the' present' geographic' area' of' Note:' the' criteria' call' for' ‘question' of' facts.’' Findings' of' facts' by'
the' ARMM' and,' in' addition,' the' municipalities' of' Lanao' administrative' agencies' are' binding' and' conclusive' upon' courts'
del' Norte' which' voted' for' inclusion' in' the' ARMM' during' unless'there'is'grave'abuse'of'discretion'or'clear'mistake'of'facts.'
the' 2001' plebiscite' b' Baloi,' Munai,' Nunungan,' Pantar,' Hence,'findings'of'facts'by'the'DOF,'NSO,'and'DENR'deserve'great'
Tagoloan'and'Tangkal'b'are'automatically'part'of'the'BJE' respect,' if' not' finality,' and' also' enjoy' presumption' of' regularity'
without' need' of' another' plebiscite,' in' contrast' to' the' being'acts'of'government'agencies.'BASIS:'experts'in'their'fields.'
areas'under'Categories'A'and'B'mentioned'earlier'in'the' '
overview.' That' the' present' components' of' the' ARMM' Unit" Specific"Criteria:"
and' the' abovebmentioned' municipalities' voted' for' Barangays' Population'
inclusion' therein' in' 2001,' however,' does' not' render' Municipalities' Income,'Population'&'Land'Area'
another' plebiscite' unnecessary' under' the' Constitution,'
Component'Cities' Income,'Population'OR'Land'Area'
precisely' because' what' these' areas' voted' for' then' was'
Highly'Urbanized'Cities' Income'&'Population'
their'inclusion'in'the'ARMM,'not'the'BJE."
" Province' Income,'Population'OR'Land'Area'
Plebiscite"Requirement" "
1. Who'shall'participate?' LGU" INCOME" POPULATION" LAND"AREA"
2. What'is'meant'by'“units'affected”?' PROVINCE' At'least' Minimum' At'least'
3. In'what'sense'affected?' 20M' 250K' 2,000'
4. How' is' it' different' from' the' manner' of' creating' sq/km'
autonomous'regions?' HIGHLYbURBANIZED' At'least' Minimum' At'least'100'
' CITY' 50M' 200K' sq/km'
• POBLEM:'Madako'is'a'municipality'composed'of'80'barangays,' CITY' At'least' Minimum' At'least'100'
30'west'of'Madako'River'and'50'east'thereof.'The'30'western' 100M' 150K' sq/km'
barangays' feeling' left' out' of' economic' initiatives,' wish' to' MUNICIPALITY' At'least' Minimum'25K' At'least'50'
constitute' themselves' into' a' new' and' separate' town' to' be' 2.5M' sq/km'

By: RLB 19"

 BARANGAY'(outside' n/a' Minimum'2K' n/a' In' the' case' of' municipalities' within' the'
Metro'Manila)' Metropolitan' Manila' Area' and' other'
BARANGAY'(Metro' n/a' Minimum'5K' n/a' metropolitan'political'subdivisions,'the'barangay'
Manila,'Highly' consolidation' plan' shall' be' prepared' and'
Urbanized)' approved'by'the'sangguniang'bayan'concerned.'
" "
*RA' 9009' contemplates' only' of' 2' ways' of' creating' a' city' where' it' • Municipality"
can'be'applicable:' → Section'441.'Manner'of'Creation.'b'A'municipality'may'be'
- Creating' a' city' out' of' a' municipality' (20M' is' changed' to' created,' divided,' merged,' abolished,' or' its' boundary'
100M'requirement)' substantially' altered' only' by' an' Act' of' Congress' and'
- Creating'a'city'out'of'clusters'of'barangays' subject'to'the'approval'by'a'majority'of'the'votes'cast'in'a'
" plebiscite' to' be' conducted' by' the' COMELEC' in' the' local'
• Barangay" government'unit'or'units'directly'affected.'Except'as'may'
→ Section' 385.' Manner' of' Creation.' b' A' barangay' may' be' otherwise'be'provided'in'the'said'Act,'the'plebiscite'shall'
created,' divided,' merged,' abolished,' or' its' boundary' be' held' within' one' hundred' twenty' (120)' days' from' the'
substantially' altered,' by' law' or' by' an' ordinance' of' the' date'of'its'effectivity.'
sangguniang' panlalawigan' or' panlungsod,' subject' to' '
approval'by'a'majority'of'the'votes'cast'in'a'plebiscite'to' → Section'442.'Requisites'for'Creation.'–'
be' conducted' by' the' COMELEC' in' the' local' government' (a)' A' municipality' may' be' created' if' it' has' an' average'
unit' or' units' directly' affected' within' such' period' of' time' annual'income,'as'certified'by'the'provincial'treasurer,'of'
as' may' be' determined' by' the' law' or' ordinance' creating' at' least' Two' million' five' hundred' thousand' pesos'
said'barangay.'In'the'case'of'the'creation'of'barangays'by' (P2,500,000.00)' for' the' last' two' (2)' consecutive' years'
the' sangguniang' panlalawigan,' the' recommendation' of' based' on' the' 1991' constant' prices;' a' population' of' at'
the'sangguniang'bayan'concerned'shall'be'necessary.' least' twentybfive' thousand' (25,000)' inhabitants' as'
' certified' by' the' National' Statistics' Office;' and' a'
→ Section'386.'Requisites'for'Creation.'–' contiguous'territory'of'at'least'fifty'(50)'square'kilometers'
(a)' A' barangay' may' be' created' out' of' a' as'certified'by'the'Lands'Management'Bureau:'Provided,'
contiguous'territory'which'has'a'population'of'at' That'the'creation'thereof'shall'not'reduce'the'land'area,'
least' two' thousand' (2,000)' inhabitants' as' population' or' income' of' the' original' municipality' or'
certified' by' the' National' Statistics' Office' except' municipalities'at'the'time'of'said'creation'to'less'than'the'
in'cities'and'municipalities'within'Metro'Manila' minimum'requirements'prescribed'herein.'
and' other' metropolitan' political' subdivisions' or' '
in' highly' urbanized' cities' where' such' territory' (b)' The' territorial' jurisdiction' of' a' newlybcreated'
shall' have' a' certified' population' of' at' least' five' municipality' shall' be' properly' identified' by' metes' and'
thousand'(5,000)'inhabitants:'Provided,'That'the' bounds.' The' requirement' on' land' area' shall' not' apply'
creation'thereof'shall'not'reduce'the'population' where' the' municipality' proposed' to' be' created' is'
of' the' original' barangay' or' barangays' to' less' composed'of'one'(1)'or'more'islands.'The'territory'need'
than' the' minimum' requirement' prescribed' not'be'contiguous'if'it'comprises'two'(2)'or'more'islands.'
herein.' '
' (c)' The' average' annual' income' shall' include' the' income'
To'enhance'the'delivery'of'basic'services'in'the' accruing' to' the' general' fund' of' the' municipality'
indigenous' cultural' communities,' barangays' concerned,' exclusive' of' special' funds,' transfers' and' nonb
may' be' created' in' such' communities' by' an' Act' recurring'income.'
of' Congress,' notwithstanding' the' above' (d)'Municipalities'existing'as'of'the'date'of'the'effectivity'
requirement.' of' this' Code' shall' continue' to' exist' and' operate' as' such.'
' Existing' municipal' districts' organized' pursuant' to'
(b)' The' territorial' jurisdiction' of' the' new' presidential'issuances'or'executive'orders'and'which'have'
barangay' shall' be' properly' identified' by' metes' their'respective'set'of'elective'municipal'officials'holding'
and' bounds' or' by' more' or' less' permanent' office' at' the' time' of' the' effectivity' of' this' Code' shall'
natural' boundaries.' The' territory' need' not' be' henceforth'be'considered'as'regular'municipalities.'
contiguous' if' it' comprises' two' (2)' or' more' '
islands.' • City"
' → Section' 449.' Manner' of' Creation.' b' A' city' may' be' created,'
(c)' The' governor' or' city' mayor' may' prepare' a' divided,' merged,' abolished,' or' its' boundary' substantially'
consolidation' plan' for' barangays,' based' on' the' altered,' only" by" an" Act" of" Congress,' and' subject' to' approval'
criteria' prescribed' in' this' Section,' within' his' by'a'majority'of'the'votes'cast'in'a'plebiscite'to'be'conducted'
territorial' jurisdiction.' The' plan' shall' be' by'the'COMELEC'in'the'local'government'unit'or'units'directly'
submitted' to' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan' or' affected.'Except'as'may'otherwise'be'provided'in'such'Act.'the'
sangguniang' panlungsod' concerned' for' plebiscite'shall'be'held'within'one'hundred'twenty'(120)'days'
appropriate'action.' from'the'date'of'its'effectivity.'
' '

By: RLB 20"

→ Section'450.'Requisites'for'Creation.'
(a)'A'municipality'or'a'cluster'of'barangays'may'be'converted'
into' a' component' city' if' it' has' an' average' annual' income,' as'
certified' by' the' Department' of' Finance,' of' at' least' Twenty'
million'(P20,000,000.00)'for'the'last'two'(2)'consecutive'years'
based' on' 1991' constant' prices,' and' if' it' has' either' of' the'
following'requisites:'
(i)' a' contiguous' territory' of' at' least' one' hundred'
(100)' square' kilometers,' as' certified' by' the' Lands'
Management'Bureau;'or'
(ii)' a' population' of' not' less' than' one' hundred' fifty'
thousand' (150,000)' inhabitants,' as' certified' by' the'
National'Statistics'Office:'
Provided,'That,'the'creation'thereof'shall'not'reduce'
the'land'area,'population,'and'income'of'the'original'
unit'or'units'at'the'time'of'said'creation'to'less'than'
the'minimum'requirements'prescribed'herein.'
' thousand' (150,000)' inhabitants,' as' certified' by' the'
(b)' The' territorial' jurisdiction' of' a' newlybcreated' city' shall' be'
properly'identified'by'metes'and'bounds.'The'requirement'on'
land' area' shall' not' apply' where' the' city' proposed' to' be'
created'is'composed'of'one'(1)'or'more'islands.'The'territory'
need'not'be'contiguous'if'it'comprises'two'(2)'or'more'islands.'
' '
(c)' The' average' annual' income' shall' include' the' income'
accruing' to' the' general' fund,' exclusive' of' specific' funds,'
transfers,'and'nonbrecurring'income.'
' created'is'composed'of'one'(1)'or'more'islands.'The'territory'
→ Section'452.'Highly'Urbanized'Cities.'
(a)' Cities' with' a' minimum' population' of' two' hundred'
thousand' (200,000)' inhabitants' as' certified' by' the' National'
Statistics' Office,' and' within' the' latest' annual' income' of' at'
least' Fifty' Million' Pesos' (P50,000,000.00)' based' on' 1991'
constant' prices,' as' certified' by' the' city' treasurer,' shall' be'
classified'as'highly'urbanized'cities.'
' → Section' 460.' Manner' of' Creation.' b' A' province' may' be'
(b)' Cities' which' do' not' meet' above' requirements' shall' be'
considered'component'cities'of'the'province'in'which'they'are'
geographically' located.' If' a' component' city' is' located' within'
the'boundaries'of'two'(2)'or'more'provinces,'such'city'shall'be'
considered'a'component'of'the'province'of'which'it'used'to'be'
a'municipality.'
' the' date' of' effectivity' of' said' Act,' unless' otherwise'
(c)' Qualified' voters' of' highly' urbanized' cities' shall' remain'
excluded'from'voting'for'elective'provincial'officials.'
Unless' otherwise' provided' in' the' Constitution' or' this' Code,'
qualified' voters' of' independent' component' cities' shall' be'
governed' by' their' respective' charters,' as' amended,' on' the'
participation'of'voters'in'provincial'elections.'
Qualified' voters' of' cities' who' acquired' the' right' to' vote' for'
elective' provincial' officials' prior' to' the' classification' of' said'
cities' as' highlyburbanized' after' the' ratification' of' the'
Constitution' and' before' the' effectivity' of' this' Code,' shall'
continue'to'exercise'such'right.'
' by"the"Lands"Management"Bureau;"or"
→ Section'453.'Duty'to'Declare'Highly'Urbanized'Status.'b'It'shall'
be' the' duty' of' the' President' to' declare' a' city' as' highly'
urbanized' within' thirty' (30)' days' after' it' shall' have' met' the'
minimum' requirements' prescribed' in' the' immediately'
preceding' section,' upon' proper' application' therefor' and'
ratification'in'a'plebiscite'by'the'qualified'voters'therein.'
By: RLB
'
→ RA'9009'
Section' 1.' ' ' ' Sec.' 450' of' Republic' Act' No.' 7160,' otherwise'
known' as' the' Local' Government' Code' of' 1991,' is' hereby'
amended'to'read'as'follows:'
'
Sec.'450.''''Requisites'for'Creation.'—'
(a)'A"municipality"or"a"cluster"of"barangays"may"be"converted"
into" a" component" city" if' it' has' a' locally" generated" average"
annual" income,'as'certified'by'the'Department'of'Finance,'of'
at'least'One'hundred'million'pesos'(P100,000,000.00)'for'the'
last'two'(2)'consecutive'years'based'on'2000'constant'prices,'
and'if'it'has'either'of'the'following'requisites:'
(i)' ' ' ' a' contiguous' territory' of' at' least' one' hundred'
(100)' square' kilometers,' as' certified' by' the' Land'
Management'Bureau;'or'
(ii)''''a'population'of'not'less'than'one'hundred'fifty'
National'Statistics'Office.''''
The' creation' thereof' shall' not' reduce' the' land' area,'
population'and'income'of'the'original'unit'or'units'at'
the' time' of' said' creation' to' less' than' the' minimum'
requirements'prescribed'herein.'
(b)''''The'territorial'jurisdiction'of'a'newlybcreated'city'shall'be'
properly'identified'by'metes'and'bounds.'The'requirement'on'
land' area' shall' not' apply' where' the' city' proposed' to' be'
need'not'be'contiguous'if'it'comprises'two'(2)'or'more'islands.'
'
(c)' ' ' ' The' average' annual' income' shall' include' the' income'
accruing' to' the' general' fund,' exclusive' of' special' funds,'
transfers,'and'nonbrecurring'income.'
'
• Province(
created,' divided,' merged,' abolished,' or' its' boundary'
substantially' altered,' only" by" an" Act" of" Congress' and'
subject' to' approval' by' a' majority' of' the' votes' cast' in' a'
plebiscite' to' be' conducted' by' the' COMELEC' in' the' local'
government'unit'or'units'directly'affected.'The'plebiscite'
shall'be'held'within'one'hundred'twenty'(120)'days'from'
provided'therein.'
'
→ Section'461.'Requisites'for'Creation.'
(a)'A"province"may"be"created"if"it"has"an"average"annual"
income," as" certified" by" the" Department" of" Finance," of"
not" less" than" Twenty" million" pesos" (P20,000,000.00)"
based" on" 1991" constant" prices" and" either" of" the"
following"requisites:"
"
(i)" a" contiguous" territory" of" at" least" two"
thousand"(2,000)"square"kilometers,"as"certified"
"
(ii)" a" population" of" not" less" than" two" hundred"
fifty"thousand"(250,000)"inhabitants"as"certified"
by"the"National"Statistics"Office:"Provided,'That,'
the' creation' thereof' shall' not' reduce' the' land'
area,'population,'and'income'of'the'original'unit'
21"
 or'units'at'the'time'of'said'creation'to'less'than' → It' bears' scrupulous' notice' that' from' the' above' cited'
the'minimum'requirements'prescribed'herein." provisions,'with'respect'to'the'creation'of'barangays,'land'
' area' is' not' a' requisite' indicator' of' viability.' ' However,'
(b)' The' territory' need' not' be' contiguous' if' it' comprise' with'respect'to'the'creation'of'municipalities,'component'
two'(2)'or'more'islands'or'is'separated'by'a'chartered'city' cities,' and' provinces,' the' three' (3)' indicators' of' viability'
or' cities' which' do' not' contribute' to' the' income' of' the' and' projected' capacity' to' provide' services,' i.e.,' income,'
province.' population,'and'land'area,'are'provided'for.'
' → But' it' must' be' pointed' out' that' when' the' local'
(c)' The' average' annual' income' shall' include' the' income' government'unit'to'be'created'consists'of'one'(1)'or'more'
accruing' to' the' general' fund,' exclusive' of' special' funds,' islands,' it' is' exempt' from' the' land' area' requirement' as'
trust'funds,'transfers'and'nonbrecurring'income.2 expressly'provided'in'Section'442'and'Section'450'of'the'
' LGC' if' the' local' government' unit' to' be' created' is' a'
• Based'on'the'verifiable'indicators'of'viability'and'projected' municipality' or' a' component' city,' respectively.' ' ' This'
capacity'to'provide'services,'to'wit:2 exemption'is'absent'in'the'enumeration'of'the'requisites'
→ Income' –' must' be' sufficient,' based' on' acceptable' for' the' creation' of' a' province' under' Section' 461' of' the'
standards,' to' provide' for' all' essential' government' LGC,' although' it' is' expressly' stated' under' Article' 9(2)' of'
facilities' and' services' and' special' functions' the'LGCbIRR.'
commensurate' with' the' size' of' its' population,' as' → There' appears' neither' rhyme' nor' reason' why' this'
expected' of' the' LGU' concerned.' Average' annual' income' exemption' should' apply' to' cities' and' municipalities,' but'
for' the' last' 2' consecutive' years' based' on' 1991' constant' not' to' provinces.' ' In' fact,' considering' the' physical'
prices.' configuration' of' the' Philippine' archipelago,' there' is' a'
*City:'based'on'2000'constant'prices' greater' likelihood' that' islands' or' group' of' islands' would'
' form' part' of' the' land' area' of' a' newlybcreated' province'
→ Population'–'it'shall'be'determined'as'the'total'number'of' than' in' most' cities' or' municipalities.' ' It' is,' therefore,'
inhabitants' (not' registered' voters)' within' the' territorial' logical'to'infer'that'the'genuine'legislative'policy'decision'
jurisdiction'of'the'LGU'concerned.' was' expressed' in' Section' 442' (for' municipalities)' and'
' Section' 450' (for' component' cities)' of' the' LGC,' but' was'
→ Land'Area'–'it'must'be'contiguous,'unless'it'comprises'2' inadvertently' omitted' in' Section' 461' (for' provinces).''
or'more'islands'or'is'separated'by'a'LGU'independent'of' Thus,' when' the' exemption' was' expressly' provided' in'
the'others;'properly'identified'by'metes'and'bounds'with' Article'9(2)'of'the'LGCbIRR,'the'inclusion'was'intended'to'
technical' descriptions' and' sufficient' to' provide' for' such' correct' the' congressional' oversight' in' Section' 461' of' the'
basic' services' and' facilities' to' meet' the' requirements' of' LGC'–'and'to'reflect'the'true'legislative'intent.''It'would,'
its'populace.' then,' be' in' order' for' the' Court' to' uphold' the' validity' of'
" Article'9(2)'of'the'LGCbIRR.'
Common"Standards"for"Compliance"of"Criteria" → This' interpretation' finds' merit' when' we' consider' the'
" basic' policy' considerations' underpinning' the' principle' of'
1. Land"Area" local'autonomy.'
→ Comply'with'area'requirement'unless'an'island;' → Consistent' with' the' declared' policy' to' provide' local'
→ Must'be'contiguous'unless:' government' units' genuine' and' meaningful' local'
a. Two'or'more'islands,'or' autonomy,' contiguity' and' minimum' land' area'
b. Separated'by'chartered'cities'or'cities'which'do' requirements' for' prospective' local' government' units'
not' contribute' to' the' income' of' province' [for' should' be' liberally' construed' in' order' to' achieve' the'
province'and'cities]'[Sec.'7,'LGC]' desired' results.' ' The' strict' interpretation' adopted' by' the'
' February' 10,' 2010' Decision' could' prove' to' be' counterb
• Navarro(vs.(Ermita( productive,' if' not' outright' absurd,' awkward,' and'
→ Par.'2'of'Art.'9'of'the'Rules'and'Regulations'Implementing' impractical.''Picture'an'intended'province'that'consists'of'
the' LGC' 1991,' which' states' that' “the2 land2 area2 several' municipalities' and' component' cities' which,' in'
requirement2shall2not2apply2where2the2proposed2province2 themselves,'also'consist'of'islands.''The'component'cities'
is2composed2of2one2(1)2or2more2islands.”2Violates'the'LGC' and' municipalities' which' consist' of' islands' are' exempt'
1991'and'therefore'null'and'void.' from' the' minimum' land' area' requirement,' pursuant' to'
→ Nowhere' in' the' LGC' is' the' said' provision' stated' or' Sections' 450' and' 442,' respectively,' of' the' LGC.' ' Yet,' the'
implied.' Under' Sec.' 461' of' LGC,' the' only' instance' when' province' would' be' made' to' comply' with' the' minimum'
the' territorial' or' land' area' requirement' need' not' be' land' area' criterion' of' 2,000' square' kilometers,' even' if' it'
complied' with' is' when' there' is' already' compliance' with' consists' of' several' islands.' ' This' would' mean' that'
the'population'requirement.' Congress' has' opted' to' assign' a' distinctive' preference' to'
→ 2010'Navarro,'reversed'in'2011'(April'2012)' create' a' province' with' contiguous' land' area' over' one'
→ SC,' thru' Nachura,' ruled' that' Congress' intended' to' apply' composed'of'islands'—'and'negate'the'greater'imperative'
the' exemption' on' land' area' requirements' enjoyed' by' of' development' of' selfbreliant' communities,' rural'
municipalities' and' cities' which' have' islands' as' territories' progress,' and' the' delivery' of' basic' services' to' the'
to'the'Province'[of'Dinagat].' constituency.''This'preferential'option'would'prove'more'
difficult' and' burdensome' if' the' 2,000bsquarebkilometer'

By: RLB 22"

 territory'of'a'province'is'scattered'because'the'islands'are'
separated'by'bodies'of'water,'as'compared'to'one'with'a'
contiguous'land'mass.'
→ Moreover,' such' a' very' restrictive' construction' could'
trench' on' the' equal' protection' clause,' as' it' actually'
defeats' the' purpose' of' local' autonomy' and'
decentralization'as'enshrined'in'the'Constitution.''Hence,'
the' land' area' requirement' should' be' read' together' with'
territorial'contiguity'
→ Note' of' J.' Carpio’s' Dissent' that' the' majority' opinion' will'
allow' the' creation' of' a' province' with' only' one' (1)' unit'
(say'a'municipality)'instead'of'various'component'LGUs.'
' NOTE:'Population'requirement'is'not'an'indispensable'
2. Average"annual"income'
→ income' accruing' to' the' general' fund' (regular),' exclusive'
of'special'funds,'trust'funds,'transfers,'and'nonbrecurring'
income.'
' "
• Alvarez(vs.(Guingona(
→ It'is'automatically'and'regularly'released,'and'so'“regular”'
and' “recurring”' and' they' form' part' of' the' “gross'
accretion'of'funds.”'
→ However,'in'the'case'of'conversion'of'a'municipality'into'
a' city' or' a' cluster' of' barangays' to' be' formed' into' a' new'
city,' RA' 9009' enacted' on' June' 30,' 2001' and' amending'
Sec.' 450' of' the' Code,' IRAs' are' no' longer' included' in' the'
computation' of' the' annual' income' for' purposes' of'
complying'with'the'income'requirement.'“income”'refers'
to'“locally'generated”'income.'
' and' endorsed' by' the' Mayor]' to" be" submitted" to" the"
3. Boundary'
→ should' be' “properly' identified' by' metes' and' bounds”'
(Sec.'7)'WHY?'–for'Jurisdiction.'
→ With' technical' descriptions?' See' Mariano' vs' COMELEC—
the' true' test' is' whether' or' not' the' description' of'
boundary' will' cause' territorial' confusion.' Otherwise,'
requirement'is'substantially'complied'with.'
' Art.'9.'Provinces.'
• Mariano(vs(Comelec2
→ Petitioners'have'not'demonstrated'that'the'delineation'of'
the' land' area' of' the' proposed' City' of' Makati' (without'
metes' and' bounds)' will' cause' confusion' as' to' its'
boundaries.'Congress'has'refrained'from'using'the'metes'
and'bounds'description'of'land'areas'of'other'LGUs'with'
unsettled'boundary'disputes.''
→ Petitioners'assail'sec.'2'of'RA'7854'as'unconstitutional'on'
the'ground'that'it'did'not'properly'identify'the'land'area'
or'territorial'jurisdiction'of'Makati'by'metes'and'bounds,'
in'violation'of'Sec.'10'of'the'1987'Constitution'in'relation'
to'Sec.'7'and'450'of'the'LGC.'
→ The'requirement'that'the'territory'of'newlybcreated'LGUs'
be'identified'by'metes'and'bounds'is'intended'to'provide'
the' means' by' which' the' area' of' the' LGU' may' be'
reasonably'ascertained,'i.e.,'as'a'tool'in'the'establishment'
of' the' LGU.' As' long' as' the' territorial' jurisdiction' of' the'
newly' created' city' may' be' reasonably' ascertained' –' by'
referring' to' common' boundaries' with' neighboring'
municipalities' –' then,' the' legislative' intent' has' been'
sufficiently' served.' [Note:' RA' 7854,' which' converted'
Makati' into' a' city,' did' not' define' the' boundaries' of' the'
new' city' by' metes' and' bounds,' because' of' a' territorial'
By: RLB
dispute' between' Makati' and' Taguig,' which' was' best' left'
for'the'courts'to'decide.]'
'
• Aquino(III(vs(COMELEC(
→ Requisites'for'Creation'(of'Province):'
a) Twenty'Million'Pesos'[P"20,"000,"000."00]'
b) and"either"of"the"following:'
- A' contiguous' territory' of' at' least' two'
thousand'(2,000)'square'kilometres;'OR'
- A' population' of' not' less' than' two' hundred'
fifty'thousand'(250,'000)'inhabitants.'
'
requirement,'but'merely'an'alternative'addition'to'the'
indispensable'income'requirement.'
"
Procedure"in"Creation"and"Conversion"
A."Creation:"
1. Petition'by'the'prospective'units'in'a'form'of'resolution'
2. Comments" on' the' Petition' by' the' Sangunian' of' the'
mother'unit'to'be'submitted'to'Congress.'
3. Attachment" of" supporting" documents" to' the' Petition'
consisting'of'Certificates'of'DOF,'NSO,'and'LMB'(DENR)'
4. Enactment'of'Law"by'Congress'
5. Plebiscite"(after'law'takes'effect)'[Art.'9b11,'IRR]'
"
B."Conversion"from"Component"City"to"HUC:"
1. Resolution' by' the' interested' unit' [by' SP,' duly' approved'
Office" of" President' with' proofs' of' compliance' with'
income'and'population'requirements.'
2. Declaration"of"Conversion''by'the'President'
3. Plebiscite"
"
• Arts.'9b14'IRR'
'
(b)'Procedure'for'creation'–'
(1)' Petition' b' Interested' municipalities' or' component'
cities'shall'submit'the'petition,'in'the'form'of'a'resolution,'
of'their'respective'sanggunians'requesting'the'creation'of'
a' new' province' to' the' Congress,' and' furnish' copies'
thereof' to' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan' of' the' original'
province'or'provinces.'
'
(2)'Comments'on'petition'b'The'sangguniang'panlalawigan'
of' the' original' province' or' provinces' shall' submit' to' the'
Congress' its' comments' and' recommendations' on' the'
petition'for'creation'of'the'proposed'province.'
'
(3)' Documents' to' Support' Petition' b' The' following'
documents'shall'be'attached'to'the'petition'for'creation:'
'
(i)' Certification' by' DOF' that' the' average' annual'
income' of' the' proposed' province' meets' the'
minimum' income' requirement' and' that' its'
creation' will' not' reduce' the' income,' based' on'
1991' constant' prices,' of' the' original' LGU' or'
LGUs'to'less'than'the'prescribed'minimum;'
'
23"
 (ii)' Certification' by' the' NSO' as' to' population' of' reduce' the' population' of' the' original' LGUs' to'
the'proposed'province'and'that'its'creation'will' less'than'the'prescribed'minimum;'
not' reduce' the' population' of' the' original' LGUs' '
to'less'than'the'prescribed'minimum;' (iii)' Certification' by' LMB' that' the' land' area' of'
' the'proposed'city'meets'the'minimum'land'area'
(iii)' Certification' by' LMB' that' the' land' area' of' requirement'and'that'its'creation'will'not'reduce'
the'proposed'province'meets'the'minimum'land' the'land'area'of'the'original'LGU'or'LGUs'to'less'
area' requirement' and' that' its' creation' will' not' than'the'prescribed'minimum;'
reduce'the'land'area'of'the'original'LGU'or'LGUs' '
to'less'than'the'prescribed'minimum;' (iv)' Map' of' the' original' LGU' or' LGUs,' indicating'
' the'areas'to'be'created'into'a'city.'The'map'shall'
(iv)' Map' of' the' original' LGU' or' LGUs,' indicating' be' prepared' by' the' provincial,' city,' or' district'
the'areas'to'be'created'into'a'province.'The'map' engineer' as' the' case' may' be' and' shall' clearly'
shall' be' prepared' by' the' provincial,' city,' or' indicate' the' road' network' within' the' proposed'
district' engineer' and' shall' clearly' indicate' the' city;'
road'network'within'the'proposed'province;'and' '
' (v)' Certification' by' LMB' that' disposable' and'
(v)' Such' other' information' that' the' petitioners' alienable'public'lands'are'available'in'the'area'to'
may' deem' relevant' for' consideration' in' the' be' created' into' a' city' sufficient' to' meet' its'
petition.' growing'population'and'the'following'purposes:'
All' costs' incurred' in' the' production' of' the' - Government' center' site' of' not' less'
required' documents' shall' be' borne' by' the' than' ten' thousand' (10,000)' square'
petitioning'LGUs.' meters'which'shall'include'the'city'hall'
' site' and' those' of' other' government'
(4)'Plebiscite'–' buildings;'
(i)'Upon'the'effectivity'of'the'law'creating'a'province,'the' - Market' site' of' not' less' than' ten'
Comelec' shall' conduct' a' plebiscite' in' the' LGU' or' LGUs' thousand' (10,000)' square' meters,'
directly'affected'within'one'hundred'twenty'(120)'days'or' located' out' of' view' of' the' city' hall,'
within'the'period'specified'in'the'law.' schools,' plaza,' and' cemetery' and' near'
' but' not' along' a' provincial' road,'
(ii)' The' Comelec' shall' conduct' an' intensive' information' railroad'station,'navigable'river,'or'sea;'
campaign'in'the'LGUs'concerned'at'least'twenty'(20)'days' - Plaza' or' park' of' not' less' than' ten'
prior'to'the'plebiscite.'For'this'purpose,'the'Comelec'may' thousand' (10,000)' square' meters'
seek' the' assistance' of' national' and' local' government' located' preferably' in' front' of' the' city'
officials,'mass'media,'NGOs,'and'other'interested'parties.' hall;'
' - School' site' of' not' less' than' ten'
Art.'11.'Cities.' thousand' (10,000)' square' meters,' in'
(b)'Procedure'for'creation'–' wellb' drained' location' that' conforms'
(1)' Petition' b' Interested' municipalities' or' barangays' shall' with' the' requirements' prescribed' by'
submit' the' petition,' in' the' form' of' a' resolution,' of' their' public'school'authorities;'and'
respective' sanggunians' requesting' the' creation' of' a' new' - Cemetery' site' of' not' less' than' five'
city' to' the' Congress,' and' furnish' copies' thereof' to' the' thousand' (5,000)' square' meters' for'
sangguniang' panlalawigan' or' sangguniang' panlungsod' of' every' ten' thousand' (10,000)'
the'LGUs'concerned.' population' which' conforms' with' the'
' requirements' prescribed' by' the' health'
(2)'Comments'on'petition'b'The'sangguniang'panlalawigan' authorities;'
or' sangguniang' panlungsod' shall' submit' to' the' Congress' '
its' comments' and' recommendations' on' the' petition' for' (vi)' Number' and' nature' of' existing' and'
creation'of'the'city.' commercial' establishments' in' the' territory' of'
' the'proposed'city'as'certified'by'NSO;'
(3)' Documents' to' support' petition' b' The' following' '
documents'shall'be'attached'to'the'petition'for'creation:' (vii)' Sources' of' potable' water' supply' for' the'
(i)' Certification' by' DOF' that' the' average' annual' inhabitants' as' certified' by' the' Local' Water'
income' of' the' proposed' city' meets' the' Utilities' Administration' (LWUA)' or' the'
minimum' income' requirement' and' that' its' Metropolitan'Waterworks'and'Sewerage'System'
creation' will' not' reduce' the' income' based' on' (MWSS),'as'the'case'may'be;'
1991' constant' prices,' of' the' original' LGU' or' '
LGUs'to'less'than'the'prescribed'minimum;' (viii)' Facilities,' plans,' and' site' for' sewerage,'
' garbage' and' waste' disposal' as' certified' by' the'
(ii)' Certification' by' NSO' as' to' population' of' the' local'engineer;'and'
proposed' city' and' that' its' creation' will' not' '

By: RLB 24"

 (ix)' Such' other' information' that' the' petitioners' '
may' deem' relevant' for' consideration' in' the' (2)'Comments'on'petition'b'The'sangguniang'panlungsod'
petition.' or' sangguniang' bayan,' together' with' the' sangguniang'
' panlalawigan,'shall'submit'to'the'Congress'its'comments'
All' costs' incurred' in' the' production' of' the' and'recommendations'on'the'petition'for'creation'of'the'
required' documents' shall' be' borne' by' the' municipality.'
petitioning'LGUs.' '
' (3)' Documents' to' support' petition' b' The' following'
(4)'Plebiscite'–' documents'shall'be'attached'to'the'petition'for'creation:'
(i)'Upon'the'effectivity'of'the'law'creating'a'city,' (i)'Certification'by'the'provincial'treasurer,'in'the'
the' Comelec' shall' conduct' a' plebiscite' in' the' case'of'municipalities'and'component'cities,'and'
LGUs' directly' affected' within' one' hundred' the' city' treasurer,' in' the' case' of' highlyb
twenty'(120)'days'or'within'the'period'specified' urbanized'cities,'that'the'average'annual'income'
in'the'law.' of' the' proposed' municipality' meets' the'
' minimum' income' requirement' and' that' its'
(ii)' The' Comelec' shall' conduct' an' intensive' creation' will' not' reduce' the' income,' based' on'
information'campaign'in'the'LGUs'concerned'at' 1991' constant' prices,' of' the' original' LGU' or'
least'twenty'(20)'days'prior'to'the'plebiscite.'For' LGUs'to'less'than'the'prescribed'minimum;'
this' purpose,' the' Comelec' may' seek' the' '
assistance' of' national' and' local' government' (ii)' Certification' by' NSO' as' to' population' of' the'
officials,' mass' media,' NGOs,' and' other' proposed' municipality' and' that' its' creation' will'
interested'parties.' not'reduce'the'population'of'the'original'LGU'or'
' LGUs'to'less'than'the'prescribed'minimum;'
Art.' 12.' Conversion' of' a' Component' City' Into' a' HighlybUrbanized' '
City.' (iii)' Certification' by' the' LMB' that' the' land' area'
(b)'Procedure'for'conversion'–' of' the' proposed' municipality' meets' the'
(1)' Resolution' b' The' interested' component' city' shall' minimum' land' area' requirement' and' that' its'
submit' to' the' Office' of' the' President' a' resolution' of' its' creation' will' not' reduce' the' land' area' of' the'
sanggunian'adopted'by'a'majority'of'all'its'members'in'a' original'LGU'or'LGUs'to'less'than'the'prescribed'
meeting' duly' called' for' the' purpose,' and' approved' and' minimum;'
endorsed' by' the' city' mayor.' Said' resolution' shall' be' '
accompanied' by' certifications' as' to' income' and' (iv)' Map' of' the' original' LGU' or' LGUs,' indicating'
population.' the'areas'to'be'created'into'a'municipality.'The'
' map'shall'be'prepared'by'the'provincial,'city,'or'
(2)' Declaration' of' conversion' b' Within' thirty' (30)' days' district' engineer' as' the' case' may' be' and' shall'
from'receipt'of'such'resolution,'the'President'shall,'after' clearly' indicate' the' road' network' within' the'
verifying' that' the' income' and' population' requirements' proposed'city;'
have' been' met,' declare' the' component' city' as' highlyb (v)' Certification' by' LMB' that' disposable' and'
urbanized.' alienable'public'lands'are'available'in'the'area'to'
' be'created'into'a'municipality'sufficient'to'meet'
(3)' Plebiscite' b' Within' one' hundred' twenty' (120)' days' its' growing' population' and' the' following'
from' the' declaration' of' the' President' or' as' specified' in' purposes:'
the'declaration,'the'Comelec'shall'conduct'a'plebiscite'in' - Government' center' site' of' not' less'
the' city' proposed' to' be' converted.' Such' plebiscite' shall' than' five' thousand' (5,000)' square'
be' preceded' by' a' comprehensive' information' campaign' meters' which' shall' include' the'
to' be' conducted' by' the' Comelec' with' the' assistance' of' municipal' hall' site' and' those' of' other'
national'and'local'government'officials,'media,'NGOs,'and' government'buildings;'
other'interested'parties.' - Market' site' of' not' less' than' five'
' thousand' (5,000)' square' meters,'
(c)'Effect'of'Conversion'b'The'conversion'of'a'component'city'into'a' located' out' of' view' of' the' municipal'
highlyburbanized' city' shall' make' it' independent' of' the' province' hall,' schools,' plaza,' and' cemetery' and'
where'it'is'geographically'located.' near' but' not' along' a' provincial' road,'
' railroad'station,'navigable'river,'or'sea;'
Art.'13.'Municipalities.'' - Plaza' or' park' of' not' less' than' five'
(b)'Procedure'for'creation'–' thousand' (5,000)' square' meters'
(1)' Petition' b' Interested' barangays' shall' submit' the' located' preferably' in' front' of' the'
petition,' in' the' form' of' a' resolution,' of' their' respective' municipal'hall;'
sanggunians' requesting' the' creation' of' a' new' - School' site' of' not' less' than' five'
municipality' to' the' Congress,' and' furnish' copies' thereof' thousand' (5,000)' square' meters,' in'
to' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan,' sangguniang' wellbdrained' location' that' conforms'
panlungsod,' or' sangguniang' bayan' of' the' LGUs' with' the' requirements' prescribed' by'
concerned.' public'school'authorities;'and'

By: RLB 25"

 - Cemetery' site' of' not' less' than' five' sangguniang' bayan' concerned,' or' to' the' sangguniang'
thousand' (5,000)' square' meters' for' panlungsod,'for'appropriate'action.'
every' ten' thousand' (10,000)' In' the' case' of' municipalities' within' MMA,' a' similar'
population' which' conforms' with' the' petition'or'resolution'shall'be'presented'to'the'Congress,'
requirements' prescribed' by' health' upon' recommendation' of' the' sangguniang' bayan'
authorities.' concerned.'
' '
(vi)'Number'and'nature'of'existing'industrial'and' (2)' Documents' to' support' petition' b' In' addition' to' the'
commercial' establishments' in' the' territory' of' petition'or'resolution,'the'following'shall'be'submitted:'
the'proposed'municipality'as'certified'by'NSO;' (i)' Certification' by' NSO' as' to' the' population' of'
' the'proposed'barangay'and'that'its'creation'will'
(vii)' Sources' of' potable' water' supply' for' the' not' reduce' the' population' of' the' original'
inhabitants' as' certified' by' LWUA' or' MWSS,' as' barangay' or' barangays' to' less' than' the'
the'case'may'be;' prescribed'minimum.'
' '
(viii)' Facilities,' plans,' and' site' for' sewerage,' (ii)' Map' of' the' original' barangay' or' barangays'
garbage' and' waste' disposal' as' certified' by' the' indicating' the' areas' to' be' created' into' a' new'
local'engineer;'and' barangay' and' technical' description' certified' by'
' LMB' or' city' or' municipal' assessor,' as' the' case'
(ix)' Such' other' information' that' the' petitioners' may'be.'
may' deem' relevant' for' consideration' in' the' All' costs' incurred' in' the' production' of' the'
petition.' required' documents' shall' be' borne' by' the'
' petitioning'LGUs.'
All' costs' incurred' in' the' production' of' the' '
required' documents' shall' be' borne' by' the' (3)' Comments' on' petition' b' The' presiding' officer' of' the'
petitioning'LGUs.' sangguniang' bayan' shall' require' the' sangguniang'
' barangay'of'the'original'barangay'or'barangays'to'submit'
(4)'Plebiscite'–' their' comments' on' the' proposed' creation' within' twenty'
(i)' Upon' the' effectivity' of' the' law' creating' a' (20)'days'after'receipt'of'said'petition'or'resolution'which'
municipality,' the' Comelec' shall' conduct' a' shall'serve'as'basis'for'recommending'appropriate'action'
plebiscite' in' the' LGUs' directly' affected' within' thereon'to'the'sangguniang'panlalawigan.'
one' hundred' twenty' (120)' days' or' within' the' '
period'specified'in'the'law.' (4)'Action'on'petition'b'The'sangguniang'panlalawigan'or'
' sangguniang' panlungsod' shall,' within' fifteen' (15)'
(ii)' The' Comelec' shall' conduct' an' intensive' days' from' submission' of' the' petition' and' other' required'
information'campaign'in'the'LGUs'concerned'at' supporting' documents,' take' action' granting' or' denying'
least'twenty'(20)'days'prior'to'the'plebiscite.'For' the'petition.'
this' purpose,' the' Comelec' may' seek' the' (i)'The'ordinance'granting'the'petition'creating'a'
assistance' of' national' and' local' government' new' barangay' shall' be' approved' by' twob' thirds'
officials,' mass' media,' NGOS,' and' other' (2/3)' of' all' the' members' of' the' sangguniang'
interested'parties.' panlalawigan'or'sangguniang'panlungsod.'
' The' ordinance' shall' properly' identify' by' metes'
Art.'14.'Barangays.'–'' and' bounds' or' by' natural' boundaries,' the'
(a)' Creation' of' barangays' by' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan' shall' territorial' jurisdiction' of' the' new' barangay.' The'
require'prior'recommendation'of'the'sangguniang'bayan.' ordinance' shall' likewise' fix' the' date' of' the'
' plebiscite'to'be'conducted'by'the'Comelec'in'the'
(b)' New' barangays' in' the' municipalities' within' MMA' shall' be' area' or' areas' directly' affected' to' ratify' the'
created' only' by' Act' of' Congress,' subject' to' the' limitations' and' creation'of'the'new'barangay.'
requirements'prescribed'in'this'Article.' '
' (ii)' A' denial' shall' be' in' the' form' of' a' resolution'
(c)' Notwithstanding' the' population' requirement,' a' barangay' may' stating' clearly' the' facts' and' reasons' for' such'
be' created' in' the' indigenous' cultural' communities' by' Act' of' denial.'
Congress' upon' recommendation' of' the' LGU' or' LGUs' where' the' '
cultural'community'is'located.' (5)' Submission' of' ordinance' to' the' Comelec' b' Within'
' thirty'(30)'days'before'the'plebiscite,'the'secretary'to'the'
(e)'Procedure'for'creation'–' sangguniang' panlalawigan' or' sangguniang' panlungsod'
(1)' Petition' b' A' written' petition' of' a' majority' of' the' shall'furnish'the'Comelec'with'a'signed'official'copy'of'the'
registered'voters'residing'in'the'area'sought'to'be'created' ordinance'creating'the'barangay.'
or' resolutions' of' the' sangguniang' barangays' desiring' to' '
be'merged,'as'the'case'may'be,'shall'be'presented'to'the' (6)'Conduct'of'information'campaign'b'The'Comelec'shall'
sangguniang' panlalawigan,' upon' recommendation' of' the' conduct' an' intensive' information' campaign' in' the' LGUs'
concerned' at' least' ten' (10)' days' prior' to' the' plebiscite.'

By: RLB 26"

 For'this'purpose,'the'Comelec'may'seek'the'assistance'of'
national' and' local' government' officials,' mass' media,'
NGOs,'and'other'interested'parties.'
' •
(7)' Submission' of' plebiscite' results' b' At' least' seven' (7)'
days' after' the' conduct' of' the' plebiscite,' the' city' or'
municipality' concerned' shall' submit' the' Certificates' of'
Canvass' of' Votes' Cast,' Statement' of' Affirmative' and'
Negative'Votes,'Abstentions'Cast'in'every'voting'center'as'
well' as' the' provincial' or' city' ordinance' creating' the'
barangay' to' the' Comelec' and' DILG' central' office' for'
inclusion'in'the'Official'Masterlist'of'Barangays.'
" "
C."Division"and"Merger:"
1. Same'requirements'as'Creation'and'Conversion'
2. Conditions'and'Limitations:'should'not'reduce'the'
(1)' land' area,' population,' and' income' to' less' than' the'
minimum'requirements'under'the'Code;'and'
(2)'income'classification'of'the'original'LGU'affected.'[Sec.'
8,'LGC]'
' sangguniang'concerned,'as'the'case'may'be.'
• Section' 8.' Division' and' Merger.' b' Division' and' merger' of'
existing' local' government' units' shall' comply' with' the' same'
requirements' herein' prescribed' for' their' creation:' Provided,"
however," That" such" division" shall" not" reduce" the" income,"
population,"or"land"area"of"the"local"government"unit"or"units"
concerned" to" less" than" the" minimum" requirements"
prescribed" in" this" Code:" Provided," further," That" the" income"
classification" of" the" original" local" government" unit" or" units"
shall" not" fall" below" its" current" classification" prior" to" such"
division.'
' "
The' income' classification' of' local' government' units' shall' be'
updated'within'six'(6)'months'from'the'effectivity'of'this'Code'
to'reflect'the'changes'in'their'financial'position'resulting'from'
the'increased'revenues'as'provided'herein."
→ Merger' of' LGUs,' political' subdivisions' and' the' like' is' a'
legislative' function.' There' is' a' need' of' a' law' enacted' by'
Congress."
→ Should' a' law' be' pass' for' a' merger' of' ADMINISTRATIVE'
REGIONS?' For' the' purpose' of' allowing' a' efficiency' and'
economy'in'the'delivery'of'services?"
- You' don’t' need' a' law.' Executive' function.' Only' the'
President' has' the' power' to' do' that' because' merger'
of' administrative' regions' is' for' administrative'
purposes."
" → [Sec.(9,(RA(7160]'x'x'x'The'law'or'ordinance'abolishing'an'
Substantial"Alteration"of"Boundaries"[Requirements]"
→ Same'as'creation'and'conversion,'except'that'the'criteria'
on'income'and'population'are'not'factors'to'consider.'
→ But' the' alteration' of' the' boundaries' should' not' also'
reduce'the'minimum'requirements'on'land'area.'
' boundaries' of' local' government' units' shall' take' effect'
• Section' 6.' Authority' to' Create' Local' Government' Units.' b' A'
local' government' unit' may' be' created,' divided,' merged,'
abolished,'or'its'boundaries'substantially'altered'either'by'law'
enacted' by' Congress' in' the' case' of' a' province,' city,'
municipality,' or' any' other' political' subdivision,' or' by'
ordinance' passed' by' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan' or'
sangguniang'panlungsod'concerned'in'the'case'of'a'barangay'
By: RLB
located' within' its' territorial' jurisdiction,' subject' to' such'
limitations'and'requirements'prescribed'in'this'Code.'
'
Section' 10.' Plebiscite' Requirement.' b' No' creation,' division,'
merger,' abolition,' or' substantial' alteration' of' boundaries' of'
local'government'units'shall'take'effect'unless'approved'by'a'
majority'of'the'votes'cast'in'a'plebiscite'called'for'the'purpose'
in' the' political' unit' or' units' directly' affected.' Said' plebiscite'
shall' be' conducted' by' the' Commission' on' Elections'
(COMELEC)' within' one' hundred' twenty' (120)' days' from' the'
date' of' effectivity' of' the' law' or' ordinance' effecting' such'
action,'unless'said'law'or'ordinance'fixes'another'date.'
Abolition"
• Section' 9.' Abolition' of' Local' Government' Units.' b' A' local'
government' unit' may' be' abolished' when' its' income,'
population,'or'land'area'has'been'irreversibly'reduced'to'less'
than'the'minimum'standards'prescribed'for'its'creation'under'
Book' III' of' this' Code,' as' certified' by' the' national' agencies'
mentioned' in' Section' 7' hereof' to' Congress' or' to' the'
'
The'law'or'ordinance'abolishing'a'local'government'unit'shall'
specify' the' province,' city,' municipality,' or' barangay' with'
which'the'local'government'unit'sought'to'be'abolished'will'be'
incorporated'or'merged.'
'
→ Ground:' When' its' income,' population,' or' land' area' has'
been' irreversibly' reduced' to' less' than' the' minimum'
standards'as'certified'by'the'national'agencies'concerned.'
[Sec.'9,'LGC]'
Note:' Irreversible' reduction' to' less' than' the' minimum'
standards'only'offers'a'ground'for'abolition.'Hence,'a'further'
act'(law'or'ordinance)'is'still'required'to'effect'abolition.'[DILG'
Opinion'NO.'17'S.'2006]'
'
• Sarangani(v.(COMELEC(
→ Under'the'LGC'of'1991,'the'abolition'of'a'local'gov’t.'unit'
may'be'done'by'Congress'in'the'case'of'a'province,'city,'
municipality,'or'any'other'political'subdivision.'In'the'case'
of'a'barangay,'except'in'Metropolitan'Manila'area'and'in'
cultural'communities,'it'may'be'done'by'the'Sangguniang'
Panlalawigan' or' Sangguniang' Panglungsod' concerned'
subject' to' the' mandatory' requirement' of' a' plebiscite'
conducted'for'the'purpose'in'the'political'units'affected.'
LGU' shall' specify' the' province,' city,' municipality,' or'
barangay'with'which'the'LGU'sought'to'be'abolished'will'
be'incorporated'or'merged.'
→ [Sec.( 10,( Ibid]' Plebiscite' Requirement:' No' creation,'
division,' merger,' abolition,' or' substantial' alteration' of'
unless' approved' by' a' majority' of' the' votes' cast' in' a'
plebiscite' called' for' the' purpose' in' the' political' unit' or'
units'directly'affected.'Said'plebiscite'shall'be'conducted'
by' the' COMELEC' within' 120' days' from' the' date' of'
effectivity' of' the' law' or' ordinance' affecting' such' action'
unless'such'law'or'ordinance'fixes'another'date.'
'
'
27"
Autonomous"Regions""
• Manner'of'Creation—law'and'plebiscite'
• Dual'Purpose'of'Plebiscite:'
→ Determine'will'of'people'whether'to'create'AR;'
→ Determine'which'LGU'shall'form'part'of'AR.'(only'those'
with'majority'votes,'provided'more'than'one)'[Abbas'
and'Ordillo'Cases]'
' •
• ABBAS(VS(COMELEC(
→ As' provided' in' the' Constitution,' the' creation' of' the'
Autonomous' region' in' Muslim' Mindanao' is' made'
effective'upon'the'approval'"by'majority'of'the'votes'cast'
by' the' constituent' units' in' a' plebiscite' called' for' the'
purpose"'[Art.'X,'sec.'18].'The'question'has'been'raised'as'
to'what'this'majority'means.'Does'it'refer'to'a'majority'of'
the'total'votes'cast'in'the'plebiscite'in'all'the'constituent'
units,' or' a' majority' in' each' of' the' constituent' units,' or'
both?'
→ We' need' not' go' beyond' the' Constitution' to' resolve' this'
question.'
→ If' the' framers' of' the' Constitution' intended' to' require'
approval' by' a' majority' of' all' the' votes' cast' in' the'
plebiscite' they' would' have' so' indicated.' Thus,' in' Article'
XVIII,' section' 27,' it' is' provided' that' "[t]his' Constitution'
shall' take' effect' immediately' upon' its' ratification' by' a'
majority' of' the' votes' cast' in' a' plebiscite' held' for' the'
purpose' ...' Comparing' this' with' the' provision' on' the'
creation'of'the'autonomous'region,'which'reads:'
→ The'creation'of'the'autonomous'region'shall'be'effective'
when' approved' by' majority' of' the' votes' cast' by' the'
constituent' units' in' a' plebiscite' called' for' the' purpose,'
provided'that'only'provinces,'cities'and'geographic'areas'
voting'favorably'in'such'plebiscite'shall'be'included'in'the'
autonomous'region.'[Art.'X,'sec,'18,'para,'2].'
→ it' will' readily' be' seen' that' the' creation' of' the'
autonomous' region' is' made' to' depend,' not' on' the' total'
majority' vote' in' the' plebiscite,' but' on' the' will' of' the'
majority'in'each'of'the'constituent'units'and'the'proviso'
underscores'this.'for'if'the'intention'of'the'framers'of'the'
Constitution'was'to'get'the'majority'of'the'totality'of'the'
votes' cast,' they' could' have' simply' adopted' the' same'
phraseology' as' that' used' for' the' ratification' of' the'
Constitution,'i.e.'"the'creation'of'the'autonomous'region'
shall' be' effective' when' approved' by' a' majority' of' the'
votes'cast'in'a'plebiscite'called'for'the'purpose."'
→ It'is'thus'clear'that'what'is'required'by'the'Constitution'is'
a' simple' majority' of' votes' approving' the' organic' Act' in'
individual'constituent'units'and'not'a'double'majority'of'
the'votes'in'all'constituent'units'put'together,'as'well'as'
in'the'individual'constituent'units.'
→ Thus," under" the" Constitution" and" R.A." No" 6734," the"
creation"of"the"autonomous"region"shall"take"effect"only"
when" approved" by" a" majority" of" the" votes" cast" by" the"
constituent" units" in" a" plebiscite," and" only" those"
provinces" and" cities" where" a" majority" vote" in" favor" of"
the" Organic" Act" shall" be" included" in" the" autonomous"
region."The"provinces"and"cities"wherein"such"a"majority"
is"not"attained"shall"not"be"included"in"the"autonomous"
region." It" may" be" that" even" if" an" autonomous" region" is"
created," not" all" of" the" thirteen" (13)" provinces" and" nine"
(9)"cities"mentioned"in"Article"II,"section"1"(2)"of"R.A."No."
By: RLB
6734" shall" be" included" therein." The" single" plebiscite"
contemplated"by"the"Constitution"and"R.A."No."6734"will"
therefore"be"determinative"of"(1)"whether"there"shall"be"
an" autonomous" region" in" Muslim" Mindanao" and" (2)"
which"provinces"and"cities,"among"those"enumerated"in"
R.A."No."6734,"shall"compromise"it.'
"
ORDILLO(VS(COMELEC(
→ There' must' be' at' least' 2' LGUs' because' the' consti' says'
“units”,' so' in' the' case' of' Cordillera,' it’s' not' duly' created'
because' only' 1' province' got' an' affirmative' plebiscite,'
which' is' only' the' Ifugao' province,' and' the' rest' are'
negative.' So,' no' Cordillera' Autonomous' Region,' but'
simply' Administrative' Region' of' the' Cordilleras.' No' local'
government'powers.'
→ The' sole' province' of'Ifugao' cannot' validly' constitute' the'
Cordillera' Autonomous' Region.' The'keyword' in' Article' X,'
Section' 15' of'the'1987' Constitution' –'provinces,' cities,'
municipalities' and' geographical' areas' connote' that'
“region”' is' to' be' made' up' of' more' than' one' constituent'
unit.'The'term'“region”'used'in'its'ordinary'sense'means'
two' or' more' provinces.' Rule' in' statutory' construction'
must'be'applied'here:'the'language'of'the'Constitution,'as'
much'as'possible'should'be'understood'in'the'sense'it'has'
in' common' use' and' thatthe' words'used'
in'constitutional'provisions'are'
to'be'given'their'ordinary'meaning' except' where'
technical'terms'are'employed.'
→ The' entirety' of' Republic' Act' No.' 6766' creating' the'
Cordillera' Autonomous' Region' is' infused' with' provisions'
which'rule'against'the'sole'province'of'Ifugao'constituting'
the' Region.b' It' can' be'gleaned' that' Congress' never'
intended' that' a' single' province' may' constitute' the'
autonomous' region.b' If' this' were' so,' we' would' be' faced'
with'the'absurd'situation'of'having'two'sets'of'officials:'a'
set' of'provincial' officials' and' another' set' of' regional'
officials' exercising' their' executive' and' legislative' powers'
over' exactly' the' same' small' area.' (Ifugao' is' one' of'the'
smallest' provinces' in' the' Philippines,' populationbwise)'
(Art'III'sec'1'and'2;'Art'V,'sec'1'and'4;'Art'XII'sec'10'of'RA'
6766)b' Allotment' of' Ten' Million' Pesos' to' Regional'
Government'for'its'initial'organizational'requirements'can'
not' be' construed' as' funding' only' a' lone' and' small'
province' [Art' XXI' sec' 13(B)(c)]b' Certain' provisions' of' the'
Act'call'for'officials'“coming'from'different'provinces'and'
cities”'in'the' Region,' as'well'as'tribal'courts' and'the'
development'of'a'common' regional' language.' (Art' V'
sec'16;' Art' VI' sec' 3;'Art' VII;' Art' XV' RA'6766)b' Thus,' to'
contemplate' the' situation' envisioned' by' the' COMELEC'
would' not' only' violate' the' letter' and' intent' of' the'
Constitution' and' Republic' Act' No.' 6766'but' would' be'
impractical'and'illogical.'
'
• Counting'of'the'plebiscite'votes:'
'
REGULAR"LGUs" AUTONOMOUS"REGIONS"
Majority'of'TOTAL'votes' Majority' of' the' votes' in' EACH'
of'ALL'UNITS' UNIT'
'
• As'a'general'rule,'the'autonomous'regions'will'be'governed'by'
their'organic'acts.'[This'is'different'because'LGUs'will'have'to'
28"
 be' governed' primarily' by' the' LGC' and' secondarily' by' their'
charter'insofar'as'the'provisions'are'not'inconsistent'with'the'
Code.]'
' jurisdiction.'
• Constitutional'Provisions:'
→ Section'15.'There'shall'be'created'autonomous'regions'in'
Muslim' Mindanao' and' in' the' Cordilleras' consisting' of'
provinces,' cities,' municipalities,' and' geographical' areas'
sharing' common' and' distinctive' historical' and' cultural'
heritage,' economic' and' social' structures,' and' other'
relevant' characteristics' within' the' framework' of' this'
Constitution' and' the' national' sovereignty' as' well' as'
territorial'integrity'of'the'Republic'of'the'Philippines.'
' 1992.'
→ Section' 18.The" Congress" shall" enact" an" organic" act" for"
each" autonomous" regionwith" the" assistance" and"
participation" of" the" regional" consultative" commission"
composed"of"representatives"appointed"by"the"President"
from" a" list" of" nominees" from" multicsectoral" bodies." The"
organic" act" shall" define" the" basic" structure" of"
government" for" the" region" consisting" of" the" executive"
department"and"legislative"assembly,"both"of"which"shall"
be" elective" and" representative" of" the" constituent"
political"units."The"organic"acts"shall"likewise"provide"for"
special" courts" with" personal," family," and" property" law"
jurisdiction" consistent" with" the" provisions" of" this"
Constitution" and" national" laws.' [Note:' To' this' extent,'
decentralization' of' power' is' possible' or' true,' meaning,'
insofar'as'the'autonomous'regions'are'concerned,'they’re'
made' to' be,' to' some' extent,' an' abdication' of' political'
power]'
" ARMM' elections' are' not' covered' by' the' constitutional'
The"creation"of"the"autonomous"region"shall"be"effective"
when" approved" by" majority" of" the" votes" cast" by" the"
constituent" units" in" a" plebiscite" called" for" the" purpose,'
provided'that'only'provinces,'cities,'and'geographic'areas'
voting'favorably'in'such'plebiscite'shall'be'included'in'the'
autonomous'region.'
' as' it' remains' unaltered' by' the' people' as' ultimate'
→ Section' 19.' The' first' Congress' elected' under' this'
Constitution'shall,'within'eighteen'months'from'the'time'
of'organization'of'both'Houses,'pass'the'organic'acts'for'
the' autonomous' regions' in' Muslim' Mindanao' and' the'
Cordilleras.'
' its' adoption,' a' constitution' must' be' construed' as' a'
Elections'
Article'9,'Sec.'2'par.'2'of'the'Constitution'
- Sec." 2." The" Commission" on" Elections" shall" exercise" the"
following"powers"and"functions:"
(2)'Exercise'exclusive'original'jurisdiction'over'all'contests'
relating'to'the'elections,'returns,'and'qualifications'of'all'
elective' regional,' provincial,' and' city' officials,' and'
appellate' jurisdiction' over' all' contests' involving' elective'
municipal' officials' decided' by' trial' courts' of' general'
jurisdiction,' or' involving' elective' barangay' officials'
decided'by'trial'courts'of'limited'jurisdiction.'
' autonomous' regions' not' as' separate' forms' of'
Decisions,' final' orders,' or' rulings' of' the' Commission' on'
election' contests' involving' elective' municipal' and'
barangay' offices' shall' be' final,' executory,' and' not'
appealable.'
By: RLB
'
• What'do'you'mean'by'Regional'Elections?'It'should'mean'the'
Autonomous'Regions'and'COMELEC'has'exclusive'and'original'
'
• Kida( vs( Senate' b' The' Constitution' mandates' the'
synchronization' of' national' and' local' elections.' While' the'
Constitution' does' not' expressly' instruct' Congress' to'
synchronize'the'national'and'local'elections,'the'intention'can'
be' inferred' from' the' provisions' of' the' Transitory' Provisions'
(Article' XVIII)' of' the' Constitution' stating' that' the' first' regular'
elections' for' the' President' and' VicebPresident' under' this'
Constitution' shall' be' held' on' the' second' Monday' of' May,'
→ The'framers'of'the'Constitution'could'not'have'expressed'
their' objective' more' clearly' –' there' was' to' be' a' single'
election' in' 1992' for' all' elective' officials' –' from' the'
President' down' to' the' municipal' officials.' Significantly,'
the'framers'were'even'willing'to'temporarily'lengthen'or'
shorten' the' terms' of' elective' officials' in' order' to' meet'
this' objective,' highlighting' the' importance' of' this'
constitutional'mandate.'
→ We' came' to' the' same' conclusion' in'Osmeña2 v.2
Commission2on2Elections,2where'we'unequivocally'stated'
that' “the' Constitution' has' mandated' synchronized'
national' and' local' elections."' Despite' the' length' and'
verbosity' of' their' motions,' the' petitioners' have' failed' to'
convince'us'to'deviate'from'this'established'ruling.''
→ The'ARMM'elections'were'not'expressly'mentioned'in'the'
Transitory' Provisions' of' the' Constitution' on'
synchronization' cannot' be' interpreted' to' mean' that' the'
mandate' of' synchronization.' We' have' to' consider' that'
the'ARMM,'as'we'now'know'it,'had'not'yet'been'officially'
organized' at' the' time' the' Constitution' was' enacted' and'
ratified'by'the'people.'Keeping'in'mind'that'a'constitution'
is'not'intended'to'provide'merely'for'the'exigencies'of'a'
few'years'but'is'to'endure'through'generations'for'as'long'
sovereign,'a'constitution'should'be'construed'in'the'light'
of'what'actually'is'a'continuing"instrument"to"govern'not'
only' the' present' but' also' the' unfolding' events' of' the'
indefinite' future.' Although' the' principles' embodied' in' a'
constitution'remain'fixed'and'unchanged'from'the'time'of'
dynamic' process' intended' to' stand' for' a' great' length' of'
time,'to'be'progressive'and'not'static.'
→ To'reiterate,'Article'X'of'the'Constitution,'entitled'“Local'
Government,”' clearly' shows' the' intention' of' the'
Constitution' to' classify' autonomous' regions,' such' as' the'
ARMM,'as'local'governments.'The'Constitution'mentions'
only' the' “national' government”' and' the' “local'
governments,”'and'does'not'make'a'distinction'between'
the'“local'government”'and'the'“regional'government,”'is'
particularly'revealing,'betraying'as'it'does'the'intention'of'
the' framers' of' the' Constitution' to' consider' the'
government,' but' as' political' units' which,' while' having'
more'powers'and'attributes'than'other'local'government'
units,' still' remain' under' the' category' of' local'
governments.'Since'autonomous'regions'are'classified'as'
29"
 local' governments,' it' follows' that' elections' held' in'
autonomous' regions' are' also' considered' as' local'
elections.'
→ RA'No.'10153'is'in'reality'an'interim'measure,'enacted'to'
respond'to'the'adjustment'that'synchronization'requires.'
Given'the'context,'we'have'to'judge'RA'No.'10153'by'the'
standard' of' reasonableness' in' responding' to' the'
challenges' brought' about' by' synchronizing' the' ARMM'
elections' with' the' national' and' local' elections.' In' other'
words,' “given( the( plain( unconstitutionality( of( providing(
for( a( holdover( and( the( unavailability( of( constitutional(
possibilities( for( lengthening( or( shortening( the( term( of(
the( elected( ARMM( officials,( is( the( choice( of( the(
President’s( power( to( appoint( –( for( a( fixed( and( specific(
period( as( an( interim( measure,( and( as( allowed( under(
Section( 16,( Article( VII( of( the( Constitution( –( an(
unconstitutional(or(unreasonable(choice(for(Congress(to(
make?”''
→ We' admit' that' synchronization' will' temporarily' disrupt'
the'election'process'in'a'local'community,'the'ARMM,'as'
well' as' the' community’s' choice' of' leaders.' However,' we'
have'to'keep'in'mind'that'the'adoption'of'this'measure'is'
a'matter'of'necessity'in'order'to'comply'with'a'mandate'
that' the' Constitution' itself' has' set' out' for' us.' Moreover,'
the'implementation'of'the'provisions'of'RA'No.'10153'as'
an' interim' measure' is' comparable' to' the' interim'
measures' traditionally' practiced' when,' for' instance,' the'
President' appoints' officials' holding' elective' offices' upon'
the'creation'of'new'local'government'units.'
→ In' the' course' of' synchronizing' the' ARMM' elections' with'
the'national'and'local'elections,'Congress'had'to'grant'the'
President' the' power' to' appoint' OICs' in' the' ARMM,' in'
light' of' the' fact' that:' (a)' holdover' by' the' incumbent'
ARMM' elective' officials' is' legally' impermissible;' and' (b)'
Congress'cannot'call'for'special'elections'and'shorten'the'
terms'of'elective'local'officials'for'less'than'three'years.'
→ Unlike' local' officials,' as' the' Constitution' does' not'
prescribe' a' term' limit' for'barangay2 and'Sangguniang2
Kabataan'officials,' there' is' no' legal' proscription' which'
prevents' these' specific' government' officials' from'
continuing' in' a' holdover' capacity' should' some' exigency'
require' the' postponement' of'barangay'or'Sangguniang2
Kabataan'elections.'' Clearly,' these' fears' have' neither'
legal'nor'factual'basis'to'stand'on'
' Hierarchal"Relations"Among"Local"Government"Units"
Beginning"of"Corporate"Existence2
• Section' 14.' Beginning' of' Corporate' Existence.' b' When' a' new'
local'government'unit'is'created,'its'corporate'existence'shall'
commence" upon" the" election" and" qualification' of' its' chief'
executive' and' a' majority' of' the' members' of' its' sanggunian,'
unless' some' other' time' is' fixed' therefor' by' the' law' or'
ordinance'creating'it.'
' governmental'or'public'function,'don’t'look'at'the'LGU'as'
1) As' fixed" by" the" law" or" ordinance' (usually' effectivity' of' law)'
creating'the'lgu,'or2
2) Election'and'Qualifications'of'LCE'and'majority'of'Sanggunian'
members' (when' not' fixed' by' law' or' ordinance' or' when' it' is'
silent)2
2 the'autonomy'of'local'governments'14'and'even'devotes'
- “Election”' –' refers' to' having' been' proclaimed' as' winners' in'
the'election2
By: RLB
- “Qualifications”' –' refers' to' the' oathbtaking' that' qualifies' the'
public'official'
'
• When'do'we'call'it'a'LGU?'When'should'it'start'functioning'its'
corporate'powers?'
→ Upon'election'and'qualification.'It'means'the'oathbtaking.'
→ And' a' MAJORITY' of' the' member' of' its' sanggunian' –'
QUORUM'='it’s'the'only'way'the'sanggunian'can'transact'
into'business.'
'
• MEJIA(VS(BALOLONG'–'NO'LONGER'CONTROLLING'
"
• Pelaez(vs(Auditor(General"
→ When' RA' 2370' became' effective,' barrios' may' "not' be'
created' or' their' boundaries' altered' nor' their' names'
changed"' except' by' Act' of' Congress' or' of' the'
corresponding' provincial' board' "upon' petition' of' a'
majority' of' the' voters' in' the' areas' affected"' and' the'
"recommendation' of' the' council' of' the' municipality' or'
municipalities' in' which' the' proposed' barrio' is' situated."'
This' statutory' denial' of' the' presidential' authority' to'
create' a' new' barrio' implies' a' negation' of' the' bigger'
power'to'create'municipalities,'each'of'which'consists'of'
several'barrios.'"
→ The' power' to' fix' such' common' boundary,' in' order' to'
avoid'or'settle'conflicts'of'jurisdiction'between'adjoining'
municipalities,'may'partake'of'an'administrative'nature'—'
involving,'as'it'does,'the'adoption'of'means'and'ways'to'
carry' into' effect' the' law' creating' said' municipalities' —'
the' authority' to' create' municipal' corporations' is'
essentially' legislative' in' nature.' In' the' language' of' other'
courts,' it' is' "strictly' a' legislative' function"' or' "solely' and'
exclusively'the'exercise'of'legislative'power".'
→ Under' RA' 2370,' barrios' may' not' be' created' or' their'
boundaries'altered'nor'their'names'be'changed'except'by'
act' of' congress' or' of' the' corresponding' provincial' board'
upon' petition' of' a' majority' of' the' voters' in' the' areas'
affected' and' the' recommendation' of' the' council' of' the'
municipality' or' municipalities' in' which' the' proposed'
barrio'is'situated.'The'SC'further'said'that'the'authority'to'
create'municipal'corporation'is'legislative'in'nature.'
"
VI." Power" Relations" With" National" Government," Supreme" Court,"
President" And" Congress;" IntercGovernmental" Relations," And"
"
A."LGUs"and"National"Government"in"General:"
→ LGUs'are'agents'of'the'State" –'insofar'as'the'exercise'by'
the'LGUs'of'its'governmental'functions'and'therefore,'as'
agents' of' the' State,' LGUs' cannot' be' superior' to' the'
principal.'
→ If'the'LGU'in'a'particular'controversy'is'not'involved'in'a'
agent' of' the' state,' but' as' the' representative' of' its'
inhabitants.'
'
• Pimentel(Jr.(vs(Exec.(Sec.(GR(NO.(196770,(July(17,(2012'
→ The'Constitution'declares'it'a'policy'of'the'State'to'ensure'
a'full'article'on'the'subject'of'local'governance'15'which'
includes'the'following'pertinent'provisions:'
30"
 Section' 3.The' Congress' shall' enact' a' local'
government'code'which'shall'provide'for'a'more'
responsive' and' accountable' local' government'
structure' instituted' through' a' system' of'
decentralization' with' effective' mechanisms' of'
recall,' initiative,' and' referendum,' allocate'
among' the' different' local' government' units'
their' powers,' responsibilities,' and' resources,'
and' provide' for' the' qualifications,' election,'
appointment' and' removal,' term,' salaries,'
powers' and' functions' and' duties' of' local'
officials,' and' all' other' matters' relating' to' the'
organization'and'operation'of'the'local'units.'
xxx'xxx'xxx'
' national'government'is'that,'unless'an'LGU'is'particularly'
Section' 14.The' President' shall' provide' for'
regional' development' councils' or' other' similar'
bodies' composed' of' local' government' officials,'
regional' heads' of' departments' and' other'
government' offices,' and' representatives' from'
nonbgovernmental' organizations' within' the'
regions' for' purposes' of' administrative'
decentralization'to'strengthen'the'autonomy'of'
the'units'therein'and'to'accelerate'the'economic'
and'social'growth'and'development'of'the'units'
in'the'region.'(Underscoring'supplied)'
→ In' order' to' fully' secure' to' the' LGUs' the' genuine' and'
meaningful'autonomy'that'would'develop'them'into'selfb
reliant' communities' and' effective' partners' in' the'
attainment' of' national' goals,' 16' Section' 17' of' the' Local'
Government' Code' vested' upon' the' LGUs' the' duties' and'
functions' pertaining' to' the' delivery' of' basic' services' and'
facilities,'as'follows:'
SECTION'17.Basic'Services'and'Facilities.'—'
(a)Local' government' units' shall' endeavor' to' be'
selfbreliant' and' shall' continue' exercising' the'
powers'and'discharging'the'duties'and'functions'
currently' vested' upon' them.' They' shall' also'
discharge' the' functions' and' responsibilities' of'
national' agencies' and' offices' devolved' to' them'
pursuant' to' this' Code.' Local' government' units'
shall' likewise' exercise' such' other' powers' and'
discharge' such' other' functions' and'
responsibilities'as'are'necessary,'appropriate,'or'
incidental' to' efficient' and' effective' provision' of'
the' basic' services' and' facilities' enumerated'
herein.'
' and'Ordinance'3375b93,'(prohibiting'the'operation'of'casinos)'
(b)Such' basic' services' and' facilities' include,' but'
are'not'limited'to,'.'.'.'.'
While'the'aforementioned'provision'charges'the'
LGUs' to' take' on' the' functions' and'
responsibilities'that'have'already'been'devolved'
upon' them' from' the' national' agencies' on' the'
aspect' of' providing' for' basic' services' and'
facilities' in' their' respective' jurisdictions,'
paragraph' (c)' of' the' same' provision' provides' a'
categorical' exception' of' cases' involving'
nationallybfunded' projects,' facilities,' programs'
and'services,'thus:'DTAHSI'
' ordinance'the'mandate'of'the'statute.'
By: RLB
(c)Notwithstanding' the' provisions' of' subsection'
(b)' hereof,' public' works' and' infrastructure'
projects' and' other' facilities,' programs' and'
services' funded' by' the' National' Government'
under' the' annual' General' Appropriations' Act,'
other' special' laws,' pertinent' executive' orders,'
and' those' wholly' or' partially' funded' from'
foreign' sources,' are' not' covered' under' this'
Section,' except' in' those' cases' where' the' local'
government' unit' concerned' is' duly' designated'
as' the' implementing' agency' for' such' projects,'
facilities,' programs' and' services.' (Underscoring'
supplied)'
→ The' essence' of' this' express' reservation' of' power' by' the'
designated'as'the'implementing'agency,'it'has'no'power'
over' a' program' for' which' funding' has' been' provided' by'
the' national' government' under' the' annual' general'
appropriations' act,' even' if' the' program' involves' the'
delivery' of' basic' services' within' the' jurisdiction' of' the'
LGU.'
→ Under' the' Philippine' concept' of' local' autonomy,' the'
national' government' has' not' completely' relinquished' all'
its'powers'over'local'governments,'including'autonomous'
regions.'Only'administrative'powers'over'local'affairs'are'
delegated' to' political' subdivisions.' The' purpose' of' the'
delegation' is' to' make' governance' more' directly'
responsive' and' effective' at' the' local' levels.' In' turn,'
economic,'political'and'social'development'at'the'smaller'
political'units'are'expected'to'propel'social'and'economic'
growth' and' development.' But' to' enable' the' country' to'
develop' as' a' whole,' the' programs' and' policies' effected'
locally' must' be' integrated' and' coordinated' towards' a'
common'national'goal.'Thus,'policybsetting'for'the'entire'
country'still'lies'in'the'President'and'Congress.'
→ Indeed,'a'complete'relinquishment'of'central'government'
powers' on' the' matter' of' providing' basic' facilities' and'
services'cannot'be'implied'as'the'Local'Government'Code'
itself'weighs'against'it.'The'national'government'is,'thus,'
not' precluded' from' taking' a' direct' hand' in' the'
formulation'and'implementation'of'national'development'
programs' especially' where' it' is' implemented' locally' in'
coordination'with'the'LGUs'concerned.'
"
• MAGTAJAS(VS(PRYCE(PROPERTIES'b'It'is'not'competent'for'the'
Sangguniang'Panlungsod'of'CDO'City'to'enact'Ordinance'3353'
(prohibiting'the'use'of'buildings'for'the'operation'of'casinos),'
since' these' are' contrary' to' PD' 1869' which' authorizes' casino'
gambling.'
→ The' rationale' of' the' requirement' that' the' ordinances'
should' not' contravene' a' statute' is' obvious.' Municipal'
governments'are'only'agents'of'the'national'government.'
Local' councils' exercise' only' delegated' legislative' powers'
conferred'on'them'by'Congress'as'the'national'lawmaking'
body.'The'delegate'cannot'be'superior'to'the'principal'or'
exercise' powers' higher' than' those' of' the' latter.' It' is' a'
heresy' to' suggest' that' the' local' government' units' can'
undo'the'acts'of'Congress,'from'which'they'have'derived'
their' power' in' the' first' place,' and' negate' by' mere'
31"
 → This' basic' relationship' between' the' national' legislature'
and' the' local' government' units' has' not' been' enfeebled'
by' the' new' provisions' in' the' Constitution' strengthening'
the'policy'of'local'autonomy.'Without'meaning'to'detract'
from' that' policy,' we' here' confirm' that' Congress' retains'
control' of' the' local' government' units' although' in'
significantly'reduced'degree'now'than'under'our'previous'
Constitutions.' The' power' to' create' still' includes' the'
power' to' destroy.' The' power' to' grant' still' includes' the'
power' to' withhold' or' recall.' True,' there' are' certain'
notable' innovations' in' the' Constitution,' like' the' direct'
conferment' on' the' local' government' units' of' the' power'
to'tax,'which'cannot'now'be'withdrawn'by'mere'statute.'
By'and'large,'however,'the'national'legislature'is'still'the'
principal' of' the' local' government' units,' which' cannot'
defy'its'will'or'modify'or'violate'it.'
→ We' hold' that' the' power' of' PAGCOR' to' centralize' and'
regulate' all' games' of' chance,' including' casinos' on' land'
and' sea' within' the' territorial' jurisdiction' of' the'
Philippines,' remains' unimpaired.' P.D.' 1869' has' not' been'
modified' by' the' Local' Government' Code,' which'
empowers' the' local' government' units' to' prevent' or'
suppress'only'those'forms'of'gambling'prohibited'by'law.'
→ Casino' gambling' is' authorized' by' P.D.' 1869.' This' decree'
has' the' status' of' a' statute' that' cannot' be' amended' or'
nullified' by' a' mere' ordinance.' Hence,' it' was' not'
competent' for' the' Sangguniang' Panlungsod' of' Cagayan'
de' Oro' City' to' enact' Ordinance' No.' 3353' prohibiting' the'
use' of' buildings' for' the' operation' of' a' casino' and'
Ordinance' No.' 3375b93' prohibiting' the' operation' of'
casinos.' For' all' their' praiseworthy' motives,' these'
ordinances'are'contrary'to'P.D.'1869'and'the'public'policy'
announced'therein'and'are'therefore'ultra'vires'and'void.'
' laws'are'faithfully'executed.'
B."LGUs"and"the"Supreme"Court:"
→ LGUs’'acts'are'subject'to'judicial'review'
→ Ordinance'maybe'declared'void'by'the'court'
→ Minimum' appellate' jurisdiction' of' SC' means' that'
Congress'cannot'deprive'the'SC'the'right'to'review'in'the'
ff.'cases'enumerated'in'Sec.'4(2).'E.g.'constitutionality"of"
ordinances.'
' functions.'
• Sec.'1'Art.'8'consti'
The'judicial'power'shall'be'vested'in'one'Supreme'Court'
and'in'such'lower'courts'as'may'be'established'by'law.'
" with"respect"to"component"cities"and"municipalities;"and"
Judicial"power"includes"the"duty"of"the"courts"of"justice"
to"settle"actual"controversies"involving"rights"which"are"
legally"demandable"and"enforceable,"and"to"determine"
whether"or"not"there"has"been"a"grave"abuse"of"
discretion"amounting"to"lack"or"excess"of"jurisdiction"on"
the"part"of"any"branch"or"instrumentality"of"the"
Government."
" participation' of' local' government' units' both' in' the'
• Sec.'4(2)'Art.'8'consti–'SC’s'minimum'appellate'jurisdiction'in:'
All" cases" involving" the" constitutionality" of" a' treaty,'
international'or'executive'agreement,'or'law,'which'shall'
be' heard' by' the' Supreme' Court' en' banc,' and' all' other'
cases' which' under' the' Rules' of' Court' are' required' to' be'
heard' en' banc,' including' those' involving' the'
constitutionality,'application,'or'operation'of'presidential'
By: RLB
decrees,' proclamations,' orders,' instructions,' ordinances,'
and' other' regulations,' shall' be' decided' with' the'
concurrence' of' a' majority' of' the' Members' who' actually'
took' part' in' the' deliberations' on' the' issues' in' the' case'
and'voted'thereon.'
'
C."LGUs"and"the"President:"
→ President' exercises' general' supervision,' thus' the'
President'cannot'exercise'control'over'LGU'
→ “General' Supervision”' essentially' means' that' the'
president'shall'ensure'“that"laws"are"faithfully"executed”'
and' “that' LGUs" acts" are" within" the" scope" of" their"
prescribed"powers"and"functions”.2
→ "Control"'has'been'defined'as'the'power'of'an'officer'to'
alter'or'modify'or'nullify'or'set'aside'what'a'subordinate'
officer'had'done'in'the'performance'of'his'duties'and'the'
ability'to'substitute'the'judgment'of'the'subordinate'with'
his' own.' (Ability' lang,' not' necessarily' that' the' president'
will' substitute' the' judgment.' As' long' as' he' has' that'
capacity,'he'may'not'exercise'it.)'
'
• Secs.'4,'16'Art.'10'consti'
→ Section' 4.The" President" of" the" Philippines" shall"
exercise" general" supervision" over" local"
governments.Provinces" with" respect" to" component"
cities" and" municipalities," and" cities" and"
municipalities" with" respect" to" component"
barangays," shall" ensure" that" the" acts" of" their"
component" units" are" within" the" scope" of" their"
prescribed"powers"and"functions.'
'
→ Section' 16.The" President" shall" exercise" general"
supervision"over"autonomous"regions'to'ensure'that'
'
• Section' 25.' National' Supervision' over' Local' Government'
Units.–'
(a)' Consistent' with' the' basic' policy' on' local' autonomy,'
the" President" shall" exercise" general" supervision" over"
local" government" units" to' ensure' that' their' acts' are'
within' the' scope' of' their' prescribed' powers' and'
The" President" shall" exercise" supervisory" authority"
directly" over" provinces," highly" urbanized" cities," and"
independent" component" cities;" through" the" province"
through" the" city" and" municipality" with" respect" to"
barangays."
'
(b)' National' agencies' and' offices' with' project'
implementation' functions' shall' coordinate' with' one'
another' and' with' the' local' government' units' concerned'
in'the'discharge'of'these'functions.'They'shall'ensure'the'
planning'and'implementation'of'said'national'projects.'
'
(c)' The' President' may,' upon' request' of' the' local'
government' unit' concerned,' direct' the' appropriate'
national' agency' to' provide' financial,' technical,' or' other'
forms' of' assistance' to' the' local' government' unit.' Such'
32"
 assistance'shall'be'extended'at'no'extra'cost'to'the'local'
government'unit'concerned.'
' mayors' and' to' their' respective'
(d)' National' agencies' and' offices' including' governmentb
owned' or' controlled' corporations' with' field' units' or'
branches' in' a' province,' city,' or' municipality' shall' furnish'
the' local' chief' executive' concerned,' for' his' information'
and' guidance,' monthly' reports' including' duly' certified'
budgetary'allocations'and'expenditures.2
→ Sec.'4'Art.'10'of'the'Constitution'and'Sec.'25'of'the'
LGC' recognize' two' levels' of' “supervision”' that' the'
president'exercises:'Direct'and'Indirect.2
- President' has' “direct”' supervision' over'
Provinces,' HighlybUrbanized' Cities,' and'
Independent'Component'Cities;'and2
- President' has' “indirect”' supervision' over'
component' cities' and' municipalities' (through'
the' Province)' and' barangays' (through' the'
Municipality'or'City)2
' Secretary' of' Local' Government,' as' the' President's' alter'
→ These' 2' levels' can' be' illustrated' in' filing'
administrative' complaints' against' erring' local'
elective'officials:'
- Section' 61.' Form' and' Filing' of' Administrative'
Complaints.' b' A' verified' complaint' against' any'
erring'local'elective'official'shall'be'prepared'as'
follows:'
> A'complaint'against'any'elective'official'
of' a' province,' a' highly' urbanized' city,'
an' independent' component' city' or'
component' city' shall' be' filed' before'
the' Office' of' the' President;[direct'
supervision]'
> A'complaint'against'any'elective'official'
of' a' municipality' shall' be' filed' before'
the' sangguniang' panlalawigan' whose'
decision'maybe'appealed'to'the'Office'
of' the' President;' and[indirect'
supervision]'
> A' complaint' against' any' elective'
barangay' official' shall' be' filed' before'
the' sangguniang' panlungsod' or'
sangguniang' bayan' concerned' whose'
decision'shall'be'final'and'executory.'
' one'from'the'other'in'meaning'and'extent.'Thus'
→ Summary' attestations' of' direct' supervision' over'
provinces,'highlyburbanizes'cities'(HUC),'and'ICC:'
- Section'63.'Preventive'Suspension.'–'
(a)' Preventive' suspension' may' be'
imposed:'
By' the' President,' if' the'
respondent' is' an' elective'
official'of'a'province,'a'highly'
urbanized' or' an' independent'
component'city;'
' had' done' in' the' performance' of' his' duties' and'
- Section'455.'Chief'Executive;'Powers,'Duties'and'
Compensation.'
Furnish' copies' of' executive' orders'
issued' by' him,' to' the' provincial'
governor'in'the'case'of'component'city'
By: RLB
mayors,' to' the' Office' of' the' President'
in' the' case' of' highlyburbanized' city'
metropolitan' council' chairmen' in' the'
case' of' mayors' of' cities' in' the'
Metropolitan' Manila' Area' and' other'
metropolitan' political' subdivisions,'
within' seventybtwo' (72)' hours' after'
their'issuances.'
'
- Section' 465.' The' Chief' Executive:' Powers,'
Duties,' Functions,' and' Compensation' of'
Provincial'Governor.'
Furnish'copies'of'executive'orders'issued'by'him'
to' the' Office' of' the' President' within' seventyb
two'(72)'hours'after'their'issuance;'
'
• Ganzon(vs(CA'
→ We' come' to' the' core' question:' Whether' or' not' the'
ego,'can'suspend'and/or'remove'local'officials.'
→ SC' said' YES,' but' note' that' this' was' the' ruling' before'
where' the' president' still' has' the' power' to' remove' local'
officials'under'the'previous'LGC.'However,'under'Sec.'60'
of' the' present' LGC,' the' president' can' no' longer' remove'
local'officials.'Such'power'is'already'lodged'to'the'regular'
courts.'
→ The' petitioners' are' under' the' impression' that' the'
Constitution' has' left' the' President' mere' supervisory'
powers,' which' supposedly' excludes' the' power' of'
investigation,' and' denied' her' control,' which' allegedly'
embraces' disciplinary' authority.' It' is' a' mistaken'
impression' because' legally,' "supervision"" is" not"
incompatible"with"disciplinary"authority'as'this'Court'has'
held,'thus:'
xxx'xxx'xxx'It'is'true'that'in'the'case'of'Mondano'
vs.'Silvosa,'51'Off.'Gaz.,'No.'6'p.'2884,'this'Court'
had'occasion'to'discuss'the'scope'and'extent'of'
the' power' of' supervision' by' the' President' over'
local' government' officials' in' contrast' to' the'
power' of' control' given' to' him' over' executive'
officials' of' our' government' wherein' it' was'
emphasized' that' the' two' terms,' control' and'
supervision,'are'two'different'things'which'differ'
in' that' case' the' Court' has' made' the' following'
digression:' "In' administration' law' supervision'
means' overseeing' or' the' power' or' authority' of'
an' officer' to' see' that' subordinate' officers'
perform' their' duties.' If' the' latter' fail' or' neglect'
to' fulfill' them' the' former' may' take' such' action'
or' step' as' prescribed' by' law' to' make' them'
perform'their'duties.'Control,'on'the'other'hand,'
means'the'power'of'an'officer'to'alter'or'modify'
or'nullify'of'set'aside'what'a'subordinate'officer'
to' substitute' the' judgment' of' the' former' for'
that'of'the'latter."'But'from'this'pronouncement'
it'cannot'be'reasonably'inferred'that'the'power'
of' supervision' of' the' President' over' local'
government'officials'does'not'include'the'power'
33"
 of'investigation'when'in'his'opinion'the'good'of'
the' public' service' so' requires,' as' postulated' in'
Section' 64(c)' of' the' Revised' Administrative'
Code.'...xxx'xxx'xxx'
→ As' we' said,' "supervision"' and' "removal"' are' not'
incompatible' terms' and' one' may' stand' with' the' other'
notwithstanding' the' stronger' expression' of' local'
autonomy.'
' of'LigabCaloocan'Chapter."
• Drilon(vs(Lim'
→ Where' the' SOJ' reviews,' pursuant' to' law,' a' tax' measure'
enacted' by' a' lgu' to' determine' if' the' officials' performed'
their' functions' in' accordance' with' law,' i.e.' with' the'
prescribed'procedure'for'the'enactment'of'tax'ordinances'
and'the'grant'of'powers'under'the'LGC,'the'same'is'an'act'
of'mere'supervision,'not'control.'
→ Section'187'authorizes'the'Secretary'of'Justice'to'review'
only' the' constitutionality' or' legality' of' the' tax' ordinance'
and,'if'warranted,'to'revoke'it'on'either'or'both'of'these'
grounds.' When' he' alters' or' modifies' or' sets' aside' a' tax'
ordinance,'he'is'not'also'permitted'to'substitute'his'own'
judgment'for'the'judgment'of'the'local'government'that'
enacted' the' measure.' Secretary' Drilon' did' set' aside' the'
Manila' Revenue' Code,' but' he' did' not' replace' it' with' his'
own' version' of' what' the' Code' should' be.' He' did' not'
pronounce' the' ordinance' unwise' or' unreasonable' as' a'
basis' for' its' annulment.' He' did' not' say' that' in' his'
judgment'it'was'a'bad'law.'What'he'found'only'was'that'
it'was'illegal.'All'he'did'in'reviewing'the'said'measure'was'
determine' if' the' petitioners' were' performing' their'
functions' in' accordance' with' law,' that' is,' with' the'
prescribed'procedure'for'the'enactment'of'tax'ordinances'
and'the'grant'of'powers'to'the'city'government'under'the'
Local'Government'Code.'As'we'see'it,'that'was'an'act'not'
of'control'but'of'mere'supervision.'
→ An'officer'in'control'lays'down'the'rules'in'the'doing'of'an'
act.' If' they' are' not' followed,' he' may,' in' his' discretion,'
order'the'act'undone'or'rebdone'by'his'subordinate'or'he'
may' even' decide' to' do' it' himself.' Supervision' does' not'
cover' such' authority.' The' supervisor' or' superintendent'
merely' sees' to' it' that' the' rules' are' followed,' but' he'
himself' does' not' lay' down' such' rules,' nor' does' he' have'
the'discretion'to'modify'or'replace'them.'If'the'rules'are'
not'observed,'he'may'order'the'work'done'or'rebdone'but'
only' to' conform' to' the' prescribed' rules.' He' may' not'
prescribe'his'own'manner'for'the'doing'of'the'act.'He'has'
no' judgment' on' this' matter' except' to' see' to' it' that' the'
rules'are'followed.'In'the'opinion'of'the'Court,'Secretary'
Drilon' did' precisely' this,' and' no' more' nor' less' than' this,'
and' so' performed' an' act' not' of' control' but' of' mere'
supervision.'
' guidelines.'Neither'had'the'DILG'the'authority'to'remove'
• National(Liga(Ng(Mga(Barangay(vs(Paredes'
→ There' was' a' dispute' involving' the' election' of' the' liga' ng'
mga' barangays.' Sec.' Barbers' issued' a' memorandum' na'
mao' ni' dapat' ang' rules' in' the' conduct' of' the' elections.'
There' was' an' exercise' of' “control”' here.' That' cannot' be'
done,' because' the' president' is' only' limited' to' the'
supervisory'power."
→ With' his' Department' already' appointed' as' interim'
caretaker' of' the' Liga,' Secretary' Barbers' nullified' the'
By: RLB
results' of' the' Liga' elections' and' promulgated' DILG'
Memorandum'Circular'No.'97b193'dated'11'August'1997,'
where' he' laid' down' the' supplemental' guidelines' for' the'
1997' synchronized' elections' of' the' provincial' and'
metropolitan'chapters'and'for'the'election'of'the'national'
chapter'of'the'Liga'ng'mga'Barangay;'scheduled'dates'for'
the' new' provincial,' metropolitan' and' national' chapter'
elections;' and' appointed' respondent' Rayos' as' president'
→ These'acts'of'the'DILG'went'beyond'the'sphere'of'general'
supervision' and' constituted' direct' interference' with' the'
political' affairs,' not' only' of' the' Liga,' but' more'
importantly,' of' the' barangay' as' an' institution.' The'
election' of' Liga' officers' is' part' of' the' Liga’s' internal'
organization,' for' which' the' latter' has' already' provided'
guidelines.' In' succession,' the' DILG' assumed' stewardship'
and'jurisdiction'over'the'Liga'affairs,'issued'supplemental'
guidelines'for'the'election,'and'nullified'the'effects'of'the'
Ligabconducted' elections.' Clearly,' what' the' DILG' wielded'
was'the'power'of'control'which'even'the'President'does'
not'have."
→ Furthermore,' the' DILG' assumed' control' when' it'
appointed' respondent' Rayos' as' president' of' the' Ligab
Caloocan' Chapter' prior' to' the' newly' scheduled' general'
Liga' elections,' although' petitioner' David’s' term' had' not'
yet' expired.' The' DILG' substituted' its' choice,' who' was'
Rayos,' over' the' choice' of' majority' of' the' punong'
barangay'of'Caloocan,'who'was'the'incumbent'President,'
petitioner' David.' The' latter' was' elected' and' had' in' fact'
been' sitting' as' an' exbofficio' member' of' the' sangguniang'
panlungsod'in'accordance'with'the'Liga'Constitution'and'
BybLaws.' Yet,' the' DILG' extended' the' appointment' to'
respondent'Rayos'although'it'was'aware'that'the'position'
was' the' subject' of' a' quo' warranto' proceeding' instituted'
by' Rayos' himself,' thereby' preempting' the' outcome' of'
that' case.' It' was' bad' enough' that' the' DILG' assumed' the'
power' of' control,' it' was' worse' when' it' made' use' of' the'
power'with'evident'bias'and'partiality."
→ As'the'entity'exercising'supervision'over'the'Liga'ng'mga'
Barangay,'the'DILG’s'authority'over'the'Liga'is'limited'to'
seeing'to'it'that'the'rules'are'followed,'but'it'cannot'lay'
down'such'rules'itself,'nor'does'it'have'the'discretion'to'
modify'or'replace'them.'In'this' particular' case,' the' most'
that' the' DILG' could' do' was' review' the' acts' of' the'
incumbent' officers' of' the' Liga' in' the' conduct' of' the'
elections'to'determine'if'they'committed'any'violation'of'
the'Liga’s'Constitution'and'Byblaws'and'its'implementing'
rules.' If' the' National' Liga' Board' and' its' officers' had'
violated'Liga'rules,'the'DILG'should'have'ordered'the'Liga'
to'conduct'another'election'in'accordance'with'the'Liga’s'
own' rules,' but' not' in' obeisance' to' DILGbdictated'
the'incumbent'officers'of'the'Liga'and'replace'them,'even'
temporarily,'with'unelected'Liga'officers."
→ Like'the'local'government'units,'the'Liga'ng'mga'Barangay'
is'not'subject'to'control'by'the'Chief'Executive'or'his'alter'
ego."
→ President’s'supervisory'power'extends'to'the'Liga'ng'mga'
Barangay:"
The' DILG' (as' alter' ego' of' the' President)' can'
exercise' general' supervision' over' the' “Liga' ng'
34"
 mga' Barangays”.' The' Liga' is' an' aggregation' of'
barangays'which'are'in'turn'represented'therein'
by' their' respective' punong' barangays.' The'
representatives' of' the' Liga' sit' in' an' ex' officio'
capacity' at' the' municipal,' city' and' provincial'
sanggunians.'As'such,'they'enjoy'all'the'powers'
and' discharge' all' the' functions' of' regular'
municipal' councilors,' city' councilors,' or'
provincial' board' members,' as' the' case' may' be.'
Thus,' the' Liga' is' the' vehicle' through' which' the'
barangay' participates' in' the' enactment' of'
ordinances'and'formulation'of'policies'at'all'the'
legislative' local' levels' higher' than' the'
sangguniang'barangay,'at'the'same'time'serving'
as' the' mechanism' for' the' bottombtobtop'
approach'of'development.'
' •
• Zaldy(Ampatuan(vs(Hon.(Puno'
→ Proclamation' 1946' and' AOs' 273' and' 273bA' does' NOT'
violate'the'principle'of'local'autonomy'under'Section'16,'
Article' X' of' the' Constitution,' and' Section' 1,' Article' V' of'
the'Expanded'ARMM'Organic'Act'
→ The' DILG' Secretary' did' not' take' over' control' of' the'
powers'of'the'ARMM.''After'law'enforcement'agents'took'
respondent' Governor' of' ARMM' into' custody' for' alleged'
complicity' in' the' Maguindanao' massacre,' the' ARMM' • City' and' municipal' supervision' over' Component' Cities' and'
VicebGovernor,' petitioner' Ansaruddin' Adiong,' assumed'
the' vacated' post' on' December' 10,' 2009' pursuant' to' the'
rule' on' succession' found' in' Article' VII,' Section' 12,'of' RA'
9054.''In' turn,' Acting' Governor' Adiong' named' the' then'
Speaker' of' the' ARMM' Regional' Assembly,' petitioner'
SahalibGenerale,' Acting' ARMM' VicebGovernor.'In' short,'
the'DILG'Secretary'did'not'take'over'the'administration'or'
operations'of'the'ARMM.'
' •
D."LGUs"and"Congress:"
→ LGUs'derive'their'existence'and'powers'from'Congress'
→ This' is' a' necessary' consequence' of' adopting' a' unitary'
setup'
→ Magtajas(vs(Pryce(Properties(case'
' municipal' mayor' within' his' jurisdiction.' The' city' or'
• Sec.'10,'Art.'10'consti'
No' province,' city,' municipality,' or' barangay' may' be' created,'
divided,' merged,' abolished,' or' its' boundary' substantially'
altered,' except' in' accordance' with' the' criteria' established' in'
the' local' government' code' and' subject' to' approval' by' a'
majority' of' the' votes' cast' in' a' plebiscite' in' the' political' units'
directly'affected.'
' powers'granted'by'law'and'in'conformity'with'provincial,'
• Sec.'5,'Art.'10'consti'
Each'local'government'unit'shall'have'the'power'to'create'its'
own' sources' of' revenues' and' to' levy' taxes,' fees' and' charges'
subject'to'such'guidelines'and'limitations'as'the'Congress'may'
provide,' consistent' with' the' basic' policy' of' local' autonomy.'
Such' taxes,' fees,' and' charges' shall' accrue' exclusively' to' the'
local'governments.'
" •
E."Mother"LGU"and"Component"LGU:"
→ Mother'LGU'reviews'acts'of'Component'LGU'
• In'general'b'Sec.'4'Art'10'consti'
By: RLB
The' President' of' the' Philippines' shall' exercise'
general' supervision' over' local' governments.'
Provinces' with' respect' to' component' cities' and'
municipalities,'and'cities'and'municipalities'with'
respect' to' component' barangays,' shall' ensure'
that'the'acts'of'their'component'units'are'within'
the' scope' of' their' prescribed' powers' and'
functions.'
→ Mother'Sanggunian’s'REVIEW'POWER:'
Grounds:'
If'by'Sangguniang'Panlalawigan:'
1.'Ultra'vires'(Sec.'56)'
If'by'Sangguniang'Panlungsod/Bayan:'
1.'Consistent'with'law'
2.' Consistent' with' city/municipality'
ordinances'(Sec.'57)(
Provincial'Relations'with'Component'Cities'and'Municipalities'
Section' 29.' Provincial' Relations' with' Component' Cities'
and'Municipalities.'b'The'province,'through'the'governor,'
shall' ensure' that' every' component' city' and' municipality'
within' its' territorial' jurisdiction' acts' within' the' scope' of'
its' prescribed' powers' and' functions.' Highly' urbanized'
cities' and' independent' component' cities' shall' be'
independent'of'the'province.'
'
Municipalities'
Section' 32.' City' and' Municipal' Supervision' over' Their'
Respective'Barangays.'b'The'city'or'municipality,'through'
the' city' or' municipal' mayor' concerned,' shall' exercise'
general'supervision'over'component'barangays'to'ensure'
that' said' barangays' act' within' the' scope' of' their'
prescribed'powers'and'functions.'
'
Local'Chief'Executive'(LCE)'of'Mother'LGU'reviews'EOs'of'LCE'
of'Component'LGU'
Section'30.'Review'of'Executive'Orders.'–'
(a)' Except' as' otherwise' provided' under' the' Constitution'
and' special' statutes,' the' governor' shall' review' all'
executive' orders' promulgated' by' the' component' city' or'
municipal' mayor' shall' review' all' executive' orders'
promulgated' by' the' punong' barangay' within' his'
jurisdiction.' Copies' of' such' orders' shall' be' forwarded' to'
the'governor'or'the'city'or'municipal'mayor,'as'the'case'
may' be,' within' three' (3)' days' from' their' issuance.' In' all'
instances' of' review,' the' local' chief' executive' concerned'
shall' ensure' that' such' executive' orders' are' within' the'
city,'or'municipal'ordinances.'
'
(b)'If'the'governor'or'the'city'or'municipal'mayor'fails'to'
act' on' said' executive' orders' within' thirty' (30)' days' after'
their' submission,' the' same' shall' be' deemed' consistent'
with'law'and'therefore'valid.'
'
Sanggunian'of'Mother'LGU'reviews'Ordinances'of'Sanggunian'
and'EOs'of'LCE'of'Component'LGU'
→ Component' City' and' Municipal' Ordinances' and'
Resolutions' approving' the' local' development' plans'
and' public' investment' programs' formulated' by' the'
35"
 local'development'councils'[Note:'All'ordinances'but'
not' all' resolutions]' –' review" mechanism" of" the"
Mother"LGU'
- Section' 56.' Review' of' Component' City' and'
Municipal' Ordinances' or' Resolutions' by' the'
Sangguniang'Panlalawigan.'
(a)' Within' three' (3)' days' after' approval,' the'
secretary' to' the' sanggunian' panlungsod' or'
sangguniang' bayan' shall' forward' to' the'
sangguniang' panlalawigan' for' review,' copies' of'
approved' ordinances' and' the' resolutions'
approving' the' local' development' plans' and'
public' investment' programs' formulated' by' the'
local'development'councils.'
' -
(b)' Within' thirty' (30)' days' after' the' receipt' of'
copies' of' such' ordinances' and' resolutions,' the'
sangguniang' panlalawigan' shall' examine' the'
documents' or' transmit' them' to' the' provincial'
attorney,' or' if' there' be' none,' to' the' provincial'
prosecutor' for' prompt' examination.' The'
provincial' attorney' or' provincial' prosecutor'
shall,' within' a' period' of' ten' (10)' days' from'
receipt' of' the' documents,' inform' the'
sangguniang' panlalawigan' in' writing' of' his'
comments' or' recommendations,' which' may' be'
considered' by' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan' in'
making'its'decision.'
' (i)' Review' all' ordinances'
(c)' If' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan' finds' that'
such' an' ordinance' or' resolution' is' beyond' the'
power' conferred' upon' the' sangguniang'
panlungsod'or'sangguniang'bayan'concerned,'it'
shall'declare'such'ordinance'or'resolution'invalid'
in' whole' or' in' part.' The' sangguniang'
panlalawigan' shall' enter' its' action' in' the'
minutes' and' shall' advise' the' corresponding' city'
or' municipal' authorities' of' the' action' it' has'
taken.'
' -
(d)' If' no' action' has' been' taken' by' the'
sangguniang'panlalawigan'within'thirty'(30)'days'
after' submission' of' such' an' ordinance' or'
resolution,' the' same' shall' be' presumed'
consistent'with'law'and'therefore'valid.'
' city'and'its'inhabitants'pursuant'to'Section'16'of'
→ Barangay'Ordinances'
- Section' 57.' Review' of' Barangay' Ordinances' by'
the' Sangguniang' Panlungsod' or' Sangguniang'
Bayan.'–'
(a)'Within'ten'(10)'days'after'its'enactment,'the'
sangguniang' barangay' shall' furnish' copies' of' all'
barangay' ordinances' to' the' sangguniang'
panlungsod'or'sangguniang'bayan'concerned'for'
review'as'to'whether'the'ordinance'is'consistent'
with'law'and'city'or'municipal'ordinances.'
' orders' issued' by' the' punong'
(b)' If' the' sangguniang' panlungsod' or'
sangguniang'bayan,'as'the'case'may'be,'fails'to'
take'action'on'barangay'ordinances'within'thirty'
(30)'days'from'receipt'thereof,'the'same'shall'be'
deemed'approved.'
By: RLB
'
(c)' If' the' sangguniang' panlungsod' or'
sangguniang' bayan,' as' the' case' may' be,' finds'
the' barangay' ordinances' inconsistent' with' law'
or' city' or' municipal' ordinances,' the' sanggunian'
concerned' shall,' within' thirty' (30)' days' from'
receipt' thereof,' return' the' same' with' its'
comments' and' recommendations' to' the'
sangguniang' barangay' concerned' for'
adjustment,' amendment,' or' modification;' in'
which' case,' the' effectivity' of' the' barangay'
ordinance' is' suspended' until' such' time' as' the'
revision'called'for'is'effected.'
→ Ordinances'and'EOs'of'barangays'in'Municipalities'
Section' 447.' Powers,' Duties,' Functions' and'
Compensation.'–'
(a)' The' sangguniang' bayan,' as' the' legislative'
body'of'the'municipality,'shall'enact'ordinances,'
approve' resolutions' and' appropriate' funds' for'
the' general' welfare' of' the' municipality' and' its'
inhabitants' pursuant' to' Section' 16' of' this' Code'
and' in' the' proper' exercise' of' the' corporate'
powers' of' the' municipality' as' provided' for'
under'Section'22'of'this'Code,'and'shall:'
(1)' Approve' ordinances' and' pass'
resolutions' necessary' for' an' efficient'
and' effective' municipal' government,'
and'in'this'connection'shall:'
approved' by' the' sangguniang'
barangay' and' executive'
orders' issued' by' the' punong'
barangay' to' determine'
whether' these' are' within' the'
scope' of' the' prescribed'
powers'of'the'sanggunian'and'
of'the'punong'barangay;'
'
→ Ordinances'and'EOs'of'barangays'in'Cities'
Section' 458.' Powers,' Duties,' Functions' and'
Compensation.'
(a)' The' sangguniang' panlungsod,' as' the'
legislative' body' of' the' city,' shall' enact'
ordinances,' approve' resolutions' and'
appropriate'funds'for'the'general'welfare'of'the'
this' Code' and' in' the' proper' exercise' of' the'
corporate' powers' of' the' city' as' provided' for'
under'Section'22'of'this'Code,'and'shall:'
(1)' Approve' ordinances' and' pass'
resolutions' necessary' for' an' efficient'
and' effective' city' government,' and' in'
this'connection,'shall:'
(i)' Review' all' ordinances'
approved' by' the' sangguniang'
barangay' and' executive'
barangay' to' determine'
whether' these' are' within' the'
scope' of' the' prescribed'
36"
 powers'of'the'sanggunian'and'
of'the'punong'barangay;'
' Required)'of'the'LGC.'
→ Ordinances' and' EOs' of' Component' Municipalities'
and'Cities'
- Section' 468.' Powers,' Duties,' Functions' and'
Compensation.'
(a)' The' sangguniang' panlalawigan,' as' the'
legislative' body' of' the' province,' shall' enact'
ordinances,' approve' resolutions' and'
appropriate'funds'for'the'general'welfare'of'the'
province'and'its'inhabitants'pursuant'to'Section'
16' of' this' Code' in' the' proper' exercise' of' the'
corporate' powers' of' the' province' as' provided'
for'under'Section'22'of'this'Code,'and'shall:'
(1)' Approve' ordinances' and' pass'
resolutions' necessary' for' an' efficient'
and' effective' provincial' government'
and,'in'this'connection,'shall:'
(i)' Review' all' ordinances'
approved' by' the' sangguniang'
of' component' cities' and'
municipalities' and' executive'
orders' issued' by' the' mayors'
of' said' component' units' to'
determine' whether' these' are'
within' the' scope' of' the'
prescribed' powers' of' the'
sanggunian'and'of'the'mayor;(
' call' for' the' eviction' of' a' particular' group' of' people'
F." LGUs" and" National" Agencies" and" Offices" (with" project"
implementation"functions)"
→ Prior'Consultation'Before'Implementation''
! Section' 25.' National' Supervision' over' Local'
Government'Units.'b'
(b)' National' agencies' and' offices' with' project'
implementation' functions' shall' coordinate' with'
one' another' and' with' the' local' government'
units' concerned' in' the' discharge' of' these'
functions.'They'shall'ensure'the'participation'of'
local'government'units'both'in'the'planning'and'
implementation'of'said'national'projects.'
' implementation'is'illegal.'
! Section'27.'Prior'Consultations'Required.'b'No'project'
or' program' shall' be' implemented' by' government'
authorities' unless' the' consultations' mentioned' in'
Sections' 2' (c)' and' 26' hereof' are' complied' with,' and'
prior' approval' of' the' sanggunian' concerned' is'
obtained:' Provided,' That' occupants' in' areas' where'
such' projects' are' to' be' implemented' shall' not' be'
evicted'unless'appropriate'relocation'sites'have'been'
provided,' in' accordance' with' the' provisions' of' the'
Constitution.'
' executive' concerned,' for' his' information' and'
• The' DPWH' without' getting' the' approval' of' City' of' Cebu'
cemented'a'national'highway'that'traverses'the'City'of'Cebu.'
Do'you'think'that'is'proper?'
→ No.'You'need'prior'consultation'and'prior'approval.'
' '
• Lina(vs(Paño'
By: RLB
→ The'introduction'of'lotto'in'the'province'of'Laguna'is'not'
covered' by' Secs.' 26' and' 27' (on' Prior' Consultations'
→ We'hold'that'petitioners'erred'in'declaring'that'Sections'2'
(c)' [Declaration' of' Policy]' and' 27' [Prior' Consultations'
Required]' of' Republic' Act' 7160,' otherwise' known' as' the'
Local'Government'Code'of'1991,'apply'mandatorily'in'the'
setting'up'of'lotto'outlets'around'the'country.'
→ These' apply' only' to' national' programs' and/or' projects'
which' are' to' be' implemented' in' a' particular' local'
community,'but'if'it'is'a'GOCC,'like'PCSO,'Sec.'27'will'not'
apply.' Lotto' is' neither' a' program' nor' a' project' of' the'
national' government,' but' of' a' charitable' institution,' the'
PCSO.'Though'sanctioned'by'the'national'government,'it'
is' far' fetched' to' say' that' lotto' falls' within' the'
contemplation' of' Sections' 2' (c)' and' 27' of' the' Local'
Government'Code.'
→ Section'27'of'the'Code'should'be'read'in'conjunction'with'
Section' 26' thereof' [Duty' of' National' Government'
Agencies'in'the'Maintenance'of'Ecological'Balance].'
→ The' projects' and' programs' mentioned' in' Section' 27'
should' be' interpreted' to' mean' projects' and' programs'
whose'effects'are'among'those'enumerated'in'Section'26'
and' 27,' to' wit,' those' that:' (1)' may' cause' pollution;' (2)'
may' bring' about' climatic' change;' (3)' may' cause' the'
depletion' of' nonbrenewable' resources;' (4)' may' result' in'
loss' of' crop' land,' rangebland,' or' forest' cover;' (5)' may'
eradicate'certain'animal'or'plant'species'from'the'face'of'
the' planet;' and' (6)' other' projects' or' programs' that' may'
residing'in'the'locality'where'these'will'be'implemented.'
Obviously,'none'of'these'effects'will'be'produced'by'the'
introduction'of'lotto'in'the'province'of'Laguna.'
'
• Province(of(Rizal(vs(Exec.(Sec.'
→ Under' the' Local' Government' Code,' therefore,' two'
requisites' must' be' met' before' a' national' project' that'
affects'the'environmental'and'ecological'balance'of'local'
communities' can' be' implemented:' prior' consultation'
with' the' affected' local' communities,' and' prior' approval'
of' the' project' by' the' appropriate' sanggunian.' Absent'
either' of' these' mandatory' requirements,' the' project's'
'
G." LGUs" and" National" agencies," offices," and" GOCCs" (with" field"
units"in"the"LGU)"
→ Consultation'
! Section' 25.' National' Supervision' over' Local'
Government'Units.'–'
(d)' National' agencies' and' offices' including'
governmentbowned' or' controlled' corporations'
with'field'units'or'branches'in'a'province,'city,'or'
municipality' shall' furnish' the' local' chief'
guidance,' monthly' reports' including' duly'
certified' budgetary' allocations' and'
expenditures.'
'
'
37"
H." LGUs" and" National" agencies," offices," and" GOCCs" (with"
environmental"programs)"
→ Consultation'
! Section'26.'Duty'of'National'Government'Agencies'in'
the' Maintenance' of' Ecological' Balance.' b' It' shall' be'
the' duty' of' every' national' agency' or' governmentb
owned' or' controlled' corporation' authorizing' or'
involved' in' the' planning' and' implementation' of' any'
project'or'program'that'may'cause'pollution,'climatic'
change,' depletion' of' nonbrenewable' resources,' loss'
of' crop' land,' rangeland,' or' forest' cover,' and'
extinction'of'animal'or'plant'species,'to'consult'with'
the' local' government' units,' nongovernmental'
organizations,' and' other' sectors' concerned' and'
explain' the' goals' and' objectives' of' the' project' or'
program,' its' impact' upon' the' people' and' the'
community' in' terms' of' environmental' or' ecological'
balance,'and'the'measures'that'will'be'undertaken'to'
prevent'or'minimize'the'adverse'effects'thereof.'
' The'term'"operational'supervision'and'control"'shall'
' mean'the'power'to'direct,'superintend,'oversee'and'
I." LGUs" and" the" PNP," Fire" Protection" Unit" and" Jail" Management"
Personnel"
→ Operational'Supervision'and'Control'by'LGUs'
→ LGU' has' no' power' in' the' selection' of' personnel.' Only' in'
the' mobilization' of' the' unit' (operational' supervision' and'
control)'
! Section'28.'Powers'of'Local'Chief'Executives'over'the'
Units' of' the' Philippine' National' Police.' b' The' extent'
of' operational' supervision' and' control' of' local' chief'
executives'over'the'police'force,'fire'protection'unit,'
and' jail' management' personnel' assigned' in' their'
respective' jurisdictions' shall' be' governed' by' the'
provisions' of' Republic' Act' Numbered' Sixtybnine'
hundred' seventybfive' (R.A.' No.' 6975),' otherwise'
known'as'"The'Department'of'the'Interior'and'Local'
Government' Act' of' 1990",' and' the' rules' and'
regulations'issued'pursuant'thereto.'
' disorders,'riots,'lawless'violence,'rebellious'
! RA' 6975' –' Department' of' the' Interior' and' Local'
Government'Act'of'1990'
D.' PARTICIPATION' OF' LOCAL' EXECUTIVES' IN' THE'
ADMINISTRATION'OF'THE'PNP'
' physical' movement' of' elements' or' units' of'
Section' 51.' Powers' of' Local' Government' Officials'
Over' the' PNP' Units' or' Forces.' –' Governors' and'
mayors' shall' be' deputized' as' representatives' of' the'
Commission'in'their'respective'territorial'jurisdiction.'
As' such,' the' local' executives' shall' discharge' the'
following'functions:'
(a)'Provincial'Governor'
(1)'Power'to'Choose'the'Provincial'Director.'
–' The' provincial' governor' shall' choose' the'
provincial' director' from' a' list' of' three' (3)'
eligible' recommended' by' the' PNP' regional'
director.'
' program'thrusts'for'implementation'by'the'
(2)' Overseeing' the' Provincial' Public' Safety'
Plan' Implementation.' –' The' governor,' as'
chairman'of'the'provincial'peace'and'order'
council,' shall' oversee' the' implementation'
By: RLB
of'the'provincial'public'safety'plan,'which'is'
prepared' taking' into' consideration' the'
integrated' community' safety' plans,' as'
provided' under' paragraph' (b)' (2)' of' this'
section.'
'
(b)'City'and'Municipal'Mayors''
(1)' Operational' Supervision' and' Control.'
The' city' and' municipal' mayors' shall'
exercise' operational' supervision' and'
control' over' PNP' units' in' their' respective'
jurisdiction'except'during'the'thirty'(30)'day'
period' immediately' preceding' and' the'
thirty'(30)'days'following'any'national,'local'
and' barangay' elections.' During' the' said'
period,'the'local'police'forces'shall'be'under'
the' supervision' and' control' of' the'
Commission'on'Elections.'
'
inspect'the'police'units'and'forces.'
'
It'shall'include'the'power'to'employ'and'deploy'units'
or' elements' of' the' PNP,' through' the' station'
commander,' to' ensure' public' safety' and' effective'
maintenance' of' peace' and' order' within' the' locality.'
For' this' purpose,' the' term' "employ"' and' "deploy"'
shall'mean'as'follows:'
'
"Employ"' refers' to' utilization' of' units' or'
elements' of' the' PNP' for' purposes' of'
protection' of' lives' and' properties,'
enforcement'of'laws,'maintenance'of'peace'
and' order,' prevention' of' crimes,' arrest' of'
criminal' offenders' and' bringing' the'
offenders' to' justice,' and' ensuring' public'
safety,' particularly' in' the' suppression' of'
seditious'conspiracy,'insurgency,'subversion'
or'other'related'activities.'
'
"Deploy"' shall' mean' the' orderly' organized'
the' PNP' within' the' province,' city' or'
municipality'for'purposes'of'employment'as'
herein'defined.'
'
(2)' Integrated' Community' Safety' Plans.' –'
The' municipal/city' mayor' shall,' in'
coordination'with'the'local'peace'and'order'
council' of' which' he' is' the' chairman'
pursuant' to' Executive' Order' No.' 309,' as'
amended,' develop' and' establish' an'
integrated' area/community' public' safety'
plan' embracing' priorities' of' action' and'
local'PNP'stations.'
It' shall,' likewise,' be' the' duty' of' the' city' or'
municipal' mayor' to' sponsor' periodic'
seminars'for'members'of'the'PNP'assigned'
or' detailed' in' his' city' or' municipality' in'
38"
 order' to' update' them' regarding' local' Commission'(National'Police'Commission)'in'his'territorial'
ordinances'and'legislations.' jurisdiction'and'as'such'the'mayor'shall'have'authority'to'
' choose' the' chief' of' police' from' a' list' of' five' (5)' eligibles'
(3)' Administrative' Disciplinary' Powers.' –' In' recommended'by'the'Police'Regional'Director.'As'deputy'
the' areas' of' discipline,' city' and' municipal' of' the' Commission,' the' authority' of' the' mayor' is' very'
mayors' shall' have' the' powers' to' impose,' limited.'
after' due' notice' and' summary' hearings,' → In' reality,' he' has' no' power' of' appointment;' he' has' only'
disciplinary' penalties' for' minor' offenses' the'limited'power'of'selecting'one'from'among'the'list'of'
committed' by' members' of' the' PNP' five'eligibles'to'be'named'the'chief'of'police.'
assigned'to'their'respective'jurisdictions,'as' → Actually,'the'power'to'appoint'the'chief'of'police'of'Cebu'
provided'in'Section'41'of'this'Act.' City' is' vested' in' the' Regional' Director,' Regional' Police'
' Command' No.' 7.' Much' less' may' the' mayor' require' the'
(4)' Other' Powers.' –' In' addition' to' the' Regional' Director,' Regional' Police' Command,' to' include'
aforementioned'powers,'city'and'municipal' the' name' of' any' officer,' no' matter' how' qualified,' in' the'
mayors' shall' have' the' following' authority' list' of' five' to' be' submitted' to' the' mayor.' The' purpose' is'
over' the' PNP' units' in' their' respective' to' enhance' police' professionalism' and' to' isolate' the'
jurisdictions:' police' service' from' political' domination.' The' decision' of'
(i)'Authority'to'choose'the'chief'of' the'Regional'Trial'Court'was'set'aside.'
police' from' a' list' of' five' (5)' '
eligibles' recommended' by' the' J."LGUs"and"NGOs'
provincial' police' director,' → LGUs'shall'support,'and'may'give'assistance'to'NGOs'
preferably' from' the' same' ! Section' 34.' Role' of' People's' and' Nonbgovernmental'
province,'city'or'municipality.' Organizations.' b' Local' government' units' shall'
' promote' the' establishment' and' operation' of'
(ii)' Authority' to' recommend' the' people's' and' nonbgovernmental' organizations' to'
transfer,'reassignment'or'detail'of' become' active' partners' in' the' pursuit' of' local'
PNP' members' outside' of' their' autonomy.'
respective'city'or'town'residences;' '
and' ! Section' 35.' Linkages' with' People's' and' Nonb
' governmental' Organizations.' b' Local' government'
(iii)'Authority'to'recommend,'from' units' may' enter' into' joint' ventures' and' such' other'
a' list' of' eligibles' previously' cooperative' arrangements' with' people's' and' nonb
screened' by' the' peace' and' order' governmental'organizations'to'engage'in'the'delivery'
council,' the' appointment' of' new' of' certain' basic' services,' capabilitybbuilding' and'
members' of' the' PNP' to' be' livelihood' projects,' and' to' develop' local' enterprises'
assigned' to' their' respective' cities' designed' to' improve' productivity' and' income,'
or'municipalities'without'which'no' diversity' agriculture,' spur' rural' industrialization,'
such' appointment' shall' be' promote' ecological' balance,' and' enhance' the'
attested.' economic'and'social'wellbbeing'of'the'people.'
' '
Section' 52.' Suspension' of' Operational' Supervision' and' ! Section' 36.' Assistance' to' People's' and' Nonb
Control.'–'The'President'may,'upon'consultation'with'the' governmental' Organizations.' b' A' local' government'
provincial'governor'and'congressman'concerned,'suspend' unit' may,' through' its' local' chief' executive' and' with'
the' power' of' operational' supervision' and' control' of' any' the' concurrence' of' the' sanggunian' concerned,'
local' executive' over' police' units' assigned' or' stationed' in' provide' assistance,' financial' or' otherwise,' to' such'
his'jurisdiction'for'any'of'the'following'grounds:' people's' and' nonbgovernmental' organizations' for'
(a)'Frequent'unauthorized'absences;' economic,' sociallyboriented,' environmental,' or'
(b)'Abuse'of'authority;' cultural' projects' to' be' implemented' within' its'
(c)'Providing'material'support'to'criminal'elements;'or' territorial'jurisdiction.(
(d)'Engaging'in'acts'inimical'to'national'security'or'which' "
negate' the' effectiveness' of' the' peace' and' order' V."Powers"
campaign.' 1. Local'Power'of'Taxation"
' 2. Local'Police'Power"
Upon'good'cause'shown,'the'President'may,'motu'propio' 3. Local'Eminent'Domain"
or' upon' the' recommendation' of' the' National' Police' 4. Delivery'of'Services'and'Facilities"
Commission,' restore' such' power' withdrawn' from' any' 5. Reclassification'of'Lands"
local'executive.' 6. Closure'and'Opening'of'Roads"
' '
• Andaya(vs(RTC' "
→ Under' Republic' Act' No.' 6975,' Section' 51,' the' mayor' of' "
Cebu' City' shall' be' deputized' as' representative' of' the' "

By: RLB 39"

Local"Power"of"Taxation"
' territorial' jurisdictions' including' sharing' the' same' with' the'
• Sources'of'revenues'of'LGUs'
a) taxes,'fees'and'charges2
b) just'share'in'the'national'taxes2
c) equitable'share'in'the'proceeds'of'the'utilization'and'
development'of'the'national'wealth'within'their'
respective'areas2
' functions' and' thereby' ensure' their' development' into' selfb
• What'is'local'fiscal'autonomy?'
→ In'Pimentel(vs(Aguirre'
! Fiscal'autonomy'means'that'local'governments'have'
the'power'to'create'their'own'sources'of'revenue'in'
addition'to'their'equitable'share'in'the'national'taxes'
released' by' the' national' government,' as' well' as' the'
power'to'allocate'their'resources'in'accordance'with'
their'own'priorities.'It'extends'to'the'preparation'of'
their'budgets,'and'local'officials'in'turnbhave'to'work'
within'the'constraints'thereof.'
! They' are' not' formulated' at' the' national' level' and'
imposed' on' local' governments,' whether' they' are'
relevant'to'local'needs'and'resources'or'not.'Hence,'
the' necessity' of' a' balancing' of' viewpoints' and' the'
harmonization' of' proposals' from' both' local' and'
national'officials,'who'in'any'case'are'partners'in'the'
attainment'of'national'goals.'
! Local'fiscal'autonomy'does'not'however'rule'out'any'
manner'of'national'government'intervention'by'way'
of' supervision,' in' order' to' ensure' that' local'
programs,' fiscal' and' otherwise,' are' consistent' with'
national'goals.'
→ Thus,' Congress' cannot' pass' a' law' that' mandates' for' the'
allocation'of'these'local'taxes'or'local'funds.'It'will'violate'
local'fiscal'autonomy.'
2 and'other'revenuebraising'powers'of'local'government'units:'
A."Taxes,"Fees,"and"Charges"
→ Local' Taxes:' Community' tax,' tranfer' tax,' income' tax' of'
banks' and' financial' institutions,' professional' tax,'
amusement'tax'
→ Fees'and'Charges:'Library'Fees,'regulatory'fees,'business'
permits'
' (2)' be' levied' and' collected' only' for' public'
• Sec.' 5' Art.' 10' consti' b' Each' local' government' unit' shall' have'
the' power(referring' to' the' “general' power' to' tax”)' to' create'
its' own' sources' of' revenues' and' to' levy' taxes,' fees' and'
charges' subject" to" such" guidelines" and" limitations" as" the"
Congress" may" provide,'(through'the'LGC)'consistent'with'the'
basic' policy' of' local' autonomy.' Such' taxes,' fees,' and' charges'
shall'accrue'exclusively'to'the'local'governments.'
' impositions'shall'in'no'case'be'let'to'any'private'person;'
• Section' 18.' Power' to' Generate' and' Apply' Resources.' b' Local'
government' units' shall' have' the' power' and' authority' to'
establish' an' organization' that' shall' be' responsible' for' the'
efficient' and' effective' implementation' of' their' development'
plans,' program' objectives' and' priorities;' to' create' their' own'
sources'of'revenues'and'to'levy'taxes,'fees,'and'charges'which'
shall'accrue'exclusively'for'their'use'and'disposition'and'which'
shall' be' retained' by' them;' to' have' a' just' share' in' national'
taxes' which' shall' be' automatically' and' directly' released' to'
them'without'need'of'any'further'action;'to'have'an'equitable'
share'in'the'proceeds'from'the'utilization'and'development'of'
By: RLB
the' national' wealth' and' resources' within' their' respective'
inhabitants' by' way' of' direct' benefits;' to' acquire,' develop,'
lease,' encumber,' alienate,' or' otherwise' dispose' of' real' or'
personal' property' held' by' them' in' their' proprietary' capacity'
and' to' apply' their' resources' and' assets' for' productive,'
developmental,' or' welfare' purposes,' in' the' exercise' or'
furtherance'of'their'governmental'or'proprietary'powers'and'
reliant'communities'and'active'participants'in'the'attainment'
of'national'goals.'
'
• Section'5.'Rules'of'Interpretation.'
(b)' In' case' of' doubt,' any' tax' ordinance' or' revenue'
measure' shall' be' construed' strictly' against' the' local'
government' unit' enacting' it,' and' liberally' in' favor' of' the'
taxpayer.' Any' tax' exemption,' incentive' or' relief' granted'
by' any' local' government' unit' pursuant' to' the' provisions'
of'this'Code'shall'be'construed'strictly'against'the'person'
claiming'it.'
'
• Section' 128.' Scope.' b' The' provisions' herein' shall' govern' the'
exercise' by' provinces,' cities,' municipalities,' and' barangays' of'
their'taxing'and'other'revenuebraising'powers.'
'
• Section'129.'Power'to'Create'Sources'of'Revenue.'b'Each'local'
government' unit' shall' exercise' its' power' to' create' its' own'
sources'of'revenue'and'to'levy'taxes,'fees,'and'charges'subject'
to' the' provisions' herein,' consistent' with' the' basic' policy' of'
local' autonomy.' Such' taxes,' fees,' and' charges' shall' accrue'
exclusively'to'the'local'government'units.'
'
• Section' 130.' Fundamental' Principles.' b' The' following'
fundamental'principles'shall'govern'the'exercise'of'the'taxing'
(a)' Taxation' shall' be' uniform' in' each' local' government'
unit;'
'
(b)'Taxes,'fees,'charges'and'other'impositions'shall:'
(1)'be'equitable'and'based'as'far'as'practicable'
on'the'taxpayer's'ability'to'pay;'
purposes;'
(3)' not' be' unjust,' excessive,' oppressive,' or'
confiscatory;'
(4)'not'be'contrary'to'law,'public'policy,'national'
economic'policy,'or'in'the'restraint'of'trade;'
'
(c)' The' collection' of' local' taxes,' fees,' charges' and' other'
'
(d)' The' revenue' collected' pursuant' to' the' provisions' of'
this' Code' shall' inure' solely' to' the' benefit' of,' and' be'
subject' to' the' disposition' by,' the' local' government' unit'
levying' the' tax,' fee,' charge' or' other' imposition' unless'
otherwise'specifically'provided'herein;'and'
'
(e)'Each'local'government'unit'shall,'as'far'as'practicable,'
evolve'a'progressive'system'of'taxation.'
'
40"
• Section' 132.' Local' Taxing' Authority.'b' The' power' to' impose' a'
tax,' fee,' or' charge' or' to' generate' revenue' under' this' Code'
shall'be'exercised'by'the'sanggunian'of'the'local'government'
unit'concerned'through'an'appropriate'ordinance.'
' of'the'National'Internal'Revenue'Code,'as'amended,'or'other'
• Section' 133.' Common' Limitations' on' the' Taxing' Powers' of'
Local' Government' Units.' b' Unless' otherwise' provided' herein,'
the' exercise' of' the' taxing' powers' of' provinces,' cities,'
municipalities,' and' barangays' shall' not' extend' to' the' levy' of'
the'following:'
(a)' Income' tax,' except' when' levied' on' banks' and' other'
financial'institutions;'
(b)'Documentary'stamp'tax;'
(c)'Taxes'on'estates,'inheritance,'gifts,'legacies'and'other'
acquisitions' mortis' causa,' except' as' otherwise' provided'
herein;'
(d)' Customs' duties,' registration' fees' of' vessel' and'
wharfage' on' wharves,' tonnage' dues,' and' all' other' kinds'
of' customs' fees,' charges' and' dues' except' wharfage' on'
wharves' constructed' and' maintained' by' the' local'
government'unit'concerned;'
(e)' Taxes,' fees,' and' charges' and' other' impositions' upon'
goods' carried' into' or' out' of,' or' passing' through,' the'
territorial' jurisdictions' of' local' government' units' in' the'
guise' of' charges' for' wharfage,' tolls' for' bridges' or'
otherwise,' or' other' taxes,' fees,' or' charges' in' any' form'
whatsoever'upon'such'goods'or'merchandise;'
(f)' Taxes,' fees' or' charges' on' agricultural' and' aquatic'
products'when'sold'by'marginal'farmers'or'fishermen;'
(g)'Taxes'on'business'enterprises'certified'to'by'the'Board'
of'Investments'as'pioneer'or'nonbpioneer'for'a'period'of'
six' (6)' and' four' (4)' years,' respectively' from' the' date' of'
registration;'
(h)' Excise' taxes' on' articles' enumerated' under' the'
national' Internal' Revenue' Code,' as' amended,' and' taxes,'
fees'or'charges'on'petroleum'products;'
(i)' Percentage' or' valuebadded' tax' (VAT)' on' sales,' barters'
or'exchanges'or'similar'transactions'on'goods'or'services'
except'as'otherwise'provided'herein;'
(j)' Taxes' on' the' gross' receipts' of' transportation'
contractors'and'persons'engaged'in'the'transportation'of'
passengers'or'freight'by'hire'and'common'carriers'by'air,'
land'or'water,'except'as'provided'in'this'Code;'
(k)' Taxes' on' premiums' paid' by' way' or' reinsurance' or'
retrocession;'
(l)' Taxes,' fees' or' charges' for' the' registration' of' motor'
vehicles' and' for' the' issuance' of' all' kinds' of' licenses' or'
permits'for'the'driving'thereof,'except'tricycles;'
(m)' Taxes,' fees,' or' other' charges' on' Philippine' products'
actually'exported,'except'as'otherwise'provided'herein;'
(n)'Taxes,'fees,'or'charges,'on'Countryside'and'Barangay'
Business' Enterprises' and' cooperatives' duly' registered'
under' R.A.' No.' 6810' and' Republic' Act' Numbered' Sixtyb
nine' hundred' thirtybeight' (R.A.' No.' 6938)' otherwise'
known' as' the' "Cooperative' Code' of' the' Philippines"'
respectively;'and'
(o)' Taxes,' fees' or' charges' of' any' kind' on' the' National'
Government,'its'agencies'and'instrumentalities,'and'local'
government'units.'
' such' adjustment' exceed' ten' percent' (10%)' of' the' rates' fixed'
By: RLB
• Section' 186.' Power' To' Levy' Other' Taxes,' Fees' or' Charges.' b'
Local'government'units'may'exercise'the'power'to'levy'taxes,'
fees' or' charges' on' any' base' or' subject' not' otherwise'
specifically' enumerated' herein' or' taxed' under' the' provisions'
applicable'laws:'Provided,'That'the'taxes,'fees,'or'charges'shall'
not' be' unjust,' excessive,' oppressive,' confiscatory' or' contrary'
to' declared' national' policy:' Provided,' further,' That' the'
ordinance' levying' such' taxes,' fees' or' charges' shall' not' be'
enacted' without' any' prior' public' hearing' conducted' for' the'
purpose.'
'
• Section' 187.' Procedure' for' Approval' and' Effectivity' of' Tax,'
Ordinances' and' Revenue' Measures;' Mandatory' Public'
Hearings.'b'The'procedure'for'approval'of'local'tax'ordinances'
and' revenue' measures' shall' be' in' accordance' with' the'
provisions'of'this'Code:'Provided,'That'public'hearings'shall'be'
conducted' for' the' purpose' prior' to' the' enactment' thereof:'
Provided,' further,' That' any' question' on' the' constitutionality'
or' legality' of' tax' ordinances' or' revenue' measures' may' be'
raised' on' appeal' within' thirty' (30)' days' from' the' effectivity'
thereof'to'the'Secretary'of'Justice'who'shall'render'a'decision'
within' sixty' (60)' days' from' the' date' of' receipt' of' the' appeal:'
Provided,'however,'That'such'appeal'shall'not'have'the'effect'
of'suspending'the'effectivity'of'the'ordinance'and'the'accrual'
and' payment' of' the' tax,' fee,' or' charge' levied' therein:'
Provided,' finally,' That' within' thirty' (30)' days' after' receipt' of'
the' decision' or' the' lapse' of' the' sixtybday' period' without' the'
Secretary' of' Justice' acting' upon' the' appeal,' the' aggrieved'
party' may' file' appropriate' proceedings' with' a' court' of'
competent'jurisdiction.'
'
• Section' 188.' Publication' of' Tax' Ordinances' and' Revenue'
Measures.'b'Within'ten'(10)'days'after'their'approval,'certified'
true'copies'of'all'provincial,'city,'and'municipal'tax'ordinances'
or' revenue' measures' shall' be' published' in' full' for' three' (3)'
consecutive'days'in'a'newspaper'of'local'circulation:'Provided,'
however,' That' in' provinces,' cities' and' municipalities' where'
there'are'no'newspapers'of'local'circulation,'the'same'may'be'
posted'in'at'least'two'(2)'conspicuous'and'publicly'accessible'
places.'
'
• Section' 189.' Furnishing' of' Copies' of' Tax' Ordinances' and'
Revenue' Measures.' b' Copies' of' all' provincial,' city,' and'
municipal'and'barangay'tax'ordinances'and'revenue'measures'
shall' be' furnished' the' respective' local' treasurers' for' public'
dissemination.'
'
• Section' 190.' Attempt' to' Enforce' Void' or' Suspended' Tax'
Ordinances'and'revenue'measures.'b'The'enforcement'of'any'
tax' ordinance' or' revenue' measure' after' due' notice' of' the'
disapproval' or' suspension' thereof' shall' be' sufficient' ground'
for'administrative'disciplinary'action'against'the'local'officials'
and'employees'responsible'therefor.'
'
• Section' 191.' Authority' of' Local' Government' Units' to' Adjust'
Rates' of' Tax' Ordinances.' b' Local' government' units' shall' have'
the' authority' to' adjust' the' tax' rates' as' prescribed' herein' not'
oftener' than' once' every' five' (5)' years,' but' in' no' case' shall'
under'this'Code.'
41"
' transactions,' and' operations' of' the' local' government'
• Section' 192.' Authority' to' Grant' Tax' Exemption' Privileges.' b'
Local' government' units' may,' through' ordinances' duly'
approved,' grant' tax' exemptions,' incentives' or' reliefs' under'
such'terms'and'conditions'as'they'may'deem'necessary.'
' •
• Section'193.'Withdrawal'of'Tax'Exemption'Privileges.'b'Unless'
otherwise'provided'in'this'Code,'tax'exemptions'or'incentives'
granted' to,' or' presently' enjoyed' by' all' persons,' whether'
natural'or'juridical,'including'governmentbowned'or'controlled'
corporations,' except' local' water' districts,' cooperatives' duly'
registered' under' R.A.' No.' 6938,' nonbstock' and' nonbprofit'
hospitals' and' educational' institutions,' are' hereby' withdrawn'
upon'the'effectivity'of'this'Code.'
' Congress.'
• Section' 305.' Fundamental' Principles.' b' The' financial' affairs,'
transactions,' and' operations' of' local' government' units' shall'
be'governed'by'the'following'fundamental'principles:'
(a)' No' money' shall' be' paid' out' of' the' local' treasury'
except' in' pursuance' of' an' appropriations' ordinance' or'
law;'
(b)' Local' government' funds' and' monies' shall' be' spent'
solely'for'public'purposes;'
(c)'Local'revenue'is'generated'only'from'sources'expressly'
authorized' by' law' or' ordinance,' and' collection' thereof'
shall'at'all'times'be'acknowledged'properly;'
(d)' All' monies' officially' received' by' a' local' government'
officer' in' any' capacity' or' on' any' occasion' shall' be'
accounted' for' as' local' funds,' unless' otherwise' provided'
by'law;'
(e)'Trust'funds'in'the'local'treasury'shall'not'be'paid'out'
except' in' fulfillment' of' the' purpose' for' which' the' trust'
was'created'or'the'funds'received;'
(f)' Every' officer' of' the' local' government' unit' whose'
duties' permit' or' require' the' possession' or' custody' of'
local' funds' shall' be' properly' bonded,' and' such' officer'
shall' be' accountable' and' responsible' for' said' funds' and'
for' the' safekeeping' thereof' in' conformity' with' the'
provisions'of'law;'
(g)' Local' governments' shall' formulate' sound' financial'
plans,' and' local' budgets' shall' be' based' on' functions,'
activities,'and'projects,'in'terms'of'expected'results;'
(h)' Local' budget' plans' and' goals' shall,' as' far' as'
practicable,' be' harmonized' with' national' development'
plans,' goals,' and' strategies' in' order' to' optimize' the'
utilization'of'resources'and'to'avoid'duplication'in'the'use'
of'fiscal'and'physical'resources;'
(i)' Local' budgets' shall' operationalize' approved' local'
development'plans;'
(j)' Local' government' units' shall' ensure' that' their'
respective'budgets'incorporate'the'requirements'of'their'
component' units' and' provide' for' equitable' allocation' of'
resources'among'these'component'units;'
(k)' National' planning' shall' be' based' on' local' planning' to'
ensure' that' the' needs' and' aspirations' of' the' people' as'
articulated' by' the' local' government' units' in' their'
respective'local'development'plans'are'considered'in'the'
formulation' of' budgets' of' national' line' agencies' or'
offices;'
(l)' Fiscal' responsibility' shall' be' shared' by' all' those'
exercising' authority' over' the' financial' affairs,'
By: RLB
units;'and'
(m)' The' local' government' unit' shall' endeavor' to' have' a'
balanced'budget'in'each'fiscal'year'of'operation.'
'
Basco(vs(PAGCOR'
→ A' close'reading'of' the' Section' 5,' Article' 10' of' the'
Constitution'does'not'violate'local'autonomy'(particularly'
on'taxing'powers)'as'it'was'clearly'stated'that'the'taxing'
power' of' LGUs' are' subject' to' such' guidelines' and'
limitation'as'Congress'may'provide.'
→ Further,' the' City' of' Manila,' being' a' mere' Municipal'
corporation' has' no' inherent' right' to' impose'taxes.' The'
Charter' of' the' City' of' Manila' is' subject' to' control' by'
It' should' be' stressed' that'
“municipal'corporations'are' mere' creatures' of' Congress”'
which' has'the' power'to' “create' and' abolish'
municipal'corporations”' due' to' its' “general' legislative'
powers”.' Congress,' therefore,' has'the' power'of' control'
over' Local' governments.' And' if' Congress' can'grant'the'
City'of'Manila'the'power'to'tax'certain'matters,'it'can'also'
provide'for'exemptions'or'even'take'back'the'power.'
→ Further' still,' local' governments' have'no' power'to' tax'
instrumentalities'of'the'National'Government.'PAGCOR'is'
a'government' owned' or' controlled' corporation' with' an'
original' charter,' PD' 1869.' All' of' its' shares' of' stocks' are'
owned' by' the'National' Government.' Otherwise,'
its'operation'might' be' burdened,' impeded' or' subjected'
to'control'by'a'mere'Local'government.'
→ PAGCOR' is' considered' an' instrumentality' of' the' national'
government' because' PAGCOR' was' given' the' power' to'
regulate' lawful' games' of' chance' and' therefore,' this' was'
an' exercise' of' the' regulatory' power' of' the' national'
government' and' as' such,' it' is' part' of' police' power' and'
since' it’s' part' of' police' power,' to' that' extent,' that' is'
governmental,' and' because' it’s' governmental,' PAGCOR,'
while' a' GOCC,' becomes' instrumentality' of' the' national'
government.'
→ This' doctrine' emanates' from' the' “supremacy”' of'
the'National'Government'over'local'governments.'
- Are' GOCCs' government' instrumentalities?' Not'
all.'Only'those'with'governmental'functions'are'
considered'governmental'instrumentalities.'
'
• Can' LGUs' impose' taxes' on' the' instrumentalities' of' the'
National'Government?'
→ BASCO'DOCTRINE'b'No'inherent'right'to'impose'taxes'and'
therefore,' an' LGU' needs' to' have' a' law' or' statute' that'
grants' that' power' and' this' is' already' done' through' the'
LGC'of'1991,'subject'to'control'by'congress'and'that'local'
governments' have' no' power' to' tax' instrumentalities' of'
the'national'government.'
→ Sec.'234'of'the'LGC:'Exemptions'from'Real'Property'Tax.'b'
The' following' are' exempted' from' payment' of' the' real'
property'tax:'
'
(a)' Real' property' owned' by' the' Republic' of' the'
Philippines'or'any'of'its'political'subdivisions'except'when'
the' beneficial' use' thereof' has' been' granted,' for'
consideration'or'otherwise,'to'a'taxable'person;'
'
42"
 (b)' Charitable' institutions,' churches,' parsonages' or'
convents' appurtenant' thereto,' mosques,' nonprofit' or'
religious' cemeteries' and' all' lands,' buildings,' and'
improvements' actually,' directly,' and' exclusively' used' for'
religious,'charitable'or'educational'purposes;'
' and' Congress' shall' evolve' a' progressive' system' of'
(c)' All' machineries' and' equipment' that' are' actually,'
directly' and' exclusively' used' by' local' water' districts' and'
governmentbowned' or' bcontrolled' corporations' engaged'
in'the'supply'and'distribution'of'water'and/or'generation'
and'transmission'of'electric'power;'
' construed'strictly'against'the'government'and'liberally'in'
(d)' All' real' property' owned' by' duly' registered'
cooperatives'as'provided'for'under'R.'A.'No.'6938;'and'
' frowns' against' exemptions' from' taxation' and' statutes'
(e)' Machinery' and' equipment' used' for' pollution' control'
and'environmental'protection.'Except'as'provided'herein,'
any' exemption' from' payment' of' real' property' tax'
previously' granted' to,' or' presently' enjoyed' by,' all'
persons,' whether' natural' or' juridical,' including' all'
governmentbowned' or' bcontrolled' corporations' are'
hereby'withdrawn'upon'the'effectivity'of'this'Code.'
→ The' only' way' you' can' say' that' governmental'
instrumentalities' still' enjoy' tax' exemptions' is' that'
although' sec.' 193' of' the' LGC' says' incentives' and' tax'
exemptions'have'been'withdrawn'upon'the'effectivity'of'
the' code,' but' insofar' as' real' property' taxes' are' concern,'
National'government'and'its'political'subdivisions'are'still'
exempt'from'taxes'as'provided'in'sec.'234'of'the'Code.'
' legislative' bodies,' no' longer' merely' by' virtue' of' a' valid'
• What' are' the' reasons' why' Congress' is' allowed' to' provide'
guidelines'and'limitations?'
→ Manila(Electric(Company(vs(Province(of(Laguna'
The' constitutional' objective' obviously' is' to' ensure' that,'
while'the'local'government'units'are'being'strengthened'
and' made' more' autonomous,' the' legislature' must' still'
see'to'it'that:'
(a)' the' taxpayer' will' not' be' overbburdened' or'
saddled' with' multiple' and' unreasonable'
impositions;'
(b)' each' local' government' unit' will' have' its' fair'
share'of'available'resources,'
(c)'the'resources'of'the'national'government'will'
not'be'unduly'disturbed;'and'
(d)'local'taxation'will'be'fair,'uniform,'and'just.'
' instrumentalities,' and' local' government' units";' however,'
• MCIAA(vs(Marcos(
→ WON'MCIAA'is'exempted'from'paying'tax?'NO.(
→ The'tax'exemptions'from'RPT'granted'to'MCIAA'under'its'
charter' had' been' withdrawn' upon' the' effectivity' of' the'
LGC' of' 1991' under' Sec.' 234;' (Thus,' there’s' a' need' for' a'
new' law' granting' tax' exemption' privilege' in' order' to'
enjoy'such'privilege)'
→ MCIAA' cannot' invoke' the' Basco' ruling' that' LGUs' cannot'
tax'instrumentalities'of'the'national'government'because'
the' Basco' case' was' decided' before' the' effectivity' of' the'
LGC'of'1991.(
→ As' a' general' rule,' the' power' to' tax' is' an' incident' of'
sovereignty' and' is' unlimited' in' its' range,' acknowledging'
in' its' very' nature' no' limits,' so' that' security' against' its'
abuse' is' to' be' found' only' in' the' responsibility' of' the'
By: RLB
legislature' which' imposes' the' tax' on' the' constituency'
who' are' to' pay' it.' Nevertheless,' effective' limitations'
thereon' may' be' imposed' by' the' people' through' their'
Constitutions.' Our' Constitution,' for' instance,' provides'
that' the' rule' of' taxation' shall' be' uniform' and' equitable'
taxation.'So'potent'indeed'is'the'power'that'it'was'once'
opined' that' "the' power' to' tax' involves' the' power' to'
destroy."' Verily,' taxation' is' a' destructive' power' which'
interferes'with'the'personal'and'property'for'the'support'
of' the' government.' Accordingly,' tax' statutes' must' be'
favor'of'the'taxpayer.'But'since'taxes'are'what'we'pay'for'
civilized'society,'or'are'the'lifeblood'of'the'nation,'the'law'
granting' tax' exemptions' are' thus' construed' strictissimi2
juris' against' the' taxpayers' and' liberally' in' favor' of' the'
taxing'authority.'A'claim'of'exemption'from'tax'payment'
must'be'clearly'shown'and'based'on'language'in'the'law'
too'plain'to'be'mistaken.'Elsewise'stated,'taxation'is'the'
rule,' exemption' therefrom' is' the' exception.' However,' if'
the'grantee'of'the'exemption'is'a'political'subdivision'or'
instrumentality,' the' rigid' rule' of' construction' does' not'
apply' because' the' practical' effect' of' the' exemption' is'
merely' to' reduce' the' amount' of' money' that' has' to' be'
handled' by' the' government' in' the' course' of' its'
operations.(
→ The' power' to' tax' is' primarily' vested' in' the' Congress;'
however,'in'our'jurisdiction,'it'may'be'exercised'by'local'
delegation' as' before,' but' pursuant' to' direct' authority'
conferred' by' Section' 5,' Article' X' of' the' Constitution.'
Under' the' latter,' the' exercise' of' the' power' may' be'
subject'to'such'guidelines'and'limitations'as'the'Congress'
may'provide'which,'however,'must'be'consistent'with'the'
basic'policy'of'local'autonomy.'
→ The' LGC,' enacted' pursuant' to' Section' 3,' Article' X' of' the'
constitution' provides' for' the' exercise' by' local'
government'units'of'their'power'to'tax,'the'scope'thereof'
or'its'limitations,'and'the'exemption'from'taxation.'
→ Reading'together'Section'133,'232'and'234'of'the'LGC,'we'
conclude' that' as' a' general' rule,' as' laid' down' in' Section'
133' the' taxing' powers' of' local' government' units' cannot'
extend'to'the'levy'of'inter2alia,'"taxes,'fees,'and'charges'
of'any'kind'of'the'National'Government,'its'agencies'and'
pursuant' to' Section' 232,' provinces,' cities,' municipalities'
in' the' Metropolitan' Manila' Area' may' impose' the' real'
property' tax' except' on,' inter2 alia,' "real' property' owned'
by' the' Republic' of' the' Philippines' or' any' of' its' political'
subdivisions'except'when'the'beneficial'used'thereof'has'
been'granted,'for'consideration'or'otherwise,'to'a'taxable'
person",'as'provided'in'item'(a)'of'the'first'paragraph'of'
Section'234.'
→ As'to'tax'exemptions'or'incentives'granted'to'or'presently'
enjoyed' by' natural' or' juridical' persons,' including'
governmentbowned' and' controlled' corporations,' Section'
193'of'the'LGC'prescribes'the'general'rule,'viz.,' they' are'
withdrawn' upon' the' effectivity' of' the' LGC,' except' upon'
the' effectivity' of' the' LGC,' except2 those' granted' to' local'
water' districts,' cooperatives' duly' registered' under' R.A.'
43"
 No.' 6938,' non' stock' and' nonbprofit' hospitals' and'
educational'institutions,'and'unless'otherwise'provided'in'
the' LGC.' The' latter' proviso' could' refer' to' Section' 234,'
which' enumerates' the' properties' exempt' from' real'
property' tax.' But' the' last' paragraph' of' Section' 234'
further'qualifies'the'retention'of'the'exemption'in'so'far'
as' the' real' property' taxes' are' concerned' by' limiting' the'
retention' only' to' those' enumerated' therebin;' all' others'
not' included' in' the' enumeration' lost' the' privilege' upon'
the'effectivity'of'the'LGC.'
→ Moreover,' even' as' the' real' property' is' owned' by' the'
Republic' of' the' Philippines,' or' any' of' its' political'
subdivisions'covered'by'item'(a)'of'the'first'paragraph'of'
Section'234,'the'exemption'is'withdrawn'if'the'beneficial'
use'of'such'property'has'been'granted'to'taxable'person'
for' consideration' or' otherwise.' Since' the' last' paragraph'
of' Section' 234' unequivocally' withdrew,' upon' the'
effectivity' of' the' LGC,' exemptions' from' real' property'
taxes' granted' to' natural' or' juridical' persons,' including'
governmentbowned'or'controlled'corporations,'except'as'
provided' in' the' said' section,' and' the' petitioner' is,'
undoubtedly,' a' governmentbowned' corporation,' it'
necessarily' follows' that' its' exemption' from' such' tax'
granted'it'in'Section'14'of'its'charter,'R.A.'No.'6958,'has'
been' withdrawn.' Any' claim' to' the' contrary' can' only' be'
justified'if'the'petitioner'can'seek'refuge'under'any'of'the'
exceptions'provided'in'Section'234,'but'not'under'Section'
133,' as' it' now' asserts,' since,' as' shown' above,' the' said'
section' is' qualified' by' Section' 232' and' 234.' In' short,' the'
petitioner'can'no'longer'invoke'the'general'rule'in'Section'
133'that'the'taxing'powers'of'the'local'government'units'
cannot'extend'to'the'levy'of:'(o)'taxes,'fees,'or'charges'of'
any' kind' on' the' National' Government,' its' agencies,' or'
instrumentalities,'and'local'government'units.'
' disposition' in' that' case' is' squarely' applicable' to' GSIS,'
• MIAA(vs(CA((2006)(
→ Disregards'MCIAA"vs"Marcos"'(which'did'not'apply'Basco'
doctrine)'and'reinstated'Basco'Doctrine'that'LGUs'cannot'
tax'government'instrumentalities.'
→ Applying' Sec.' 2(10)' and' (13)' of' the' Introductory'
provisions'of'the'Administrative'Code,'which'governs'the'
legal' relation' and' status' of' government' units,' agencies'
and' offices' within' the' entire' government' machinery,'
MIAA' is' a' government' instrumentality' and' not' a'
governmentbowned'or'controlled'corporation.'Under'Sec.'
133(0)'of'the'LGC,'MIAA'as'a'government'instrumentality'
is'not'a'taxable'person'because'it'is'not'subject'to'“taxes,'
fees,'or'charges'of'any'kind”'by'the'LGU.'
→ The'only'exception'is'when'MIAA'leases'its'real'property'
to'a'taxable'person'as'provided'in'Sec.'234'(a)'of'the'LGC,'
in' which' case' the' specific' real' property' leased' becomes'
subject' to' real' estate' tax.' Thus' only' portions' of' the'
Airport'Lands'and'Buildings'leased'to'taxable'persons'like'
private'parties'are'subject'to'real'estate'tax'by'the'City'of'
Paranaque.'
' franchise,'but'subsequently'withdrawn'by'force'ofsection'
• GSIS(vs(City(of(Manila((2009)(
→ While' perhaps' not' of' governing' sway' in' all' fours'
inasmuch' as' what' were' involved' in' MIAA,' e.g.,' airfields'
and'runways,'are'properties'of'the'public'dominion'and,'
hence,' outside' the' commerce' of' man,' the' rationale'
By: RLB
anderpinning' the' disposition' in' that' case' is' squarely'
applicable' to' GSIS,' both' MIAA' and' GSIS' being' similarly'
situated.'
→ Given' the' foregoing' perspectives,' the' following' may' be'
assumed:' (1)' Pursuant' to' Sec.' 33' of' PD' 1146,' GSIS'
enjoyed' tax' exemption' from' real' estate' taxes,' among'
other' tax' burdens,' until' January' 1,' 1992' when' the' LGC'
took' effect' and' withdrew' exemptions' from' payment' of'
real'estate'taxes'privileges'granted'under'PD'1146;'(2)'RA'
8291' restored' in' 1997' the' tax' exempt' status' of' GSIS' by'
reenacting'under'its'Sec.'39'what'was'once'Sec.'33'of'P.D.'
1146;' and' (3)' If' any' real' estate' tax' is' due' to' the' City' of'
Manila,'it'is,'following'City'of'Davao,'only'for'the'interim'
period,'or'from'1992'to'1996,'to'be'precise.'
→ The' Court’s' fairly' recent' ruling' in' Manila' International'
Airport' Authority' v.' Court' of' Appeals,' a' case' likewise'
involving' real' estate' tax' assessments' by' a' Metro' Manila'
city'on'the'real'properties'administered'by'MIAA,'argues'
for' the' nonbtax' liability' of' GSIS' for' real' estate' taxes.''
There,' the' Court' held' that' MIAA' does' not' qualify' as' a'
GOCC,' not' having' been' organized' either' as' a' stock'
corporation,'its'capital'not'being'divided'into'shares,'or'as'
a' nonbstock' corporation' because' it' has' no' members.'
MIAA' is' rather' an' instrumentality' of' the' National'
Government' and,' hence,' outside' the' purview' of' local'
taxation' by' force' of' Sec.' 133' of' the' LGC' providing' in'
context' that' “unless' otherwise' provided,”' local'
governments' cannot' tax' national' government'
instrumentalities.'
→ While' perhaps' not' of' governing' sway' in' all' fours'
inasmuch' as' what' were' involved' in' Manila' International'
Airport' Authority,' e.g.,' airfields' and' runways,' are'
properties'of'the'public'dominion'and,'hence,'outside'the'
commerce' of' man,' the' rationale' underpinning' the'
both'MIAA'and'GSIS'being'similarly'situated.''First,'while'
created'under'CA'186'as'a'nonbstock'corporation,'a'status'
that' has' remained' unchanged' even' when' it' operated'
under'PD'1146'and'RA'8291,'GSIS'is'not,'in'the'context'of'
the' aforequoted' Sec.' 193' of' the' LGC,' a' GOCC' following'
the' teaching' of' Manila' International' Airport' Authority,'
for,'like'MIAA,'GSIS’'capital'is'not'divided'into'unit'shares.'
Also,'GSIS'has'no'members'to'speak'of.'And'by'members,'
the' reference' is' to' those' who,' under' Sec.' 87' of' the'
Corporation' Code,' make' up' the' nonbstock' corporation,'
and' not' to' the' compulsory' members' of' the' system' who'
are'government'employees.''Its'management'is'entrusted'
to'a'Board'of'Trustees'whose'members'are'appointed'by'
the'President.'
'
• Quezon(City(vs(Bayantel(2006(
→ Sec'14'of'RA'3259'which'was'deemed'impliedly'repealed'
by'Sec'234'of'LGC'was'expressly'revived'under'Sec'14'of'
RA' 7633.' In' concrete' terms,' the' realty' tax' exemption'
heretofore' enjoyed' by' Bayantel' under' its' original'
234'of'the'LGC,'has'been'restored'by'Sec'14'of'RA'7633.'
→ The' power' to' tax' is' primarily' vested' in' the' Congress;'
however,'in'our'jurisdiction,'it'may'be'exercised'by'local'
legislative' bodies,' no' longer' merely' be' virtue' of' a' valid'
44"
 delegation' as' before,' but' pursuant' to' direct' authority'
conferred'by'Sec.'5'Art'X'of'the'Consti.'
' inhabitants' by' way' of' direct' benefits;' to' acquire,' develop,'
• This' new' perspective' is' best' articulated' by' Fr.' Joaquin' G.'
Bernas,' S.J.,' himself' a' Commissioner' of' the' 1986'
Constitutional' Commission' which' crafted' the' 1987'
Constitution,'thus:'
→ What' is' the' effect' of' Section' 5' on' the' fiscal' position' of'
municipal' corporations?' ' Section' 5' does' not' change' the'
doctrine' that' municipal' corporations' do' not' possess'
inherent' powers' of' taxation.' ' What' it' does' is' to' confer'
municipal'corporations'a'general'power'to'levy'taxes'and'
otherwise' create' sources' of' revenue.' ' They' no' longer'
have' to' wait' for' a' statutory' grant' of' these' powers.' ' The'
power' of' the' legislative' authority' relative' to' the' fiscal'
powers' of' local' governments' has' been' reduced' to' the'
authority' to' impose' limitations' on' municipal' powers.''
Moreover,'these'limitations'must'be'“consistent'with'the'
basic' policy' of' local' autonomy.”' ' The' important' legal'
effect' of' Section' 5' is' thus' to' reverse' the' principle' that'
doubts' are' resolved' against' municipal' corporations.''
Henceforth,' in' interpreting' statutory' provisions' on'
municipal' fiscal' powers,' doubts' will' be' resolved' in' favor'
of' municipal' corporations.' ' It' is' understood,' however,'
that' taxes' imposed' by' local' government' must' be' for' a'
public' purpose,' uniform' within' a' locality,' must' not' be'
confiscatory,' and' must' be' within' the' jurisdiction' of' the'
local'unit'to'pass.'
' in' the' internal' revenue' allotment' of' local' government'
• City(of(IloPilo(vs(Smart(2009(
→ RA' 7294' does' not' expressly' provide' what' kind' of' taxes'
SMART' is' exempted' from.' It' is' not' clear' whether' the' ‘in'
lieu' of' all' taxes’' provision' in' the' franchise' of' SMART'
would'include'exemption'from'local'or'national'taxation.''
→ What' is' clear' is' that' SMART' shall' pay' franchise' tax'
equivalent' to' 3%' of' all' gross' receipts' of' the' business'
transacted'under'its'franchise.'But'whether'the'franchise'
tax' exemption' would' include' exemption' from' exactions'
by' both' the' local' and' the' national' government' is' not'
unequivocal.'
→ The' uncertainty' in' the' ‘in' lieu' of' all' taxes’' clause' in' RA'
7294'on'whether'SMART'is'exempted'from'local/'national'
franchise' tax' must' be' construed' strictly' against' SMART'
which'claims'the'exemption.'
' (b)'Cities'b'Twentybthree'percent'(23%);'
B."Just"share"in"the"National"Taxes"
• Art.'X'Sec'6:'LGU'shall'have'a'just'share'as'determined'by'law,'
in'the'national'taxes'which'shall'be'automatically'released'to'
them.'
' and'municipality'shall'be'determined'on'the'basis'of'the'
• SEC.' 18.' Power' to' Generate' and' Apply' Resources.' b' Local'
government' units' shall' have' the' power' and' authority' to'
establish' an' organization' that' shall' be' responsible' for' the'
efficient' and' effective' implementation' of' their' development'
plans,' program' objectives' and' priorities;' to' create' their' own'
sources'of'revenue'and'to'levy'taxes,'fees,'and'charges'which'
shall'accrue'exclusively'for'their'use'and'disposition'and'which'
shall' be' retained' by' them;' to' have' a' just' share' in' national'
taxes' which' shall' be' automatically' and' directly' released' to'
them'without'need'of'any'further'action;'to'have'an'equitable'
share'in'the'proceeds'from'the'utilization'and'development'of'
By: RLB
the' national' wealth' and' resources' within' their' respective'
territorial' jurisdictions' including' sharing' the' same' with' the'
lease,' encumber,' alienate,' or' otherwise' dispose' of' real' or'
personal' property' held' by' them' in' their' proprietary' capacity'
and' to' apply' their' resources' and' assets' for' productive,'
developmental,' or' welfare' purposes,' in' the' exercise' or'
furtherance'of'their'governmental'or'proprietary'powers'and'
functions' and' thereby' ensure' their' development' into' selfb
reliant'communities'and'active'participants'in'the'attainment'
of'national'goals.'
'
• SEC.' 284.' Allotment' of' Internal' Revenue' Taxes.' b' Local'
government' units' shall' have' a' share' in' the' national' internal'
revenue' taxes' based' on' the' collection' of' the' third' fiscal' year'
preceding'the'current'fiscal'year'as'follows:'
(a)'On'the'first'year'of'the'effectivity'of'this'Code,'thirty'
percent'(30%);'
(b)'On'the'second'year,'thirtybfive'percent'(35%);'and'
(c)'On'the'third'year'and'thereafter,'forty'percent'(40%).'
Provided,'That'in'the'event'that'the'national'government'
incurs' an' unmanageable' public' sector' deficit,' the'
President' of' the' Philippines' is' hereby' authorized,' upon'
the'recommendation'of'Secretary'of'Finance,'Secretary'of'
Interior' and' Local' Government' and' Secretary' of' Budget'
and' Management,' and' subject' to' consultation' with' the'
presiding' officers' of' both' Houses' of' Congress' and' the'
presidents'of'the'liga,'to'make'the'necessary'adjustments'
units'but'in'no'case'shall'the'allotment'be'less'than'thirty'
percent' (30%)' of' the' collection' of' national' internal'
revenue' taxes' of' the' third' fiscal' year' preceding' the'
current'fiscal'year:'Provided,'further'That'in'the'first'year'
of'the'effectivity'of'this'Code,'the'local'government'units'
shall,' in' addition' to' the' thirty' percent' (30%)' internal'
revenue' allotment' which' shall' include' the' cost' of'
devolved' functions' for' essential' public' services,' be'
entitled' to' receive' the' amount' equivalent' to' the' cost' of'
devolved'personal'services.'
'
• SEC.'285.'Allocation'to'Local'Government'Units.'b'The'share'of'
local'government'units'in'the'internal'revenue'allotment'shall'
be'allocated'in'the'following'manner:'
(a)'Provinces'b'Twentybthree'percent'(23%);'
(c)'Municipalities'b'Thirtybfour'percent'(34%);'and'
(d)'barangays'b'Twenty'percent'(20%)'
'
Provided,'however,'That'the'share'of'each'province,'city,'
following'formula:'
(a)'Population'b'Fifty'percent'(50%);'
(b)'Land'Area'b'Twentybfive'percent'(25%);'and'
(c)'Equal'sharing'b'Twentybfive'percent'(25%)'
'
Provided,'further,'That'the'share'of'each'barangay'with'a'
population'of'not'less'than'one'hundred'(100)'inhabitants'
shall' not' be' less' than' Eighty' thousand' pesos'
(P=80,000.00)' per' annum' chargeable' against' the' twenty'
percent' (20%)' share' of' the' barangay' from' the' internal'
45"
 revenue' allotment,' and' the' balance' to' be' allocated' on'
the'basis'of'the'following'formula:'
(a)' On' the' first' year' of' the' effectivity' of' this'
Code:'
(1)' Population' b' Forty' percent' (40%);'
and'
(2)'Equal'Sharing'b'Sixty'percent'(60%)'
(b)'On'the'second'year:'
(1)' Population' b' Fifty' percent' (50%);'
and' (2)' Equal' Sharing' b' Fifty' percent'
(50%)' (c)' On' the' third' year' and'
thereafter:'(1)' Population' b' Sixty'
percent'(60%);'and'
(2)'Equal'Sharing'b'Forty'percent'(40%).'
Provided,'finally,'That'the'financial'requirements'
of'barangays'created'by'local'government'units'
after' the' effectivity' of' this' Code' shall' be' the'
responsibility' of' the' local' government' unit'
concerned.'
' • Section' 7,' Article' 10' of' the' Constitution.' Local' governments'
• SEC.'286.'Automatic'Release'of'Shares.'–'
(a)' The' share' of' each' local' government' unit' shall' be'
released,' without' need' of' any' further' action,' directly' to'
the' provincial,' city,' municipal' or' barangay' treasurer,' as'
the'case'may'be,'on'a'quarterly'basis'within'five'(5)'days'
after' the' end' of' each' quarter,' and' which' shall' not' be'
subject' to' any' lien' or' holdback' that' may' be' imposed' by'
the'national'government'for'whatever'purpose.'
(b)' Nothing' in' this' Chapter' shall' be' understood' to'
diminish' the' share' of' local' government' units' under'
existing'laws.'
' inhabitants'by'way'of'direct'benefits.'
• SEC.'287.'Local'Development'Projects.'b'Each'local'government'
unit'shall'appropriate'in'its'annual'budget'no'less'than'twenty'
percent' (20%)' of' its' annual' internal' revenue' allotment' for'
development' projects.' Copies' of' the' development' plans' of'
local' government' units' shall' be' furnished' the' Department' of'
Interior'and'Local'Government.'
' fishery' charges,' and' such' other' taxes,' fees,' or' charges,'
• SEC.'288.'Rules'and'Regulations.'b'The'Secretary'of'Finance,'in'
consultation' with' the' Secretary' of' Budget' and' Management,'
shall' promulgate' the' necessary' rules' and' regulations' for' a'
simplified'disbursement'scheme'designed'for'the'speedy'and'
effective'enforcement'of'the'provisions'of'this'Chapter.'
' • SEC.' 291.' Share' of' the' Local' Governments' from' any'
→ National' Government' Taxes:' Valuebadded' tax,' sales' tax,'
documentary'stamp'tax,'capital'gains'tax,'inheritance'tax,'
estate'tax,'donor’s'tax'
→ It' should' not' be' subject' to' lien' or' holdback' that' may' be'
impose'by'the'National'Government.'
( national'wealth'based'on'the'following'formula'whichever'will'
• Pimentel(vs(Aguirre([2000](
→ Sec' 4' Of' AO' 372' which' mandates' that' pending2 the2
assessment2 and2 evaluation2 by2 the2 Dev’t.2 Budget2
Coordinating2Committee2of2the22emerging2fiscal2situation,2
the2 amount2 equivalent2 to2 10%2 of2 the2 internal2 revenue2
allotment2 to2 LGUs2 shall2 be2 withheld' contravenes" the"
mandate"of"Sec."6"Art."X"of"the"Consti'and'Art'286'of'the'
LGC'1991'that'the'share'of'each'LGU'in'the'national'taxes'
(IRA)'shall'be'“automatically'released”'to'them'and'shall'
By: RLB
“not' be' subject' to' any' lien' or' holdback' that' may' be'
imposed'by'the'National'Gov’t.'for'whatever'purpose."
"
• 2007" BAR" Exam:" The'Provincial'Gov.'of'Bataan'requested'the'
DBM'to'release'its'IRA'of'P100M'for'the'current'budget'year.'
However,'the'GAA'provided'that'the'IRA'may'be'released'only'
if'the'province'meets'certain'conditions'as'determined'by'an'
Oversight'Council'created'by'the'President.'Is'this'requirement'
valid?' No.' It' shall' be' automatically" released" to" the" local"
treasurer"c"286,'LGC.'
"
Allocation"of"IRA:"
→ Provinces' b' 23%"
→ Cities' ' b' 23%"
→ Mun.' ' b' 34%"
→ Barangays' b' 20%"
'
C."Equitable"Share"in"the"Proceeds"of"Utilization"of"Wealth"in"the"
locality"
shall'be'entitled'to'an'equitable'share'in'the'proceeds'of'the'
utilization' and' development' of' the' national' wealth' within'
their' respective' areas,' in' the' manner' provided' by' law,'
including' sharing' the' same' with' the' inhabitants' by' way' of'
direct'benefits.'
'
• SEC.' 289.' Share' in' the' Proceeds' from' the' Development' and'
Utilization' of' the' National' Wealth.' b' Local' government' units'
shall'have'an'equitable'share'in'the'proceeds'derived'from'the'
utilization' and' development' of' the' national' wealth' within'
their' respective' areas,' including' sharing' the' same' with' the'
'
• SEC.'290.'Amount'of'Share'of'Local'Government'Units.'b'Local'
government' units' shall,' in' addition' to' the' internal' revenue'
allotment,' have' a' share' of' forty' percent' (40%)' of' the' gross'
collection' derived' by' the' national' government' from' the'
preceding'fiscal'year'from'mining'taxes,'royalties,'forestry'and'
including' related' surcharges,' interests,' or' fines,' and' from' its'
share' in' any' cob' production,' joint' venture' or' production'
sharing' agreement' in' the' utilization' and' development' of' the'
national'wealth'within'their'territorial'jurisdiction.'
'
Government'Agency'or'b'Owned'and'bControlled'Corporation.'
b' Local' government' units' shall' have' a' share' based' on' the'
preceding' fiscal' year' from' the' proceeds' derived' by' any'
government' agency' or' governmentbowned' or' bcontrolled'
corporation'engaged'in'the'utilization'and'development'of'the'
produce'a'higher'share'for'the'local'government'unit:'
(a)'One'percent'(1%)'of'the'gross'sales'or'receipts'of'the'
preceding'calendar'year;'or'
(b)' Forty' percent' (40%)' of' the' mining' taxes,' royalties,'
forestry'and'fishery'charges'and'such'other'taxes,'fees'or'
charges,' including' related' surcharges,' interests,' or' fines'
the' government' agency' or' government' bowned' or' b'
controlled' corporation' would' have' paid' if' it' were' not'
otherwise'exempt.'
'
46"
• SEC.' 292.' Allocation' of' Shares.' b' The' share' in' the' preceding'
Section'shall'be'distributed'in'the'following'manner:'
(a)' Where' the' natural' resources' are' located' in' the'
province'(1)'province'b'Twenty'percent'(20%);'
(2)' Component' city/municipality' b' Fortybfive' percent'
(45%);'and'
(3)' barangay' b' Thirtybfive' percent' (35%)' Provided,'
however,'That'where'the'natural'resources'are'located'in'
two' (2)' or' more' provinces,' or' in' two' (2)' or' more'
component' cities' or' municipalities' or' in' two' (2)' or' more'
barangays,' their' respective' shares' shall' be' computed' on'
the'basis'of:'
(1)'Population'b'Seventy'percent'(70%);'and'
(2)'Land'area'b'Thirty'percent'(30%).'
(b)' Where' the' natural' resources' are' located' in' a' highly'
urbanized'or'independent'component'city:'
(1)'city'b'Sixtybfive'percent'(65%);'and'
(2)' barangay' b' Thirtybfive' percent' (35%)'
Provided,' however,' That' where' the' natural'
resources' are' located' in' such' two' (2)' or' more'
cities,'the'allocation'of'shares'shall'be'based'on'
the' formula' on' population' and' land' area' as'
specified'in'paragraph'(a)'of'this'Section.'
' necessary' to' accomplish' the' objective' and' not' unduly'
• SEC.'293'Remittance'of'the'Share'of'Local'Government'Units.'b'
The' share' of' local' government' units' from' the' utilization' and'
development' of' national' wealth' shall' be' remitted' in'
accordance'with'Section'286'of'this'Code:'Provided,'however,'
That' in' the' case' of' any' government' agency' or' governmentb
owned' or' bcontrolled' corporation' engaged' in' the' utilization'
and' development' of' the' national' wealth,' such' share' shall' be'
directly'remitted'to'the'provincial,'city,'municipal'or'barangay'
treasurer'concerned'within'five'(5)'days'after'the'end'of'each'
quarter.'
' De( la( Cruz( vs( Paras' where' an' ordinance'
• SEC.' 294.' Development' and' Livelihood' Projects.' b' The'
proceeds' from' the' share' of' local' government' units' pursuant'
to' this' chapter' shall' be' appropriated' by' their' respective'
sanggunian' to' finance' local' development' and' livelihood'
projects:' Provided,' however,' That' at' least' eighty' percent'
(80%)' of' the' proceeds' derived' from' the' development' and'
utilization'of'hydrothermal,'geothermal,'and'other'sources'of'
energy'shall'be'applied'solely'to'lower'the'cost'of'electricity'in'
the' local' government' unit' where' such' a' source' of' energy' is'
located.'
' Balacuit' case' where' an' ordinance' penalized'
' movie' houses' that' charged' full' payment' for'
Local"Police"Power"
• The'General'Welfare'Clause:'Sec.'16'of'LGC'
SEC.' 16.' General' Welfare.' b' Every' local' government' unit' shall'
exercise' the' powers' expressly' granted,' those' necessarily'
implied' therefrom,' as' well' as' powers' necessary,' appropriate,'
or' incidental' for' its' efficient' and' effective' governance,' and'
those' which' are' essential' to' the' promotion' of' the' general'
welfare.' Within' their' respective' territorial' jurisdictions,' local'
government' units' shall' ensure' and' support,' among' other'
things,' the' preservation' and' enrichment' of' culture,' promote'
health' and' safety,' enhance' the' right' of' the' people' to' a'
balanced'ecology,'encourage'and'support'the'development'of'
appropriate' and' selfbreliant' scientific' and' technological'
capabilities,' improve' public' morals,' enhance' economic'
By: RLB
prosperity'and'social'justice,'promote'full'employment'among'
their' residents,' maintain' peace' and' order,' and' preserve' the'
comfort'and'convenience'of'their'inhabitants.'
→ Basically' a' delegated' power' both' in' its' general' and'
specific'sense,'unlike'in'taxation'power'where'the'general'
power'to'tax'is'constitutionally'guaranteed.'Hence,'police'
power' is' still' under' the' control' of' Congress' in' all' its'
respects,'although'under'Sec.'5'of'the'Code,'the'general'
welfare'provision'shall'be'liberally'construed'to'give'more'
powers'to'the'LGUs.'
"
Note:'3'areas'where'liberal'interpretation'will'be'employed:'
' (1)'in'favor'of'Local'Government'Unit'
' (2)'in'favor'of'local'autonomy'
' (3)'in'favor'of'general'welfare'clause'
'
• How'do'you'test'the'validity'of'the'Local'Police'Power?'
→ Lawful' subject' –' so' long' as' the' act' affects' the' public,' it'
can'be'regulated.'The'subject'must'be'regulated'because'
the'interest'of'the'public'as'distinguished'to'the'interest'
of' the' private' individual' requires' governmental'
interference.'
→ Lawful'means'b'the'means'employed'must'be'reasonably'
oppressive'upon'the'individuals'
'
• Requisites'for'Validity'of'Local'Police'Power'
→ Tatel(vs(Mun.(of(Virac(
1. Must'not'contravene'the'Consti'AND'statute'
2. Not' unfair' or' oppressive' [also' a' constitutional'
reqt.]'
3. Not' partial' or' discriminatory' [also' a'
constitutional'reqt.]'
4. Not'prohibit,'but'only'regulate'lawful'trade'(see:'
prohibited'the'operation'of'night'clubs)'
5. Consistent' with' public' policy' [bec.' Of' the'
requirement' of' valid' delegation' of' legislative'
power]' (see:' Lim( vs( Pacquing)' where' it' was'
found' out' that' the' national' policy' was' for'
national' government,' not' for' LGUs,' to' grant'
frachises'for'operation'of'jai\alai.'LGUs'can'only'
regulate'but'not'grant'franchise'for'operation'of'
jai\alai.'
6. Not'reasonable'[also'a'constitutional'reqt.]'(see:'
admission'of'children'between'7b12)'
'
• Tano(vs(Socrates(1997(
→ As' laws' enjoy' presumption' of' constitutionality' except'
laws' restricting' freedom' of' expression' ,' so' too' are'
ordinance.'Hence,'there'must'be'a'clear'and'unequivocal'
breach' of' the' constitution,' not' merely' doubtful' or'
argumentative' contradiction.' The" unconstitutionality"
must" be" shown" beyond" reasonable" doubt." Moreover,"
any"doubt"should"be"resolved"in"favour"of"LGU’s"power"
and"in"favour"of"devolution.'
! In' what' instances' that' this' presumption' of'
constitutionality'will'not'apply?'
47"
 > Those' laws' that' infringe' the' preferred' freedom'
rights,' e.g.' freedom' of' expression,' under' the'
doctrine'of'strict'strutiny.'
' governmental' purpose,' it' must' do' so' without'
• Ortigas(&(Co.(Limited(Partnership(
→ The' municipality' of' mandaluyong,' in' exercising' its' police'
power' by' enacting' an' ordinance' declaring' a' particular'
area' as' a' commercial' and' industrial' zone,' may' not' be'
barred'by'a'claim'of'nonbimpairment'of'contracts.'
→ When' Oritgas' sold' 2' lots,' the' original' buyers' agreed' to'
the' stipulation' that' the' lots' shall' be' used' exclusively' for'
residential' purposes.' Subsequently,' however,' the'
municipal' council' of' Mandaluyong' passed' a' resolution'
declaring' the' area' where' the' lots' were' located' as' a'
commercial' and' industrial' zone.' 2' years' later,' the' bank'
acquired' the' lots' and' commenced' the' construction' of' a'
commercial' building.' Ortigas' filed' action' to' enjoin'
construction.' Which' shall' prevail' –' the' restrictive'
covenant' in' the' purchase' agreement' or' the' municipal'
ordinance?'
→ The' resolution' was' a' legitimate' exercise' of' police' power'
“the' most' essential,' insistent,' and' illimitable' of' powers”'
and'“in'a'sense,'the'greatest'and'most'powerful'attribute'
of'government”.'The'Court'reiterated'the'PLDT'ruling'that'
police'power'“is'elastic'and'must'be'responsive'to'various'
social' conditions;' it' is' not' confined' with' narrow'
circumscriptions'of'precedents'resting'on'past'conditions;'
it' must' follow' the' legal' process' of' a' democratic' way' of'
life.”' It' took' notice' of' the' commercial' and' industrial'
development'along'E.'delos'Santos'Avenue'and'found'the'
resolution'a'valid'exercise'of'police'power.'
→ On' the' nonbimpairment' contracts' issue,' the' court' found'
the' resolution' a' “legitimate' response' to' a' felt' public'
need”.' The' nonbimpairment' clause' may' not' bar' the'
municipality’s' exercise' of' police' power.' Not' only' are'
existing'laws'read'into'contracts'in'order'to'fix'obligations'
as' between' the' parties,' but' the' reservation' of' essential'
attributes' of' sovereign' power' is' also' read' into' contracts'
as'a'postulate'of'the'legal'order.'
→ Zoning' Ordinances' is' a' police' measure' because' it' is' a'
restriction' to' the' proper' use,' to' the' exercise' of'
ownership,' over' the' property' for' the' promotion' of' the'
general'welfare.'
→ It'prevails'over'contractual'obligations.'
→ Therefore,' parties' to' a' contract' who' may' be' affected' by'
zoning' ordinances' cannot' invoke' the' constitutional' right'
against' “impairment' of' obligations' and' contracts”'
because'in'constitutional'law,'police'power'prevails'over'
the'nonbimpairment'clause.'
' within'Lucena,'including'those'already'existing,'and'allow'
• Problem:' The' City' of' Marikina' passed' an' ordinance' which'
regulates'the'construction'of'fence'as'follows:'
The' standard' height' of' fences' or' walls' allowed' under' this'
ordinance'are'as'follows:'
1) Fences'on'the'front'yard'–'shall'be'no'more'than'one'(1)'
meter'in'height.'Fences'in'excess'of'one'(1)'meter'shall'be'
of' an' open' fence' type,' at' least' eighty' percent' 80%' see'
thru.'
The'Objective'of'the'ordinance'is'“to'discourage,'suppress'or'
prevent' the' concealment' of' prohibited' or' unlawful' acts.”' Is'
the'ordinance'valid?'
By: RLB
→ There'is'lawful'subject'because'it'affects'the'public'
→ The' means' employed' is' not' lawful' applying' the'
overbreadth'doctrine'b'where'a'law'seeks'to'accomplish'a'
unreasonably' or' unnecessarily' invading' some' protected'
freedom'and'that'it'must" be" least" intrusive'to'the'rights'
of'individuals.'
'
• Two"tests"are"usually"applied:"
1. Rational'Relationship'Test'
2. Strict'Scrutiny'Test'
→ Using' the' rational2 basis2 examination,' laws' or' ordinances'
are' upheld' if' they' rationally' further' a' legitimate'
governmental' interest.' Governmental' interest' is'
extensively' examined' and' the' availability' of' less'
restrictive'measures'is'considered.'
→ Applying' the' strict2 scrutiny,' the' focus' is' on' the' presence'
of' compelling,' rather' than' substantial,' governmental'
interest' and' on' the' absence' of' less' restrictive' means' for'
achieving' that' interest.' (Fernando( vs.( St.( Scholastica’s(
College(GR.(16110(March(12,(2013)'
'
• Lucena(Grand(Central(vs(JAC(Liner(2005(
→ As' with' the' State,' the' LG' may' be' considered' as' having'
properly' exercised' its' police' power' only' if' the' following'
requisites'are'met:'
1. The' interests' of' the' public' generally,' as'
distinguished' from' those' of' a' particular' class,'
require'the'interference'of'the'state,'and''
2. The' means' employed' are' reasonably' necessary'
for' the' attainment' of' the' object' sought' to' be'
accomplished' and' not' unduly' oppressive' upon'
individuals.''
→ Otherwise' stated,' there' must' be' a' concurrence' of' a'
lawful'subject'and'lawful'method.'
→ That' traffic' congestion' is' a' public,' not' merely' a' private,'
concern,' cannot' be' gainsaid.' The' questioned' ordinances'
having'been'enacted'with'the'objective'of'relieving'traffic'
congestion' in' the' City' of' Lucena,' they' involve' public'
interest' warranting' the' interference' of' the' State.' ' The'
first' requisite' for' the' proper' exercise' of' police' power' is'
thus'present.'
→ This' leaves' for' determination' the' issue' of' whether' the'
means'employed'by'the'Lucena'Sangguniang'Panlungsod'
to' attain' its' professed' objective' were' reasonably'
necessary'and'not'unduly'oppressive'upon'individuals.'
→ With'the'aim'of'localizing'the'source'of'traffic'congestion'
in' the' city' to' a' single' location,' the' subject' ordinances'
prohibit' the' operation' of' all' bus' and' jeepney' terminals'
the' operation' of' only' one' common' terminal' located'
outside' the' city' proper,' the' franchise' for' which' was'
granted'to'petitioner.''The'common'carriers'plying'routes'
to'and'from'Lucena'City'are'thus'compelled'to'close'down'
their'existing'terminals'and'use'the'facilities'of'petitioner.'
→ The' true' role' of' Constitutional' Law' is' to' effect' an'
equilibrium' between' authority' and' liberty' so' that' rights'
are' exercised' within' the' framework' of' the' law' and' the'
laws' are' enacted' with' due' deference' to' rights.' A' due'
deference' to' the' rights' of' the' individual' thus' requires' a'
48"
 more' careful' formulation' of' solutions' to' societal'
problems.'
→ From' the' memorandum' filed' before' this' Court' by'
petitioner,' it' is' gathered' that' the' Sangguniang'
Panlungsod'had'identified'the'cause'of'traffic'congestion'
to' be' the' indiscriminate' loading' and' unloading' of'
passengers' by' buses' on' the' streets' of' the' city' proper,'
hence,' the' conclusion' that' the' terminals' contributed' to'
the' proliferation' of' buses' obstructing' traffic' on' the' city'
streets.''
→ Bus' terminals' per' se' do' not,' however,' impede' or' help'
impede'the'flow'of'traffic.''How'the'outright'proscription'
against' the' existence' of' all' terminals,' apart' from' that'
franchised'to'petitioner,'can'be'considered'as'reasonably'
necessary'to'solve'the'traffic'problem,'this'Court'has'not'
been'enlightened.''If'terminals'lack'adequate'space'such'
that' bus' drivers' are' compelled' to' load' and' unload'
passengers'on'the'streets'instead'of'inside'the'terminals,'
then' reasonable' specifications' for' the' size' of' terminals'
could' be' instituted,' with' permits' to' operate' the' same'
denied'those'which'are'unable'to'meet'the'specifications.'
(Reasonable' police' measure' –' strict' implementation' of'
traffic'rules'and'regulations)'
→ As' for' petitioner’s' claim' that' the' challenged' ordinances'
have' actually' been' proven' effective' in' easing' traffic'
congestion:'Whether'an'ordinance'is'effective'is'an'issue'
different'from'whether'it'is'reasonably'necessary.''It'is'its'
reasonableness,' not' its' effectiveness,' which' bears' upon'
its'constitutionality.''If'the'constitutionality'of'a'law'were'
measured' by' its' effectiveness,' then' even' tyrannical' laws'
may'be'justified'whenever'they'happen'to'be'effective.'
' enforcement' of' existing' laws' and' regulations' penalizing'
• White(Light(Case(
→ In'City(of(manila(vs(Laguio(2005,'the'Court'nullified'a'city'
ordinance' barring' the' operation' of' motels' and' inns,'
among' other' establishments' within' the' ErmitabMalate'
area.'The'petition'at'bar'assails'a'similarlybmotivated'city'
ordinance'that'prohibits'those'same'establishments'from'
offering' shortbtime' admission,' as' well' as' probrated' or'
wash'up'rates'for'such'abbreviated'stays.'
→ It' cannot' be' denied' that' the' primary' animus' behind' the'
ordinance' is' the' curtailment' of' sexual' behavior.' The' City'
asserts'before'this'Court'that'the'subject'establishments'
“have'gained'notoriety'as'venue'of'‘prostitution,'adultery'
and' fornications’' in' Manila' since' they' ‘provide' the'
necessary' atmosphere' for' clandestine' entry,' presence'
and'exit'and'thus'became'the'‘ideal'haven'for'prostitutes'
and' thrillbseekers.’”' Whether' or' not' this' depiction' of' a'
misebenbscene'of'vice'is'accurate,'it'cannot'be'denied'that'
legitimate' sexual' behavior' among' willing' married' or'
consenting' single' adults' which' is' constitutionally'
protected'will'be'curtailed'as'well.'
→ We'cannot'discount'other'legitimate'activities'which'the'
Ordinance' would' proscribe' or' impair.' There' are' very'
legitimate' uses' for' a' wash' rate' or' renting' the' room' out'
for' more' than' twice' a' day.' Entire' families' are' known' to'
choose'pass'the'time'in'a'motel'or'hotel'whilst'the'power'
is' momentarily' out' in' their' homes.' In' transit' passengers'
who' wish' to' wash' up' and' rest' between' trips' have' a'
legitimate' purpose' for' abbreviated' stays' in' motels' or'
hotels.'Indeed'any'person'or'groups'of'persons'in'need'of'
By: RLB
comfortable'private'spaces'for'a'span'of'a'few'hours'with'
purposes'other'than'having'sex'or'using'illegal'drugs'can'
legitimately' look' to' staying' in' a' motel' or' hotel' as' a'
convenient'alternative.''
→ That' the' Ordinance' prevents' the' lawful' uses' of' a' wash'
rate'depriving'patrons'of'a'product'and'the'petitioners'of'
lucrative' business' ties' in' with' another' constitutional'
requisite' for' the' legitimacy' of' the' Ordinance' as' a' police'
power' measure.' It' must' appear' that' the' interests' of' the'
public' generally,' as' distinguished' from' those' of' a'
particular' class,' require' an' interference' with' private'
rights' and' the' means' must' be' reasonably' necessary' for'
the' accomplishment' of' the' purpose' and' not' unduly'
oppressive' of' private' rights.' It' must' also' be' evident' that'
no' other' alternative' for' the' accomplishment' of' the'
purpose' less' intrusive' of' private' rights' can' work.' More'
importantly,' a' reasonable' relation' must' exist' between'
the' purposes' of' the' measure' and' the' means' employed'
for' its' accomplishment,' for' even' under' the' guise' of'
protecting' the' public' interest,' personal' rights' and' those'
pertaining'to'private'property'will'not'be'permitted'to'be'
arbitrarily'invaded.'
→ Lacking' a' concurrence' of' these' requisites,' the' police'
measure' shall' be' struck' down' as' an' arbitrary' intrusion'
into'private'rights.'
→ The' behavior' which' the' Ordinance' seeks' to' curtail' is' in'
fact' already' prohibited' and' could' in' fact' be' diminished'
simply' by' applying' existing' laws.' Less' intrusive' measures'
such' as' curbing' the' proliferation' of' prostitutes' and' drug'
dealers' through' active' police' work' would' be' more'
effective' in' easing' the' situation.' So' would' the' strict'
prostitution' and' drug' use.' ' These' measures' would' have'
minimal' intrusion' on' the' businesses' of' the' petitioners'
and' other' legitimate' merchants.' Further,' it' is' apparent'
that'the'Ordinance'can'easily'be'circumvented'by'merely'
paying'the'whole'day'rate'without'any'hindrance'to'those'
engaged' in' illicit' activities.' Moreover,' drug' dealers' and'
prostitutes' can' in' fact' collect' “wash' rates”' from' their'
clientele'by'charging'their'customers'a'portion'of'the'rent'
for'motel'rooms'and'even'apartments.'
→ We' reiterate' that' individual' rights' may' be' adversely'
affected'only'to'the'extent'that'may'fairly'be'required'by'
the' legitimate' demands' of' public' interest' or' public'
welfare.''The'State'is'a'leviathan'that'must'be'restrained'
from' needlessly' intruding' into' the' lives' of' its' citizens.'
However'wellbbintentioned'the'Ordinance'may'be,'it'is'in'
effect'an'arbitrary'and'whimsical'intrusion'into'the'rights'
of' the' establishments' as' well' as' their' patrons.' The'
Ordinance' needlessly' restrains' the' operation' of' the'
businesses' of' the' petitioners' as' well' as' restricting' the'
rights'of'their'patrons'without'sufficient'justification.'The'
Ordinance' rashly' equates' wash' rates' and' renting' out' a'
room' more' than' twice' a' day' with' immorality' without'
accommodating'innocuous'intentions.'
'
• Leonardo(Tan(vs(Perena(
→ While' the' Local' Government' Code' expressly' repealed'
several'laws,'the'Cockfighting'Law'was'not'among'them.''
Section' 534(f)' of' the' Local' Government' Code' declares'
that' all' general' and' special' laws' or' decrees' inconsistent'
49"
 with' the' Code' are' hereby' repealed' or' modified'
accordingly,' but' such' clause' is' not' an' express' repealing'
clause' because' it' fails' to' identify' or' designate' the' acts'
that' are' intended' to' be' repealed.' It' is' a' cardinal' rule' in'
statutory'construction'that'implied'repeals'are'disfavored'
and' will' not' be' so' declared' unless' the' intent' of' the'
legislators'is'manifest.'As'laws'are'presumed'to'be'passed'
with'deliberation'and'with'knowledge'of'all'existing'ones'
on' the' subject,' it' is' logical' to' conclude' that' in' passing' a'
statute' it' is' not' intended' to' interfere' with' or' abrogate' a'
former' law' relating' to' the' same' subject' matter,' unless'
the' repugnancy' between' the' two' is' not' only'
irreconcilable'but'also'clear'and'convincing'as'a'result'of'
the'language'used,'or'unless'the'latter'Act'fully'embraces'
the'subject'matter'of'the'earlier.'
→ Perhaps' more' essential' than' the' fact' that' the' two'
controverted' provisions' are' not' inconsistent' when' put'
together,' the' Court' recognizes' that' Section' 5(d)' of' the'
Cockfighting' Law' arises' from' a' valid' exercise' of' police'
power' by' the' national' government.' Of' course,' local'
governments' are' similarly' empowered' under' Section' 16'
of'the'Local'Government'Code.'The'national'government'
ought'to'be'attuned'to'the'sensitivities'of'devolution'and'
strive' to' be' sparing' in' usurping' the' prerogatives' of' local'
governments' to' regulate' the' general' welfare' of' their'
constituents.'
→ We' do' not' doubt,' however,' the' ability' of' the' national'
government' to' implement' police' power' measures' that'
affect'the'subjects'of'municipal'government,'especially'if'
the' subject' of' regulation' is' a' condition' of' universal'
character' irrespective' of' territorial' jurisdictions.'
Cockfighting' is' one' such' condition.' It' is' a' traditionally'
regulated' activity,' due' to' the' attendant' gambling'
involved' or' maybe' even' the' fact' that' it' essentially'
consists' of' two' birds' killing' each' other' for' public'
amusement.'Laws'have'been'enacted'restricting'the'days'
when' cockfights' could' be' held,' and' legislation' has' even'
been' emphatic' that' cockfights' could' not' be' held' on'
holidays'celebrating'national'honor'such'as'Independence'
Day'and'Rizal'Day.'
→ The' Whereas' clauses' of' the' Cockfighting' Law' emphasize'
that' cockfighting' “should' neither' be' exploited' as' an'
object'of'commercialism'or'business'enterprise,'nor'made'
a'tool'of'uncontrolled'gambling,'but'more'as'a'vehicle'for'
the' preservation' and' perpetuation' of' native' Filipino'
heritage'and'thereby'enhance'our'national'identity.”'The'
obvious' thrust' of' our' laws' designating' when' cockfights'
could' be' held' is' to' limit' cockfighting' and' imposing' the'
onebcockpitbperbmunicipality'rule'is'in'line'with'that'aim.'
Cockfighting'is'a'valid'matter'of'police'power'regulation,'
as'it'is'a'form'of'gambling'essentially'antagonistic'to'the'
aims'of'enhancing'national'productivity'and'selfbreliance.'
Limitation' on' the' number' of' cockpits' in' a' given'
municipality' is' a' reasonably' necessary' means' for' the'
accomplishment' of' the' purpose' of' controlling'
cockfighting,' for' clearly' more' cockpits' equals' more'
cockfights.'
→ A' municipal' ordinance' must' not' contravene' the'
Constitution' or' any' statute,' otherwise' it' is' void.'
Ordinance' No.' 7' unmistakably' contravenes' the'
Cockfighting' Law' in' allowing' three' cockpits' in'
By: RLB
Daanbantayan.' ' Thus,' no' rights' can' be' asserted' by' the'
petitioners'arising'from'the'Ordinance.'We'find'the'grant'
of'injunction'as'ordered'by'the'appellate'court'to'be'wellb
taken.'
'
• 2010" Bar:" The' Sanggunian' Panglungsod' of' Pasay' passed' an'
ordinance' requiring' all' disco' pub' owners' to' have' all' their'
hospitality' girls' tested' for' Aids' virus.' Both' disco' pub' owners'
and'thee'hospitality'girls'assailed'the'validity'of'the'ordinance'
for'being'violative'of'their'constitutional'rights'to'privacy'and'
to' freely' choose' a' calling' or' business.' Is' the' ordinace' valid?'
Explain."
→ Valid.'It'is'not'a'prohibition'but'a'mere'regulation.'A'valid'
exercise'of'police'power.'(JMM'Production'case)"
"
• ABC' operates' an' industrial' waste' processing' plant' within'
Laoag' City.' Occasionally,' whenever' fluid' substances' are'
released' thru' a' nearby' creek,' obnoxious' odor' is' emitted'
causing' dizziness' among' residents' in' Barangay' La' Paz.' On'
complaint'of'the'punong'barangay,'the'city'mayor'wrote'ABC'
demanding' that' it' abate' the' nuisance.' This' was' ignored.' An'
invitation' to' attend' a' hearing' called' by' Sanggunian'
panglungsod' was' also' declined' by' the' pres.' of' ABC.' The' city'
gov’t.' thereupon' issued' a' cease' and' desist' order' to' stop' the'
operations' of' the' plant,' prompting' ABC' to' file' a' petition' for'
unjunction'before'the'RTC,'arguing'that'the'city'gov’t.'did'not'
have' any' power' to' abate' the' illegal' nuisance.' Decide' with'
reasons."
→ AC(Enterprises(Inc.(vs(Frabelle(Properties(
→ Under' Sec' 447' (a)' (3)' (i)' of' RA' 7160,' the' Sanggunian'
panglungsod' is' empowered' to' enact' ordinances,'
declaring,'preventing'or'abating'noise'and'other'forms'of'
nuisance.'It'bears'stressing'however'that'the'Sanggunian'
cannot' declare' a' particular' thing' as' nuisance' per' se' and'
oder'its'condemnation.'It'doesn’t'have'the'power'to'find,'
as' a' fact,' that' a' particular' thing' is' nuisance' when' such'
thing' is' not' a' nuisance' per' se.' nor' can' it' authorize'
extrajudicial' condemnation' and' destructin' of' that' as' a'
nuisance'which'in'its'nature,'situation'or'use'is'not'such.'
→ Those' things' must' be' determined' and' resolved' in' the'
ordinary' courts' of' law.' If' a' mthing' be' in' fact' a' nuisance'
die' to' the' manner' of' its' operation,' that' question' cannot'
be' determined' by' a' mere' resolution' of' the' Sanggunian'
bayan.'
'
Note:'Rule'III'Sec'IV'of'PAB'resolution'1bC'S,'1997'as'amended,'
which' categorically' states' that' “except2 where2 such2 would2
constitute2a2pollution2case,2LGU2shall2have2the2power2to2abate2
a2nuisance2within2their2respective2areas.”'
'
Problem:' Talisay' City' Vendors' Assoc.' filed' a' case' for' mandamus'
compelling'the'City'Gov’t.'of'Talisay'to'close'a'road'near'the'Talisay'
City'Public'market'from'vehicular'traffic'contending'that'the'road'is'
too' small' for' vehicles,' especially' fourbwheel' vehicles,' such' that'
vehicular' traffic' prevents' small' vendors' from' selling' in' the'
sidewalk.'If'you’r'the'judge,'will'you'issue'a'writ'of'mandamus?'
→ Mandamus' is' not' proper.' The' closing' and' opening' of'
roads'is'a'police'power'which'is'discretionary'on'the'part'
of'the'authority'who'exercises'such'power.'
'
'
50"
Local"Eminent"Domain"
• SEC.' 19.' Eminent' Domain.' b' A' local' government' unit' may,'
through' its' chief' executive' and' acting' pursuant' to' an'
ordinance,' exercise' the' power' of' eminent' domain' for' public'
use,'or'purpose,'or'welfare'for'the'benefit'of'the'poor'and'the'
landless,'upon'payment'of'just'compensation,'pursuant'to'the'
provisions' of' the' Constitution' and' pertinent' laws:' Provided,'
however,' That' the' power' of' eminent' domain' may' not' be'
exercised'unless'a'valid'and'definite'offer'has'been'previously'
made' to' the' owner,' and' such' offer' was' not' accepted:'
Provided,' further,' That' the' local' government' unit' may'
immediately'take'possession'of'the'property'upon'the'filing'of'
the' expropriation' proceedings' and' upon' making' a' deposit'
with'the'proper'court'of'at'least'fifteen'percent'(15%)'of'the'
fair' market' value' of' the' property' based' on' the' current' tax'
declaration' of' the' property' to' be' expropriated:' Provided,'
finally,' That,' the' amount' to' be' paid' for' the' expropriated'
property' shall' be' determined' by' the' proper' court,' based' on'
the'fair'market'value'at'the'time'of'the'taking'of'the'property.'
' not'accepted.'
• Problem:"The'City'of'Cebu'intends'to'expropriate'a'10bhectare'
lot' of' X' located' in' Talamban' Cebu' for' a' lowbcost' housing'
project' intended' for' the' urban' poor.' As' the' city' attorney' of'
Cebu' City,' the' City' Mayor' is' asking' you' to' outline' to' him' the'
legal'requirements'and'procedure'so'that'this'project'for'the'
urban' poor' can' be' completed' before' the' end' of' his' term' in'
June'of'2016'without'legal'obstacle.'The'City'Mayor'wants'to'
immediately' take' possession' of' the' property' of' X' so' he' can'
immediately' start' the' housing' project' even' before' the'
termination'of'the'expropriation'proceeding'in'court.'How'will'
you' advise' the' City' Mayor?' What' will' you' allege' in' the'
complaint'for'expropriation'in'case'one'is'necessary?"
→ The' problem' presupposes' that' there' is' failure' to' enter'
into' a' contract.' Thus,' the' LGU' is' compelled' to' exercise'
eminent'domain'power."
→ You'must'alleged'the'following:"
! Specific' requirements' for' the' LGUs' (as' will' be'
explained'below)"
! Being'an'expropriation'for'a'housing'project,'you'add'
sec.'9'and'sec.'10'of'RA'7279"
' • Building' of' research,' breeding,' or' dispersal' centers'
• Who'exercises'the'power'of'Eminent'Domain?'
→ Generally,'Congress'
→ LGUs'
→ Public'Utilies'like'electric'companies,'telecommunications'
companies' (MERALCO,' Globe,' Smart,' MCWD)' –' they' are'
allowed'to'expropriate'also,'as'authorized'by'law.'
' authorities' the' necessary' locational' clearance' and' other'
• 2'types'of'requirements'in'exercising'Local'Eminent'Doman:'
1."General"Requirements:"
a) Necessity'(National'v.'Local)'
b) Private'Property'
c) Taking'
d) Public'Use'
e) Just'Compensation'
f) Due'Process'
" (2)'the'reasons'for'its'acquisition,'and'
2."Specific"Requirements:"
a) Ordinance'
b) Public'use'
c) Just'compensation'
By: RLB
d) Valid'and'definite'offer'
Add:'if'the'expropriation'is'for'a'housing'project'
e) Private'lands'should'be'the'last'option'
f) There' were' no' other' modes' of' acquiring'
properties'
'
→ Arts.'32b37,'IRR'
Art.'32.'When'Exercised.'–'
'
(a)' An' LGU' may,' through' its' chief' executive' and'
acting'pursuant'to'an'ordinance,'exercise'the'power'
of' eminent' domain' for' public' use,' purpose,' or'
welfare'of'the'poor'and'the'landless,'upon'payment'
of' just' compensation,' pursuant' to' the' provisions' of'
the'Constitution'and'pertinent'laws.'
'
(b)' The' power' of' eminent' domain' may' not' be'
exercised' unless' a' valid' and' definite' offer' has' been'
previously' made' to' the' owner,' and' such' offer' was'
'
Art.' 33.' Public' Use,' Purpose,' or' Welfare.' b' The' following'
shall,' among' others,' be' considered' as' public' use,'
purpose,'or'welfare:'
• Socialized'housing;'
• Construction' or' extension' of' roads,' streets,'
sidewalks,'viaducts,'bridges,'ferries,'levees,'wharves,'
or'piers;'
• Construction'or'improvement'of'public'buildings;''
• Establishment'of'parks,'playgrounds,'or'plazas;'
• Establishment'of'market'places;'
• Construction' of' artesian' wells' or' water' supply'
systems;'
• Establishment'of'cemeteries'or'crematories;'
• Establishment' of' drainage' systems,' cesspools,' or'
sewerage'systems;'
• Construction'of'irrigation'canals'or'dams;'
• Establishment' of' nurseries,' health' centers,' or'
hospitals;'
• Establishment'of'abattoirs;'and'
for'animals.'
'
Art.' 34.' Prerequisites.' b' In' acquiring' private' property' for'
public' use' or' purpose,' LGU' shall' first' establish' the'
suitability' of' the' property' to' be' acquired' for' the' use'
intended,' then' proceed' to' obtain' from' the' proper'
requirements' imposed' under' existing' laws,' rules' and'
regulations.'
'
Art.'35.'Offer'to'Buy'and'Contract'of'Sale.'–'
'
(a)' The' offer' to' buy' private' property' for' public' use' or'
purpose'shall'be'in'writing.'It'shall'specify'the:'
(1)'property'sought'to'be'acquired,'
(3)'the'price'offered.'
'
51"
 (b)'If'the'owner'or'owners'accept'the'offer'in'its'entirety,' ! The'courts.'But'you'must'first'determine'whether'the'
a' contract' of' sale' shall' be' executed' and' payment' expropriation'is'done'by'the'National'Government'or'
forthwith'made.' the' Local' Government' as' explained' in' the' case' of'
' Heirs'of'Alberto'Sugitan'vs'Mandaluyong.'
(c)'If'the'owner'or'owners'are'willing'to'sell'their'property' ! The' rule' is:' if' it' is' exercised' by' Congress,' the' court,'
but'at'a'price'higher'than'that'offered'to'them,'the'local' being' a' cobequal' branch,' must' respect' the'
chief' executive' shall' call' them' to' a' conference' for' the' determination'made'by'Congress'insofar'as'the'issue'
purpose' of' reaching' an' agreement' on' the' selling' price' on' necessity' is' concerned.' Thus,' a' POLITICAL'
(Note:'Failure'to'conduct'such'conference'is'a'ground'to' QUESTION'so'the'courts'will'not'interfere.'But'in'the'
dismiss' the' case' when' not' alleged).' The' chairman' of' the' case' of' LGU,' not' cobequal' with' the' judicial' branch,'
appropriation'or'finance'committee'of'the'sanggunian,'or' when' there' is' an' issue' on' necessity' in' an'
in' his' absence,' any' member' of' the' sanggunian' duly' expropriation,'the'courts'can'review.'
chosen' as' its' representative,' shall' participate' in' the' '
conference.' When' an' agreement' is' reached' by' the' • Heirs(of(Alberto(Suguitan(vs(Mandaluyong(
parties,'a'contract'of'sale'shall'be'drawn'and'executed.' → Despite'the'existence'of'this'legislative'grant'in'favour'of'
' LGUs,' it' is' still' the' duty' of' the' courts' to' determine'
(d)' The' contract' of' sale' shall' be' supported' by' the' whether'the'power'of'eminent'domain'is'being'exercised'
following'documents:' in'accordance'with'the'delegating'law.'
> Resolution' of' the' sanggunian' authorizing' the' → In' fact,' the" courts" have" adopted" a" more" censorious"
local' chief' executive' to' enter' into' a' contract' of' attitude" in" resolving" questions" involving" the" proper"
sale.' The' resolution' shall' specify' the' terms' and' exercise" of" this" delegated" power" by" local" bodies," as"
conditions'to'be'embodied'in'the'contract;' compared" to" instances" when" it" is" directly" exercised" by"
> Ordinance'appropriating'the'amount'specified'in' the"national"legislature.'
the'contract;'and' → Upon' the' other' hand,' the' Legislature' may' directly'
> Certification' of' the' local' treasurer' as' to' determine' the' necessity' for' appropriating' private'
availability' of' funds' together' with' a' statement' property'for'a'particular'improvement'for'public'use,'and'
that' such' fund' shall' not' be' disbursed' or' spent' it' may' select' the' exact' location' of' the' improvement.' In'
for' any' purpose' other' than' to' pay' for' the' such' a' case,' it' is' well' settled' that' the' utility' of' the'
purchase'of'the'property'involved.' proposed' improvement,' the' existence' of' the' public'
' necessity' for' its' construction,' the' expediency' of'
Art.'36.'Expropriation'Proceedings.'–' constructing' it,' the' suitableness' of' the' location' selected,'
' and' the' consequent' necessity' of' taking' the' lands'
(a)'If'the'LGU'fails'to'acquire'a'private'property'for'public' selected,' are' all' questions' exclusively' for' the' legislature'
use,' purpose,' or' welfare' through' purchase,' LGU' may' to'determine.'
expropriate' said' property' through' a' resolution' of' the' '
sanggunian' authorizing' its' chief' executive' to' initiate' • De(la(Paz(Masikip(vs(Pasig(
expropriation'proceedings.' → Where' the' taking' is' done' for' the' benefit' of' a' small'
' community' which' seeks' to' have' its' own' sports' and'
(b)' The' local' chief' executive' shall' cause' the' provincial,' recreational'facility'only'a'short'distance'away,'such'
city,' or' municipal' attorney' concerned' or,' in' his' absence,' taking'cannot'be'considered'to'be'for'public'use.'
the' provincial' or' city' prosecutor,' to' file' expropriation' → The'right'to'take'private'property'for'public'purposes'
proceedings' in' the' proper' court' in' accordance' with' the' necessarily' originates' from' “the' necessity”' and' the'
Rules'of'Court'and'other'pertinent'laws.' taking' must' be' limited' to' such' necessity.' The' very'
' foundation'of'the'right'to'exercise'eminent'domain'is'
(c)' The' LGU' may' immediately' take' possession' of' the' a' genuine' necessity' and' that' necessity' must' be' of' a'
property'upon'the'filing'of'expropriation'proceedings'and' public'character.'Moreover,'the'ascertainment'of'the'
upon' making' a' deposit' with' the' proper' court' of' at' least' necessity' must' precede' or' accompany' and' not'
fifteen' percent' (15%)' of' the' fair' market' value' of' the' follow,' the' taking' of' the' land.' The' necessity' within'
property' based' on' the' current' tax' declaration' of' the' the' rule' that' the' particular' property' to' be'
property'to'be'expropriated.' expropriated' must' be' necessary,' does' not' mean' an'
' absolute'but'only'a'reasonable'or'practical'necessity,'
Art.' 37.' Payment.' b' The' amount' to' be' paid' for' the' such' as' would' combine' the' greatest' benefit' to' the'
expropriated'property'shall'be'determined'by'the'proper' public' with' the' least' inconvenience' and' expense' to'
court,' based' on' the' fair' market' value' at' the' time' of' the' the' condemning' party' and' the' property' owner'
taking'of'the'property.' consistent'with'such'benefit.'
' → Applying'this'standard,'we'hold'that'respondent'City'
A."NECESSITY" of' Pasig' has' failed' to' establish' that' there' is' no'
→ It' means' that' there' should' be' genuine' necessity' for' the' genuine' necessity' to' expropriate' petitioner’s'
expropriation'of'the'private'property.' property.'Our'scrutiny'of'the'records'shows'that'the'
→ Who'determines'genuine'necessity?' Certification' issued' by' the' Caniogan' Barangay'
Council,' the' basis' for' the' passage' of' Ordinance' No.'

By: RLB 52"

 42' s.' 1993' authorizing' the' expropriation,' indicates'
that' the' intended' beneficiary' is' the' Melendres'
Compound'Homeowners'Association,'a'private,'nonb
profit'organization,'not'the'residents'of'Caniogan.'It'
can' be' gleaned' that' the' members' of' the' said'
Association' are' desirous' of' having' their' own' private'
playground'and'recreational'facility.'Petitioner’s'lot'is'
the' nearest' vacant' space' available.' The' purpose' is,'
therefore,' not' clearly' and' categorically' public.' The'
necessity'has'not'been'shown,'especially'considering'
that' there' exists' an' alternative' facility' for' sports'
development'and'community'recreation'in'the'area,'
which'is'the'Rainforest'Park,'available'to'all'residents'
of'Pasig'City,'including'those'of'Caniogan.2
→ What"may"be"reviewed"by"the"Courts:'
Judicial' review' of' the' exercise' of' eminent' domain' is'
limited'to'the'following'areas'of'concern:'
a) The'adequacy'of'compensation;'
b) The'necessity'of'the'taking,'and'
c) The' public' use' character' of' the' purpose' of' the'
taking.'
' eminent' domain' appertains' to' every' independent'
B."PRIVATE"PROPERTY"
→ Whether' expropriation' can' be' made' when' the' private'
property'is'already'devoted'for'public'use?'
! If' the' expropriator' is' the' National' Government,' it' is'
plenary.' So' Congress' can' expropriate' even' if' the'
private'property'is'devoted'for'public'use.'
! If' the' expropriator' is' LGU,' there' should' be' a' law'
granting' the' authority' to' expropriate' a' private'
property' that' is' already' devoted' for' public' use.'
(Read:'City'Manila'vs'Chinese'Community)'
' governmental'power.'
C."TAKING'
→ Taking'should'not'be'interpreted'literally'that'the'private'
owner'should'be'ousted'from'the'property.'Taking'simply'
means' the' deprivation' of' the' beneficial' use' of' the'
property.'
' advances,'its'demands'upon'the'individual'increases'and'
D."Public"Use"
→ 2'concepts'of'public'use:'
! Traditional'–'public'use'means'that'it'can'be'availed'
by'anyone'(e.g.'public'plaza,'roads,'etc.)'
! Modern' –' the' government' should' delivered' social'
justice'as'being'mandated'by'the'Constitution,'public'
use' means' the' services' that' were' orignally'
undertaken' by' private' entities' are' now' being'
undertaken' by' the' government.' Anything' that' will'
benefit' or' give' advantage' to' the' public.' Same' as'
General'Welfare.'(e.g.'Social'Housing'project)'
' litigation.' This' is' a' substantial' right' which' should' be'
E."Just"Compensation"
→ Fair'Market'Value'of'the'property'
→ Generally,' FMV' is' the' value' of' the' property' given' by' a'
seller'who'is'not'compelled'to'sell'and'by'the'buyer'who'
is'not'compelled'to'buy.'
→ FMV'is'determined'at'the'time'of'the'taking'or'at'the'time'
of'the'filing'of'the'complaint,'whichever'came'first.'But'if'
the'expropriator'is'the'LGU,'the'FMV'is'to'be'determined'
at'the'time'of'the'taking.'
By: RLB
→ When' only' a' portion' of' the' property' is' expropriated' ='
FMV'+'consequential'damages'–'consequential'benefits.'
→ Must'be'paid'promptly,'if'not,'it'is'not'JUST'compensation'
anymore.'
→ If'delayed,'12%'annual'interest'
'
F."DUE"PROCESS"
→ Always'a'requirement'because'the'effect'of'exercising'the'
power' of' eminent' domain' would' be' a' deprivation' of'
property'and'Sec.'1'of'the'Bill'of'Rights'mandates'it.'
"
SPECIFIC"REQUIREMENTS"
• Jesus(is(Lord(Christian(School(vs(City(of(Pasig(
→ The'right'of'eminent'domain'is'usually'understood'to'be'
an' ultimate' right' of' the' sovereign' power' to' appropriate'
any'property'within'its'territorial'sovereignty'for'a'public'
purpose.' The' nature' and' scope' of' such' power' has' been'
comprehensively' described' as' follows:' ...' It' is' an'
indispensable'attribute'of'sovereignty;'a'power'grounded'
in'the'primary'duty'of'government'to'serve'the'common'
need'and'advance'the'general'welfare.'Thus,'the'right'of'
government' without' the' necessity' for' constitutional'
recognition.'The'provisions'found'in'modern'constitutions'
of'civilized'countries'relating'to'the'taking'of'property'for'
the' public' use' do' not' by' implication' grant' the' power' to'
the' government,' but' limit' the' power' which' would,'
otherwise,' be' without' limit.' Thus,' our' own' Constitution'
provides' that' “[p]rivate' property' shall' not' be' taken' for'
public'use'without'just'compensation.”'Furthermore,'the'
due' process' and' equal' protection' clauses' act' as'
additional'safeguards'against'the'arbitrary'exercise'of'this'
→ The' LGU' has' the' burden' of' proving' that' the' foregoing'
requirements' have' been' complied' with' and' that' all'
reasonable'efforts'have'been'exhausted.'
→ A' historical' research' discloses' the' meaning' of' the' term'
“public' use”' to' be' one' of' constant' growth.' As' society'
each'demand'is'a'new'use'to'which'the'resources'of'the'
individual'may'be'devoted.'...'for'“whatever'is'beneficially'
employed'for'the'community'is'a'public'use.”'
→ IRR'on'“valid'and'definite'order”'must'be'complied'with'
→ The' purpose' of' the' requirement' of' a' valid' and' definite'
offer' to' be' first' made' to' the' owner' is' to' encourage'
settlements'and'voluntary'acquisition'of'property'needed'
for' public' purposes' in' order' to' avoid' the' expense' and'
delay'of'a'court'action.'The'law'is'designed'to'give'to'the'
owner' the' opportunity' to' sell' his' land' without' the'
expense'and'inconvenience'of'a'protracted'and'expensive'
protected' in' every' instance.' It' encourages' acquisition'
without'litigation'and'spares'not'only'the'landowner'but'
also'the'condemnor,'the'expenses'and'delays'of'litigation.'
It' permits' the' landowner' to' receive' full' compensation,'
and'the'entity'acquiring'the'property,'immediate'use'and'
enjoyment' of' the' property.' A' reasonable' offer' in' good'
faith,' not' merely' perfunctory' or' pro' forma' offer,' to'
acquire'the'property'for'a'reasonable'price'must'be'made'
to'the'owner'or'his'privy.'A'single'bona'fide'offer'that'is'
rejected'by'the'owner'will'suffice.'
53"
" to' nonbagri' before' they' can' institute' expropriation'
• Specific" Requirements:' (Sec' 19,' LGC' and' Jesus( is( Lord(
Christian(School(vs(City(of(Pasig)'
1) An' ordinance' is' enacted' by' the' LG' council'
authorizing'the'local'chief'executive,'in'behalf'of'
the' LGU,' to' exercise' the' power' of' eminent'
domain' or' pursue' expropriation' proceedings'
over'a'particular'private'property.'
2) For' public" use," purpose," or" welfare," or" for" the"
benefit"of"the"poor"and"the"landless.'
3) There' is' payment' of' just" compensation' as'
required' under' Sec.' 9,' Article' III' of' the'
Constitution'and'other'pertinent'laws.'
4) A' valid" and" definite" offer" has' been' previously"
made"to"the"owner'of'the'property'sought'to'be'
expropriated,'but'said'offer'was'not"accepted.'
" whole'community,'like'a'resort'complex'for'tourists'or'
Add:' Filstream( International,( Inc.( vs( CA( GR( 125218( Jan(
23,(1998.'(in're:'expropriation'for'urban'development'and'
housing)'
5) Priorities' in' the' acquisition' ofland' shall' be'
complied' with' as' mandated' by' RA' 7279' (Urban'
Devt.' And' Housing' Act' of' 1992)' (meaning:'
private" lands" should" be" last" in" the" selection'of'
land!'(Sec.'9'of'RA'7279)'
6) Expropriation' shall' be' resorted" to" only" when"
other" modes" of" acquisition" have" been"
exhausted.'(Sec.'10,'RA'7279)'
' requirement'of'the'consti.'
• Valid"and"Definite"Offer"
→ Art.'35'of'the'LGU'b'Offer'to'Buy'and'Contract'of'Sale.'
→ peculiar' to' an' expropriation' done' by' a' LGU.' This' is' not'
required' if' it' is' done' by' all' other' entities' (i.e.' national'
government'and'public'utility'companies)'
( •
• Mun.(of(Paranaque(vs(VM(Realty(
→ Petitioner' relies' on' Article' 36,' Rule' VI' of' the' IRR,' which'
requires'only'a'resolution'to'authorize'an'LGU'to'exercise'
eminent' domain.' This' is' clearly' misplaced,' because'
Section'19'of'RA'7160,'the'law'itself,'surely'prevails'over'
said'rule'which'merely'seeks'to'implement'it.'
→ It'is'axiomatic'that'the'clear'letter'of'the'law'is'controlling'
and' cannot' be' amended' by' a' mere' administrative' rule'
issued' for' its' implementation.' Besides,' what' the'
discrepancy' seems' to' indicate' is' a' mere' oversight' in' the'
wording'of'the'implementing'rules,'since'Article'32,'Rule'
VI' thereof,' also' requires' that' in' exercising' the' power' of'
eminent'domain,'the'chief'executive'of'the'LGU'must'act'
pursuant'to'an'ordinace.'
→ The' LGC' specifically' requires' “ordinance”' hence' a' mere'
resolution' will' not' suffice.' Is' there' a' difference?'
Substance:' effect' of' a' law' vs' sentiment' of' local' council;'
three'readings'vs'two'readings.'
→ Res'judicata'does'not'apply'to'bar'the'“State'of'its'agent”'
to' expropriate' private' property.' (no' res' judicata' to' the'
right,' as' when' only' the' legal' requirements' were' not'
previously'complied'with.)'
' expropriation'proceedings."'
• Province(of(Cam(Sur(vs(CA(
→ The'LGC'does'not'require'that'LGUs'must'first'secure'the'
approval'of'DAR'for'conversion'of'lands'from'agricultural'
By: RLB
proceeding.' Neither' does' the' CARL' provide' that' the'
power' of' the' LGU' to' expropriate' agri' lands' is' subject' to'
the' control' of' the' DAR.' Besides,' determination' of' public'
use'is'legislative'not'executive.'E.g.'thru'the'DAR'
→ Modernly,' there' has' been' a' shift' from' the' literal' to' a'
broader'interpretation'of'“public'purpose”'or'“public'use”'
for' which' the' power' of' eminent' domain' may' be'
exercised.' The' old' concept' was' that' the' condemned'
property'must'actually'be'used'by'the'general'public'(e.g.'
roads,' bridges,' public' plazas,' etc.)' before' the' taking'
thereof' could' satisfy' the' constitutional' requirement' of'
“public'use”.'
→ Under'the'new'concept,'“public'use”'means'public'
advantage,'convenience'for'benefit,'which'tends'to'
contribute'the'general'welfare'and'the'prosperity'of'the'
housing'project.''
→ The' expropriation' of' the' property' authorized' by' the'
questioned' resolution' is' for' a' public' purpose.' The'
establishment'of'a'pilot'development'center'would'inure'
to'the'direct'benefit'and'advantage'of'the'people'of'the'
Province' of' Camarines' Sur.' Once' operational,' the' center'
would' make' available' to' the' community' invaluable'
information' and' technology' on' agriculture,' fishery' and'
the' cottage' industry.' Ultimately,' the' livelihood' of' the'
farmers,' fishermen' and' craftsmen' would' be' enhanced.'
The' housing' project' also' satisfies' the' public' purpose'
→ The' CA' decision' is' set' aside' insofar' as' it' requires' the'
Province' of' Camarines' Sur' to' obtain' the' approval' of' the'
DAR' to' convert' or' reclassify' private' respondents’'
property'from'agricultural'to'nonbagricultural'use.'
'
City(of(Cebu(vs(Dedamo(
→ Sec.' 19' of' RA' 7160' expressly' provides' that' just'
compensation' shall' be' determined' as' of' the' time' of'
actual' taking' and' not' as' of' the' date' of' the' filing' of' the'
complaint.' (Note:' GR' is' that' just' compensation' shall' be'
determined'as'of'the'time'of'actual'taking'or'the'date'of'
the' filing' of' the' complaint,' whichever' came' first.'
However,'the'exception'is'when'done'by'LGU.)'
→ The' applicable' law' as' to' the' point' of' reckoning' for' the'
determination' of' just' compensation' is' Section' 19' of' R.A.'
No.' 7160,' which' expressly' provides' that' just'
compensation' shall' be' determined' as' of' the' time' of'
actual'taking.'
→ The' petitioner' has' misread' our' ruling' in' The' National'
Power' Corp.' vs.' Court' of' Appeals.' We' did' not'
categorically' rule' in' that' case' that' just' compensation'
should' be' determined' as' of' the' filing' of' the' complaint.'
We'explicitly'stated'therein'that'although'the'general'rule'
in' determining' just' compensation' in' eminent' domain' is'
the'value'of'the'property'as'of'the'date'of'the'filing'of'the'
complaint,' the' rule' "admits' of' an' exception:' where' this'
Court'fixed'the'value'of'the'property'as'of'the'date'it'was'
taken' and' not' at' the' date' of' the' commencement' of' the'
→ More' than' anything' else,' the' parties,' by' a' solemn'
document' freely' and' voluntarily' agreed' upon' by' them,'
agreed'to'be'bound'by'the'report'of'the'commission'and'
54"
 approved' by' the' trial' court.' The' agreement' is' a' contract'
between' the' parties.' It' has' the' force' of' law' between'
them' and' should' be' complied' with' in' good' faith' under'
Article'1159'and'1315'of'the'Civil'Code.'
→ While' sec' 4' of' Rule' 67' of' ROC' provides' that' just'
compensation' shall' be' determined' at' the' time' of' the'
filing'of'the'complaint'for'expropriation,'or'time'of'taking'
which' ever' comes' first,' such' rule' cannot' prevail' over' RA'
7160'which'is'a'substantive'law.'
( productive' of' general' benefit' [of' the' public]."" If" the"
• Rep.(vs(Lim(
→ There' is' a' recognized' rule' that' title' to' the' property'
expropriated' shall' pass' from' the' owner' to' the'
expropriator' only' upon' full' payment' of' the' just'
compensation.' So,' how' could' the' Republic' acquire'
ownership' over' Lot' 932' when' it' has' not' paid' its' owner'
the'just'compensation,'required'by'law,'for'more'than'50'
years?' Clearly,' without' full' payment' of' just'
compensation,'there'can'be'no'transfer'of'title'from'the'
landowner'to'the'expropriator.'
→ SC' ruled' in' earlier' cases' that' expropriation' of' lands'
consists' of' two' stages.' First' is' concerned' with' the'
determination'of'the'authority'of'the'plaintiff'to'exercise'
the' power' of' eminent' domain' and' the' propriety' of' its'
exercise.'The'second'is'concerned'with'the'determination'
by' the' court' of' "the' just' compensation' for' the' property'
sought' to' be' taken."' It' is' only' upon' the' completion' of'
these' two' stages' that' expropriation' is' said' to' have' been'
completed' In' Republic' v.' Salem' Investment' Corporation,'
we' ruled' that,' "the' process' is' not' completed' until'
payment'of'just'compensation."'Thus,'here,'the'failure'of'
the' Republic' to' pay' respondent' and' his' predecessorsbinb
interest' for' a' period' of' 57' years' rendered' the'
expropriation'process'incomplete.'
→ Thus,'SC'ruled'that'the'special'circumstances'prevailing'in'
this'case'entitle'respondent'to'recover'possession'of'the'
expropriated'lot'from'the'Republic.'
→ The' landowner' is' entitled' to' recover' possession' of' the'
property' expropriated' if' the' gov’t.' fails' to' fully' pay' just'
compensation' to' the' owner' within' a' period' of' 5' years'
from' the' finality' of' the' judgment' in' an' expropriation'
proceeding.'
→ SC' defined' just' compensation' as' not' only' the' correct'
determination' of' the' amount' to' be' paid' to' the' property'
owner' but' also' the' payment' of' the' property' within' a'
reasonable' time.' Without' prompt' payment,'
compensation'cannot'be'considered'"just."'
' that' the' taking' of' private' property,' consequent' to'
• What' if' after' decision,' the' government' cannot' pursue' the'
original' purpose' of' the' expropriation?' What’s' the' option' of'
the'owner?'
→ If'the'LGU'wants'to'devote'it'for'another'purpose/use,'file'
another'expropriation'proceeding.'
→ Anunciacion(Vda.(De(Ouano(vs.(Rep(
! If'the'genuine'public'necessity'of'exprop.'Of'a'private'
land' ceases' or' disappears,' then' there' is' no' more'
cogent' point' for' the' gov’t.’s' retention' of' the'
expropriated' land.' The' same' legal' situation' should'
hold' if' the' gov’t.' devotes' the' property' to' another'
public' use' very' much' different' from' the' original' or'
By: RLB
deviates' from' the' declared' purpose' to' benefit'
another'private'person.'
! If' expropriated' property' is' not' developed' for' the'
purpose'in'which'it'was'taken,'either'it'is'abandoned'
or' devoted' to' another' purpose,' former' owner' may'
seek'reversion.'
! Public' use,' as' an' eminent' domain' concept,' has' now'
acquired' an' expansive' meaning' to' include' any' use'
that'is'of'"usefulness,'utility,'or'advantage,'or'what'is'
genuine" public" necessity—the" very" reason" or"
condition"as"it"were—allowing,"at"the"first"instance,"
the" expropriation" of" a" private" land" ceases" or"
disappears," then" there" is" no" more" cogent" point" for"
the" government’s" retention" of" the" expropriated"
land." The" same" legal" situation" should" hold" if" the"
government"devotes"the"property"to"another"public"
use" very" much" different" from" the" original" or"
deviates" from" the" declared" purpose" to" benefit"
another" private" person." It' has' been' said' that' the'
direct' use' by' the' state' of' its' power' to' oblige'
landowners'to'renounce'their'productive'possession'
to'another'citizen,'who'will'use'it'predominantly'for'
that' citizen’s' own' private' gain,' is' offensive' to' our'
laws.'
! Once" the" purpose" is" terminated" or" peremptorily"
abandoned,"then"the"former"owner,"if"he"so"desires,"
may" seek" its" reversion," subject" of" course" to" the"
return," at" the" very" least," of" the" just" compensation"
received."
! More' particularly,' with' respect' to' the' element' of'
public' use,' the' expropriator' should' commit' to' use'
the' property' pursuant' to' the' purpose' stated' in' the'
petition' for' expropriation' filed,' failing' which,' it'
should' file' another' petition' for' the' new' purpose.' If'
not,' it' is' then' incumbent' upon' the' expropriator' to'
return' the' said' property' to' its' private' owner,' if' the'
latter' desires' to' reacquire' the' same.' Otherwise,' the'
judgment'of'expropriation'suffers'an'intrinsic'flaw,'as'
it' would' lack' one' indispensable' element' for' the'
proper' exercise' of' the' power' of' eminent' domain,'
namely,' the' particular' public' purpose' for' which' the'
property' will' be' devoted.' Accordingly,' the' private'
property'owner'would'be'denied'due'process'of'law,'
and'the'judgment'would'violate'the'property'owners'
right'to'justice,'fairness,'and'equity.'
! In' light' of' these' premises,' we' now' expressly' hold'
the' Governments' exercise' of' its' power' of' eminent'
domain,' is' always' subject' to' the' condition' that' the'
property' be' devoted' to' the' specific' public' purpose'
for' which' it' was' taken.' Corollarily,' if' this' particular'
purpose' or' intent' is' not' initiated' or' not' at' all'
pursued,' and' is' peremptorily' abandoned,' then' the'
former' owners,' if' they' so' desire,' may' seek' the'
reversion' of' the' property,' subject' to' the' return' of'
the'amount'of'just'compensation'received.'In'such'a'
case,' the' exercise' of' the' power' of' eminent' domain'
has'become'improper'for'lack'of'the'required'factual'
justification.'
'
'
55"
• MCIAA(vs(Lozada,(Sr.(
→ The' expropriator' should' commit' to' use' the' property'
pursuant' to' the' purpose' stated' in' the' petition' for'
expropriation' filed,' failing' which,' it' should' file' another'
petition'for'the'new'purpose.'If'not,'it'is'then'incumbent'
upon' the' expropriator' to' return' the' said' property' to' its'
private'owner,'if'the'latter'desires'to'reacquire'the'same.'
' in' order' to' resist' the' expropriation' of' the' property?' –'
In"case"of"Immediate"Possession"
• Before'an'LGU'may'enter'into'the'possession'of'the'property'
sought'to'be'expropriated,'it'must:'
→ File' a' complaint' for' expropriation' sufficient' in' form'
and'substance'in'the'proper'court'and'
→ Deposit' with' the' said' court' at' least' 15%' of' the'
property’s'fair'market'value'based'on'its'current'tax'
declaration.' The' law' does' not' make' the'
determination' of' a' public' purpose' a' condition'
precedent' to' the' issuance' of' a' write' of' possession.'
(Francia(vs(Meycauayan)'
' mayor' to' file' expropriation' of' a' lot' owned' by' Christina' for' a'
• Prohibition,'not(proper(in(Eminent(Domain!'
→ This'bar'against'prohibition'comes'from'the'nature'of'the'
power' of' eminent' domain' as' necessitating' the' taking' of'
private' land' intended' for' public' use,' and' the' interest' of'
the' affected' landowner' is' this' made' subordinate' to' the'
power'of'the'State.'Once'the'state'decides'to'exercise'its'
power' of' eminent' domain,' the' power' of' judicial' review'
becomes' limited' in' scope,' and' the' courts' will' be' left' to'
determine' th' appropriate' amount' of' just' compensation'
to'be'paid'to'the'affected'landowners.'
→ The' fact' that' there' is' no' cause' of' action' is' evident' from'
the' face' of' the' Complaint' for' expropriation' which' was'
based'on'a'mere'resolution.'The'absence'of'an'ordinance'
authorizing' the' same' is' equivalent' to' lack' of' cause' of'
action.'
→ In' view' of' the' absence' of' the' proper' expropriation'
ordinance' authorizing' and' providing' for' the'
expropriation,' the' petition' for' certiorari' filed' in' the' RTC'
was'dismissible'for'lack'of'cause'of'action.'
→ The'remedy'of'prohibition'was'not'called'for,'considering'
that' only' a' resolution' expressing' the' desire' of' the'
Sangguniang' Panglungsod' to' expropriate' the' petitioners''
property'was'issued.'As'of'then,'it'was'premature'for'the'
petitioners'to'mount'any'judicial'challenge,'for'the'power'
of' eminent' domain' could' be' exercised' by' the' City' only'
through' the' filing' of' a' verified' complaint' in' the' proper'
court.'Before'the'City'as'the'expropriating'authority'filed'
such' verified' complaint,' no' expropriation' proceeding'
could' be' said' to' exist.' Until' then,' the' petitioners' as' the'
owners' could' not' also' be' deprived' of' their' property'
under'the'power'of'eminent'domain.'
→ Only' when' the' landowners' are' not' given' their' just'
compensation' for' the' taking,' of' their' property' or' when'
there' has' been' no' agreement' on' the' amount' of' JC' may'
the'remedy'of'prohibition'become'available.'(SPS(Yusay)'
' class'municipalities,'ten'percent'(10%);'and'
• 2010"Bar:"A'valid'and'Definite'offer'to'buy'a'property'is'a'preb
req'to'expropriation'initiated'by'an'LGU.'True'of'False."
"
• 2009" Bar:" FCC' a' local' manufacturer' of' computers' owns' a'
sprawling' plain' in' a' 5000sq.m.' lot' in' Pasig.' To' remedy' the'
By: RLB
city’s'acute'housing'shortage,'the'SP'authorized'City'Mayor'to'
negotiate'for'purchase'of'lot.'The'SP'intends'to'subdivide'the'
property'into'small'residential'lots'to'be'distributed'at'cost'to'
qualified' city' residents.' But' FCC' refused' to' sell' the' lot.' Hard'
pressed' to' find' a' suitable' property' to' house' its' homeless'
residents,'the'city'filed'a'complaint'for'ED'against'FCC."
→ If'FCC'hires'u,'what'defense'or'defenses'would'you'set'up'
Specific'Requirements'
→ If' the' court' grants' City,' but' city' delays' payment' of' the'
amount' determined' by' the' court' as' JC,' can' FCC' recover'
the'powerty'from'Pasig'City?'–'Case'of'Republic'vs'Lim'
→ Suppose' the' expropriation' succeeds,' by' City' decides' to'
abandon' plan' for' residential' purposes,' can' FCC' legally'
demand' that' it' be' allowed' to' repurchase' the' property'
from' pasig?' Why/not?' –' Case' of' Anunciacion' Vda' De'
Ouano'vs'Republic'
'
2005"Bar:'The'SB'of'Mun.'of'Santa,'passed'Resolution'1'authorizing'
municipal' sports' center.' This' was' approved' by' Mayor.' However,'
the'SP'of'Ilocos'sur'disapproved'the'Resolution'as'there'might'still'
be' other' available' lots.' Nonetheless,' mun' of' santa' filed' for' ED.'
Christina'opposed'basing'on:'(Resolve'the'case)'
→ The'Mun.'has'no'power'to'expropriate.'–'It'has'the'power'
to'expropriate.'
→ Resolution'No.'1'has'been'voided'since'SP'disapproved'it.'
–'No,'the'power'of'SP'is'limited'to'determination'of'ultra'
vires'or'not.'(But'it'should'be'ordinance'not'resolution)'
→ The'Mun'of'Sta.'has'other'and'better'lots'for'the'purpose.'
–'explain'genuine'necessity'
'
RECLASSIFICATION"OF"AGRICULTURAL"LANDS'
"
Section"20."Reclassification"of"Lands.'–'
(a)'A'city'or'municipality'may,'through'an'ordinance'passed'by'the'
sanggunian' after' conducting' public' hearings' for' the' purpose,'
authorize' the' reclassification' of' agricultural' lands' and' provide' for'
the'manner'of'their'utilization'or'disposition'in'the'following'cases:'
(1)'when'the'land'ceases'to'be'economically'feasible'and'
sound' for' agricultural' purposes' as' determined' by' the'
Department'of'Agriculture'or'
'
(2)' where' the' land' shall' have' substantially' greater'
economic' value' for' residential,' commercial,' or' industrial'
purposes,' as' determined' by' the' sanggunian' concerned:'
Provided,'That'such'reclassification'shall'be'limited'to'the'
following'percentage'of'the'total'agricultural'land'area'at'
the'time'of'the'passage'of'the'ordinance:'
'
(1)' For' highly' urbanized' and' independent'
component'cities,'fifteen'percent'(15%);'
'
(2)' For' component' cities' and' first' to' the' third'
'
(3)' For' fourth' to' sixth' class' municipalities,' five'
percent'(5%):'Provided,'further,'That'agricultural'
lands' distributed' to' agrarian' reform'
beneficiaries' pursuant' to' Republic' Act'
56"
 Numbered' Sixtybsix' hundred' fiftybseven' (R.A.' '
No.' 6657).' otherwise' known' as' "The' • When' there' is' a' tenantblandlord' relationship,' DARAB' has'
Comprehensive'Agrarian'Reform'Law",'shall'not' jurisdiction.' So' what' if' during' the' pendency' of' the' DARAB'
be' affected' by' the' said' reclassification' and' the' case,' the' LGU' reclassifies' the' agricultural' land' to' residential,'
conversion' of' such' lands' into' other' purposes' would'that'oust'the'DARAB'of'its'jurisdiction?'NO.'
shall'be'governed'by'Section'65'of'said'Act.' → Nicolas(Laynesa(vs(Uy((2008)(
' ! Despite'the'reclassification'of'an'agricultural'land'to'
(b)'The'President'may,'when'public'interest'so'requires'and'upon' nonbagricultural'land'by'an'LGU'under'Sec.'20'of'RA'
recommendation' of' the' National' Economic' and' Development' 7160,' the' DARAB' still' retains' jurisdiction' over' a'
Authority,' authorize' a' city' or' municipality' to' reclassify' lands' in' complaint'filed'by'a'tenant'of'the'land'in'question'for'
excess'of'the'limits'set'in'the'next'preceding'paragraph.' threatened'ejectment'and'redemption;'
' ! Jurisdiction' is' determined' by' the' statute' in' force' at'
(c)' The' local' government' units' shall,' in' conformity' with' existing' the' time' of' the' commencement' of' the' action.'
laws,'continue'to'prepare'their'respective'comprehensive'land'use' Likewise'settled'is'the'rule'that'jurisdiction'over'the'
plans' enacted' through' zoning' ordinances' which' shall' be' the' subject' matter' is' determined' by' the' allegations' of'
primary'and'dominant'bases'for'the'future'use'of'land'resources:' the' complaint.' DARAB' Case' No.' VbRCb028' was' filed'
Provided.' That' the' requirements' for' food' production,' human' by'the'tenants'of'an'agricultural'land'for'threatened'
settlements,' and' industrial' expansion' shall' be' taken' into' ejectment' and' its' redemption' from' respondents.' It'
consideration'in'the'preparation'of'such'plans.' cannot' be' questioned' that' the' averments' of' the'
' DARAB' case' clearly' pertain' to' an' agrarian' reform'
(d)' Where' approval' by' a' national' agency' is' required' for' matter' and' involve' the' implementation' of' the'
reclassification,'such'approval'shall'not'be'unreasonably'withheld.' agrarian' reform' laws.' Such' being' the' case,' the'
Failure' to' act' on' a' proper' and' complete' application' for' complaint' falls' within' the' jurisdiction' of' the' DARAB'
reclassification' within' three' (3)' months' from' receipt' of' the' same' under' Sec.' 50' of' RA' 6657' on' the' quasibjudicial'
shall'be'deemed'as'approval'thereof.' powers' of' the' DAR.' It' bears' stressing' that' the' DAR'
' has'primary"jurisdiction'to'determine'and'adjudicate'
(e)' Nothing' in' this' Section' shall' be' construed' as' repealing,' agrarian' reform' matters' and' shall' have' exclusive'
amending,' or' modifying' in' any' manner' the' provisions' of' R.A.' No.' original' jurisdiction' over' all' matters' involving' the'
6657.' implementation'of'the'agrarian'reform'except'those'
' falling' under' the' exclusive' jurisdiction' of' the'
→ When' you' say' reclassification' of' agricultural' lands,' it' is' the' Department'of'Agriculture'(DA)'and'the'Department'
power'to'reclassify'such'lands'to'other'uses.'It'can'be:' of' Environment' and' Natural' Resources' (DENR).'
- Residential'land' Primary' jurisdiction' means' in' case' of' seeming'
- Commercial'land' conflict' between' the' jurisdictions' of' the' DAR' and'
- Industrial'land' regular' courts,' preference' is' vested' with' the' DAR'
' because' of' its' expertise' and' experience' in' agrarian'
• Conditions:" reform'matters.'Sec.'50'is'also'explicit'that'except'for'
1) Ordinance' (not' by' resolution,' it' MUST' be' through' an' the' DA' and' DENR,' all' agrarian' reform' matters' are'
ordinance)' within'the'exclusive'original'jurisdiction'of'the'DAR.'
2) Public'hearings' ! SEC'20'(e)'of'LGC'is'unequivocal'that'nothing'in'said'
3) Provide'for'the'manner'of'utilization/disposition' section'shall'be'construed'as'repealing,'amending,'or'
4) Comply' with' limitations:' (limited' to' the' following' modifying'in'any'manner'the'provisions'of'RA'6657.'
percentage' of' the' total' agricultural' land,' which2 may2 be2 As'such,'Sec.'50'of'RA'6657'on'quasibjudicial'powers'
increased2by2the2President2authorizing2the2LGU)' of'the'DAR'has'bot'been'repealed'by'LGC.'
15%'b'HUC'and'ICC' ! The' DARAB' retains' jurisdiction' over' disputes' arising'
10%' b' Component' cities' and' 1st' to' 3rd' class' from' agrarian' reform' matters' even' though' the'
Municipalities' landowner' or' respondent' interposes' the' defense' of'
5%'b'4th'to'6th'class'Municipalities' reclassification'of'the'subject'lot'from'agricultural'to'
' nonbagricultural'use.'
IMPORTANT:'please'take'note'of'the'4th'condition'(gibalik2x'ni' ! Landowners' must' understand' that' while' RA' 7160,'
sir'katulo'na..take'note'take'note'take'note..)' the' Local' Government' Code,' granted' local'
' government'units'the'power'to'reclassify'agricultural'
• Grounds:"(any'of'the'following)" land,'the'stringent'requirements'set'forth'in'Sec.'30'
1) Land' ceases" to" be" economically" feasible' and' sound" for" of' said' Code' must' be' strictly' complied' with.' Such'
agriculture' b' determined' by' the' Department' of' adherence'to'the'legal'prescriptions'is'found'wanting'
Agriculture' in'the'case'at'bar.'
2) Land' has' substantially" greater" economic" value" for" '
residential," commercial," or" industrial' –' determined' by' NOTE:' the' LGU' that' can' reclassify' will' only' be' a' CITY' or'
the'Sanggunian' MUNICIPALITY.' This' is' a' power' that' pertains' only' to' component'
' units,'whether'a'city'or'municipality.'NOT'A'PROVINCE.'
! For'existing'residential,'etc:'Zoning"ordinance' "

By: RLB 57"

Bar"Question:"True'or'False' (c)' No' such' way' or' place' or' any' part' thereof' shall' be'
Reclassification'of'land'by'LGU'may'be'done'through'a'resolution.'b' permanently' closed' without' making' provisions' for' the'
FALSE' maintenance'of'public'safety'therein.'
" '
CLOSURE"AND"OPENING"OF"ROADS" (d)' A' property' permanently' withdrawn' from' public' use'
" may'be'used'or'conveyed'for'any'purpose'for'which'other'
Section"21."Closure"and"Opening"of"Roads."–" real' property' belonging' to' LGU' may' be' lawfully' used' or'
(a)' A' local' government' unit' may,' pursuant' to' an' ordinance,' conveyed.'
permanently' or' temporarily' close' or' open' any' local' road,' alley,' '
park,' or' square' falling' within' its' jurisdiction:' Provided,' however,' (e)'The'ordinance'authorizing'permanent'closure'must'be'
That' in' case' of' permanent' closure,' such' ordinance' must' be' approved' by' at' least' twobthirds' (2/3)' of' all' members' of'
approved' by' at' least' twobthirds' (2/3)' of' all' the' members' of' the' the' sanggunian.' Public' hearings' shall' first' be' conducted'
sanggunian,' and' when' necessary,' an' adequate' substitute' for' the' before' any' ordinance' authorizing' permanent' closure' of'
public'facility'that'is'subject'to'closure'is'provided.' any'local'roads,'alley,'park,'or'square'is'enacted.'Notices'
' of' such' hearings' and' copies' of' the' proposed' ordinance'
(b)'No'such'way'or'place'or'any'part'thereof'shall'be'permanently' shall' be' posted' for' a' minimum' period' of' three' (3)'
closed' without' making' provisions' for' the' maintenance' of' public' consecutive'weeks'in'conspicuous'places'in'the'provincial'
safety' therein.' A' property' thus' permanently' withdrawn' from' capitol,'or'in'the'city,'municipal,'or'barangay'hall'of'LGU'
public' use' may' be' used' or' conveyed' for' any' purpose' for' which' and' within' the' vicinity' of' the' street' or' park' proposed' to'
other' real' property' belonging' to' the' local' government' unit' be'closed.'
concerned'may'be'lawfully'used'or'conveyed:'Provided,'however,' '
That' no' freedom' park' shall' be' closed' permanently' without' Art."45."Temporary"closure."–"
provision'for'its'transfer'or'relocation'to'a'new'site.' (a)'Any'national'or'local'road,'alley,'park,'or'square'may'
' be' temporarily' closed' during' actual' emergency' or' fiesta'
(c)' Any' national' or' local' road,' alley,' park,' or' square' may' be' celebrations,' public' rallies,' agricultural' or' industrial' fairs,'
temporarily' closed' during' an' actual' emergency,' or' fiesta' or' undertaking' of' public' works' and' highways,'
celebrations,' public' rallies,' agricultural' or' industrial' fairs,' or' an' telecommunications,' and' waterworks' projects,' the'
undertaking' of' public' works' and' highways,' telecommunications,' duration' of' which' shall' be' specified' by' the' local' chief'
and' waterworks' projects,' the' duration' of' which' shall' be' specified' executive'concerned'in'a'written'order,'as'follows:'
by'the'local'chief'executive'concerned'in'a'written'order:'Provided,' '
however,'That'no'national'or'local'road,'alley,'park,'or'square'shall' (1)' During' fiesta' celebrations' b' for' a' period' not'
be' temporarily' closed' for' athletic,' cultural,' or' civic' activities' not' exceeding'nine'(9)'days;'
officially' sponsored,' recognized,' or' approved' by' the' local' '
government'unit'concerned.' (2)' During' agricultural' or' industrial' fairs' or'
' expositions'b'for'a'period'as'may'be'determined'
(d)' Any' city,' municipality,' or' barangay' may,' by' a' duly' enacted' to'be'necessary'and'reasonable;'
ordinance,' temporarily' close' and' regulate' the' use' of' any' local' '
street,' road,' thoroughfare,' or' any' other' public' place' where' (3)' When' public' works' projects' or' activities' are'
shopping' malls,' Sunday,' flea' or' night' markets,' or' shopping' areas' being' undertaken' for' a' period' as' may' be'
may' be' established' and' where' goods,' merchandise,' foodstuffs,' determined' necessary' for' the' safety,' security,'
commodities,'or'articles'of'commerce'may'be'sold'and'dispensed' health,' or' welfare' of' the' public' or' when' such'
to'the'general'public.' closure' is' necessary' to' facilitate' completion' of'
' the'projects'or'activities.'
Articles"43"–"45,"IRR"of"LGC" '
Art." 43." Authority" to" Close" or" Open." c' An' LGU' may,' through' an' (b)'An'LGU'may'temporarily'close'and'regulate'the'use'of'
ordinance,' permanently' or' temporarily' close' or' open' any' road,' any' local' street,' road,' thoroughfare,' or' public' place'
alley,'park,'or'square'within'its'jurisdiction.' where' shopping' malls,' Sunday' markets,' flea' or' night'
' markets,' or' shopping' areas' may' be' established' and'
Art."44."Permanent"Closure."–" where' goods,' merchandise,' foodstuff,' commodities,' or'
(a)'No'permanent'closure'of'any'local'road,'street,'alley,' articles' of' commerce' may' be' sold' and' dispensed' to' the'
park,' or' square' shall' be' affected' unless' there' exists' a' general'public.'
compelling'reason'or'sufficient'justification'therefor'such' '
as,' but' not' limited' to,' change' in' land' use,' establishment' (c)'No'national'or'local'road,'alley,'park,'or'square'shall'be'
of' infrastructure' facilities,' projects,' or' such' other' temporarily'closed'for'athletic,'cultural,'or'civic'activities'
justifiable'reasons'as'public'welfare'may'require.' not' officially' sponsored,' recognized,' or' approved' by' the'
' LGU.'
(b)'When'necessary,'an'adequate'substitute'for'the'public' '
facility' that' is' subject' to' closure' shall' be' provided.' No' → But' Section' 21' does' not' just' pertains' to' roads,' it' inlcudes'
freedom' park' shall' be' closed' permanently' without' SQUARE,'ALLEY'and'PARK'
provision'for'its'transfer'or'relocation'to'a'new'site.' '
' '

By: RLB 58"

• Kinds" NOTE:' Opening' or' closure' of' roads' is' discretionary,' thus,'
1. Temporary'closure'of'roads' mandamus" will" not" lie' to' close' or' open,' unless' there' is' a' clear'
# Urgent' closure' (actual' emergency,' fiesta' violation'of'law.'(Cebu2Oxygen2Case)'
celebrations,' public' works,' repairs' of' public' works,' '
public'rallies'and'the'like)' • Macasiano(vs(Diokno((Properties'of'public'dominion'devoted'
! applies'to'local'or'national'roads' to' public' use' and' made' available' to' the' public' in' general' are'
! only' by' a' written" order' of' the' Local' Chief' outside' the' commerce' of' man' and' cannot' be' disposed' of' or'
Executive'stating'the'REASON'and'DURATION' leased'by'the'LGU'to'private'persons)(
' - The' ordinance' by' Paranaque' authorizing' the' lease' and'
# Nonburgent' closure' (nothing' to' do' with' actual' use' of' public' streets' or' thoroughfares' as' sites' for' flea'
emergency,'fiesta'celebrations,'etc.)' market'is'invalid.'
! applies'to'local'roads'only' - Streets' are' local' roads' used' for' public' service' and' are'
! only'by'an'ordinance'enacted'by'a'majority'vote' therefore'considered'public'properties.' Properties' of' the'
' local'government'which'are'devoted'to'public'service'are'
NOTE:' in' the' exam,' do' not' use' the' word' URGENT,' it' is' just' for' deemed' public' and' are' under' the' absolute' control' of'
discussion'purposes.' Congress.' Hence,' local' governments' have' no' authority'
' whatsoever' to' control' or' regulate' the' use' of' public'
2. Permanent'closure'of'roads' properties' unless' specific' authority' is' vested' upon' them'
# Requirements:' by'Congress.'
1) Ordinance'(2/3'of'ALL'members)' - Aside"from"the"requirement"of"due"process"which"should"
2) provide' for' adequate' substitute' for' the' be" complied" with" before" closing" a" road," street" or" park,"
facility' the" closure" should" be" for" the" sole" purpose" of"
3) provisions' for' the' maintenance' of' public' withdrawing" the" road" or" other" public" property" from"
safety' public"use"when"circumstances"show"that"such"property"
4) if' what' is' involve' is' a' freedom' park,' is" no" longer" intended" or" necessary" for" public" use" or"
provision'for'relocation/new'site.' public"service."When"it"is"already"withdrawn"from"public"
" use,"the"property"then"becomes"patrimonial"property"of"
ADD:'Macasiano'Doctrine:' the"local"government"unit"concerned."It"is"only"then"that"
5) due'process'(already'complied'with'by'sec.' the" respondent" municipality" can" "use" or" convey" them"
21)' for"any"purpose"for"which"other"real"property"belonging"
6) circumstance' show' that' the' property' is' no' to" the" local" unit" concerned" might" be" lawfully" used" or"
longer'intended'or'necessary'for'public'use' conveyed"' in' accordance' with' the' last' sentence' of'
' Section' 10,' Chapter' II' of' Blg.' 337,' known' as' Local'
*the' 6th' requirement' is' no' longer' seen' in' Government' Code.' However,' those' roads' and' streets'
section' 21,' so' does' it' mean' that' the' ruling' which'are'available'to'the'public'in'general'and'ordinarily'
in' Macasiano' vs' Diokno' is' superseded' the' used' for' vehicular' traffic' are' still' considered' public'
explicit'wordings'in'section'21?' property' devoted' to' public' use.' In' such' case,' the' local'
Atty.'DBL:'I'submit'that'it" should" be" a" government' has' no' power' to' use' it' for' another' purpose'
requirement" regardless" of" the" silence" or'to'dispose'of'or'lease'it'to'private'persons.'
in" section" 21.' Because' what' is' involve' - Sec'10'Chapter'II'of'the'LGC,'although'authorizing'LGUs'to'
here' is' a' public' property' and' what' close' roads' and' similar' public' places,' should' be' deemed'
makes' a' property' public' is,' it' is' limited' by' Art' 424' CC' which' provides' that' properties' of'
devoted'to'public'use.' public' dominion' devoted' to' public' use' and' made'
' available' to' the' public' in' general' are' outside' the'
There'are'2'levels'of'analysis'if'you'are' commerce'of'man'and'cannot'be'disposed'of'or'leased'by'
to' characterize' property' as' either' the'LGC'to'private'persons.'
public'or'private:' - The'right'of'the'public'to'use'the'city'streets'may'not'be'
(1)'Property'Law' bargained'away'through'contract.'
(2)'Local'Government'Law' '
' • What' happens' to' the' road,' etc.' “permanently" withdrawn”'
But' we' will' discuss' it' later,' in' the' from'public'use?'
meantime,' what' you' need' to' know' is' → Becomes'patrimonial,'can'now'be'disposed'of'or'subject'
that' it' seems' that' these' requirement' of'contracts.'
to' make' the' property' public' is' → The' rule' in' property' law:' for' public' property' to' be'
INHERENT.' So' the' only' way' that' you' converted'to'patrimonial,'there'should'be'an" explicit" act"
can' legitimately' close' the' road,' for' of" Congress' withdrawing' it' from' public' use.' (atty.' DBL’s'
example,' and' withdraw' it' from' public' take:' for' me,' it' should' still' be' a' requirement' para' valid'
use' permanently,' it" should" be" ang' withdrawal.)' And' the' explicit' act' of' congress' is'
established" that" it" is" no" longer" already' found' in' section' 21' because' section' 21' already'
intended"or"needed"for"public"use.' says' that' what' is' found' permanently' withdrawn' from'
'

By: RLB 59"

 public'use,'it'becomes'patrimonial'and'can'be'subject'of'
contracts,'in"so"far"as"local"roads"are"concerned.'
" (1)'To'have'continuous'succession'in'its'corporate'name;'
• Cabrera(vs(CA(
- One'whose'property'does'not'abut'on'the'closed'section'
of'the'street'has'no'right'to'compensation'for'the'closing'
or' vacation' of' the' street,' if' he' still' has' access' to' the'
general'system'of'streets.'
- To'warrant'recovery,'the'property'owner'must'show'that'
the'situation'is'such'that'he'has'sustained'special'damage'
differing' in' kind,' and' not' merely' in' degree,' from' those'
sustained'by'the'public'generally.'
- The' Constitution' does' not' undertake' to' guarantee' to' a'
property' owner' the' public' maintenance' of' the' most'
convenient'route'to'his'door.'The'law'will'not'permit'him'
to'be'cut'off'from'the'public'thoroughfares,'but'he'must'
content'himself'with'such'route'for'outlet'as'the'regularly'
constituted' public' authority' may' deem' most' compatible'
with'the'public'welfare.'His'acquisition'of'city'property'is'
a'tacit'recognition'of'these'principles.'
- Closure' may' be' in' the' exercise' of' Local' Police' Power,'
hence,'for'any'loss'or'inconvenience'caused'to'a'property'
owner,' is' damnum( absque( injuria' (damage' without'
injury),'hence,'no'compensation.'
' in'the'provincial'capitol'or'the'city,'municipal'or'barangay'hall.'
• Cebu(Oxygen(and(Acetelyne(Co.(vs(Berciles(
- The'City'Charter'of'Cebu'empowers'the'city'to'withdraw'a'
city' road' from' public' use' and' therefore,' after' such' valid'
withdrawal,'it'becomes'patrimonial'property'and'may'be'
a'valid'object'of'a'contract'of'sale.'
- The' city' council,' it' would' seem' to' us,' is' the' authority'
competent' to' determine' whether' or' not' a' certain'
property' is' still' necessary' for' public' use.' Such' power' to'
vacate'a'street'or'alley'is'discretionary.'And'the'discretion'
will'not'ordinarily'be'controlled'or'interfered'with'by'the'
courts,'absent'a'plain'case'of'abuse'or'fraud'or'collusion.'
Faithfulness' to' the' public' trust' will' be' presumed.' So' the'
fact' that' some' private' interests' may' be' served'
incidentally'will'not'invalidate'the'vacation'ordinance.'
- Article' 422' of' the' Civil' Code' expressly' provides' that'
"Property' of' public' dominion,' when' no' longer' intended'
for'public'use'or'for'public'service,'shall'form'part'of'the'
patrimonial' property' of' the' State."' Besides,' the' Revised'
Charter' of' the' City' of' Cebu' heretofore' quoted,' in' very'
clear' and' unequivocal' terms,' states' that:' "Property' thus'
withdrawn' from' public' servitude' may' be' used' or'
conveyed' for' any' purpose' for' which' other' real' property'
belonging'to'the'City'may'be'lawfully'used'or'conveyed."'
- Since'that'portion'of'the'city'street'subject'of'petitioner's'
application' for' registration' of' title' was' withdrawn' from'
public' use,' it' follows' that' such' withdrawn' portion'
becomes'patrimonial'property'which'can'be'the'object'of'
an'ordinary'contract.'
- Opening' and/or' closure' of' road' is' discretionary' by' the'
LGU.(
' '
" To"sue"and"be"sued"
CORPORATE"POWERS"OF"LOCAL"GOVERNMENTS"
' → Express'consent'may'be'made'by'law'or'charter.'
Section"22."Corporate"Powers'–'
By: RLB
(a)' Every' local' government' unit,' as' a' corporation,' shall' have' the'
following'powers:'
(2)'To'sue'and'be'sued;'
(3)'To'have'and'use'a'corporate'seal;'
(4)'To'acquire'and'convey'real'or'personal'property;'
(5)'To'enter'into'contracts;'and'
(6)' To' exercise' such' other' powers' as' are' granted' to'
corporations,' subject' to' the' limitations' provided' in' this'
Code'and'other'laws.'
'
(b)'Local'government'units'may'continue'using,'modify,'or'change'
their' existing' corporate' seals:' Provided,' That' newly' established'
local' government' units' or' those' without' corporate' seals' may'
create'their'own'corporate'seals'which'shall'be'registered'with'the'
Department' of' the' Interior' and' Local' Government:' Provided,'
further,'That'any'change'of'corporate'seal'shall'also'be'registered'
as'provided'hereon.'
'
(c)' Unless' otherwise' provided' in' this' Code,' no" contract" may" be"
entered" into" by" the" local" chief" executive" in" behalf" of" the" local"
government" unit" without" prior" authorization" by" the" sanggunian"
concerned(Note:' Through' the' passage' of' a' board' resolution).' A'
legible'copy'of'such'contract'shall'be'posted'at'a'conspicuous'place'
'
(d)' Local' government' units' shall' enjoy' full' autonomy' in' the'
exercise' of' their' proprietary' functions' and' in' the' limitations'
provided'in'this'Code'and'other'applicable'laws.'
'
→ Very'important'characteristics'of'a'coporation:'
(1)'Separate'and'distinct'personality'
- an' action' that' is' actually' against' the' entity'
cannot'be'filed'against'the'officers'(e.g.'Mayor)'
alone' in' lieu' of' the' LGU.' If' a' judgment' is'
rendered' against' the' officers' alone,' the' same'
cannot' bind' the' LGU' because' it' has' a' separate'
and' distinct' personality' as' that' of' the' officers,'
and' assets' owned' by' the' LGU' cannot' be' made'
to'satisfy'the'judgment'against'the'officers.'And'
vice'versa.'
'
(2)'Acts'of'the'LGU'are'performed'upon'the'authority'of'a'
governing'body,'the'Sanggunian.'(as'a'general'rule)'
- Before' the' Mayor' can' enter' into' contracts,'
he/she' must' have' the' authority' of' the' local'
council.'b'Sec'22'(c)'
'
2009"Bar:'Pedestrian'was'hit'by'a'glass'plane'by'an'empolyee'of'an'
LGU.' Pedestrian' filed' a' case' for' damages.' LGU' filed' a' motion' to'
dissmiss' because' it' claim' that' it' has' immunity' from' suit.' May' an'
LGU'claim'immunity'from'suit?'
→ No.'Section'22'(a)'of'the'LGC.'There'is'already'an'express'
consent' by' Congress' that' an' LGU' has' the' power' to' sue'
and'be'sued.'
→ Section'22'of'LGC'
'
• How'an'LGU'initiates'and'suit'in'court?'
60"
 - it' is' only' the' Local' Chief' Executive' (LCE),' as' • Ramos(vs(CA(
authorized'by'the'Sanggunian.' ! Only' the' provincial' fiscal,' provincial' attorney,' and'
- Representatives'(the'councilors)' municipal'attorney'should'represent'a'municipality'in'
' lawsuits.' Private' lawyers' may' not' represent'
• City(Council(of(Cebu(vs(Cuizon( municipalities'on'their'own,'and'neither'may'they'do'
- The' City' of' Cebu' sued,' but' not' through' the' mayor,' so'even'in'collaboration'with'authorized'government'
through' the' city' councilors' because' the' mayor' was' lawyers.'Only'in'exceptional'instances'may'a'private'
the' respondent' in' this' case.' SC' said' representative' attorney'be'hired'by'a'municipality'to'represent'it'in'
suit' is' allowed' on' behalf' and' for' the' benefit' of' the' lawsuits.'
city'of'Cebu.' ! These' exceptions' are' enumerated' in' the' case' of'
' Alinsug'vs.'San'Carlos'City,'Negros'Occidental'to'wit:'
Atty.' DBL:' SC' justified' that' this' case' can' prosper' “indeed' it' appears' that' the" law" allows" a" private"
because'it'can'filed'as'a'representative'suit'and'as'a' counsel"to"be"hired"by"a"municipality"only"when"the"
taxpayers’' suit.' But' for' me,' taxpayer’s' suit' is' not' municipality" is" an" adverse" party" in" a" case" involving"
available'on'the'local'level.'It'is'available'only'on'the' the" provincial" government" or" another" municipality"
national' level.' Taxpayer’s' suit' involves' only' funds' of' or" city" within" the" province.' This' provision' has' its'
Congress' and' not' any' other' funds,' such' as' the' apparent' origin' in' the' ruling' of' De' Guia' vs.' The'
President’s'funds'and'the'LGU’s'funds.' Auditor' General' where' the' court' held' that" the"
' municipality’s" authority" to" employ" a" private"
• Who'may'represent'as'counsel'for'the'LGU?'Can"LGU"hire" attorney" is" expressly" limited" only" to" situations"
private"counsel?' where"the"provincial"fiscal"would"be"disqualified"to"
! GENERAL'RULE:' serve"and"represent"it.'
(1)LGU’s' attorney' (e.g.' Mun,' City,' Prov’l' ! With'sec.'1683'of'the'old'administrative'code'as'legal'
Attorney).' basis,' the' court' therein' cited' Enriquez' vs.' Gimenez'
(2)'Otherwise,'if'in'a'municipality'where'there'is' which' enumerated' instances' when' the' provincial'
no'municipal'attorney,'it'would'be'the'Fiscal.' fiscal'is'disqualified'to'represent'in'court'a'particular'
Reason:' (1)' only' accountable' public' municipality:'if"and"when"original"jurisdiction"of"case"
officers' can' represent' public' entities' involving" the" municipality" is" in" the" same" province,"
and' (2)' public' funds' should' not' be' and" when," in" a" case" involving" the" municipality," he"
expended' to' hire' private' lawyers' or" his" wife" or" child" is" pecuniarily" involved," as" heir,"
(Ramos'vs'CA)' legatee,"creditor"or"otherwise.'
' ! Private"lawyers"may"not"represent"municipalities"on"
! EXCEPTION:' Private' Lawyer' b' when' concerned' their" own." Neither" may" they" do" so" even" in"
government' counsel' is' “disqualified”' on' ground' of' collaboration" with" authorized" government" lawyers."
conflict"onf"interest'e.g.'Sec'481'(3)(i),'LGC' This" is" anchored" on" the" principle" that" only"
Example:' Dispute' is' between' two' component' accountable" officers" may" act" for" and" in" behalf" of"
municipalities'that'have'no'municipal'attorneys.' public" entities" and" that" public" funds" should" not" be"
In' this' case,' the' provincial' fiscal' or' attorney' is' expended"to"hire"private"lawyers."
disqualified' on' ground' of' conflict" onf" interest." ! Although' a' municipality' may' not' hire' a' private'
Torn' between' two' lovers' xa." Therefore,' it' may' lawyer' to' represent' it' in' litigation,' in' the' interest' of'
be'the'proper'time'for'both'municipalities'of'the' substantial' justice' however,' a' municipality' may'
province' to' secure' the' services" of" a" private" adopt' the' work' already' performed' in' good' faith' by'
lawyer.' such' private' lawyer,' which' work' is' beneficial' to' it'
' provided:' (1)' no' injustice' is' thereby' heaped' on' the'
Other' examples:' (cases' where' a' private' lawyer' adverse' party.' (2)' no' compensation' in' any' guise' is'
may'be'hired)' paid' therefor' by' the' said' municipality' to' the' private'
! municipality'vs'province;' lawyer.'
! component'city'vs'province;' ! In' sum,' although' a' municipality' may' not' hire' a'
! municipality'vs'component'city;' private' lawyer' to' represent' it' in' litigation,' in' the'
! or' dispute' involving' him,' wife' or' child' with' interest' of' justice' however,' we' hold' that' a'
pecuniary'interest' municipality'may'adopt'the'work'already'performed'
' in'good'faith'by'such'lawyer,'which'work'is'beneficial'
*even'if'at'the'beginning'of'the'proceedings'the'LGU'was' to'it'unless'so'expressly'adopted,'the'private'lawyers'
represented' by' a' private' lawyer' and' later' on' it' was' work'cannot'bind'the'municipality.'
questioned.' So' thereafter' a' public' lawyer' (city' attorney)' '
assumes' the' position' as' counsel' for' the' LGU,' the' To"acquire"and"convey"real"and"personal"property"
pleadings' filed' by' the' private' lawyer' may' be' adopted' by' → LGU’s'properties'may'be'held'in:'
the'public'lawyer'and'the'proceedings'will'still'continue.' ! Governmental' capacity' (property' for' public' use)' –'
' imperium;'or'
' ! Proprietary' Capacity' (patrminonial' property)' –'
' dominium'

By: RLB 61"

 ''
• How' do' you' know' whether' the' property' is' public' or'
patrimonial?'
→ If'you'apply'Property'Law:'
! Article'420,'423,'424'of'the'Civil'Code'
' owned' by' it' in' its' private' or' proprietary'
→ In' Public' Corporation' Law,' the' general' test' is' you'
apply'(either):'
(1)'The'manner'which'the'property'was'acquired'
! If' private' fund' was' used' b'
patrimonial'
! if'public'fund'b'governmental'
(2)'Purpose'for'which'the'property'is'acquired'or'
held'
' those' held' by' municipal' corporation' in' its'
NOTE:'TITLE'doesn’t'matter'because'even'if'in'the'name'of'LGU,'if'
in'reality'it'came'from'the'national'government'for'public'purpose,'
then'it'is'held'in2trust'for'the'State.'
' (2)"Property"for"public"use"cannot"be"subject"of"contract."
• Relevance'Of'Distinguishing'Public'From'Patrimonial:'
(1)" Property" for" publc" use" is" under" the" control" of"
Congress."
- LGU' is' merely' a' political' agent' of' the' National'
Goverment.' Consequently,' the' principal' may'
convert' it' to' other' uses' with' or' without' the'
consent' of' the' LGU' and' the' latter' cannot' claim'
due' process' nor' demand' for' just' compensation'
because'there'is'no'deprivation'as'LGU'holds'the'
property'in'trust'for'the'State.'
" Patrimonial' property' can' be' used' by' LGU'
without'consent'of'Congress.'
- If' congress' uses' it' for' some' purpose,'
due' process' and' just' compensation'
must' be' complied' with' because' there'
is'already'deprivation'as'the'LGU'owns'
the' property.' The' term' person' under'
the' due' process' clause' includes' public'
corp.'
" by' which' liability' is' ascertained' judicially,' ' the'
• Rebuco(vs(Villegas(
- RA' 3120' is' constitutional' and' is' a'
manifestation' of' the' legislature’s' right' to'
deal' with' the' state' property' that' includes'
those' held' by' municipal' corporations' in' its'
public'or'governmental'capacity.(
- RA' 3120' converted' the' Malate' area,' which'
are' reserved' as' communal' property,' into'
disposable'or'alienable'lands'of'the'state'to'
be' placed' under' the' administration' and'
disposal' of' the' LTA' for' subdivisions' into'
small' lots' to' the' tenants' or' bona' fide'
occupants'thereof."
- Respondent' city' officials' contended' that'
the' Act' must' be' stricken' down' as'
unconstitutional' for' depriving' the' City' of'
Manila' of' the' lots' in' question,' and'
providing'for'their'sale'without'payment'of'
just' compensation' thus' constituting'
deprivation' of' property' without' due'
process'of'law."
By: RLB
- The' lots' in' question' are' manifestly' owned'
by' the' city' in' its' public' and' governmental'
capacity' and' are' therefore' public' property'
over' which' Congress' had' absolute' control'
as' distinguished' from' patrimonial' property'
capacity' of' which' it' could' not' be' deprived'
without' due' process' and' without' just'
compensation.' The' Act' was' intended' to'
implement' the' social' justice' policy' of' the'
consti' and' the' government’s' program' of'
land'for'the'landless.'It'is'a'manifestation'of'
the' legislature’s' right' and' power' to' deal'
with' the' state' property' which' includes'
public' and' governmental' capacity.'
Therefore,'RA'3120'is'constitutional.'
"
- Beyond'the'commerce'of'man'and'woman.'Atu'
i.apil' ang' woman.' What’s' the' nature' of' the'
contract'if'it'involves'a'public'property?'VOID'AB'
INITIO.'Illicit/illegal'object'of'contract.'
" While' patrimonial' property' can' be' subject'
of'contract'
'
(3)" Public" property" cannot" be" acquired" by" prescription"
against"the"state."
"
(4)"Public"property"cannot"be"subject"of"attachment"and"
execution."
- Whether' it' is' preliminary' or' final,' it' cannot' be'
subject' to' execution.' Remember' that' property'
refered'here'are'real'properties'and'also'funds.'
(
• Mun.(of(Hagonoy(vs(Hon.(DumDum"'
- A' difference' lies' between' suability' and' liability.'
Where'the'suability'of'the'state'is'conceded'and'
state'is'at'liberty'to'determine'for'itself'whether'
to' satisfy' the' judgment' or' not.' Execution' may'
not'issue'upon'such'judgment,'because'statutes'
waiving' nonbsuability' do' not' authorize' the'
seizure' of' property' to' satisfy' judgments'
recovered' from' the' action.' These' statutes' only'
convey' an' implication' that' the' legislature' will'
recognize' such' judgment' as' final' and' make'
provisions' for' its' full' satisfaction.' Thus,' where'
consent'to'be'sued'is'given'by'general'or'special'
law,'the'implication'thereof'is'limited'only'to'the'
resultant'verdict'on'the'action'before'execution'
of'the'judgment.'
- The'universal'rule'that'where'the'State'gives'its'
consent' to' be' sued' by' private' parties' either' by'
general' or' special' law,' it' may' limit' claimant’s'
action' "only' up' to' the' completion' of'
proceedings' anterior' to' the' stage' of' execution"'
and'that'the'power'of'the'Courts'ends'when'the'
judgment' is' rendered,' since' government' funds'
and'properties'may'not'be'seized'under'writs'of'
execution' or' garnishment' to' satisfy' such'
judgments,' is' based' on' obvious' considerations'
62"
 of' public' policy.' Disbursements' of' public' funds'
must' be' covered' by' the' corresponding'
appropriations'as'required'by'law.'The'functions'
and'public'services'rendered'by'the'State'cannot'
be' allowed' to' be' paralyzed' or' disrupted' by' the'
diversion' of' public' funds' from' their' legitimate'
and'specific'objects.'
- the' writ' of' preliminary' attachment' must' be'
dissolved' and,' indeed,' it' must' not' have' been'
issued'in'the'very'first'place.'
- since' the' property' of' the' municipality' may' not,'
in'the'event'that'respondent’s'claim'is'validated,'
be' subjected' to' writs' of' execution' and'
garnishment' —' unless,' of' course,' there' has'
been'a'corresponding'appropriation'provided'by'
law.'
" have'the'budget'to'do'the'reclamation'itself,'it'may'ask'a'
(5)"Public"property"cannot"be"burdened"by"any"voluntary"
easement."
- So'if'it'is'legal'easement,'then'it'is'valid.'
( transferred'to'a'private'corporation.'
• Mun.(of(Paoay(vs(Manaois'
- Fishery' or' municipal' waters' are' clearly' not'
subject'to'execution'as'they'do'not'beling'to'the'
municipality' but' may' well' be' regarded' as'
property' of' the' State.' What' the' municipality' of'
Paoay' hold' is' merely' what' may' be' considered'
the' usufruct' or' the' right' to' use' said' municipal'
waters,'granted'to'it'by'section'2321'of'RAC.'But'
the'revenue'or'income'coming'from'the'renting'
of' these' fishery' lots' is' certainly' subject' to'
execution.(
' purposes,'then'the'land'will'become'patrimonial'property'
• What' about' reclaimed' properties?' Chavez( vs( PEA(
2003'
- Submerged' lands' are' properties' of' public'
dominion,'absolutely'inalienable'and'outside'the'
commerce'of'man.'This'is'also'true'with'respect'
to' foreshore' lands.' Sec' 2' and' 3' of' Article' XII' of'
the'1987'Constitution.'
- Hence,' it' is' only' when' the' submerged' or'
foreshore'lands'are'actually'reclaimed'that'they'
become' alienable' agricultral' lands' of' public'
domain' which' can' now' be' disposed' of' in'
accordance' with' law.' RA' 1899' authorized'
municiplaities' and' chartered' cities' to' reclaim'
foreshore'lands,'but'not'submerged'lands.'Now,'
all' reclamation' projects' are' administered' and'
under' the' authority' of' the' Philippine'
Reclaimation'Authority'(formerly,'PEA).'
- Therefore,' only' municipalities' and' cities' can'
reclaim.' Province' cannot' reclaim.' And' only'
national' government' can' reclaim' submerged'
lands.'
' amount' and' that' the' contract' was' entered' with' no'
• Problem:'Filinvest,'a'realty'firm,'visited'the'office'of'the'Mayor'
of'Mandaue'City.'It'is'interested'in'establishing'a'commercial'
and'industrial'zone'in'the'city'where'it'can'build'malls,'hotels,'
sports' facilities' and' other' commercial' establishments.' The'
site,'about'200'hectares,'consists'of'submerged'and'foreshore'
lands.'The'Mayor'also'though'of'establishing'on'the'same'site'
By: RLB
a' new' city' hall' and' onebstop' government' center.' Aware' that'
submerged'and'foreshore'lands'are'public'lands,'the'Mayor'is'
asking'you,'the'city'attorney,'on'how'to'assist'Filinvest’s'plans'
and'the'Mayor’s'plans.'So'how'will'you'advise'the'Mayor?'
→ 1st,' identify' which' area' are' submerged' lands' and'
foreshore' lands' because' Mandaue' City' can' only' reclaim'
foreshore'lands'as'held'in'the'chavez'case,'that'chatered'
cities' and' municipalities' had' been' granted' authority' to'
reclaim' foreshore' lands' by' RA' 1899.' While' submerged'
lands'can'only'be'reclaimed'by'the'national'government.'
→ 2nd,' mechanics' on' how' to' reclaim' foreshore' lands.' The'
city' of' Mandaue' must' conduct' a' project' feasiblity' study'
and'submit'it'to'PRA'for'approval'because'no'reclamation'
will'ever'proceed'without'PRA’s'approval.'
→ 3rd,' Mandaue' city' must' enter' into' a' contract' (any'
business'contract)'with'the'PRA.'And'if'the'city'does'not'
private' realty' firm' to' do' the' physical' reclamation,' like'
Filinvest.' For' as' long' as' it' is' limited' only' to' the' physical'
reclamation,' because' a' reclaimed' land' cannot' be'
→ 4th,' assuming' that' reclamation' had' already' been'
completed,' the' foreshore' land' becomes' alienable'
agricultural' land' and' then' a' presidential' decree' must' be'
issued' declaring' the' land' alienable' and' disposable.'
Because' of' the' contract' entered' into' between' Mandaue'
city' and' PRA,' the' city' has' now' the' right' to' acquire' the'
reclaimed'lands'and'titles'will'then'be'issued.'
→ 5th,' when' the' titles' is' issued' in' favor' of' the' LGU,' it' must'
be'determined'what'are'the'reclaimed'lands'that'are'for'
public' purpose' and' for' commercial/private' purpose.'
Because' if' the' reclamation' was' made' for' commercial'
of' Mandaue' city' under' the' endbuser' doctrine,' therefore,'
it'can'be'now'be'sold'as'any'other'patrimonial'property.'
But' if' the' purpose' of' the' reclamation' was' public,' it' will'
remain'part'of'the'public'dominion.'Hence,'in'the'case'of'
Mandaue'city,'the'reclaimed'land'for'the'new'city'hall'will'
still'remain'public'land'and'thus,'cannot'be'disposed'of'or'
sold'to'a'private'individual'or'corporation.'
→ 6th,' assuming' that' the' national' government' will' reclaim'
the'submerged'lands'consisting'the'200'hectare'land,'the'
beneficiaries' can' only' qualified' filipino' individuals' and'
excluding'corporations,'since'private'corporations'cannot'
own' and' acquire' public' lands' due' to' the' constitutional'
prohibition.'
'
• Problem:'The'City'of'Cebu'entered'into'a'contract'for'services'
with' DBL' Corporation' underwhich' the' latter' will' provide'
services'for'the'dumping'of'garbage'in'a'dumpsite.'The'term'is'
5' years' at' a' rate' of' 1.5M/month.' After' 2' years,' the' City' of'
Cebu' is' under' a' new' administration,' it' stopped' paying' the'
monthly'fees'for'the'services'done'by'DBL'Corporation'for'the'
reason' that' there' is' no' actual' appropriation' for' the' full'
authorization'from'the'sanggunian.'May'the'City'of'Cebu'held'
liable'to'DBL'Corporation?'
→ The'liability'of'Cebu'city'would'depend'upon'whether'the'
contract'was'entered'into'before'or'after'the'enactment'
of' the' 1991' Local' Government' Code.' If' the' contract' was'
entered' before' the' 1991' LGC,' the' City' of' Cebu' will' be'
63"
 held' liable' under' the' implied' municipal' liability' doctrine'
because'for'2'years'already'the'city'of'cebu'had'received'
benefits'under'the'contract'and'it'cannot'later'on'evade'
from' its' obligation' on' the' ground' that' the' contract' was'
not'authorized'by'the'sanggunian.'
→ Assuming' that' the' contract' was' entered' after' the' 1991'
LGC'was'enacted'and'there'was'no'prior'authorization'by'
the' sanggunian' to' do' so' and' there' was' no' actual'
appropriation,'the'contract'between'the'City'of'Cebu'and'
DBL'Corporation'is'voidable.'In'the'Lexber'case,'citing'the'
Imus'case,'SC'held'that'the'municipality'was'not'bound'to'
make' advanced' payments' and,' consequently,' there' was'
no' reason' for' it' to' appropriate' funds' for' the' said' public'
service' except' for' a' period' of' one' month' or' one' year.'
Further,'SC'did'not'declare'the'contract'null'and'void'ab'
initio'for'the'reason'that'appropriation'for'the'project'can'
be' made' subsequent' to' the' execution' of' the' contract.'
Applying' the' said' ruling' in' the' instant' problem,' the' law'
does' not' require' that' the' LGU' actually' appropriates' for'
the'entire'full'amount'of'the'5byear'contract'because'the'
services' of' DBL' Corp.' is' to' be' performed' on' a' monthly'
basis.'(Please'read'the'full'case'of'Quezon'City'vs'Lexber)'
' '
• Requisites'for'the'validity'of'a'contract'entered'into'by'LGUs:'
a) The'local'government'unit'must'have'the'power'to'enter'
into'the'particular'contract'
b) Pursuant' to' Sec.' 22(c)' of' the' LGC,' there' must' be' a' prior"
authorization" by" the" Sanggunian' (generally,' through' a'
resolution)'concerned,'and'a'legible'copy'of'the'contract'
shall' be' posted' at' a' conspicuous' place' in' the' provincial'
capitol'or'the'city,'municipal'or'barangay'hall'
c) In'accordance'with'Secs.'46'and'47,'Chapter'8,'Subtitle'B,'
Book' V' of' the' 1987' Administrative' Code,' if' the' contract'
involves'the'expenditure'of'public'funds,'there'should'be'
an'actual"appropriation'and'a'certificate"of"availability"of"
funds' by' the' treasurer' of' the' lgu' except' in' the' case' of' a'
contract'for'supplies'to'be'carried'in'stock'
d) The'contract'must'conform'with'the'formal" requisites'of'
written'contracts'prescribed'by'law'
' had' one' been' entered' into' to' the' extent' of' the' benefit'
o What' would' be' the' nature' of' the' contract' of' one' the'
requisites'are'not'complied'with?'
> A'and'C'requisite:'
- Ultra'vires,'thus,'void'
- Not'subject'to'ratification'
' implied' municipal' liability' applies' to' all' cases' where'
> B'and'D'requisite:'
- Voidable'
- Subject'to'ratification'
' municipality'to'do'justice'with'respect'to'the'same.'
• Land(Bank(vs(Cacayuran'
- Generally,'an'ultra'vires'act'is'one'committed'outside'the'
object' for' which' a' corporation' is' created' as' defined' by'
the' law' of' its' organization' and' therefore' beyond' the'
powers'conferred'upon'it'by'law.'
- There'are'two'types'of'ultra'vires'acts:'
(1)' an" act" utterly" beyond" the" jurisdiction" of" a"
municipal" corporation,' these' are' ultra' vires' in'
the'primary'sense'and'void;"and'
' Supreme'Court'did'not'declare'the'contract'null'and'void'
By: RLB
(2)'the"irregular"exercise"of"a"basic"power"under"
the" legislative" grant" in" matters" not" in"
themselves" jurisdictional,' these' are' ultra' vires'
only' in' a' secondary' sense' which' does" not"
preclude" ratification" or" the" application" of" the"
doctrine" of" estoppel" in" the" interest" of" equity"
and"essential"justice.'
- An'act'which'is'outside'of'the'municipality's'jurisdiction'is'
considered'as'a'void'ultra'vires'act,'while'an'act'attended'
only' by' an' irregularity' but' remains' within' the'
municipality's' power' is' considered' as' an' ultra' vires' act'
subject' to' ratification' and/or' validation.' To' the' former'
belongs' municipal' contracts' which' (a)' are' entered' into'
beyond' the' express,' implied' or' inherent' powers' of' the'
local' government' unit;' and' (b)' do' not' comply' with' the'
substantive' requirements' of' law' e.g.,' when' expenditure'
of' public' funds' is' to' be' made,' there' must' be' an' actual'
appropriation'and'certificate'of'availability'of'funds;'while'
to'the'latter'belongs'those'which'(a)'are'entered'into'by'
the'improper'department,'board,'officer'of'agent;'and'(b)'
do'not'comply'with'the'formal'requirements'of'a'written'
contract'e.g.,'the'Statute'of'Frauds.'
• Nonbcompliance'of'the'requisites:2
" Doctrine'of'estoppel'–'with'respect'to'void'contracts,'this'
is'civil'law'concept.'Doctrine'of'estoppel'will'not'apply'to'
void'contracts,'otherwise,'it'will'make'the'contract'that'is'
void'valid.2
- The'doctrine'of'estoppel'cannot'be'applied'as'against'
a'municipal'corporation'to'validate'a'contract'which'
it'has'no'power'to'make,'or'which'it'is'authorized'to'
make' only' under' prescribed' mode' or' manner,'
although' the' corporation' has' accepted' the' benefits'
thereof' and' the' other' party' has' fully' performed' his'
part' of' the' agreement,' or' has' expended' large' sums'
in'preparation'for'performance.2
'
" Doctrine' of' implied' municipal' liability' –' as' applied' to'
transactions'without'contracts'that'could'have'been'valid'
received.2
- A' municipality' may' become' obligated' upon' an'
implied' contract' to' pay' the' reasonable' value' of' the'
benefits'accepted'or'appropriated'by'it'as'to'which'it'
has' the' general' power' to' contract.' The' doctrine' of'
money'or'other'property'of'a'party'is'received'under'
such'circumstance'that'the'general'law,'independent'
of' express' contract,' implies' an' obligation' upon' the'
'
• When' to' make' actual' appropriation' for' a' contract?' Quezon(
City(vs(Lexber'
! The'facts'in'the'Osmeña'case'are'not'parallel'to'the'facts'
in'the' instant'case.'While'in'the'former'the'construction'
of' an' abattoir' entailed' the' payment' in' full' of' a' fixed'
amount,' the' case' at' bar' involved' a' contract' for' services'
still' to' be' rendered' which' was' payable' on' a' monthly'
basis,' just' as' in' the' Imus' case.' In' the' latter' case,' the'
64"
 ab'initio'for'the'reason'that'appropriation'for'the'project' municipalities' shall' be' liable' for' damages' for' the' death' of,' or'
can'be'made'subsequent'to'the'execution'of'the'contract.' injuries' suffered' by,' any' person' by' reason' of' the' defective'
' condition' of' roads,' streets,' bridges,' public' buildings,' and' other'
• What' form' of' authorization' by' the' Sanggunian?' Quisumbing( public' works' under' their' control' or' supervision.' The' extent' of'
vs(Gov.(Garcia' liability'for'damages'shall'be'governed'by'the'provisions'of'the'Civil'
! General'Rule:'Resolution'by'the'Sanggunian" Code'on'quasibdelicts.'
! Exceptions:' '
1) Should" the" appropriation" ordinance," for" instance," Supreme"Court"Administrative"Circular"10c2000"–""
already" contain" in" sufficient" detail" the" project" and" Judges' are' hereby' enjoined' to' observe' utmost' caution," prudence"
cost" of" a" capital" outlay' such' that' all' that' the' LCE' and" judiciousness' in' the' issuance' of' writs' of' execution' to' satisfy'
needs' to' do' after' undergoing' the' requisite' public' money' judgments' against' government' agencies' and' local'
bidding' is' to' execute' the' contract,' no' further' government'units.'
authorization' is' required,' the' appropriation' '
ordinance'already'being'sufficient.2 Notwithstanding' the' rule' that' government' properties' are' not'
2) Should" the" appropriation" ordinance" described" the" subject' to' levy' and' execution' unless' otherwise' provided' for' by'
projects" in" generic" terms' such' as' “infrastructure' statute'or'municipal'ordinance,'the'Court'has,'in'various'instances,'
projects”,'“interbmunicipal'waterworks,'drainage'and' distinguished'between'government'funds'and'properties'for'public'
sewerage,' flood' control,' and' irrigation' system' use' and' those' not' held' for' public' use.' Thus,' where' property' of' a'
projects”,' “reclamation' projects”,' or' “roads' and' municipal'or'other'public'corporation'is'sought'to'be'subjected'to'
bridges”,' there' is' an' obvious' need' for' a' covering' execution'to'satisfy'judgments'recovered'against'such'corporation,'
contract' for' every' specific' project' that' in' turn' the'question'as'to'whether'such'property'is'leviable'or'not'is'to'be'
requires'approval'by'the'sanggunian.2 determined'by'the'usage'and'purposes'for'which'it'is'held.'
3) Specific' sanggunian' approval' may' also' be' required' '
for' the' purchase" of" goods" and" services" which" are" 1.Properties' held' for' public' uses' —' and' generally'
neither"specified"in"the"appropriation"ordinance"nor" everything' held' for' governmental' purposes' —' are' not'
encompassed" within" the" regular" personal" services" subject' to' levy' and' sale' under' execution' against' such'
and"maintenance"operating"expenses.' corporation.'The'same'rule'applies'to'funds'in'the'hands'
" of' a' public' officer' and' taxes' due' to' a' municipal'
To"negotiate"and"secure"grants" corporation.'
Section"23."Authority"to"Negotiate"and"Secure"Grants.'–' '
Local'chief'executives'may,'upon'authority'of'the'sanggunian,' 2.Where' a' municipal' corporation' owns' in' its' proprietary'
negotiate' and' secure' financial' grants' or' donations' in' kind,' in' capacity,'as'distinguished'from'its'public'or'governmental'
support' of' the' basic' services' or' facilities' enumerated' under' capacity,' property' not' used' or' used' for' a' public' purpose'
Section' 17' hereof,' from' local' and' foreign' assistance' agencies' but' for' quasi' private' purposes,' it' is' the' general' rule' that'
without' necessity' of' securing' clearance' or' approval' therefor' such' property' may' be' seized' and' sold' under' execution'
from' any' department,' agency,' or' office' of' the' national' against'the'corporation.'
government' of' from' any' higher' local' government' unit:' '
Provided,' That' projects' financed' by' such' grants' or' assistance' 3.Property' held' for' public' purposes' is' not' subject' to'
with' national' security' implications' shall' be' approved' by' the' execution' merely' because' it' is' temporarily' used' for'
national'agency'concerned:'Provided,'further,'That'when'such' private' purposes.' If' the' public' use' is' wholly' abandoned,'
national'agency'fails'to'act'on'the'request'for'approval'within' such'property'becomes'subject'to'execution.'
thirty' (30)' days' from' receipt' thereof,' the' same' shall' be' '
deemed'approved.' ! Public' funds' are' beyond' execution,' garnishment' or'
' attachment'for'the'following'reasons:'
The' local' chief' executive' shall,' within' thirty' (30)' days' upon' ! Funds'are'for'public'purpose'
signing' of' such' grant' agreement' or' deed' of' donation,' report' ! General'welfare'–'paramount'public'policy'
the' nature,' amount,' and' terms' of' such' assistance' to' both' ! Funds' are' appropriated' only' pursuant' to' a' law' and'
Houses'of'Congress'and'the'President.' court'judgments'are'not'law'
" '
LIABILITY"FOR"DAMAGES' Problem:'X'was'standing'along'N.'Bacalso'St.,'a'national'highway,'
' waiting' for' a' taxi' to' take' him' to' Talisay' City,' Cebu.' Beside' the'
LIABILITY"FOR"DEFECTIVE"PUBLIC"WORKS" loading/unloading' area' where' X' was' standing' was' a' newly'
" constructed' city' public' market' under' the' management' of' ABC'
Art."2189"NCC"–' Corporation.'X'did'not'notice'an'uncovered'manhole'right'in'front'
Provinces,' cities' and' municipalities' shall' be' liable' for' damages' for' of' him.' Apparently,' excavations' on' the' ground' for' the' laying' of'
the' death' of,' or' injuries' suffered' by,' any' person' by' reason' of' the' pipes' of' the' public' market' caused' the' manhole' to' be' left'
defective'condition'of'roads,'streets,'bridges,'public'buildings,'and' uncovered.' Upon' seeing' a' taxi,' X' made' few' steps' forward' and'
other'public'works'under'their'control'or'supervision.' stepped' down' from' the' gutter' in' order' to' hail' the' taxi.' X’s' right'
" foot'fell'inside'the'uncovered'manhole'and'injured'his'right'leg.'X'
Art."471"IRR""of"LGC"–"Liability"for"Damages.'–' managed' to' get' up' though' and' slowly' walked' towards' the' public'
As'provided'in'Article'2189'of'RA'386,'otherwise'known'as'the'Civil' market,'X'stepped'on'a'uncovered'opening'that'could'not'be'seen'
Code' of' the' Philippines,' as' amended,' provinces,' cities,' and' because' of' dirty' rainwaters.' A' 2binch' rusty' nail.' Stuck' inside' the'

By: RLB 65"

opening,'peirced'X’s'left'foot.'When'sued'for'damages,'the'City'of'
Cebu'argued'that:'
1) The'City'of'Cebu'cannot'be'sued'without'its'consent;'
2) The' manhole' was' in' a' national' highway' that' does' not'
belong'to'the'city;'
3) ABC'Corp.'alone'should'be'held'liable'for'X’s'injury'on'his'
left'foot;'
4) The' operation' of' a' public' market' is' governmental'
function'that'will'not'make'the'city'liable'for'damages;'
5) The' City' of' Cebu' is' exempt' from' all' forms' of' damages'
under'its'Charter.'
' have' the' same' character,' both' are' either' general' or'
• Question' 1:' The' City' of' Cebu' cannot' be' sued' without' its'
consent.'
! There' is' already' express' consent' as' provided' by' Section'
22'of'the'LGC.'
' general'law.'But'SC'said,'in'determining'whether'the'law'
• Question'2:'The'manhole'was'in'a'national'highway'that'does'
not'belong'to'the'city.'
Municipality(of(San(Juan(vs(CA(
! For' liability' to' arise' under' Article' 2189' of' the' Civil' Code,'
ownership' of' the' roads,' streets,' bridges,' public' buildings'
and'other'public'works,'is'not'a'controlling'factor,'it'being'
sufficient'that'a'province,'city'or'municipality'has'control'
or'supervision'thereof.'
' Civil' Code.' So,' the' provision' of' Article' 2189' of' the' NCC'
• Question' 3:' ABC' Corporation' alone' should' be' held' liable' for'
X’s'left'foot.'
Jimenez(vs(City(of(Manila(
! It'is'liable'for'the'following'reasons:'
o Art.'2189'comes'into'play,'since'the'injury'took'place'
in'a'public'building.'
o Also,' Art.' 2189' requires' that' the' LGU' must' retain'
supervision' and' control' over' the' public' work' in'
question' for' it' to' be' held' liable.' The' evidence'
showed' that' the' Management' and' Operating'
Contract' explicitly' stated' that' the' City' of' Manila'
retained' supervision' and' control' over' the' Sta.' Ana'
Market.'
o Also,' in' a' letter' to' Finance' Secretary' Cesar' Virata,'
Mayor' Raymond' Bagatsing' admitted' this' fact' of'
supervision'and'control.'Moreover,'Sec.'30(g)'of'the'
Local' Tax' Code' says' that' public' markets' shall' be'
under'the'immediate'supervision,'administration'and'
control'of'the'City'Treasurer.'
o Jimenez' could' not' be' held' liable' for' negligence.' A'
customer' in' a' store' has' every' right' to' presume' that'
the' owner' will' comply' with' his' duty' to' keep' his'
premises' safe' for' customers.' The' owner' of' the'
market,'on'the'other'hand,'was'proven'to'have'been'
negligent' in' not' providing' a' cover' for' the' said'
opening.' The' negligence' of' the' City' of' Manila' is' the'
proximate'cause'of'the'injury'suffered.'
' employees'and'household'helpers'acting'within'the'scope'of'their'
• Question'4:'The'operation'of'a'public'market'is'governmental'
function'that'will'not'make'the'city'liable'for'damages.'
City(of(Manila(vs(IAC'
! LGU’s' powers' are' twofold' in' characterbpublic,'
governmental'or'political'on'the'one'hand,'and'corporate,'
private' and' proprietary' on' the' other.' A' municipal'
corporation'proper'has'a'dual'function,'a'public'character'
By: RLB
as' regards' the' state' at' large' insofar' as' it' is' its' agent' in'
government,' and' private' (so' called)' insofar' as' it' is' to'
promote' local' necessities' and' conveniences' for' its' own'
community.'And'with'respect'to'proprietary'functions'the'
settled' rule' is' that' a' municipal' corporation' can' be' held'
liable'to'third'persons'ex'contractu.'
'
• Question' 5:' The' City' of' Cebu' is' exempt' from' all' forms' of'
damages'under'its'Charter.'
City(of(Manila(vs(Teotico(
! Rule' in' Statutory' Construction:' if' two' statutes' or' laws'
special' laws,' the' earlier' law' is' deemed' modified,'
amended' or' repealed' by' the' recent' law.' But' if' both'
statutes'or'laws'do'not'partake'of'the'same'nature,'one'is'
special'and'the'other'is'general,'special'law'prevails'over'
is'general'or'special,'we'do'not'look'at'the'law'as'a'whole'
but' you' look' at' the' provision' itself' and' while' the' Civil'
Code' of' the' Philippines' is' a' general' law,' Article' 2189' is'
specific.' Further' SC' said' that' while' the' charter' of' City' of'
Manila' is' a' special' law,' the' declaration' in' the' provision'
that' it' is' exempt' from' all' forms' of' damages' is' a' general'
provision'of'law.'Therefore,'the'general'provision'of'law'is'
deemed' modified' by' the' special' provision' of' law' in' the'
prevails'over'the'charter'of'the'City'of'Manila.'
'
LIABILITY"FOR"TORTS"(QUASIcDELICT)"
'
Section"24,"LGC."Liability"for"Damages."–""
Local' government' units' and' their' officials' are' not' exempt' from'
liability'for'death'or'injury'to'persons'or'damage'to'property.'
'
Art."2180"NCC."–"
The'obligation'imposed'by'Article'2176'is'demandable'not'only'for'
one's' own' acts' or' omissions,' but' also' for' those' of' persons' for'
whom'one'is'responsible.'
'
The'father'and,'in'case'of'his'death'or'incapacity,'the'mother,'are'
responsible'for'the'damages'caused'by'the'minor'children'who'live'
in'their'company.'
'
Guardians' are' liable' for' damages' caused' by' the' minors' or'
incapacitated' persons' who' are' under' their' authority' and' live' in'
their'company.'
'
The' owners' and' managers' of' an' establishment' or' enterprise' are'
likewise'responsible'for'damages'caused'by'their'employees'in'the'
service'of'the'branches'in'which'the'latter'are'employed'or'on'the'
occasion'of'their'functions.'
'
Employers' shall' be' liable' for' the' damages' caused' by' their'
assigned' tasks,' even' though' the' former' are' not' engaged' in' any'
business'or'industry.'
'
The' State' is' responsible' in' like' manner' when' it' acts' through' a'
special' agent;' but' not' when' the' damage' has' been' caused' by' the'
official' to' whom' the' task' done' properly' pertains,' in' which' case'
what'is'provided'in'Article'2176'shall'be'applicable.'
'
66"
Lastly,'teachers'or'heads'of'establishments'of'arts'and'trades'shall'
be' liable' for' damages' caused' by' their' pupils' and' students' or'
apprentices,'so'long'as'they'remain'in'their'custody.'
' '
The' responsibility' treated' of' in' this' article' shall' cease' when' the'
persons' herein' mentioned' prove' that' they' observed' all' the'
diligence'of'a'good'father'of'a'family'to'prevent'damage.'
' sand' for' the' repair' of' road' is' a' governmental' function.' Thus,'
→ Tort:'(definition)'
- is'a'common'law'term'which'in'our'jurisdiction,'it'is'called'
quasibdelict.''
- It' is' a' civil' liability' for' damages,' not' a' criminal' offense.'
The'one'liable'here'is'the'LGU'and'you'cannot'criminally'
sue'a'LGU.'
' *Take' note' of' the' Spouses' Jayme' vs' Apostol' case.' (in' short,'
• Municipality( of( San( Fernando( vs( Firme' (naa' sa' midterm' nga'
transcript.'Refer'nalng.'Hehe)'
- If' governmental' function:' the' LGU' is' not' liable;' if'
proprietary'function:'the'LGU'is'liable.'
- whether' or' not' the' municipality' is' liable' for' the' torts'
committed' by' its' employee,' the' test' of' liability' of' the'
municipality'depends'on'whether'or'not'the'driver,'acting'
in' behalf' of' the' municipality' is' performing' governmental'
of'propriety'functions.'As'emphasized'in'the'case'of'Torio'
vs.' Fontanilla,' the' distinction' of' powers' becomes'
important'for'purposes'of'determining'the'liability'of'the'
municipality' for' the' acts' of' its' agents' which' result' in' an'
injury'to'third'persons.'
- It'has'already'been'remarked'that'municipal'corporations'
are' suable' because' their' charters' grant' them' the'
competence' to' sue' and' be' sued.' Nevertheless,' they' are'
generally' not' liable' for' torts' committed' by' them' in' the'
discharge' of' governmental' functions' and' can' be' held'
answerable'only'if'it'can'be'shown'that'they'were'acting'
in' a' propriety' capacity.' In' permitting' such' entities' to' be'
sued,' the' State' merely' gives' the' claimant' the' right' to'
show'that'the'defendant'is'not'acting'in'its'governmental'
capacity'when'the'injury'was'committed'or'that'the'case'
comes' under' exceptions' recognized' by' law.' Failing' this,'
the'claimant'cannot'recover.'
' o the' municipality' was' performing' a' proprietary'
• Merritt(vs(Government(of(the(Philippines(Islands(
- Under' article' 2180' of' the' NCC,' the' responsibility' of' the'
state' is' limited' only' in' cases' where' it' acts' as' a' special'
agent,' one' who' receives' a' definite' and' fixed' order' or'
commission,' foreign' to' the' exercise' of' the' duties' of' his'
office,' so' that' in' representation' of' the' state' and' being'
bound' to' act' as' an' agent' thereof,' he' executed' the' trust'
confided' to' him.' This' concept' does' not' apply' to' any'
executive' agent' who' is' an' employee' of' the' active'
administration' and' who' in' his' own' responsibility'
performs' the' functions' which' are' inherent' in' and'
naturally'pertain'to'his'office'and'which'are'regulated'by'
law'and'the'regulations.'
' separate' and' distinct' from' its' officers,' directors,' or' persons'
2011"Bar:'A'collision'occurred'involving'a'passenger'jeepney'driven'
by' Leonardo,' a' cargo' truck' driven' by' Joseph,' and' a' dump' truck'
driven' by' Lauro' but' owned' by' the' City' of' Cebu.' Lauro' was' on' his'
way' to' get' a' load' of' sand' for' the' repair' of' the' road' along' Fuente'
Street,' Cebu' City.' As' a' result' of' the' collision,' 3' passengers' of' the'
jeepney'died.'Their'families'filed'a'complaint'for'damages'against'
By: RLB
Joseph'who'in'turn'filed'a'third'party'complaint'against'the'City'of'
Cebu'and'Lauro.'Is'the'City'of'Cebu'liable'for'the'tort'committed'by'
its'employee?'
→ Assuming' that' Lauro' is' a' regular' employee' and' there' is' tort,'
then'the'San'Fernando'case'is'the'applicable'jurisprudence.'In'
the' San' Fernando' case,' SC' said' that' driving' a' vehicle' to' load'
City' of' Cebu' is' not' liable.' However,' under' section' 24' of' the'
LGC,' such' distinction' made' in' the' San' Fernando' case' cannot'
be' found' in' the' code,' where' it' says' LGUs' and' its' officers' are'
not'exempt'from'liability'in'case'of'death'and'injuries'suffered'
by'a'person.'
'
basaha'ang'kaso)'
'
Problem:' The' Sanggunian' Panglungsod' of' Carcar' City' ordered' the'
construction' of' a' wooden' stage' for' a' play' during' its' fiesta'
celebration.'The'stage,'however,'collapsed'causing'serious'physical'
injuries'to'the'participants'of'the'play.'The'participants'sued'Carcar'
City'and'all'its'SP'members'for'damages.'May'the'suit'prosper?'If'
yes,'who'should'be'liable?'
Torio(vs(Fontanilla(
→ The' basic' rule' to' be' first' followed' is' that' a' municipal'
corporation' cannot' be' held' liable' for' an' injury' caused' in' the'
course' of' performance' of' a' governmental' function.' With'
respect' to' proprietary' functions,' the' settled' rule' is' that' a'
municipal'corporation'can'be'held'liable'upon'contracts'and'in'
torts.'
→ According' to' 2282' of' the' revised' Administrative' Code,'
municipalities'are'authorized'to'hold'fiesta,'but'it'is'not'their'
duty'to'conduct'such.'Thus,'the'fiesta'is'proprietary'in'nature.'
The'same'analogy'can'be'applied'to'the'maintenance'of'parks,'
which'is'a'private'undertaking,'as'opposed'to'the'maintenance'
of' public' schools' and' jails,' which' are' for' the' public' service.'
(The'key'word'then'is'duty.)'
→ Under'the'doctrine'of'respondent'superior'(see'first'paragraph'
of'Art.'2180),'the'municipality'can'be'held'liable'for'the'death'
of'Fontanilla'if:'
function'at'that'time;'and'
o negligence' can' be' attributed' to' the' municipality’s'
officers,' employees' or' agents' performing' the'
proprietary'function.'
→ The' evidence' proved' that' the' committee' overseeing' the'
construction' of' the' stage' failed' to' build' a' strong' enough' to'
insure' the' safety' of' zarzuela' participants.' Fontanilla' was'
entitled'to'ensure'that'he'would'be'exposed'to'danger'on'that'
occasion.'
→ The' municipal' council' is' not' responsible.' The' Municipality'
stands'on'the'same'footing'as'an'ordinary'private'corporation'
with'the'municipal'council'acting'as'its'board'of'directors.'It'is'
an' elementary' principle' that' a' corporation' has' a' personality,'
composing'it'and'the'latter'are'not'as'a'rule'cobresponsible'in'
an' action' for' damages' for' tort' or' negligence' culpa' aquillana'
committed' by' the' corporation’s' employees' of' agents' unless'
there'is'a'showing'of'bad'faith'or'gross'or'wanton'negligence'
on'their'part.'To'make'an'officer'of'a'corporation'liable'for'the'
negligence'of'the'corporation'there'must'have'been'upon'his'
67"
 part'such'a'breach'of'duty'as'contributed'to'or'helped'to'bring' LIABILITY"FOR"ILLEGAL"DISMISSAL'
about,'the'injury;'that'is'to'say,'he'must'be'a'participant'in'the' '
wrongful'act.' • Who' should' be' held' liable' for' back' wages' and' damages,' if'
' there’s'any,'in'case'of'illegal'dismissal?'
LIABILITY"FOR"CONTRACTS' - Illegal'dismissal'may'occur,'at'least,'in'2'ways:'
' 1) Dismissal' is' declared' illegal' because,' while'
• Scope:' there' was' ground' for' a' valid' dismissal' (like'
- It'is'considered'as'a'private'individual'when'it'enters'into' an' EE' committed' misconduct),' but' the'
contracts.' But' this' rule' applies' only' to' contracts' done' procedure'was'not'observed.'
within'the'authority'of'the'LGU'(intra'vires).'If'ultra'vires,' 2) There'was'no'valid'ground'for'dismissal'but'
meaning'outside'the'authority'of'the'LGU,'it'can’t'be'held' was' dismissed' due' to' malice' or' bad' faith,'
liable' exbcontractu' since' the' contract' is' void' and' cannot' then'the'dismissal'is'illegal.'
be'cured,'in'which'case,'the'doctrine'of'estoppel'does'not' '
apply'if'the'contract'is'void'such'as'when'the'LGU'already' - It'can'be'a'municipal" liability" or'personal" liability" of" the"
received' benefits' because' it' will' only' validate' an' official'
otherwise'void'contract.'(Lexber'case)' o Municipal' liability:' if' the' dismissal' was' illegal' but'
' there' was' absence' of' malice' or' bad' faith,' the'
• Doctrine"of"Implied"Municipal"Liability" municipal'government'is'liable.'
- A' municipality' may' become' obligated' upon' an' implied' o Personal' liability' of' the' superior:' if' the' illegal'
contract' to' pay' the' reasonable' value' of' the' benefits' dismissal'was'tainted'with'malice'or'bad'faith.'
accepted' or' appropriated' by' it' as' to' which' it' has' the' '
general' power' to' contract.' The' doctrine' of' implied' Atty.' DBL’s' justification:' It' is' actually' the' prerogative' of' the'
municipal' liability' has' been' said' to' apply' to' all" cases" state'to'come'up'with'a'principle'that'it'can'only'be'held'liable'
where" money" or" other" property" of" a" party" is" received" for' acts' that' are' regular' and' within' the' bounds' of' law' and'
under" such" circumstances" that" the" general" law," when'the'act'is'unlawful'or'beyond'the'authority'(like'malice'
independent" of" express" contract" implies" an" obligation" and' bad' faith),' it' cannot' be' imputed' to' the' state,' hence,' it'
upon" the" municipality" to" do" justice" with" respect" to" the" should'be'the'personal'liability'of'the'officer.'
same." '
" • MUNICIPAL'LIABILITY(
• Province(of(Cebu(vs(IAC( o Municipality(of(Jasaan(vs(Gentallan(
- Even'if'the'contract'would'be'voided,'the'contract'of'legal' - An' illegally' dismissed' government' employee'
services' is' in' the' nature' that' the' LGU' could' have' validly' who' is' later' ordered' reinstated' is' entitled' to'
entered' into,' so' it' cannot' escape' liability' on' the' basis' backwages' and' other' monetary' benefits' from'
that,' for' them,' it' was' ultra' vires' because' it' did' not' have' the' time' of' her' illegal' dismissal' up' to' her'
the'authority'of'the'Sanggunian.' reinstatement.'This'is'only'fair'and'just'because'
- The' petitioner' cannot' set' up' the' plea' that' the' contract' an' employee' who' is' reinstated' after' having'
was'ultra'vires'and'still'retain'benefits'thereunder.'Having' been' illegally' dismissed' is' considered' as' not'
regarded' the' contract' as' valid' for' purposes' of' reaping' having' left' her' office' and' should' be' given' the'
some' benefits,' the' petitioner' is' estopped' to' question' its' corresponding' compensation' at' the' time' of' her'
validity'for'the'purposes'of'denying'answerability.' reinstatement.'
' - In' the' instant' case,' we' note' that' there' is' no'
• Doctrine"of"Estoppel'is'not'applicable'in'void'contracts' finding' that' malice' or' bad' faith' attended' the'
San(Diego(vs(Municipality(of(Naujan' illegal' dismissal' and' refusal' to' reinstate'
- the' doctrine' of' estoppel' cannot' be' applied' as' against' a' Gentallan' by' her' superior' officers.' Thus,' they'
municipal'corporation'to'validate'a'contract'which'it'has' cannot' be' held' personally' accountable' for' her'
no'power'to'make'or'which'it'is'authorized'to'make'only' back' salaries.' The' municipal' government,'
under' prescribed' conditions,' within' prescribed' therefore,' should' disburse' funds' to' answer' for'
limitations,'or'in'a'prescribed'mode'or'manner,'although' her'claims'resulting'from'dismissal.'
the' corporation' has' accepted' the' benefits' thereof' and' - If' there' was' no" malice" or" bad" faith' that'
the' other' party' has' fully' performed' his' part' of' the' attended' the' illegal' dismissal,' the' superior'
agreement,' or' has' expended' large' sums' in' preparation' officers" cannot" be" held" personally" accountable'
for' performance.' A' reason' frequently' assigned' for' this' for' her' back' salaries.' The' municipal"
rule' is' that' to' apply' the' doctrine' of' estoppel' against' a' government," therefore," should" disburse" funds"
municipality' in' such' case' would' be' to' enable' it' to' do' to" answer" for" her" claims' resulting' from'
indirectly' what' it' cannot' do' directly.' Also,' where' a' dismissal.'
contract' is' violative' of' public' policy,' the' municipality' '
executing'it'cannot'be'estopped'to'assert'the'invalidity'of' *Municipal'Liability'despite'malice'
a' contract' which' has' ceded' away,' controlled,' or' o Laganapan(vs(Asedillo(
embarrassed'its'legislative'or'government'powers.' - The'Court'finds'no'merit'in'the'contention'of'the'
' respondent' Municipality' of' Kalayaan,' Laguna'
' that'Mayor'Elpidio'Asedillo'alone'should'be'held'

By: RLB 68"

 liable' for' the' back' salaries' of' the' petitioner,'
because' the' records' show' that' the' action' was'
instituted' against' Mayor' Asedillo,' not'
personally,' but' in' his' capacity' as' Municipal'
Mayor' of' Kalayaan,' Laguna,' and' he' appeared'
and'defended'the'action'in'such'capacity.(
- Furthermore,' it' is' of' record' that,' after' the'
summary'dismissal'of'Laganapan'by'Asedillo,'the'
Municipal' Council' of' Kalayaan' instead' of'
opposing' or' at' least' protesting' Laganapan’s'
summary' dismissal' of' his' position,' even'
abolished'the'appropriation'for'the'salary'of'the'
Chief' of' Police' of' Kalayaan' –' Laguna.' The' Court'
considers'this'act'of'the'Municipal'Council'as'an'
approval' or' confirmation' of' the' act' of'
respondent' Mayor' in' summarily' dismissing'
Laganapan,'as'to'make'said'municipality'equally'
liable' as' the' mayor' for' the' reinstatement' of'
Laganapan' and' for' the' payment' of' his' back'
salaries.(
" MANDAMUS'for'the'appropriation'for'the'funds.'
• PERSONAL'LIABILITY'OF'THE'OFFICIAL"
o Correa(vs(CFI(of(Bulacan"
- The'municipal'corporation'is'responsible'for'the'
acts'of'its'officers'only'when'they'have'acted'by:'
(1)" authority" of" the" law' and;' (2)" in" conformity"
with" its" requirements.' But' a' public' officer' who'
commits' a' tort' or' other' wrongful' act,' done' in'
excess' or' beyond' the' scope' of' his' duty,' is' not'
protected' by' his' office' and' is' personally' liable'
therefore' like' any' private' individual.' This'
principle'of'personal'liability'has'been'applied'to'
cases' where' a' public' officer' removes' another'
officer' or' discharges' an' employee' wrongfully,'
the'reported'cases'saying'that'by'reason'of'nonb
compliance' with' the' requirements' of' law' in'
respect'to'removal'from'office,'the'officials'were'
acting'outside'of'their'official'authority.'
' (a)' An' elective' local' official' must' be' a' citizen' of' the'
*Other'cases'involving'personal'liability'of'the'official'
o Salcedo(vs(CA(
- For' instance,' the' municipal' mayor' was' held'
liable'for'the'back'salaries'of'the'Chief'of'Police'
he'had'dismissed,'not'only'because'the'dismissal'
arbitrary,'but'also'because'the'mayor'refused'to'
reinstate' him' in' defiance' of' an' order' of' the'
Commissioner'of'Civil'Service'to'reinstate.(
( '
o Nemenzo(vs(Sabillano(
- The' municipal' mayor' was' held' personally' liable'
for' dismissing' a' police' corporal' who' possessed'
the' necessary' civil' service' eligibility,' the'
dismissal' being' done' without' justifiable' cause'
and'without'any'administrative'investigation.(
( (c)'Candidates'for'the'position'of'mayor'or'vicebmayor'of'
o Rama(vs(CA(
- The' governor,' vicebgovernor,' members' of' the'
Sanggunian' Panlalawigan,' provincial' auditor,'
provincial' treasurer' and' provincial' engineer'
were' ordered' to' pay' jointly' and' severally,' in'
their' individual' and' personal' capacity,' damages'
to'some'200'employees'of'the'province'of'Cebu'
By: RLB
who' were' eased' out' from' their' positions'
because'of'their'party'affiliations.'
'
o Chavez(vs(Sandiganbayan(
- The' general' rule' is' that' public' officials' can' be'
held' personally' accountable' for' acts' claimed' to'
have'been'performed'in'connection'with'official'
duties' where' they' have' acted' ultra" vires' or'
where'there'is'a'showing'of'bad"faith.(
'
• ENFORCEMENT'OF'MONETARY'JUDGMENT'
→ What'will'the'sheriff'do'if'there'is'favorable'judgment'in'
favor'of'the'plaintiff'and'against'the'LGU?'
- 1st,' the' sheriff' will' ask' the' LGU' to' pay' in' cash' to'
satisfy'the'judgment.'
- 2nd,' if' the' mayor' will' say' that' they' will' not' pay,' to'
look' for' patrimonial' properties' because' patrimonial'
properties'are'not"exempt"from"execution.'
- 3rd,'if'there'is'no'patrimonial'properties,'especially'in'
LGU' that' are' not' that' rich,' then' the' remedy' is'
(
o Municipality(of(Makati(vs(CA(
1) Levy' on' the' patrimonial' property' of' the' judgment'
local'government'unit;'
2) When' a' municipality' fails' or' refuses,' without'
justifiable'reason,'to'effect'payment'of'a'final'money'
judgment'rendered'against'it,'the'claimant'may'avail'
of'the'remedy'of'mandamus'in'order'to'compel'the'
enactment' and' approval' of' the' necessary'
appropriation' ordinance' that' the' correspondent'
disbursement'of'municipal'funds."
"
ELECTIVE"OFFICIALS"
"
QUALIFICATIONS'
'
Section"39."Qualifications."–"
Philippines;' a' registered' voter' in' the' barangay,'
municipality,'city,'or'province'or,'in'the'case'of'a'member'
of' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan,' sangguniang'
panlungsod,'or'sangguniang'bayan,'the'district'where'he'
intends'to'be'elected;'a'resident'therein'for'at'least'one'
(1)' year' immediately' preceding' the' day' of' the' election;'
and' able' to' read' and' write' Filipino' or' any' other' local'
language'or'dialect.'
(b)' Candidates' for' the' position' of' governor,' viceb
governor,'or'member'of'the'sangguniang'panlalawigan,'or'
mayor,' vicebmayor' or' member' of' the' sangguniang'
panlungsod' of' highly' urbanized' cities' must' be' at' least'
twentybone'(21)'years'of'age'on'election'day.'
'
independent' component' cities,' component' cities,' or'
municipalities' must' be' at' least' twentybone' (21)' years' of'
age'on'election'day.'
'
69"
 (d)' Candidates' for' the' position' of' member' of' the' '
sangguniang' panlungsod' or' sangguniang' bayan' must' be' • Frivaldo(vs(Comelec"
at'least'eighteen'(18)'years'of'age'on'election'day.' - The'law'does'not'specify'any'particular'date'or'time'
' when' the' candidate' must' possess' citizenship,' unlike'
(e)' Candidates' for' the' position' of' punong' barangay' or' that'for'residence'(which'must'consist'of'at'least'one'
member' of' the' sangguniang' barangay' must' be' at' least' year's' residency' immediately' preceding' the' day' of'
eighteen'(18)'years'of'age'on'election'day.' election)'and'age'(at'least'twenty'three'years'of'age'
' on'election'day).'
(f)' Candidates' for' the' sangguniang' kabataan' must' be' at' - So' too,' even' from' a' literal' (as' distinguished' from'
least'fifteen'(15)'years'of'age'but'not'more'than'twentyb liberal)'construction,'it'should'be'noted'that'Section'
one'(21)'years'of'age'on'election'day." 39' of' the' Local' Government' Code' speaks' of'
" "Qualifications"' of' "ELECTIVE' OFFICIALS",' not' of'
2005" Bar:' In' the' May' 8,' 1995' election' for' local' officials' whose' candidates.' Why' then' should' such' qualification' be'
terms' were' to' commence' on' June' 30,' 1995,' Ricky' filed' on' March' required'at'the'time'of'election'or'at'the'time'of'the'
20,'1995'his'certificate'of'candidacy'for'the'Office'of'Governor'of' filing'of'the'certificates'of'candidacies,'as'Lee'insists?'
Laguna.' He' won,' but' his' qualifications' as' an' elected' official' was' Literally,' such' qualifications' bb' unless' otherwise'
questioned.'It'is'admitted'that'he'is'repatriated'Filipino'citizen'and' expressly' conditioned,' as' in' the' case' of' age' and'
a'resident'of'the'Province'of'Laguna.'To'be'qualified'for'the'office' residence' bb' should' thus' be' possessed' when' the'
to'which'a'local'official'has'been'elected,'when'at'the'latest'should' "elective' [or' elected]' official"' begins' to' govern,' i.e.,'
he:' at' the' time' he' is' proclaimed' and' at' the' start' of' his'
(a)'A'Filipino'citizen?'Explain.' term' bb' in' this' case,' on' June' 30,' 1995.' Thus,' if' the'
(b)'A'resident'of'the'locality?'Explain.' purpose' of' the' citizenship' requirement' is' to' ensure'
' that' our' people' and' country' do' not' end' up' being'
→ Answer:' governed' by' aliens,' i.e.,' persons' owing' allegiance' to'
- Question'(a):'The'citizenship'requirement'in'the'LGC'refer' another' nation,' that' aim' or' purpose' would' not' be'
to'that'of'“Elective”'officials,'not'of'“Candidates”,'hence,' thwarted' but' instead' achieved' by' construing' the'
this'qualification'needs'to'be'possessed'by'the'official'not' citizenship' qualification' as' applying' to' the' time' of'
at'the'time'he'filed'his'certificate'of'candidacy'but'at'the' proclamation' of' the' elected' official' and' at' the' start'
time' of' the' commencement' of' office,' after' he' takes' his' of'his'term.'
oath'of'office'and'assumes'his'post.'(Frivaldo'case)' - Therefore,' the' citizenship' requirement' in' the' LGC' is'
' to'be'possessed'by'an'elective'official'at'the'latest'as'
*FRIVALDO" DOCTRINE" –' the' date' of' repatriation' shall' of' the' time' he' is' proclaimed' and' at' the' start' of' the'
retroact'to'the'date'of'the'application'for'repatriation.' term' of' office' to' which' he' has' been' elected.'
' Registration'under'PD'725'(Repatriation)'is'valid'and'
- Question' (b):' The' term' residence' is' synonymous' with' effective'and'retroacts'to'the'date'of'the'application.'
domicile,' which' imports' not' only' intention' to' reside' in' a' Thus,'Frivaldo’s'repatriation'is'to'be'given'effect'as'of'
fixed' place' but' also' personal' presence' in' that' place,' the'date'of'his'application'therefor.'
coupled'with'conduct'indicative'of'such'intention,'at'least' "
1'year'immediately'preceding'the'election.'(Gallego'case)' B."Residence"(Residence'is'synonymous'with'“domicile”'in'election'
" laws.)"
• Qualifications:" → Residence:' (1)' temporary' –' physical' presence' for'
a) Citizen'of'the'Philippines" particular' or' temporary' purpose' or' calling;' or' (2)'
b) Registered' voter' in' the' locality/district' where' he' intends' permanent'
to'be'elected" → Domicile:'permanent'(coupled'with'animus'manendi)'
c) Resident' in' the' locality/district' where' he' intends' to' be' '
elected'at'least'1'year'immediately'preceding'the'election" • When'is'residence'temporary'or'permanent?2
d) Able' to' read' and' write' Filipino' or' any' local' language' or' - Residence' is' temporary' depending' on' the' purpose.'
dialect." It’s'not'the'length'but'the'purpose.2
e) Age:'23,'21,'18,'15b18" o If' the' purpose' for' being' there' physically' is'
' temporary,' then' that' place' is' your'
A."Citizenship" temporary' residence.' A' purpose" is"
→ Naturalbborn;'or" temporary' if' there' is' a' definite" beginning'
→ Naturalized" and'a'definite"end,'such'as:2
' - studying' (from' enrollment' to'
NOTE:'citizenship'requirement'does'not'specify'that'the'local' graduation,' unless' otherwise'
elective' official' be' a' natural' born,' unlike' the' President,' VP,' expelled'earlier.'haha)'
Senators,' House' of' Representatives,' Justices' of' the' SC,' - business'
Ombudsman' and' the' members' of' the' Constitutional' - exercise'of'profession'
Commissions' that' they' must' be' naturalbborn' Filipinos.' In' the' - working' abroad' looking' for'
case' of' local' elective' officials,' it' is' not' required.' So' even' if' a' greener'pasture.2
naturalized'Filipino'can'be'a'mayor.' 2

By: RLB 70"

 o Otherwise,' it' is' permanent.' SC' said' that' a' And' in' contrast,' while' I' am' physically' here' in' Cebu'
permanent'undertaking'or'purpose'is'to'live' City,' I' have' not' performed' acts' indicative' of' the'
in' a' family' or' conjugal' dwelling' (because' intention'to'live'permanently'in'Cebu'City'because'of'
“till' death' do' us' part”' mana' dili' mana' “till' the' following:' (1)' I’m' just' residing' in' an' apartment,'
annulment,'do'us'part.”)2 so' it’s' temporary' because' it' is' an' apartment;' (2)' I'
2 have' not' acquired' big' assets,' I' have' not' transferred'
→ For' purposes' of' Election' Law,' there' are' 2' kinds' of' my'business'here.'
domicile:' '
(1)'Domicile'of'origin'–'domicile'of'your'parents' • Proof'of'NonbAbandonement'of'Domicile'
at'the'time'of'your'birth.' - Animus'manendi'(the'intent'to'live'permanently)'and'
(2)' Domicile' of' choice' –' when' you' change' your' - Animus' revertindi' (the' intention' to' return' to' the'
domicile' of' origin' and' acquire' a' new' one,' then' domicile,' meaning,' this' presupposes' that' you' have'
that'is'now'your'domicile'of'choice.' been'absent'for'a'while)'
' '
*VERY'IMPORTANT'PRINCIPLE:'there'can'only'be'one'domicile' Another" Example:' In' lieu' with' the' previous' example,' instead'
at'a'time.'But'there'can'be'two'ore'more'residences'at'a'time.' of'running'for'mayor'in'Surigao'City,'Mr.'Tiu'is'now'running'for'
' Mayor' in' Cebu' City.' His' opponent' in' Cebu' is' questioning' his'
MCQ"Problem:"X,'a'naturalbborn'Filipino'citizen,'studied'law'in' residency'and'Mr.'Tiu'that'he'is'actually'a'resident'of'Surigao'
the'University'of'San'Carlos'in'Cebu'City'from'1990'until'1994.' City.'Therefore,'Mr.'Tiu'is'disqualified'to'run'for'Mayor'in'Cebu'
He' became' a' member' of' the' Philippine' Bar' in' 1995.' In' 1998,' City.'What'does'Mr.'Tiu'needs'to'establish'in'order'to'qualify'
he'went'to'Harvard'University'in'the'USA'and'studied'Master' to'run'for'Mayor'in'Cebu'City?'
of' Laws' (LLM)' in' International' Law.' (murag' educational' Answer:'No,'I'have'abandoned'Surigao'City'already.'
background' lagi' ni' Atty.' DBL' aaaai..)' He' finished' his' LLMb Wai'ayu'ang'Surigao'City.'Because'(1)'I'am'in'actual'
International' Law' degree' in' 2001' after' which' he' worked' as' physical'presence'in'the'new'domicile,'evidenced'by'
paralegal'of'an'American'law'firm'specializing'in'International' a' certification' issued' by' the' Brgy.' Captain' showing'
Law' practice' until' 2007.' In' 2008,' he' came' back' to' the' that'I'have'a'residence'and'community'tax;'(2)'I'have'
Philippines'and'is'now'contemplating'of'running'for'Governor' acquired'a'new'residential'house,'an'indication'that'I'
in' the' Province' of' Cebu' in' the' 2013' local' elections.' What' intent' to' live' permanently' in' Cebu' City;' (3)' I' have'
should'X'prove'in'order'to'establish'that'he'has'complied'with' asked' my' family' to' come' live' with' me' in' Cebu' City'
the'residence'requirement?'Answer:"C" and'I'have'sold'my'conjugal'dwelling'and'business'in'
' Surigao' City,' showing' my' intention' not' to' go' back'
A.' Physical' presence' in' Cebu' Province' since' 2008,' there.'
animus'manendi'in'the'Philippines,'and'animus'nonb '
revertendi'to'the'US;' • Proof' of' Abandonment' of' Old' Domicile' (Gallego( vs(
' Romualdez(Case):'
B.' Physical' presence' in' the' Philippines' since' 2008,' - Actual'physical'presence'in'the'new'domicile'
animus' manendi' in' the' Philippines,' animus' - Animus'manendi'in'the'new'domicile,'and'
revertendi'in'the'Philippines;' - Animus' nonbrevertendi' (intention' not' to' return)' to'
' domicle'of'origin'
C.' Animus' manendi' in' the' Philippines' and' animus' '
revertendi'to'the'Philippines;' *Rest'house'is'not'proof'of'the'intent'to'live'permanently,'
' on' the' contrary,' it' is' proof' of' intent' not' to' live'
D.' Animus' manendi' in' the' Philippines' and' animus' permanently.' No' matter' how' long' you' stay' in' a' rest'
nonbreventendi'to'the'US.' house,' it' shall' never' be' considered' as' a' domicile.' Why?'
' The'purpose'of'going'to'a'rest'house'is'TO'REST.'It’s'not'
Example:' Assuming' Mr.' Tiu' is' married,' his' wife' and' children' permanent,'it’s'temporary.'(The'only'permanent'purpose'
resides'in'Surigao'City'but'Mr.'Tiu'is'living'in'Cebu'City'to'study' that'has'to'do'with'rest'is'rest'in'peace.'HAHA)'–'Domino(
law.' Assuming' he' is' already' a' lawyer,' he' plans' to' run' for' vs(Comelec'
Mayor'of'Surigao'City.'His'opponent'questioned'his'candidacy' '
and'argued'that'Mr.'Tiu'is'not'anymore'a'residence'of'Surigao' • Faypon(vs(Quirino(
City' because' you' have' acquired' a' new' residence,' Cebu' City.' - Mere' absence' from' one's' residence' of' origin' –'
What'does'Mr.'Tiu'needs'to'establish'in'order'to'qualify'to'run' domicile' –' to' pursue' studies,' engage' in' business,' or'
for'Mayor'in'Surigao'City?' practice' his' avocation,' is' not' sufficient' to' constitute'
Answer:' Mr.' Tiu' has' to' established' nonb abandonment' or' loss' of' such' residence.' The'
abandonment'of'domicile.'And'it'would'require'facts' determination' of' a' person's' legal' residence' or'
to'established'such'nonbabandonment,'such'as:'(1)'I' domicile' largely' depends' upon' intention' which' may'
have' not' abandoned' my' domicile' in' Surigao' City' be' inferred' from' his' acts,' activities' and' utterances.'
because' my' wife' is' still' there' (although' I' hate' her)' The' party' who' claims' that' a' person' has' abandoned'
and'I'still'have'my'children'there'in'Surigao'City;'(2)' or' lost' his' residence' of' origin' must' show' and' prove'
We' still' have' our' conjugal' dwelling' and' business' in' preponderantly' such' abandonment' or' loss.' A'
Surigao'City.' previous'registration'as'voter'in'a'municipality'other'
'

By: RLB 71"

 than' that' in' which' he' is' elected' is' not' sufficient' to'
constitute' abandonment' or' loss' of' his' residence' of'
origin.'
- A'citizen'may'leave'the'place'of'his'birth'to'look'for'
“greener' pastures”,' as' the' saying' goes,' to' improve'
his' lot,' and' that,' of' course' includes' study' in' other'
places,' practice' of' his' avocation,' or' engaging' in'
business.'When'an'election'is'to'be'held,'the'citizen'
who'left'his'birthplace'to'improve'his'lot'may'desire'
to'return'to'his'native'town'to'cast'his'ballot,'but'for'
professional' or' business' reasons,' or' for' any' other'
reason,'he'may'not'absent'himself'from'the'place'of'
his' professional' or' business' activities;' so' there' he'
registers' as' voter' as' he' has' the' qualifications' to' be'
one' and' it' not' willing' to' give' up' or' lose' the'
opportunity' to' choose' the' officials' who' are' to' run'
the' government' especially' in' national' elections.'
Despite' such' registration,' the' animus' revertendi' to'
his' home,' to' his' domicile' or' residence' of' origin,' has'
not' forsaken' him.' This' may' be' the' explanation' why'
the' registration' of' a' voter' in' a' place' other' than' his'
residence'of'origin'has'not'been'deemed'sufficient'to'
constitute'abandonment'or'loss'of'such'residence.'It'
finds'justification'in'the'natural'desire'and'longing'of'
every'person'to'return'to'the'place'of'his'birth.'This'
strong' feeling' of' attachment' to' the' place' of' one’s'
birth' must' be' overcome' by' positive' proof' of'
abandonment'for'another.'
' more'of'imprisonment,'within'two'(2)'years'after'serving'sentence;'
• Coquilla(vs(Comelec(
- The' term' "residence"' is' to' be' understood' not' in' its'
common' acceptation' as' referring' to' "dwelling"' or'
"habitation",' but' rather' to' "domicile"' or' legal'
residence,' that' is,' "the' place' where' a' party' actually'
or'constructively'has'his'permanent'home,'where'he,'
no'matter'where'he'may'be'found'at'any'given'time,'
eventually' intends' to' return' and' remain' (animus'
manendi)."' A' domicile' of' origin' is' acquired' by' every'
person' at' birth.' It' is' usually' the' place' where' the'
child’s'parents'reside'and'continues'until'the'same'is'
abandoned' by' acquisition' of' new' domicile' (domicile'
of'choice).'
- naturalization' in' foreign' country' results' in'
abandonment' of' residency,' not' citizenship' because'
of'RA'9225'
' "
• Caasi(vs(CA(
- immigration' to' the' United' States' by' virtue' of' a'
"greencard,"' which' entitles' one' to' reside'
permanently' in' that' country,' constitutes'
abandonment'of'domicile'in'the'Philippines.'
' evidence'of'guilt'is'strong,'the'following'persons'are'disqualified'to'
• S.(Jalosjos(vs(Comelec(
- To' be' an' actual' and' physical' resident' of' a' locality,'
one'must'have'a'dwelling'place'where'one'resides'no'
matter' how' modest' and' regardless' of' ownership.'
The'mere'purchase'of'a'parcel'of'land'does'not'make'
it' one's' residence.' The' fact' that' the' residential'
structure'where'petitioner'intends'to'reside'was'still'
under' construction' on' the' lot' she' purchased' means'
By: RLB
that' she' has' not' yet' established' actual' and' physical'
residence'in'the'barangay.'
- A' temporary' stay' in' a' stranger's'house' cannot'
amount' to' residence.' Petitioner's' stay' in' the' house'
of' Mrs.' Yap' in' Brgy.' Punta' Miray' was' only' a'
temporary' and' intermittent' stay' that' does' not'
amount' to' residence.' It' was' never' the' intention' of'
petitioner' to' reside' in' that' barangay,' as' she' only'
stayed' there' at' times' when' she' was' in' Baliangao'
while' her' house' was' being' constructed.' Her'
temporary' stay' in' Brgy.' Punta' Miray' cannot' be'
counted'as'residence'in'Baliangao.'
- Approval' of' voter' registration' does'not' presupposes'
sixbmonth'residency'in'the'place'prior'to'registration.'
It' is' not' conclusive' and' at' best,' the' approval' of' her'
registration'as'a'voter'carries'a'presumption'that'the'
registrant' will' be' able' to' meet' the' sixbmonth'
residency'requirement'for'the'elections'in'which'the'
registrant'intends'to'vote.'It'does'not'prove'that'the'
registrant' has' resided' in' the' locality' for' more' than'
one'year'prior'to'the'elections.'
'
DISQUALIFICATIONS"
"
Section" 40." Disqualifications." c' The' following' persons' are'
disqualified'from'running'for'any'elective'local'position:'
(a)' Those' sentenced' by' final' judgment' for' an' offense' involving'
moral' turpitude' or' for' an' offense' punishable' by' one' (1)' year' or'
'
(b)'Those'removed'from'office'as'a'result'of'an'administrative'case;'
'
(c)' Those' convicted' by' final' judgment' for' violating' the' oath' of'
allegiance'to'the'Republic;'
'
(d)'Those'with'dual'citizenship;'
'
(e)'Fugitives'from'justice'in'criminal'or'nonbpolitical' cases' here' or'
abroad;'
'
(f)' Permanent' residents' in' a' foreign' country' or' those' who' have'
acquired' the' right' to' reside' abroad' and' continue' to' avail' of' the'
same'right'after'the'effectivity'of'this'Code;'and'
'
(g)'The'insane'or'feeblebminded.'
Additional"Disqualifications:"
R.A." 8295" (Lone" Candidate" Law):" Section" 4." Disqualification" –' In'
addition'to'the'disqualifications'mentioned'in'Sections'12'and'68'of'
the'Omnibus'Election'Code'and'Sec.'40'of'Republic' Act' No.' 7160,'
otherwise' known' as' the' Local' Government' Code,' whenever' the'
run' in' a' special' election' called' to' fill' the' vacancy' in' an' elective'
office,'to'wit:'
'
h)' Any' elective' official' who' has' resigned' from' his' office' by'
accepting' an' appointive' office' or' for' whatever' reason' which' he'
previously' occupied' but' has' caused' to' become' vacant' due' to' his'
resignation;'and'
'
i)'Any'person'who,'directly'or'indirectly,'coerces,'bribes,'threatens,'
harasses,' intimidates' or' actually' causes,' inflicts' or' produces' any'
72"
violence,'injury,'punishment,'torture,'damage,'loss'or'disadvantage' → The'disqualification'applies'if'there'is'service'of'sentence'
to'any'person'or'persons'aspiring'to'become'a'candidate'or'that'of' and' is' good' only' for' 2' years' after' service' of' sentence.'
the'immediate'member'of'his'family,'his'honor'or'property'that'is' NOT'PERPETUAL'DISQUALIFICATION.'
meant'to'eliminate'all'other'potential'candidate.' → If' you' get' convicted' with' a' crime' involving' moral'
' turpitude' by' final' judgment' and' after' serving' the'
" Sec."12,"Omnibus"Election"Code'–'insane,'incompetents,'guilty' sentence,' the' disqualification' extends' to' 2' years' after'
of'acts'of'disloyalty'to'the'government,'etc…' serving' of' sentence.' It' means' that' after' 2' years,' you'
" Sec." 68," Omnibus" Election" Code' –' vote' buying,' acts' of' become'qualified'to'run.'
terrorism,'and'other'election'offenses' → Also,' if' you' have' been' sentenced' with' final' judgment' of'
" Sec."69,"Omnibus"Election"Code'–'Nuisance'candidate' an' offense' with' a' penalty' of' “1' year' or' more”' and' after'
" service'of'sentence,'the'disqualification'stays'for'2'years.'
→ The' disqualifications' of' elective' officials' and' candidate' After'that,'you'become'qualified."
are'not'exclusively'listed'in'the'LGC.'Section'40'of'the'LGC' → The' phrase' "within' two' (2)' years' after' serving' sentence"'
is' not' the' only' source' of' grounds' for' disqualifications.' is'interpreted'and'understood'to'apply'both'to'those'who'
There' are' many' other' laws' that' also' provide' for' have' been' sentenced' by' final' judgment' for' an' offense'
disqualification." involving' moral' turpitude' and' to' those' who' have' been'
" sentenced'by'final'judgment'for'an'offense'punishable'by'
Problem:" In' 2008,' X' was' convicted' of' Violation' of' BP' Blg.' 22' one'(1)'year'or'more'of'imprisonment.'The'placing'of'the'
(Bouncing'Checks'Law)'and'was'sentenced'to'serve'a'maximum'six' comma' (,)' in' the' provision' means' that' the' phrase'
months' of' imprisonment.' X' wants' to' run' for' Governor' of' the' modifies'both'parts'of'Sec.'40(a)'of'the'Local'Government'
Province'of'Cebu'in'the'2013'elections.' Code.'
A.' Is' X' disqualified' to' run' for' local' position' by' reason' of' '
his'conviction?' • Meaning'of'Moral'Turpitude'
B.'Will'your'answer'be'the'same'if'X'had'instead'applied' ! Defined' as' everything' which' is' done' contrary' to'
for'and'was'granted'probation?' justice,'modesty,'or'good'morals;'an'act'of'baseness,'
" vileness'or'depravity'in'the'private'and'social'duties'
→ Answer:" which' a' man' owes' his' fellowmen,' or' to' society' in'
- Question' A:' Section' 40(a)' of' the' LGC' states' that' those' general.'
persons' sentenced' by' final' judgment' for' an' offense' ! Whether'it'is'“malum'prohibitum”'or'“malum'in'se”,'
involving'moral'turpitude'or'for'an'offense'punishable'by' it'is'not'the'test.'
one' (1)' year' or' more' of' imprisonment,' within' two' (2)' '
years' after' serving' sentence' is' disqualified' from' running' • Examples'of'MORAL'TURPITUDE'crimes:'
for'any'elective'local'position." → Hanrieder(vs(De(Rivera'(Bouncing'Checks'Law)"
' - The' Administrative' Code' of' 1987' provides' that'
But' the' problem' is' silent' if' the' conviction' is' by' final' conviction'for'a'crime'involving'moral'turpitude'
judgment.'And'the'phrase'“was'sentenced'to'serve”'does' is' a' ground' for' disciplinary' action.' The' Uniform'
not' mean' he' actually' served' the' sentence.' SO' QUALIFY' Rules'on'Administrative'Cases'in'the'Civil'Service'
NALANG'KA'SA'IMUNG'ANSWER…' states' that' conviction' for' a' crime' involving'
' moral'turpitude'is'a'grave'offense'and'upon'the'
Assuming'that'there'was'no'appeal,'and'he'in'fact'served' first' offense,' the' penalty' of' dismissal' must' be'
the' sentence,' he' is' disqualified' because' BP' Blg.' 22' is' a' meted'out.'Further,'this'Court'characterized'the'
violation'involving'moral'turpitude,'as'held'in'Moreno'vs' violation' of' B.P.' 22' as' a' crime' involving' moral'
Comelec.' turpitude' because' in' issuing' a' check' with' the'
' knowledge' of' insufficiency' of' funds,' it' is' a'
- Question' B:' Moreno( vs( Comelec( —' An' order/grant' showing'of'a'lack'of'moral'values.'
placing' defendant' on' probation' is' not' a' sentence' but' is' '
rather,' in' effect,' a' suspension' of' the' imposition' of' → De(la(Torre(vs(Comelec'(AntibFencing'Law)'
sentence.' The' period' within' which' a' person' is' under' - Dili' ni' katung' antibfencing' that' you' cannot'
probation'cannot'be'equated'with'service'of'the'sentence' construct' a' fence' without' permit.' Kabaw' namu'
adjudged.' Sec.' 4' of' the' Probation' Law' specifically' unsa' ni…' It’s' is' a' crime' involving' moral'
provides' that' the' grant' of' probation' suspends' the' turpitude.'
execution' of' the' sentence.' During' the' period' of' - Petitioner's'conviction'of'fencing,'which'we'have'
probation,' the' probationer' does' not' serve' the' penalty' heretofore' declared' as' a' crime' of' moral'
imposed'upon'him'by'the'court'but'is'merely'required'to' turpitude' and' thus' falling' squarely' under' the'
comply'with'all'the'conditions'prescribed'in'the'probation' disqualification' found' in' Section' 40' (a),' subsists'
order.' and' remains' totally' unaffected' notwithstanding'
' the' grant' of' probation.' In' fact,' a' judgment' of'
A." Sentenced" by" final" judgment" for" (1)" offense" involving" moral" conviction' in' a' criminal' case' ipso' facto' attains'
turpitude" or" (2)" offense" punishable" by" 1" year" or" more" of" finality'when'the'accused'applies'for'probation,'
imprisonment,"within"2"years"after"service"of"sentence." although' it' is' not' executory' pending' resolution'
" of'the'application'for'probation.'

By: RLB 73"

 ' position?' NO.' Because' the' provision' only' states,'
• Effect'of'Probation'–'refer'to'Moreno'vs'Comelec'
! If'you'apply'for'probation,'the'consequence'is'you'do'
not' serve' your' sentence.' Thus,' according' the'
Supreme' Court,' the' period' of' disqualification' could'
not'even'begin'to'run.'
" removed' before' the' effectivity' of' the' 1991' LGC,' the'
Question:" If' you' get' convicted' of' a' crime' involving' moral'
turpitude' and' this' crime' is' punished' the' RPC' with' a' penalty'
that' carries' an' accessory' penalty' of' absolute' perpetual'
disqualification' to' hold' public' office.' So' 2' years' after' serving'
your'sentence,'are'you'qualified'to'run?'
→ Jalosjos(vs(Comelec((June'18,'2013)(
- Art.'40'of'the'LGC'and'Perpetual'Disqualification'
to'Hold'Office'under'RPC'
- While' Section' 40' (a)' of' the' LGC' allows' a' prior'
convict' to' run' for' local' elective' office' after' the'
lapse' of' two' (2)' years' from' the' time' he' serves'
his' sentence,' the' said' provision' should' not' be'
deemed'to'cover'cases'wherein'the'law'imposes'
a'penalty,'either'as'principal'or'accessory,'which'
has'the'effect'of'disqualifying'the'convict'to'run'
for'elective'office.'
- Section' 40' (a)' of' the' LGC' refers' to' a' temporary'
disqualification' and' SC' has' qualified' such'
temporary' disqualification' by' the' RPC.'
Therefore,' if' the' penalty' imposed,' either' as'
perpetual' or' accessory,' is' a' PERPETUAL'
DISQUALIFICATION' to' hold' office,' it' is' a'
permanent'disqualification.'
' provides' the' qualification' sought' by' petitioner.'
B."Removed"from"office"as"a"result"of"an"administrative"case."
" must' not' be' so' construed' as' to' overreach' acts,'
→ The' removal' contemplated' here' means' that' it' is' an'
administrative' penalty.' The' official' has' been' removed'
because'he'was'disciplined'and'punished.'E.g.'misconduct'
and'other'disciplinary'grounds.'(murag2mugawas2jud2ni2sa2
exam2 kay2 ana2 xa,2 “aku2 class2 kay2 honest2 man2 ku,2 aku2
g.present2 ni2 daan2 pra2 ig.exam2 kay2 wa’i2 mahayay.2 Wa2 na2
jud2ku’i2sala2ana.2HAHAHAH)'
→ Excluded' in' this' situation' is' when' you’re' removed' from'
office' if,' for' example,' assuming' there’s' a' case' pending'
against' the' official' by' the' COMELEC,' and' you' were'
ordered'to'vacate'the'office'because'of'the'rule'that'you'
are' disqualified' to' hold' office,' it’s' not' a' removal' as' a'
result'of'an'administrative'case.'
' accordance' with' the' maxim' ubi2 lex2 non2
Problem:'X,'was'the'City'attorney'of'Cebu'City'in'1985.'He'was'
accused' of' having' received' bribes' from' businessmen' in'
exchange' for' favorable' legal' opinions.' Mayor' Y' initiated' an'
administrative' case' that' resulted' to' the' removal' of' X,'
sometime'in'1988.'X,'who'had'been'living'a'private'life'since'
1988,'is'now'planning'to'run'for'Mayor'for'the'City'of'Cebu'in'
the'2013'elections'against'Mayor'Z,'the'incumbent'mayor'and'
son' of' Mayor' Y.' Mayor' Z' is' questioning' his' eligibility' on' the'
ground'that'he'was'earlier'removed'form'office'as'a'result'of'
an' administrative' case.' X' counterbargued' that' the'
disqualification'will'not'apply'to'him'because'he'was'removed'
from'an'“appointive”,'not'from'an'“elective”'office'(OBO).'
→ At' the' time' an' official' is' removed,' is' it' necessary' to'
determine' whether' he' is' holding' an' elective'
By: RLB
“removed' from' office”,' and' SC' said' it' could' be' ANY'
office,' whether' elective' or' appointive.' Further,' SC'
held'the'provision'under'Article'40'(b)'of'the'LGC'is'a'
new'provision,'hence,'it'cannot'be'given'retroactive'
application.' Therefore,' if' the' candidate' was' earlier'
said' disqualification' will' not' apply' to' him.' But' the' if'
the' candidate' was' removed' from' office' during' the'
effectivity'of'the'LGC,'the'disqualification'applies.'
'
• Prospective" application,' thus,' only' applicable' to' those'
persons' removed' from' office' as' a' result' of' an'
administrative' case' during' the' effectivity' of' the' LGC' of'
1991,' meaning' if' removed' from' office' as' a' result' of' an'
administrative' case' before' the' LGC' of' 1991,' it’s' not' a'
ground'for'disqualification.2
→ Grego(vs(Comelec'
- There'is'no'provision'in'the'statute'which'would'
clearly' indicate' that' the' same' operates'
retroactively.'It,'therefore,'follows'that'[Section]'
40' (b)' of' the' Local' Government' Code' is' not'
applicable' to' the' present' case."' (Underscoring'
supplied).' That' the' provision' of' the' Code' in'
question' does' not' qualify' the' date' of' a'
candidate's' removal' from' office' and' that' it' is'
couched' in' the' past' tense' should' not' deter' us'
from' applying' the' law' prospectively.' The' basic'
tenet' in' legal' hermeneutics' that' laws' operate'
only' prospectively' and' not' retroactively'
A'statute,'despite'the'generality'in'its'language,'
events' or' matters,' which' transpired' before' its'
passage.' Lex' prospicit,' non' respicit.' The' law'
looks'forward,'not'backward.'
'
• Any"“office”'–'whether'removed'from'an'office'held'as'an'
elective'or'appointive'official'because'what’s'important'is'
you’ve' been' removed' as' a' result' of' an' administrative'
case.2
→ Osorio(vs(Comelec'
- Article' 40' (b)' of' the' LGC' states' "removed' from'
office"' without' any' qualification.' It' is' a' cardinal'
rule'in'statutory'construction'that'when'the'law'
does'not'distinguish,'we'must'not'distinguish,'in'
distinguit2nec2nos2distinguere2debemus.'
'
C."Convicted"by"final"judgment"for"violating"the"oath"of"allegiance"
to"the"Republic."
"
→ Espionage;'Rebellion;'Coup'd’état;'Sedition;'Treason.'
→ Apparently'the'Court'has'not'enumerated'all'offenses'or'
crimes'that'belong'to'crimes'involving'oath'of'allegiance.'
"
D."Those"with"dual"citizenship"
'
→ Dual' citizenship' here' means' dual' allegiance.' It' is' dual'
allegiance'that'is'declared'by'the'Constitution'as'inimical'
to'the'national'interest,'not'dual'citizenship,'and'must'be'
74"
 dealt' with' by' law.' Indeed' there' is' danger' in' having' a'
person' showing' dual' allegiance,' naa' man' gali' na' ang'
danger'sa'husband'showing'dual'allegiance,'dba?'Kana'na'
nuon'national'security'matters.'
' situation'in'which'a'person'simultaneously'owes,'by'
• 3'ways'of'Naturalization'in'the'Philippines:'
1)' Judicial' –' go' to' court,' but' expensive' and'
lengthy' process' because' you' have' a' lot' of'
expenses' and' must' comply' with' the' residency'
requirement' of' 10' years' or' 5' years,' as' the' case'
maybe.' And' after' judgment,' there' is' a' 2' yearb
probation'before'the'judgment'becomes'final.'
' !
2)' Direct' act' of' Congress' –' quick' but' most'
expensive' because' nothing' will' happen' to' your'
request' if' you' don’t' ask' a' congressman' to'
faithfully' and' expeditiously' process' such' bill' to'
confirm' citizenship' to' an' individual.' In' short,'
mag.under'the'table'ka'sa'congressman'kay'you'
cannot' have' it' all' man' jud' class.' Give' and' take'
situation.'You'want'it'done'swiftly,'you'pay.'
' citizenship' to' terminate' their' status' as' persons' with'
3)' Administrative' –' (applicable' only' to' aliens' or'
foreigners'born'in'the'Philippines'and'have'been'
residing'in'the'Philippines'since'birth)'Go'to'the'
special'committee'of'naturalization'at'the'office'
of' immigration.' Not' so' expensive' because' the'
filing' fee' is' only' 40K' then' 20K' for' each'
beneficiaries,' like' if' a' spouse' or' minor' children'
will' also' acquire' citizenship,' otherwise' called'
derivative'citizenship;''
' Philippine' citizenship,' such' candidates' at' the' same'
• Mercado(vs(Manzano"
! Dual'citizenship'is'different'from'dual'allegiance.'The'
former' arises' when,' as' a' result' of' the' concurrent'
application' of' the' different' laws' of' two' or' more'
states,' a' person' is' simultaneously' considered' a'
national' by' the' said' states.' For' instance,' such' a'
situation'may'arise'when'a'person'whose'parents'are'
citizens' of' a' state' which' adheres' to' the' principle' of'
jus' sanguinis' is' born' in' a' state' which' follows' the'
doctrine' of' jus' soli.' Such' a' person,' ipso' facto' and'
without'any'voluntary'act'on'his'part,'is'concurrently'
considered' a' citizen' of' both' states.' Considering' the'
citizenship' clause' (Art.' IV)' of' our' Constitution,' it' is'
possible' for' the' following' classes' of' citizens' of' the'
Philippines'to'posses'dual'citizenship:'
(1)' Those' born' of' Filipino' fathers' and/or'
mothers' in' foreign' countries' which' follow'
the'principle'of'jus'soli;'
(2)'Those'born'in'the'Philippines'of'Filipino'
mothers' and' alien' fathers' if' by' the' laws' of'
their' fathers'' country' such' children' are'
citizens'of'that'country;'
(3)'Those'who'marry'aliens'if'by'the'laws'of'
the' latter's' country' the' former' are'
considered' citizens,' unless' by' their' act' or'
omission' they' are' deemed' to' have'
renounced'Philippine'citizenship.'
There' may' be' other' situations' in' which' a' citizen' of'
the' Philippines' may,' without' performing' any' act,' be'
By: RLB
also' a' citizen' of' another' state;' but' the' above' cases'
are' possible' given' the' constitutional' provisions' on'
citizenship.'
! Dual' allegiance,' on' the' other' hand,' refers' to' the'
some' positive' act,' loyalty' to' two' or' more' states.'
While' dual' citizenship' is' involuntary,' dual' allegiance'
is' the' result' of' an' individual's' volition.' With' respect'
to' dual' allegiance,' Article' IV,' Section' 5' of' the'
Constitution' provides:' "Dual' allegiance' of' citizens' is'
inimical' to' the' national' interest' and' shall' be' dealt'
with'by'law."'
The' phrase' "dual' citizenship"' in' R.A.' No.' 7160,'
Section' 40(d)' must' be' understood' as' referring' to'
"dual' allegiance."' Consequently,' persons' with' mere'
dual'citizenship'do'not'fall'under'this'disqualification.'
Unlike' those' with' dual' allegiance,' who' must,'
therefore,'be'subject'to'strict'process'with'respect'to'
the' termination' of' their' status,' for' candidates' with'
dual'citizenship,'it'should'suffice'if,'upon'the'filing'of'
their' certificates' of' candidacy,' they' elect' Philippine'
dual' citizenship' considering' that' their' condition' is'
the' unavoidable' consequence' of' conflicting' laws' of'
different' states.' As' Joaquin' G.' Bernas,' pointed' out:'
"Dual' citizenship' is' just' a' reality' imposed' on' us'
because' we' have' no' control' of' the' laws' on'
citizenship' of' other' countries.' We' recognize' a' child'
of' a' Filipino' mother.' But' whether' or' not' she' is'
considered'a'citizen'of'another'country'is'something'
completely' beyond' our' control."' By' electing'
time' forswear' allegiance' to' the' other' country' of'
which' they' are' also' citizens' and' thereby' terminate'
their'status'as'dual'citizens.'It'may'be'that,'from'the'
point'of'view'of'the'foreign'state'and'of'its'laws,'such'
an' individual' has' not' effectively' renounced' his'
foreign'citizenship.'
! By" filing" a" certificate" of" candidacy' when' he' ran' for'
his' present' post,' private' respondent' elected"
Philippine" citizenship" and" in" effect" renounced" his"
American" citizenship," effectively" removing" any"
disqualification"he"might"have"as"a"dual"citizen.'
'
• There'are'at'least'2'ways'by'which'a'person'can'acquire'
dual'citizenship:'
a)' By' birth' –' where' there' is' a' concurring'
application'of'jus'soli'and'jus'sanguini'principles'
b)'Apply'for'naturalization'in'the'foreign'country'
and'before'availing'of'RA'9225'(Dual'Citizenship'
Reacquisition'Retention'Act'of'2003)''
'
*RA'9225:'
! elements—(1)' former' naturalbborn'
Filipino;'(2)'apply'for'naturalization'in'a'
foreign' country;' (3)' take' oath' of'
allegiance'
! are' deemed' not' to' have' lost' their'
Philippine' citizenship,' and' can' require'
it'by'taking'the'oath'of'allegiance'
! What'necessarily'is'the'consequence'to'
the' 2nd' citizenship' when' the' person'
75"
 takes' his' oath' of' allegiance' to' the'
Philippines,'when'our'laws'do'not'have'
any'effect'at'all'on'foreign'laws?'Dba?'
So' it' is' still' possible' to' have,'
technically,'dual'citizenship.'
' disqualification'to'run'for'an'elective'local'position.'
• Cordora(vs(Comelec'
! Tambunting' has' dual' citizenship.' His' trips' showed'
that'he'is'both'American'and'Filipino.'(Art.'IV)'of'our'
Constitution,' it' is' possible' for' the' following' classes'
of'citizens' of' the' Philippines' opposes' dual'
citizenship:'
(1)' Those' born' of' Filipino' fathers' and/or'
mothers'in'foreign'countries;'
(2)' Those' born' in' the' Philippines' of'Filipino'
mothers' and' alien' fathers' if'by' the' laws' of'
their' fathers’' country' such' children' are'
citizens'of'that'country;'
(3)'Those'who'marry'aliens'if'by'the'laws'of'
the' latter’s' country' the' former' are'
considered' citizens,' unless' by' their' act' or'
omission' theyare' deemed' to' have'
renounced'Philippine'citizenship.'
! Dual' Citizenship' is' not' a' ground' for' disqualification'
from'running'from'any'elective'local'position.'
! Dual' Citizenship' is' different' from' Dual' Allegiance.'
Dual' citizenship' is' involuntary' and' arises' when,' as' a'
result' of' the' concurrent' application' of' the' different'
laws' of' two' or' more' states,' a' person' is'
simultaneously' considered' a' national' by' the' said'
states.' This' means' that' a' person' who' has' dual'
citizenship' already' acquired' both' citizenships' since'
birth.'No'act'done'to'acquire'the'citizenship'Like'any'
other'naturalbborn'Filipino,'it'is'enough'for'a'person'
with' dual' citizenship' who' seeks' public' office' to' file'
his'certificate'of'candidacy'and'swear'to'the'oath'of'
allegiance' contained' therein.' Dual' allegiance' is'
brought'about'by'the'individual’s'active'participation'
in'the'naturalization'process.'Tambunting'did'not'fail'
to' meet' the' residency' requirement.' The' residency'
requirement'is'not'dependent'upon'citizenship.'
' a.'Flee'to'avoid'prosecution2
• Maquiling(vs(Comelec'(April'16,'2013;'July'2,'2013)'
! The' use' of' foreign' passport' after'renouncing' one's'
foreign' citizenship'is' a' positive' and' voluntary' act' of'
'representation' as' to' one's' nationality'and'
citizenship;' it' does' not' divest'Filipino' citizenship'
regained' by'repatriation' but' it' recants' the' Oath' of'
'Renunciation' required' to' qualify' one'to' run' for' an'
elective'position.'
! By' using' his' foreign' passport,' Arnado' positively' and'
voluntarily' represented' himself' as' an' American,' in'
effect' declaring' before' immigration' authorities' of'
both'countries'that'he'is'an'American'citizen,'with'all'
attendant'rights'and'privileges'granted'by'the'United'
States'of'America.'
! The' renunciation' of' foreign' citizenship' is' not' a'
hollow' oath' that' can' simply' be' professed' at' any'
time,'only'to'be'violated'the'next'day.'It'requires'an'
absolute' and' perpetual' renunciation' of' the' foreign'
citizenship' and' a' full' divestment' of' all' civil' and'
By: RLB
political' rights' granted' by' the' foreign' country' which'
granted'the'citizenship.'
! This'act'of'using'a'foreign'passport'after'renouncing'
one's' foreign' citizenship' is' fatal' to' Arnado's' bid' for'
public' office,' as' it' effectively' imposed' on' him' a'
! Arnado's'category'of'dual'citizenship'is'that'by'which'
foreign'citizenship'is'acquired'through'a'positive'act'
of' applying' for' naturalization.' This' is' distinct' from'
those'considered'dual'citizens'by'virtue'of'birth,'who'
are' not' required' by' law' to' take' the' oath' of'
renunciation' as' the' mere' filing' of' the' certificate' of'
candidacy' already' carries' with' it' an' implied'
renunciation' of' foreign' citizenship.' Dual' citizens' by'
naturalization,' on' the' other' hand,' are' required' to'
take'not'only'the'Oath'of'Allegiance'to'the'Republic'
of' the' Philippines' but' also' to' personally' renounce'
foreign'citizenship'in'order'to'qualify'as'a'candidate'
for'public'office.'
! This' requirement' of' renunciation' of' any' and' all'
foreign'citizenship,'when'read'together'with'Section'
40' (d)' of' the' Local' Government' Code' which'
disqualifies'those'with'dual'citizenship'from'running'
for'any'elective'local'position,'indicates'a'policy'that'
anyone' who' seeks' to' run' for' public' office' must' be'
solely' and' exclusively' a' Filipino' citizen.' To' allow' a'
former'Filipino'who'reacquires'Philippine'citizenship'
to' continue' using' a' foreign' passport' —' which'
indicates' the' recognition' of' a' foreign' state' of' the'
individual'as'its'national'—'even'after'the'Filipino'has'
renounced' his' foreign' citizenship,' is' to' allow' a'
complete'disregard'of'this'policy.'
'
E."Fugitives"from"justice"in"criminal"or"noncpolitical"crimes"here"or"
abroad"
"
→ includes' “fugitives' from' prosecution”' –' those' who' flee'
after' the' charge' to' avoid' prosecution,' which' involves' a'
question'of'intent'
'
• Fugitive'from'justice'can'be'interpreted'in'2'ways:2
b.'Flee'to'evade'punishment'
'
Problem:" X' was' an' accountant' of' a' private' company' in'
California,' USA.' The' Company,' after' suffering' from' huge'
losses,' decided' to' close' its' business' last' January' 2012.' X'
decided' to' go' back' to' the' Philippines' and' booked' last' March'
2012'a'ticket'for'a'September'9,'2012'trip'to'the'Philippines.'In'
April'of'2012,'X'accepted'a'partbtime'job'from'ABC'Financing'
Company' in' California.' X' arrived' in' the' Philippines' last'
September'10,'2012'and'is'now'planning'to'run'for'Governor'
in'the'Province'of'Cebu'next'year.'
A. Assume' that' a' case' for' Estafa' was' filed' by' ABC'
Financing'against'X'on'September'20,'2012.'
B. Assume' that' a' case' for' Estafa' was' filed' by' ABC'
Financing'against'X'on'September'8,'2012.'
'
Answer:"Rodriguez(vs(Comelec''
! A'"fugitive'from'justice"'includes'not'only'those'who'
flee' after' conviction' to' avoid' punishment' but'
76"
 likewise' who,' after' being' charged,' flee' to' avoid' US' or' became' insane.' Then' he' is' now' susceptible' to' a' quo'
prosecution."' The' definition' thus' indicates' that' the' warranto' case' filed' against' him' because' he' becomes' ineligible'
intent' to' evade' is' the' compelling' factor' that' already.'
animates' one's' flight' from' a' particular' jurisdiction.' '
And'obviously,'there'can'only'be'an'intent'to'evade' Question:' What' about' ecclesiastic?' Are' they' qualified' or'
prosecution'or'punishment'when'there'is'knowledge' disqualified?'–'DISQUALFIED.'But'what'about'Ed'Panlilio?'Why'did'
by' the' fleeing' subject' of' an' already' instituted' he' became' Governor?' Being' governor' is' not' a' municipal' official'
indictment,' or' of' a' promulgated' judgment' of' while'the'Admin'Code'refers'to'municipal'office.'
conviction.' → In' the' old' Administrative' Code,' there' was' a' provision,'
! Fugitive' from' justice"' as' a' ground' for' the' Section' 2175,' that' states' that' “in' no' case' shall' there' be'
disqualification'or'ineligibility'of'a'person'seeking'to' elected' or' appointed' to' a' municipal' office:' (1)'
run'for'any'elective'local'position'under'Section'40(e)' ecclesiastics;' (2)' soldiers' in' active' service;' (3)' persons'
of' the' Local' Government' Code,' should' be' receiving' salaries' or' compensation' from' provincial' or'
understood' according' to' the' definition' given' in' the' national'funds;'or'(4)'contractors'for'public'works'of'the'
MARQUEZ' Decision,' to' wit:' "A' 'fugitive' from' justice'' municipality.”'
includes' not' only' those' who' flee' after' conviction' to' '
avoid' punishment' but' likewise' those' who,' after' • Pamil(vs(Teleron'
being' charged,' flee' to' avoid' prosecution."' Intent' to' ! The' challenged' Administrative' Code' provision,' certainly'
evade' on' the' part' of' a' candidate' must' therefore' be' insofar'as'it'declares'ineligible'ecclesiastics'to'any'elective'
established' by' proof' that' there' has' already' been' a' or' appointive' office,' is,' on' its' face,' inconsistent' with' the'
conviction' or' at' least,' a' charge' has' already' been' religious' freedom' guaranteed' by' the' Constitution.' To' so'
filed,'at'the'time'of'flight.'Not'being'a'"fugitive'from' exclude' them' is' to' impose' a' religious' test.' Being' an'
justice"' under' this' definition,' Rodriguez' cannot' be' ecclesiastic,'therefore,'professing'a'religious'faith'suffices'
denied'the'Quezon'Province'gubernatorial'post.' to'disqualify'for'a'public'office.'
' '
*So' apparently,' even' if' you' have' received' a' demand' MANNER"OF"ELECTION"
letter'stating'that'“you'hereby'being'asked'to'return'the' '
misappropriated' amount' of' 1M' USD.' And' you' don’t' Section"41."Manner"of"Election."–"
answer' the' demand' letter' and' you' booked' a' flight,' go' (a)' The' governor,' vicebgovernor,' city' mayor,' city' vicebmayor,'
back' to' the' Philippines,' you' did' not' even' know' that' a' municipal'mayor,'municipal'vicebmayor,'and'punong'barangay'shall'
charge'was'filed'against'you.'Do'you'think'that’s'a'sound' be'elected'at'large'in'their'respective'units'by'the'qualified'voters'
threshold'that'there'must'be'a'charge?'Then'you'have'to' therein.' However,' the' sangguniang' kabataan' chairman' for' each'
establish' knowledge?' In' order' to' connect' that' the' barangay'shall'be'elected'by'the'registered'voters'of'the'katipunan'
purpose'of'the'flight'was'really'to'avoid'prosecution?'YES.' ng'kabataan,'as'provided'in'this'Code.'
' '
" Narrow' application' of' the' Principle' of' Fugitive' from' (b)' The' regular' members' of' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan,'
Justice' sangguniang' panlungsod,' and' sangguniang' bayan' shall' be' elected'
(1)'There'must'first'be'a'charge' by' district,' as' may' be' provided' for' by' law.' Sangguniang' barangay'
(2)'There'is'the'act'of'fleeing' members'shall'be'elected'at'large.' The" presidents" of" the" leagues"
(3)' Then' you' establish' knowledge' that' the' of" sanggunian" members" of" component" cities" and" municipalities"
act'of'fleeing'is'because'of'the'indictment' shall" serve" as" ex" officio" members" of" the" sangguniang"
' panlalawigan" concerned.' The' presidents' of' the' "liga' ng' mga'
F." Permanent" Residents" in" foreign" country" or" those" who" have" barangay' and' the' pederasyon' ng' mga' sangguniang' kabataan"'
acquired" the" right" to" reside" abroad" and" continue" to" avail" of" the" elected'by'their'respective'chapters,'as'provided'in'this'Code,'shall'
same"right"after"the"effectivity"of"this"Code" serve' as' ex' officio' members' of' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan,'
" sangguniang'panlungsod,'and'sangguniang'bayan.'
→ Another' disqualification' is' when' you' acquire' permanent' '
immigrant'status'abroad.' (c)' In' addition' thereto,' there' shall' be' one' (1)' sectoral'
' representative' from' the' women,' one' (1)' from' the' workers,' and'
G."The"insane"and"the"feeblecminded." one' (1)' from' any' of' the' following' sectors:' the' urban' poor,'
" indigenous' cultural' communities,' disabled' persons,' or' any' other'
→ You' know' these' people.' IT' TAKES' ONE' TO' KNOW' ONE.' sector'as'may'be'determined"by"the"sanggunian"concerned"within"
HAHAHA' ninety"(90)"days"prior"to"the"holding"of"the"next"local"elections'as'
' may' be' provided' for' by' law.' The' COMELEC' shall' promulgate' the'
VERY" IMPORTANT:' The' disqualifications' in' Section' 40' are' rules'and'regulations'to'effectively'provide'for'the'election'of'such'
CONTINUING' disqualifications.' It’s' not' that' you' only' consider' sectoral'representatives.'
Section' 40' upon' the' filing' of' the' certificate' of' candidacy' because' '
these'are'continuing.' RA"8553"c"Section'1.'Sec.'41(b)'of'Republic'Act'No.'7160,'otherwise'
' known'as'the'Local'Government'Code'of'1991,'is'hereby'amended'
Example:'So'even'if'during'his'first'term'X'was'eligible,'but'in'the' to'read'as'follows:"
middle'of'his'term'he'acquired'permanent'immigrant'status'in'the' '

By: RLB 77"

(b)' The' regular' members' of' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan,' Sec."43."Term"of"office."–"
sangguniang' panlungsod,' and' sangguniang' bayan' shall' be' elected' (a)'The'term'of'office'of'all'elective'officials'elected'after'
by'district'as'follows:" the' effectivity' of' this' Code' shall' be' three' (3)' years,'
' starting'from'noon'of'June'30,'1992'or'such'date'as'may'
b' First' and' secondbclass' provinces' shall' have' ten' (10)' be' provided' for' by' law,' except' that' of' elective' barangay'
regular'members;' officials' and' members' of' the' sangguniang' kabataan:'
b'third'and'fourthbclass'provinces,'eight'(8);' Provided,' That' all' local' officials' first' elected' during' the'
b'fifth'and'sixthbclass'provinces,'six'(6):' local' elections' immediately' following' the' ratification' of'
' the' 1987' Constitution' shall' serve' until' noon' of' June' 30,'
Provided,' That' in' provinces' having' more' than' five' (5)' 1992.'
legislative' districts,' each' district' shall' have' two' (2)' '
sangguniang'panlalawigan'members,'without'prejudice'to' (b)' No' local' elective' official' shall' serve' for' more' than'
the'provisions'of'Sec.'2'of'Republic'Act'No.'6637.' three' (3)' consecutive' terms' in' the' same' position.'
' Voluntary'renunciation'of'the'office'for'any'length'of'time'
Sangguniang' barangay' members' shall' be' elected' at' large.' The' shall' not' be' considered' as' an' interruption' in' the'
presidents' of' the' leagues' of' sanggunian' members' of' component' continuity' of' service' for' the' full' term' for' which' the'
cities' and' municipalities' shall' serve' as' ex' officio' members' of' the' elective'official'concerned'was'elected.'
sangguniang'panlalawigan'concerned.'The'presidents'of'the'liga'ng' '
mga' barangay' and' the' pederasyon' ng' mga' sangguniang' kabataan' (c)' The' term' of' barangay' officials' and' members' of' the'
elected'by'their'respective'chapters,'as'provided'in'this'Code,'shall' sangguniang' kabataan' shall' be' for' five' (5)' years,' which'
serve' as' ex' officio' members' of' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan,' shall'begin'after'the'regular'election'of'barangay'officials'
sangguniang'panlungsod,'and'sangguniang'bayan.' on' the' second' Monday' of' May' 1997:' Provided,' That' the'
' sangguniang'kabataan'members'who'were'elected'in'the'
• LCE'and'Vice'–'at'large" May' 1996' elections' shall' serve' until' the' next' regular'
• Sanggunian' Members' of' Province,' City' and' Municipality' –' by' election'of'barangay'officials.'
district" '
• Sanggunian'Members'of'Barangay'–'at'large" RA" 9164" c' AN' ACT' PROVIDING' FOR' SYNCHRONIZED' BARANGAY'
" AND'SANGGUNIANG'KABATAAN'ELECTIONS,'AMENDING'REPUBLIC'
DATE"OF"ELECTION" ACT'NO.'7160,'AS'AMENDED,'OTHERWISE'KNOWN'AS'THE'"LOCAL'
" GOVERNMENT'CODE'OF'1991",'AND'FOR'OTHER'PURPOSES'
Section"42."Date"of"Election.'–' '
Unless' otherwise' provided' by' law,' the' elections' for' local' Section'1.'Date'of'Election.'–'There'shall'be'synchronized'
officials' shall' be' held' every' three' (3)' years' on' the' second' barangay'and'sangguniang'kabataan'elections'which'shall'
Monday'of'May' be' held' on' July' 15,' 2002.' Subsequent' synchronized'
' barangay' and' sangguniang' kabataan' elections' shall' be'
→ Schedule:'Every'3'years'on'the'2nd'Monday'of'May,'unless' held' on' the' last' Monday' of' October' and' every' three' (3)'
otherwise'provided'for'by'law." years'thereafter.'
→ For' Local' Elections:' the' constitutional' mandate' is' '
synchronization" of' local' and' national' elections.' (Kida' vs' Section" 2." Term" of" Office." –The' term' of' office' of' all'
Senate'case)' barangay' and' sangguniang' kabataan' officials' after' the'
' effectivity'of'this'Act'shall'be'three'(3)'years.'
TERM"OF"OFFICE" No' barangay' elective' official' shall' serve' for' more' than'
' three' (3)' consecutive' terms' in' the' same' position:'
Constitution:"Section"8,"Article"10" –"The'term'of'office'of'elective' Provided,' however,' That' the' term' of' office' shall' be'
local'officials,'except'barangay'officials,'which'shall'be'determined' reckoned' from' the' 1994' barangay' elections.' Voluntary'
by'law,'shall'be'three'years'and'no'such'official'shall'serve'for'more' renunciation'of'office'for'any'length'of'time'shall'not'be'
than'three'consecutive'terms.'Voluntary'renunciation'of'the'office' considered'as'an'interruption'in'the'continuity'of'service'
for'any'length'of'time'shall'not'be'considered'as'an'interruption'in' for' the' full' term' for' which' the' elective' official' was'
the' continuity' of' his' service' for' the' full' term' for' which' he' was' elected.'
elected." '
' Section" 3." Registration." –' For' purposes' of' the' July' 15,'
*Thus,'involuntary'relinquishment'of'office'is'considered' 2002' synchronized' barangay' and' sangguniang' kabataan'
an'interruption'in'the'continuity'of'his'service'for'the'full' elections'provided'under'this'Act,'a'special'registration'of'
term'for'which'he'was'elected.' voters'for'the'sangguniang'kabataan'shall'be'fixed'by'the'
" Commission' on' Elections' (COMELEC).' Subsequent'
RA"8524"c"" registration'of'barangay'and'sangguniang'kabataan'voters'
Section' 1.' Sec.' 43' of' Republic' Act' No.' 7160,' otherwise' known' as' shall'be'governed'by'Republic'Act'No.'8189.'
the'Local'Government'Code'of'1991,'is'hereby'amended'to'read'as' '
follows:" Section' 4.' Assumption' of' Office.' –' The' term' of' office' of'
' the' barangay' and' sangguniang' kabataan' officials' elected'
' under' this' Act' shall' commence' on' August' 15,' 2002.' The'
term'of'office'of'the'barangay'and'sangguniang'kabataan'

By: RLB 78"

 officials' elected' in' subsequent' elections' shall' commence' '
at'noon'of'November'30'next'following'their'election.' RA"9340"c'AN'ACT'AMENDING'REPUBLIC'ACT'NO.'9164,'RESETTING'
' THE' BARANGAY' AND' SANGGUNIANG' KABATAAN' ELECTIONS,' AND'
Section' 5.' Hold' Over.' –' All' incumbent' barangay' officials' FOR'OTHER'PURPOSES'
and' sangguniang' kabataan' officials' shall' remain' in' office' '
unless'sooner'removed'or'suspended'for'cause'until'their' SECTION' 1.' Section' 1' of' Republic' Act' No.' 9164' is' hereby'
successors' shall' have' been' elected' and' qualified.' The' amended'to'read'as'follows:'
provisions' of' the' Omnibus' Election' Code' relative' to' the' '
failure' of' elections' and' special' elections' are' hereby' SECTION" 1." Date" of" Election." c' There' shall' be'
reiterated'in'this'Act.' synchronized' barangay' and' sangguniang'
' kabataan' elections' which' shall' be' held' on' July'
Section' 6.' Section' 424' of' Republic' Act' No.' 7160,' 15,' 2002.' Subsequent' synchronized' barangay'
otherwise'known'as'the'Local'Government'Code'of'1991,' and' sangguniang' kabataan' elections' shall' be'
is'hereby'amended'to'read'as'follows:' held' on' the' last' Monday' of' October' 2007' and'
" every'three'(3)'years'thereafter.'
Sec." 424." Katipunan" ng" Kabataan." –' The' '
katipunan' ng' kabataan' shall' be' composed' of' SEC.' 2.' Section' 4' of' Republic' Act' No.' 9164' is' hereby'
Filipino'citizens'actually'residing'in'the'barangay' amended'to'read'as'follows:'
for' at' least' six' (6)' months,' who' are' fifteen' (15)' '
but' less' than' eighteen' (18)' years' of' age' on' the' SEC." 4." Assumption" of" Office." c' The' term' of'
day'of'the'election,'and'who'are'duly'registered' office' of' the' barangay' and' sangguniang'
in'the'list'of'the'sangguniang'kabataan'or'in'the' kabataan' officials' elected' under' this' Act' shall'
official' barangay' list' in' the' custody' of' the' commence' on' August' 15,' 2002,' next' following'
barangay'secretary.' their' elections.' The' term' of' office' of' the'
' barangay' and' sangguniang' kabataan' officials'
Section' 7.' Section' 428' of' Republic' Act' No.' 7160,' elected' in' the' October' 2007' election' and'
otherwise'known'as'the'Local'Government'Code'of'1991,' subsequent'elections'shall'commence'at'noon'of'
is'hereby'amended'to'read'as'follows:' November'30'next'following'their'election.'
' '
Sec."428."Qualifications."–'An'elective'official'of' SEC.' 3.' Section' 5' of' Republic' Act' No.' 9164' is' hereby'
the' sangguniang' kabataan' must' be' a' Filipino' amended'to'read'as'follows:'
citizen,' a' qualified' voter' of' the' katipunan' ng' '
kabataan,'a'resident'of'the'barangay'for'at'least' SEC."5."Hold"Over."c'All'incumbent'barangay'and'
one' (1)' year' immediately' prior' to' election,' at' all'sangguniang'kabataan'officials'shall'remain'in'
least' fifteen' (15)' years' but' less' than' eighteen' office' unless' sooner' removed' or' suspended' for'
(18)'years'of'age'on'the'day'of'the'election,'able' cause' until' their' successors' shall' have' been'
to' read' and' write' Filipino,' English,' or' the' local' elected' and' qualified' Provided,' however,' That'
dialect,' and' must' not' have' been' convicted' of' barangay' and' all' sangguniang' kabataan' officials'
any'crime'involving'moral'turpitude.' who'are'ex'officio'members'of'the'sangguniang'
' bayan,' sangguniang' panlungsod' or' sangguniang'
Section'8.'Appropriation.'–'The'amount'of'one'billion'one' panlalawigan' as' the' case' may' be' shall' continue'
hundred' million' pesos' (P1,100,000,000.00)' needed' for' to' serve' as' such' members' in' the' sanggunian'
the' purpose' shall' be' charged' from' the' appropriation' of' concerned'until'the'next'barangay'election.'The'
the' COMELEC' authorized' under' Republic' Act' No.' 9162,' Liga'ng'mga'Barangay'at'the'municipal,'city,'and'
otherwise' known' as' the' FY' 2002' General' Appropriations' provincial' levels' shall,' within' thirty' (30)' days'
Act.' after' the' next' barangay' election,' conduct'
' elections' for' ex' officio' positions' in' the'
In' addition,' the' savings' of' the' COMELEC' not' exceeding' sanggunians' under' the' supervision' of' the'
three' hundred' million' pesos' (P300,000,000.00)' shall' be' Department' of' the' Interior' and' Local'
used'to'augment'said'appropriations'as'authorized'under' Government.'
COMELEC'Special'Provision'No.'2'of'the'Republic'Act'No.' '
9162.' SEC.' 4.' Section' 8' of' Republic' Act' No.' 9164' is' hereby'
' amended'to'read'as'follows:'
The' funds' mentioned' above' may' be' augmented' by' an' '
amount' not' exceeding' ten' percent' (10%)' of' the' SEC."8."Appropriations."c'The'amount'necessary'
sangguniang'kabataan'funds'reserved'pursuant'to'Section' for'the'implementation'of'this'Act'shall'be'taken'
532'(c)'of'Republic'Act'No.'7160.' from' the' appropriation' of' the' Commission' on'
' Elections' (COMELEC)' under' the' General'
Section' 9.' Applicability' of' Other' Election' Laws.' –' The' Appropriations' Act' and/or' supplementary'
Omnibus' Election' Code' and' other' existing' election' laws,' appropriations'thereafter.'
as' far' as' practicable,' shall' apply' to' barangay' and' '
sangguniang'kabataan'elections.'

By: RLB 79"

 In' addition,' the' savings' of' the' COMELEC' not' - 1998b2001:'X'was'rebelected'and'again'served'as'Mayor2
exceeding' Three' hundred' million' pesos' - 2001'Elections:'Was'X'barred'to'run'as'Mayor?'
(P300,000,000.00)'shall'be'used'to'augment'said' '
appropriations' as' authorized' under' COMELEC' Answer:' NO.' Because' the' 3bterm' limit' rule' under' the' law'
Special'Provision'No.'2'of'Republic'Act'No.'9162.' states' that' the' official' must' be' elected' for' the' same' local'
' government'post'for'3'consecutive'terms.'And'in'1993,'his'1st'
The'funds'mentioned'above'may'be'augmented' term,'he'was'not'elected'as'mayor'but'as'vicebmayor'and' he'
by' an' amount' not' exceeding' ten' percent' (10%)' just'succeeded'as'mayor'by'operation'of'law'and'not'through'
of' the' sangguniang' kabataan' funds' reserved' an'election.'
pursuant' to' Section' 532(c)' of' Republic' Act' No.' '
7160.' • Borja(vs(Comelec'
' - The' term' served' must' therefore' be' one' “for' which' [the'
→ Term' of' office' –' determined' by' the' constitution' and' official' concerned]' was' elected.”'' The' purpose' of' this'
statute2 provision' is' to' prevent' a' circumvention' of' the' limitation'
→ The' term' of' office' of' all' local' elective' officials,' except' on' the' number' of' terms' an' elective' official' may'
barangay' officials,' is' fixed' by' the' constitution.' While' the' serve.''Conversely,'if'he'is'not'serving'a'term'for'which'he'
term'of'office'of'barangay'officials'is'fixed'by'law.2 was'elected'because'he'is'simply'continuing'the'service'of'
2 the' official' he' succeeds,' such' official' cannot'be'
• Article'10,'Section'8'of'the'Constitution'–'3'years'(2006'Bar)2 considered'to'have'fully'served'the'term'not'withstanding'
• Terms'of'Barangay'Officials:2 his'voluntary'renunciation'of'office'prior'to'its'expiration.'
- RA'8524'(1998)'–'5'years2 - The'term'limit'for'elective'local'officials'must'be'taken'to'
- RA'9164'(2002)'–'3'years'up'to'3'terms'only'and'to'begin' refer' to' the' right' to' be' elected' as' well' as' the' right' to'
in'year'1994.2 serve' in' the' same' elective' position.'' Consequently,' it' is'
- RA' 9340' (2005)' –' Extended' the' term' (which' ended' on' not' enough' that' an' individual'has' served' three'
Nov.'30,'2005)'to'Nov.'30,'20072 consecutive'terms'in'an'elective'local'office,'he'must'also'
' have' been' elected' to' the' same' position' for' the' same'
NOTE:' “Holdbover' principle”' validly' applies' to' barangay' officials' number'of'times'before'the'disqualification'can'apply.'
only.' The' reason' is' that' since' barangay' officials' are' heading' the' '
most' fundamental' and' basic' political' unit' of' our' society,' Problem"2:"
pragmatism' should' allow,' otherwise,' it' would' prejudice' the' - 1988b1995:' X' was' elected' and' served' as' Mayor' for' 2'
delivery' of' basic' services' or' create' hiatus' in' government' service.' consecutive'terms2
Thus,'holdbover'is'allowed'for'barangay'officials,'but'not'allowed'to' - 1995:'X'was'rebelected'and'started'serving'as'Mayor2
all'others'unless'the'law'allows'it.'(Sambarani'vs'Comelec)2 - 1997:' Comelec' ruled' that' X' was' not' validly' proclaimed'
' and'X'stepped'down'as'ordered'by'the'Comelec.2
" - 1998'elections:'Was'X'barred'to'run'as'Mayor?2
Sec."5"RA"9164"c"Hold"Over."–"' "
All'incumbent'barangay'and'all'sangguniang'kabataan'officials'shall' Answer:'NO.'The'3bterm'limit'rule'applies'when'the'official'has'
remain' in' office' unless' sooner' removed' or' suspended' for' cause' fully'served'for'three'consecutive'terms'for'the'same'position.'
until' their' successors' shall' have' been' elected' and' qualified' But' while' serving' his' 3rd' term,' X' stepped' down' pursuant' to'
Provided,' however,' That' barangay' and' all' sangguniang' kabataan' Comelec’s' decision' that' he' was' not' validly' proclaimed,' thus,'
officials' who' are' ex' officio' members' of' the' sangguniang' bayan,' there' is' involuntary' relinquishment' of' office.' And' an'
sangguniang' panlungsod' or' sangguniang' panlalawigan' as' the' case' involuntary'relinquishment'of'office'serves'as'an'interruption'
may'be'shall'continue'to'serve'as'such'members'in'the'sanggunian' of'his'term.'
concerned' until' the' next' barangay' election.' The' Liga' ng' mga' '
Barangay' at' the' municipal,' city,' and' provincial' levels' shall,' within' • Lonzanida(vs(Comelec(
thirty'(30)'days'after'the'next'barangay'election,'conduct'elections' - Section'43'of'the'Local'Government'Code'(R.A.'No.'7160)'
for'ex'officio'positions'in'the'sanggunians'under'the'supervision'of' restates' the' same' rule,' that:' “No' local' elective' official'
the'Department'of'the'Interior'and'Local'Government."' shall'serve'for'more'than'three'consecutive'terms'in'the'
' same' position.' Voluntary' renunciation' of' the' office' for'
• Three'Term'Limit'Rule' any' length' of' time' shall' not' be' considered' as' an'
- Elements:' interruption' in' the' continuity' of' service' for' the' full' term'
(1)'That'the'official'concerned'has'been'elected' for'which'the'elective'official'concerned'was'elected.”'
for' three' consecutive' terms' in' the' same' local' - The'petitioner'cannot'be'deemed'to'have'served'the'May'
government'post;'and' 1995'to'1998'term'because'he'was'ordered'to'vacate'his'
(2)' That' he' has' Official' fully' served' three' post'before'the'expiration'of'the'term.'
consecutive'terms.' - Pursuant'to'the'constitutional'provision'above,'voluntary'
' renunciation' of' a' term' does' not' cancel' the' renounced'
Problem"1:" term' in' the' computation' of' the' three' term' limit;'
- 1993:' X,' the' VM' succeeded' Y,' the' M' who' died,' by' conversely,' involuntary' severance' from' office' for' any'
operation'of'law.'X'served'as'Mayor'until'1995.2 length' of' time' short' of' the' full' term' provided' by' law'
- 1995b1998:'X'was'elected'and'served'as'Mayor2 amounts' to' an' interruption' of' continuity' of' service.' The'

By: RLB 80"

 petitioner'vacated'his'post'a'few'months'before'the'next'
mayoral' elections,' not' by' voluntary' renunciation' but' in'
compliance' with' the' legal' process' of' writ' of' execution'
issued' by' the' COMELEC' to' that' effect.' Such' involuntary'
severance' from' office' is' an' interruption' of' continuity' of'
service' and' thus,' the' petitioner' did' not' fully' serve' the'
1995b1998'mayoral'term.'
' '
Question:'would'your'answer'be'the'same'if,'instead'of'being'
ordered'to'stepped'down'in'1997,'he'just'resigned'as'mayor?'
→ No.'My'answer'would'be'different.'In'the'same'case,'
a' voluntary' renunciation' of' a' term' does' not' cancel'
the'renounced'term'in'the'computation'of'the'threeb
term' limit.' Therefore,' X' is' deemed' to' have' fully'
served'his'3rd'term.'
' voluntary' renunciation' of' office' for' any' length' of' time'
Problem"3:"
- 1992b1998:' X' was' elected' and' served' as' Mayor' for' 2'
consecutive'terms2
- 1998:'X'ran'as'Mayor'but'lost'to'Y2
- 2000:' Y' faced' a' recall' election' and' X' was' elected' in' the'
recall'election'and'served'as'Mayor2
- 2001:'Was'X'barred'to'run'as'Mayor?'
" cannot'seek'immediate'rebelection'for'a'fourth'term.''The'
Answer:' NO.' The' 3bterm' limit' rule' refers' to' 3' consecutive'
terms.'When'X'ran'as'Mayor'but'lost'to'Y'in'1998,'he'was'not'
elected' for' 3' consecutive' terms.' There' was' no'
consecutiveness'in'this'case.'
' subsequent' election' like' a' recall' election' is' no' longer' an'
• Adormeo(vs(Comelec(
- The'term'limit'for'elective'local'officials'must'be'taken'to'
refer' to' the' right' to' be' elected' as' well' as' the' right' to'
serve'in'the'same'elective'position.'It'is'not'enough'that'
an' individual' has' served' three' consecutive' terms' in' an'
elective' local' office,' he' must' also' have' been' elected' to'
the' same' position' for' the' same' number' of' times' before'
the'disqualification'can'apply.'The'two'conditions'for'the'
application'of'the'disqualification'must'concur:'a)'that'the'
official' concernedhas' been' elected' for' three' consecutive'
terms'in'the'same'local'government'post;'and'b)'that'he'
has'fully'served'three'consecutive'terms.'
- COMELECs'ruling'that'private'respondent'was'not'elected'
for' three' (3)' consecutive' terms' should' be' upheld.' The'
continuity'of'his'mayorship'was'disrupted'by'his'defeat'in'
the' 1998' elections.' Voluntary' renunciation' of' office' for'
any' length' of' time' shall' not' be' considered' as' an'
interruption' in' the' continuity' of' service' for' the' full' term'
for' which' he' was' elected.' Voluntary' renunciation' of' a'
term' does' not' cancel' the' renounced' term' in' the'
computation' of' the' three' term' limit;' conversely,'
involuntary' severance' from' office' for' any' length' of' time'
short' of' the' full' term' provided' by' law' amounts' to' an'
interruption'of'continuity'of'service.'
- The' Court' held' that' private' respondent' cannot' be'
construed' as' having' been' elected' and' served' for' three'
consecutive'terms.'His'loss'in'the'May'1998'elections'was'
considered' by' the' Court' as' an' interruption' in' the'
continuity' of' his' service' as' mayor.' For' nearly' two' years,'
private'respondent'therein'lived'as'a'private'citizen.'
" -
" consecutive'terms2
By: RLB
Problem"4:"
- 1992b2001:' X' was' elected' and' served' as' Mayor' for' 3'
consecutive'terms2
- 2001'elections:'X'did'not'run;'Y'was'elected'Mayor2
- 2002:' Y' faced' recall' election' and' X' filed' certificate' of'
candidacy'for'the'recall'elections2
- Q:'Can'X'participate'in'the'recall'elections?'
Answer:'YES'
'
• Socrates(vs(Comelec(
- The'first'part'provides'that'an'elective'local'official'cannot'
serve' for' more' than' three' consecutive' terms.''The' clear'
intent'is'that'only'consecutive'terms'count'in'determining'
the' threebterm' limit' rule.''The' second' part' states' that'
does' not' interrupt' the' continuity' of' service.'The' clear'
intent' is' that'involuntary' severance'from' office'for' any'
length' of' time'interrupts' continuity' of' service' and'
prevents' the' service' before' and' after' the' interruption'
from' being' joined' together' to' form' a' continuous' service'
or'consecutive'terms.'
- 'After' three' consecutive' terms,' an' elective' local' official'
prohibited'election'refers'to'the'next'regular'election'for'
the'same'office'following'the'end'of'the'third'consecutive'
term.''Any'subsequent'election,'like'a'recall'election,'is'no'
longer'covered'by'the'prohibition'for'two'reasons.''First,'a'
immediate' rebelection' after' three' consecutive'
terms.''Second,' the' intervening' period' constitutes' an'
involuntary'interruption'in'the'continuity'of'service.'
- 'Based' from' the' deliberations' of' a' Constitutional'
Commission,' what' the' Constitution' prohibits' is'
an'immediate' rebelection'for' a' fourth' term' following'
three' consecutive' terms.''The' Constitution,' however,'
does' not' prohibit' a' subsequent' rebelection' for' a' fourth'
term' as' long' as' the' rebelection' is' not' immediately' after'
the' end' of' the' third' consecutive' term.''A' recall' election'
midbway'in'the'term'following'the'third'consecutive'term'
is'a'subsequent'election'but'not'an'immediate'rebelection'
after'the'third'term.'
- Neither' does' the' Constitution' prohibit' one' barred' from'
seeking' immediate' rebelection' to' run' in' any' other'
subsequent' election' involving' the' same' term' of'
office.''What' the' Constitution' prohibits' is'
a'consecutive'fourth'term.'
- The' principle' behind' the' threebterm' limit' rule' is' to'
prevent'consecutiveness'of'the'service'of'terms,'and'that'
there' was' in' his' case' a' break' in' such' consecutiveness'
after' the' end' of' his' third' term' and' before' the' recall'
election.'
'
" How"long"should"be"their"break?"
- If' you' are' to' test' the' law,' even' a' 1cday" break' will' be'
sufficient,'because'it’s'a'break'just'the'same.'Although'it'
is'not'physically'possible."
"
Problem"5:"
1992b2001:' X' was' Mayor' of' a' municipality' for' 3'
81"
 - Before' May' 2001' elections:' The' municipality' became' a'
new'city2
- 2001'elections:'X'filed'COC'for'mayor'of'the'new'city2
- Was'X'qualified'to'run'for'Mayor'of'the'new'city?'
' -
Answer:'NO.'
' concur,'to'wit:'
• Latasa(vs(Comelec(
- The' Court' noted' that' the' delineation' of' the' metes' and'
bounds' of' the' City' of' Digos' did' not' change' even' by' an'
inch'the'land'are'a'previously'covered'by'the'Municipality'
of'Digos.'This'Court'also'notes'that'the'elective'officials'of'
the' Municipality' of' Digos' continued' to' exercise' their'
powers' and' functions' until' elections' were' held' for' the'
new' city' officials.' True,' the' new' city' acquired' a' new'
corporate'existence'separate'and'distinct'fromthat'of'the'
municipality.' This' does' not' mean,' however,' that' for' the'
purpose' of' applying' the' subject' Constitutional' provision,'
the' office' of' the' municipal' mayor' would' now' be'
construed'as'a'different'local'government'post'as'that'of'
the' office' of' the' city' mayor.' As' stated' earlier,' the'
territorial' jurisdiction' of' the' City' of' Digos' is' the' same' as'
that' of' the' municipality.' Consequently,' the' inhabitants'
ofthe'municipality'are'the'same'as'those'in'the'city.'These'
inhabitants' are' the' same' group' of' voters' who' elected'
petitioner' Latasa' to' be' their' municipal' mayor' for' three'
consecutive' terms.' These' are' also' the' same' inhabitants'
over' whom' he' held' power' and' authority' as' their' chief'
executive'for'nineyears.'
- It'can'be'seen'from'Lonzanida'and'Adormeo'that'the'law'
contemplates'a'rest'period'during'which'the'local'elective'
official' steps' down' from' office' and' ceases' to' exercise'
power'or'authority'over'the'inhabitants'of'the'territorial'
jurisdiction'of'a'particular'local'government'unit.'
- To'allow'Latasa'to'vie'for'the'position'of'city'mayor'after'
having'served'for'three'consecutive'terms'as'a'municipal'
mayor' would' obviously' defeat' the' very' intent' of' the'
framers' when' they' wrote' this' exception.' Should' he' be'
allowed'another'three'consecutive'terms'as'mayor'of'the'
City' of' Digos,' petitioner' would' then' be' possibly' holding'
office' as' chief' executive' over' the' same' territorial'
jurisdiction' and' inhabitants' for' a' total' of' eighteen'
consecutive' years.' This' is' the' very' scenario' sought' to' be'
avoided'by'the'Constitution,'if'not'abhorred'by'it."
" -
Problem"6:"
- 1995b1998:'X'was'elected'and'served'as'Mayor2
- 1998b2001:'X'was'rebelected'and'served'as'mayor,'but'an'
election'protest'was'filed'against'X'in'19982
- 2001b2004:' X' was' rebelected' and' served' as' mayor,' and'
the'1998'election'protest'was'decided'against'X2
- 2004'elections:'Was'X'qualified'to'run'as'mayor?'
' June'1998,'1'July'1998'to'30'June'2001,'1'July'2001'to'30'
Answer:'NO.'For'the'following'reasons:'
(1)' ingun' ang' SC,' Hoy' Mr.' X' kung' dili' ikaw' ang' mayor' sa'
1998,'kinsa'man?'Ang'pikas?'Nga'wa'galingkud?'
(2)'He'was'a'de'facto'officer.'Whether'he'was'de'facto'or'
de' jure' officer,' he' was' still' an' officer' but' de' facto' lng.' It'
should'be'counted'against'him.'
(3)' During' electoral' protest,' whoever' is' the' protestee,'
until' the' election' process' is' decided,' is' the' presumptive'
winner.'
By: RLB
'
'
'
• Francis(Ong(vs(Comelec(
For' the' threebterm' limit' for' electivelocal' government'
officials' to' apply,' two' conditions' or' requisites' must'
(1)'that'the'official'concerned'has' been' elected'
for' three' consecutive' terms' in' the' same' local'
government'post,'and'
(2)'that'he'has'fully'served'three'(3)'consecutive'
terms.'
- The' disqualifying' requisites' are' present' herein,' thus'
effectively' barring' petitioner' Francis' from' running'
for'mayor.' His' proclamation' by' the' Municipal' Board' of'
Canvassers' of' San' Vicente' as' the' duly' elected' mayor' in'
the' 1998' mayoralty' election' coupled" by" his" assumption"
of" office' and' his" continuous" exercise" of" the" functions'
thereof'from'start'to'finish'of'the'term,'should'legally'be'
taken' as' service' for' a' full' term' in' contemplation' of' the'
threebterm'rule.'
"
" How"to"be"qualified?"
- First,' call' and' pressure' the' COMELEC' (i' don’t' know' how'
you' will' do' it)' to' come' up' with' a' resolution' before' the'
end'of'your'3rd'term."
- When' there' is' already' a' resolution,' do' not' question' it'
anymore.'Instead,'obey'it'and'you'step'down'before'noon'
of'June'30."
- After'stepping'down'as'ordered'by'the'COMELEC,'you'can'
now'avail'of'the'interruption—the'“break”'thing."
- Then' when' you' run' for' 2004' election,' you' will' be'
qualified.'It’s'as'simple'as'that."IT"WORKS!"
"
Problem"7:"
- 1995b1998:'X'was'elected'and'served'as'Mayor2
- 1998b2001:'X'was'rebelected'and'served'again'as'Mayor,'
but'a'protest'was'filed'in'19982
- 2001b2004:'X'was'rebelected'and'served'again'as'Mayor,'
but'in'July'of'2001,'the'1998'protest'was'decided'against'
X.2
- 2004' elections:' X' filed' COC' for' mayor' but' it' was'
cancelled,'although'he'won'and'was'proclaimed'Mayor2
- May'17,'2007:'X'stepped'down'as'mayor'as'ordered2
2007:'X'was'elected'again'as'mayor2
- Was'X'qualified'to'run'as'mayor'for'2007?'
'
Answer:'YES'
'
• Dizon(vs(Comelec(
- We'concede'that'Morales'occupied'the'position'of'mayor'
of'Mabalacat'for'the'following'periods:'1'July'1995'to'30'
June' 2004,' and' 1' July' 2004' to' 16' May' 2007.' However,'
because' of'his'disqualification,'Morales'was'not'the'duly'
elected' mayor' for' the' 2004b2007' term.' Neither' did'
Morales'hold'the'position'of'mayor'of'Mabalacat'for'the'
full'term.'
- Morales' cannot' be' deemed' to' have' served' the' full' term'
of'2004b2007'because'he'was'ordered'to'vacate'his'post'
before'the'expiration'of'the'term.'Morales’'occupancy'of'
82"
 the' position' of' mayor' from' 1' July' 2004' to' 16' May' 2007' Francis(Ong(case(
cannot' be' counted' as' a' term' for' purposes' of' computing' "
the' threebterm' limit.' Indeed,' the' period' from' 17' May' 2011" Bar:" Alfredo' was' elected' municipal' mayor' for' 3' consecutive'
2007'to'30'June'2007'served'as'a'gap'for'purposes'of'the' terms.' During' his' third' term,' the' municipality' became' a' city.'
threebterm'limit'rule.'Thus,'the'present'1'July'2007'to'30' Alfredo'ran'for'city'mayor'during'the'next'immediately'succeeding'
June' 2010' term' is' effectively' Morales’' first' term' for' election.'Voltaire'sought'his'disqualification'citing'the'3'term'limit'
purposes'of'the'threebterm'limit'rule.' for'elective'officials.'Will'Voltaire’s'action'prosper?'
" Latasa(case(
Problem"8:" "
- In'1994,'1997'and'2002:'X'was'elected'Punong'Barangay2 2011"Bar:"Adela'served'as'Mayor'of'Kasim'for'2'consecutive'terms.'
- 2004:' X' ran' and' won' as' municipal' councilor,' leaving' his' On'her'third'term,'COMELEC'ousted'her'in'a'election'protest'that'
post'as'punong'barangay2 Gudi,' her' opponent,' filed' against' her.' 2' years' later,' Gudi' faced'
- 2007:' X' filed' COC' for' the' position' of' punong' barangay' recall'proceedings'and'Adela'ran'in'the'recall'election'against'him.'
(the'same'barangay)2 Adela' won' and' served' as' Mayor' for' Gudi’s' remaining' term.' Can'
- Is'he'qualified?' Adela'run'again'for'Mayor'in'the'next'succeeding'election'without'
' violating'the'3bterm'limit?'Socrates(case'
Answer:'NO.' "
' VACANCIES"AND"SUCCESSIONS'
• Bolos,(Jr.(vs(Comelec( '
- Petitioner' was' elected' as' Punong'' Barangay'' for' three' Permanent"Vacancies"
consecutive' terms,' satisfying' the' first' condition' for' '
disqualification.' However,' petitioner' did' not' fill' in' or' Section" 44." Permanent" Vacancies" in" the" Offices" of" the" Governor,"
succeed' to' a' vacancy' by' operation' of' law.' He' instead' VicecGovernor,"Mayor,"and"VicecMayor."–"
relinquished' his' office' as' Punong'Barangay'' during' his' (a)'If'a'permanent'vacancy'occurs'in'the'office'of'the'governor'or'
third' term' when' he' won' and' assumed' office' as' mayor,' the' vicebgovernor' or' vicebmayor' concerned' shall' become'
Sangguniang'' Bayan'' member' of' Dauis,' Bohol,' which' is' the' governor' or' mayor.' If' a' permanent' vacancy' occurs' in' the'
deemed'a'voluntary'renunciation'of'the'Office'of'Punong' offices' of' the' governor,' vicebgovernor,' mayor,' or' vicebmayor,' the'
Barangay.' highest' ranking' sanggunian' member' or,' in' case' of' his' permanent'
' inability,' the' second' highest' ranking' sanggunian' member,' shall'
Problem"9:" become'the'governor,'vicebgovernor,'mayor'or'vicebmayor,'as'the'
- X' was' elected' mayor' 3' times' during' the' terms:' 1998b case'may'be.'Subsequent'vacancies'in'the'said'office'shall'be'filled'
2001,'2001b2004'and'2004b20072 automatically'by'the'other'sanggunian'members'according'to'their'
- In' September' 2005,' X' was' ordered' “preventively" ranking'as'defined'herein.'
suspended”'by'the'Sandiganbayan2 '
- In'2007,'X'filed'a'COC'and'ran'for'mayor.2 (b)' If' a' permanent' vacancy' occurs' in' the' office' of' the' punong'
- Was'X'qualified'to'run'for'the'2007'elections?' barangay,'the'highest'ranking'sanggunian'barangay'member'or,'in'
" case' of' his' permanent' inability,' the' second' highest' ranking'
Answer:'NO.' sanggunian'member,'shall'become'the'punong'barangay.'
' '
• Aldovino(vs(Comelec( (c)' A' tie' between' or' among' the' highest' ranking' sanggunian'
- Preventive' suspension' is' an' effective' interruption' members'shall'be'resolved'by'the'drawing'of'lots.'
because'it'renders'the'suspended'public'official'unable'to' '
provide' complete' service' for' the' full' term;' thus,' such' (d)'The'successors'as'defined'herein'shall'serve'only'the'unexpired'
term'should'not'be'counted'for'the'purpose'of'the'threeb terms'of'their'predecessors.'
term'limit'rule.' '
- “Interruption”' of' a' term' exempting' an' elective' official' For'purposes'of'this'Chapter,'a'permanent'vacancy'arises'when'an'
from'the'threebterm'limit'rule'is'one'that'involves'no'less' elective'local'official'fills'a'higher'vacant'office,'refuses'to'assume'
than'the'involuntary'loss'of'title'to'office.'An'officer'who' office,' fails' to' qualify,' dies,' is' removed' from' office,' voluntarily'
is' preventively' suspended' is' simply' barred' from' resigns,'or'is'otherwise'permanently'incapacitated'to'discharge'the'
exercising' the' functions' of' his' office' but' title' to' office' is' functions'of'his'office.'
not'lost.' For' purposes' of' succession' as' provided' in' the' Chapter,' ranking' in'
" the'sanggunian'shall'be'determined'on'the'basis'of'the'proportion'
2008" Bar:" Abdul' ran' and' won' in' the' May' 2001,' 2004' and' 2007' of' votes' obtained' by' each' winning' candidate' to' the' total' number'
elections' for' VicebGovernor' of' TawibTawo.' After' being' proclaimed' of' registered' voters' in' each' district' in' the' immediately' preceding'
VicebGovernor' in' 2004' elections,' his' opponent,' Khalil,' filed' an' local'election.'
election' protest' before' the' Commission' on' Elections.' Ruling' with' '
finality'in'the'protest,'the'COMELEC'declared'Khalil'as'duly'elected' Section"45."Permanent"Vacancies"in"the"Sanggunian."–"
VicebGovernor'though'the'decision'was'promulgated'only'in'2007,' (a)' Permanent' vacancies' in' the' sanggunian' where' automatic'
when' Abdul' had' wholly' served' 2004b2007' term' and' was' in' fact' succession' provided' above' do' not' apply' shall' be' filled' by'
already'on'his'2007b2010'term'as'Vice'Governor.'What'will'be'your' appointment'in'the'following'manner:'
advice?' (1)'The'President,'through'the'Executive'Secretary,'in'the'
case' of' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan' and' the'

By: RLB 83"

 sangguniang' panlungsod' of' highly' urbanized' cities' and' Note:" A' tie' between' and' among' the' highest' ranking'
independent'component'cities;' sanggunian' members' shall' be' resolved' by' “drawing' of'
' lots”.'
(2)' The' governor,' in' the' case' of' the' sangguniang' '
panlungsod' of' component' cities' and' the' sangguniang' • Vacancy:'How'to'fill'up?'
bayan;' ! It'depends'on'the'kind'of'LGU'and'it'depends'on'whether'
' the'one'who'“caused'the'last'vacancy”'is'a'member'of'a'
(3)' The' city' or' municipal' mayor,' in' the' case' of' political'party'or'not.'
sangguniang' barangay,' upon' recommendation' of' the' o If' not' a' member' of' political' party,' the' Sanggunian'
sangguniang'barangay'concerned.' concerned' “recommends”' to' either' the' President'
' (Prov,'HUC,'ICC)'or'the'Governor'(CC'&'Mun),'as'the'
(b)'Except'for'the'sangguniang'barangay,'only'the'nominee'of'the' case'may'be.'
political'party'under'which'the'sanggunian'member'concerned'had' o If'a'member'of'political'party,'the'party'of'the'official'
been' elected' and' whose' elevation' to' the' position' next' higher' in' who'“caused'the'last'vacancy”'shall'nominate'to'the'
rank'created'the'last'vacancy'in'the'sanggunian'shall'be'appointed' President'or'the'Governor,'as'the'case'may'be.'If'in'
in' the' manner' hereinabove' provided.' The' appointee' shall' come' the' Barangay' Sanggunian,' since' there' is' no' political'
from' the' same' political' party' as' that' of' the' sanggunian' member' party,'the'Sanggunian'concerned'recommends'to'the'
who'caused'the'vacancy'and'shall'serve'the'unexpired'term'of'the' Mayor.'
vacant'office.'In'the'appointment'herein'mentioned,'a'nomination' '
and'a'certificate'of'membership'of'the'appointee'from'the'highest' Illustration"1:'
official'of'the'political'party'concerned'are'conditions'sine'qua'non,' Mayor:'X'(XXX)2
and' any' appointment' without' such' nomination' and' certification' VicebMayor:'Y'(PPP)2
shall' be' null' and' void' ab' initio' and' shall' be' a' ground' for' Councilors:2
administrative'action'against'the'official'responsible'therefore.' 1st'A'(KKK)2
' 2nd'B'(XXX)2
(c)' In' case' or' permanent' vacancy' is' caused' by' a' sanggunian' 3rd'C'(XYZ)2
member'who'does'not'belong'to'any'political'party,'the'local'chief' 4th'D'(PPP)2
executive' shall,' upon' recommendation' of' the' sanggunian' 5th'E'(KKK)2
concerned,'appoint'a'qualified'person'to'fill'the'vacancy.' 6th'F'(Independent)2
' 7th'G'(YYY)2
(d)' In' case' of' vacancy' in' the' representation' of' the' youth' and' the' 8th'H'(XYZ)2
barangay' in' the' sanggunian,' said' vacancy' shall' be' filled' '
automatically' by' the' official' next' in' rank' of' the' organization' ! Let’s' kill' X,' the' Mayor,' so' he' dies.' How' many' vacancies'
concerned.' will'occur?'
' o 10' vacancies.' (from' the' mayor' to' the' 8th' councilor)'
• Factors'to'consider:'PbRbL2 But' that' is' not' to' say' that' you' will' fill' up' the' 10'
- Meaning'of'“permanent'vacancy”2 positions'by'different'persons'because'under'section'
- Method'of'“ranking”2 45,' the' law' already' provides' for' the' rule' on'
- Meaning'of'“last'vacancy'in'the'Sanggunian”' succession'that'the'next'in'line'will'occupy'the'vacant'
*because' whoever' caused' the' last' vacancy' in' higher'positions.'
the' sanggunian,' his' political' affiliation' will' o That'means'that'Y'will'become'the'mayor'and'A'will'
matter,' in' which' case,' his' party' will' have' the' become'the'vice'mayor.'And'so'on….'
right'to'nominate'the'official'who'will'fillbup'the' '
vacancy2 ! Who'will'fill'the'8th'councilor?'
2 o Fariñas(vs(Barba(
• Official" - There' is' only' one' rule' governing' appointments'
1) Fills'a'higher'vacant'position' to' the' Sangguniang' Barangay.' Any' vacancy'
2) Refuses'to'assume'office' therein'caused'by'the'cessation'from'office'of'a'
3) Fails'to'qualify' member' must' be' made' by' the' mayor' upon' the'
4) Dies' recommendation' of' that' Sanggunian.' The'
5) Removed'from'office' reason' is' that' members' of' the' Sangguniang'
6) Resigns' Barangay' are' not' allowed' to' have' party'
7) Permanently' Incapacitated' to' discharge' the' functions' of' affiliations.'
his'office'(either'physically'or'otherwise)' - Indeed' there' is' no' reason' for' supposing' that'
' those' who' drafted' §45' intended' to' make' the'
• Ranking" manner' of' filling' vacancies' in' the' Sanggunians,'
- Formula:' created' by' members' who' do' not' belong' to' any'
'''''''''''''''''''Votes'obtained'''''''''''''''''''''.' political' party,' different' from' the' manner' of'
Total'Registered'Voters'in'the'district' filling'such'vacancies'when'created'by'members'
(not'votes'cast)' who' belong' to' political' party' or' parties.' The'
' provision' for' the' first' must' approximate' the'
provision' for' the' second' situation.' Any'

By: RLB 84"

 difference' in' procedure' must' be' limited' to' the'
fact' that' in' the' case' of' vacancies' caused' by'
those' who' have' political' affiliations' there' is' a'
party' which' can' nominate' a' replacement' while'
there'is'none'in'the'case'of'those'who'have'no'
political' affiliation.' Accordingly,' where' there' is'
no' political' party' to' make' a' nomination,' the'
Sanggunian,'where'the'vacancy'occurs,'must'be'
considered'the'appropriate'authority'for'making'
the' recommendation,' by' analogy' to' vacancies'
created' in' the' Sangguniang' Barangay' whose'
members'are'by'law'prohibited'from'having'any'
party'affiliation.'
- Having'determined'that'appointments'in'case'of'
vacancies' caused' by' Sanggunian' members' who'
do' not' belong' to' any' political' party' must' be'
made'in'accordance'with'the'"recommendation"'
of' the' Sanggunians' concerned' where' the'
vacancies' occur,' the' next' question' is:' Is' the'
appointing'authority'limited'to'the'appointment'
of' those' "recommended"' to' him?' We' think' an'
affirmative' answer' must' be' given' to' the'
question.'
- The' appointing' authority' is' not' bound' to'
appoint' anyone' recommended' to' him' by' the'
Sanggunian' concerned.' The' power' of'
appointment' is' a' discretionary' power.' On' the'
other' hand,' neither' is' the' appointing' power'
vested' with' so' large' a' discretion' that' he' can'
disregard' the' recommendation' of' the'
Sanggunian' concerned,' Since' the'
recommendation' takes' the' place' of' nomination'
by' political' party,' the' recommendation' must'
likewise'be'considered'a'condition'sine'qua'non'
for' the' validity' of' the' appointment,' by' analogy'
to'the'provision'of'§45(b).'
- The'upshot'of'this'is'that'in'the'case'at'bar,'since'
neither' petitioner' Al' Nacino' nor' respondent'
Edward' Palafox' was' appointed' in' the' manner'
indicated' in' the' preceding' discussion,' neither' is'
entitled'to'the'seat'in'the'Sangguniang'Bayan'of'
San' Nicolas,' Ilocos' Norte' which' was' vacated' by'
member'Carlito'B.'Domingo.'For'while'petitioner'
Al' Nacino' was' appointed' by' the' provincial'
governor,' he' was' not' recommended' by' the'
Sangguniang'Bayan'of'San'Nicolas.'On'the'other'
hand,' respondent' Edward' Palafox' was'
recommended' by' the' Sangguniang' Bayan' but' it'
was' the' mayor' and' not' the' provincial' governor'
who'appointed'him.'
' Governor' Cesar' became' the' Governor' by' operation' of' law.'
! Who'caused'the'last'vacancy?'
o Navarro(vs(CA(
- The' reason' behind' the' right' given' to' a' political'
party' to' nominate' a' replacement' where' a'
permanent' vacancy' occurs' in' the' Sanggunian' is'
to'maintain'the'party'representation'as'willed'by'
the'people'in'the'election.'
- The' "last' vacancy"' in' the' Sanggunian' refers' to'
that' created' by' the' elevation' of' the' member'
formerly' occupying' the' next' higher' in' rank'
which'in'turn'also'had'become'vacant'by'any'of'
By: RLB
the' causes' already' enumerated.' The' term' "last'
vacancy"' is' thus' used' in' Sec.' 45' (b)' to'
differentiate' it' from' the' other' vacancy'
previously'created.'The'term'by'no'means'refers'
to' the' vacancy' in' the' No.' 8' position' which'
occurred' with' the' election' of' Rolando' Lalas' to'
the' seventh' position' in' the' Sanggunian.' Such'
construction'will'result'in'absurdity.'
• What'are'the'conditions'when'the'political'party'will'make'the'
nomination?''
→ Damasen(vs(Tumamao(
- The'conditions'for'the'rule'of'succession'are:'
(1)' the' appointee' shall' come' from' the' same'
political'party'as'that'of'the'Sanggunian'member'
who'caused'the'vacancy.'
(2)'the'appointee'must'have'a'nomination'and'a'
Certificate' of' Membership' (bona' fide'
membership)' from' the' highest' official' of' the'
political'party'concerned.'
- Since' the' permanent' vacancy' in' the' Sanggunian'
occurred' because' of' the' elevation' of' LDP' member'
Alonzo' to' vicebmayor,' it' follows' that' the' person' to'
succeed' her' should' alsobelong' to' the' LDP' so' as' to'
preserve'party'representation.'
'
Illustration"2:'
Mayor:'X'(XXX)'
Vice'mayor:'Y'(PPP)2
Councilors:2
1st'A'(Independent)2
2nd'B'(XXX)2
3rd'C'(PPP)2
4thD'(PPP)2
5thE'(KKK)2
6thF'(Independent)2
7thG'(YYY)2
8thH'(PPP)'
'
- Same' facts.' Let’s' kill' the' Mayor.' How' to' fill' up' the' vacancy'
when' the' official' who' cause' the' vacancy' is' an' independent'
candidate?'
o Since' there' is' no' political' party' involved,' it' is' the'
Sanggunian' who' will' nominate.' If' the' vacancy' was' in' a'
municipality,'it'is'not'the'Mayor'who'will'appoint.'But'the'
Governor'will'appoint.'If'it'is'an'independent'component'
city,' highlyburbanized' city' and' province,' it' will' the'
President' who' will' appoint.' In' the' case' of' Barangay'
Sanggunian,'the'Mayor'will'appoint.'(Fariñas(case)'
'
2008"Bar:'On'August'8,'2008,'the'Governor'of'Bohol'died'and'Viceb
Accordingly,' Benito,' the' highest' ranking' member' of' the'
Sanngguniang' Panlalawigan' was' elevated' to' the' position' of' Vice'
Governor.' By' the' elevation' to' the' office' of' the' VicebGovernor,' a'
vacancy'in'the'Sanggunian'Panlalawigan'was'created.'How'should'
the'vacancy'be'filled?'3%'
'
Answer:'Ang'answer'ni'Atty.'DBL—The'vacancy'in'this'case'may'be'
filled' depending' on' whether' or' not' Benito' is' a' member' of' a'
political' party' or' an' independent' candidate.' Then' qualify' nlng' ka.'
hahaha'
85"
" Temporary"Vacancy"in"the"Office"of"the"LCE"
Problem:'X,'Y'and'Z'were'the'candidates'for'Mayor'in'Municipality' '
of' ABC.' Y' had' earlier' filed' a' petition' for' the' cancellation' of' X’s' Section" 46." Temporary" Vacancy" in" the" Office" of" the" Local" Chief"
certificate'of'candidacy'on'the'ground'that'X'failed'to'comply'with' Executive."–"
the'6bmonth'residency'requirement.'During'the'election,'and'while' (a)' When' the' governor,' city' or' municipal' mayor,' or' punong'
the' disqualification' case' was' still' pending,' X' received' the' highest' barangay' is' temporarily' incapacitated' to' perform' his' duties' for'
number' of' votes' followed' by' Y.' Thereafter,' the' COMELEC' physical' or' legal' reasons' such' as,' but' not' limited' to,' leave' of'
disqualified' X.' W,' the' elected' VicebMayor,' insisted' the' he' should' absence,' travel' abroad,' and' suspension' from' office,' the' viceb
become' the' Mayor.' Should' W' be' allowed' to' assume' the' office' of' governor,' city' or' municipal' vicebmayor,' or' the' highest' ranking'
the'Mayor?' sangguniang' barangay' member' shall' automatically' exercise' the'
' powers' and' perform' the' duties' and' functions' of' the' local' chief'
Answer:' The' Second' Placer' rule' will' not' apply' in' this' case.' Ergo,' executive' concerned,' except' the' power' to' appoint,' suspend,' or'
applying' the' discussion' below' about' disqualifications,' the' Vice' dismiss' employees' which' can' only' be' exercised' if' the' period' of'
Mayor'cannot'assume'the'position'of'the'Mayor'because'there'is' temporary'incapacity'exceeds'thirty'(30)'working'days.'
no'vacancy.'Y'is'legally'the'true'winner.'X'is'the'debfacto'while'Y'is' '
the'debjure'officer.' (b)' Said' temporary' incapacity' shall' terminate' upon' submission' to'
' the' appropriate' sanggunian' of' a' written' declaration' by' the' local'
There'are'2'grounds'of'disqualifications:' chief' executive' concerned' that' he' has' reported' back' to' office.' In'
(1)' grounds' that' will' affect' the' validity' of' certificate' cases' where' the' temporary' incapacity' is' due' to' legal' causes,' the'
of'candidacy' local' chief' executive' concerned' shall' also' submit' necessary'
- the' grounds' refer' to' the' eligibility' to' documents'showing'that'said'legal'causes'no'longer'exist.'
become'a'candidate'(citizenship,'residency,' '
etc.)'under'section'39'of'the'LGC'and'thus,' (c)'When'the'incumbent'local'chief'executive'is'traveling'within'the'
making' his' certificate' of' candidacy' void' country' but' outside' his' territorial' jurisdiction' for' a' period' not'
from' the' very' beginning.' Thus,' making' him' exceeding'three'(3)'consecutive'days,'he'may'designate'in'writing'
not'a'valid'candidate.' the' officerbinbcharge' of' the' said' office.' Such' authorization' shall'
- The'Second'Placer'rule'will'not'apply.' specify' the' powers' and' functions' that' the' local' official' concerned'
' shall'exercise'in'the'absence'of'the'local'chief'executive'except'the'
(2)' grounds' that' will' not' affect' the' vailidity' of' power'to'appoint,'suspend,'or'dismiss'employees.'(SbAbD)'
certificate'of'candidacy' '
- refers' to' the' acts' that' the' candidate' made' (d)'In'the'event,'however,'that'the'local'chief'executive'concerned'
after' the' filing' of' the' certificate' of' fails' or' refuses' to' issue' such' authorization,' the' vicebgovernor,' the'
candidacy' (during' the' election)' like' voteb city' or' municipal' vicebmayor,' or' the' highest' ranking' sangguniang'
buying,'terrorism'or'etc….' barangay' member,' as' the' case' may' be,' shall' have' the' right' to'
- the'Second'Placer'rule'will'apply.' assume'the'powers,'duties,'and'functions'of'the'said'office'on'the'
' fourth'(4th)'day'of'absence'of'the'said'local'chief'executive,'subject'
*Under' the' Second' Placer' rule,' the' 2nd' placer,' being' the' to'the'limitations'provided'in'subsection'(c)'hereof.'
defeated' candidate,' cannot' take' the' place' of' the' 1st' '
placer' when' the' 1st' placer' gets' disqualified' because' as' (e)' Except' as' provided' above,' the' local' chief' executive' shall' in' no'
willed' by' the' people,' it' is' the' 1st' placer' who' was' chosen' case'authorize'any'local'official'to'assume'the'powers,'duties,'and'
by' them.' And' the' mere' fact' that' he' finished' second' functions' of' the' office,' other' than' the' vicebgovernor,' the' city' or'
shows' that' he' was' not' the' choice' of' the' people' so' why' municipal'vicebmayor,'or'the'highest'ranking'sangguniang'barangay'
should' he' be' allowed' to' take' the' position' of' the' 1st' member,'as'the'case'may'be.'
placer.' Therefore,' the' Second' Placer' rule' bars' the' 2nd' '
placer'to'take'the'place'of'the'disqualified'1st'placer.' • Instances:'
' - leave'of'absence2
• S.(Jalosjos(vs(Comelec' - travel'abroad2
- There'is'another'more'compelling'reason'why'the'eligible' - suspension'from'office2
candidate' who' garnered' the' highest' number' of' votes' - other'temporary'incapacity'for'physical'or'legal'reasons'
must'assume'the'office.'The'ineligible'candidate'who'was' '
proclaimed'and'who'already'assumed'office'is'a'de'facto' • In'case'of'temporary'incapacity,'the'vice'or'the'highest'ranking'
officer'by'virtue'of'the'ineligibility.' sanggunian' member' (HRS)' shall' automatically' exercise' the'
- The' rule' on' succession' in' Section' 44' of' the' Local' powers'and'functions'of'the'LCE.2
Government' Code' cannot' apply' in' instances' when' a' de' '
facto'officer'is'ousted'from'office'and'the'de'jure'officer' Problem:' Mayor' X' of' Cebu' City' went' to' the' US' for' one' month.'
takes'over.'The'ouster'of'a'de'facto'officer'cannot'create' VicebMayor'Y,'acted'as'Mayor'in'the'meantime.'
a' permanent' vacancy' as' contemplated' in' the' Local' A.' What' powers' may' and' may' not' be' exercised' by' Y?' Can' Y'
Government'Code.'There'is'no'vacancy'to'speak'of'as'the' solemnize'marriage?'YES.'
de' jure' officer,' the' rightful' winner' in' the' elections,' has' B.'While'Y'is'acting'as'Mayor'of'Cebu'City,'may'the'SP'elect'a'new'
the'legal'right'to'assume'the'position.' Presiding'officer?'YES.'
' "
'

By: RLB 86"

Answer"in"QA:' (2)' Leaves' of' absence' of' vicebgovernor' or' a' city' or'
! All' powers' and' functions' of' the' LCE' can' be' exercised' by' municipal'vicebmayor'shall'be'approved'by'the'local'chief'
the' vice' or' the' HRS,' except' the' powers' to' appoint,' executive' concerned:' Provided,' That' the' leaves' of'
suspend' or' dismiss' (SAD)' employees,' unless' the' absence' of' the' members' of' the' sanggunian' and' its'
temporary'incapacity'exceeds'30'days,'in'which'case,'the' employees'shall'be'approved'by'the'vicebgovernor'or'city'
acting'official'may'now'exercise'the'SAD'powers.' or'municipal'vicebmayor'concerned;'
! Hence,' in' People( vs( Bustamante,' the' vice' mayor' (who' '
was' the' acting' mayor)' was' held' to' have' the' power' to' (3)'Leaves'of'absence'of'the'component'city'or'municipal'
solemnize' marriage,' which' is' a' power' belonging' to' the' mayor'shall'be'approved'by'the'governor;'and'
mayor'under'the'LGC.'It’s'not'one'of'the'SAD'powers.' '
' (4)' Leaves' of' absence' of' a' punong' barangay' shall' be'
Answer"in"QB:"2 approved' by' the' city' or' municipal' mayor:' Provided,' That'
! A'VicebGovernor'who'acts'as'Governor'effectively'creates' leaves' of' absence' of' sangguniang' barangay' members'
a'temporary'vacancy'in'the'position'of'Presiding'Officer'of' shall'be'approved'by'the'punong'barangay.'
the' SP' entitling' therefore' the' SP' to' select' an' acting' '
Presiding'Officer'during'the'period'that'the'VicebGovernor' (b)' Whenever' the' application' for' leave' of' absence' hereinabove'
acts'as'Governor.'(Gamboa(vs(Aguirre)' specified' is' not' acted' upon' within' five' (5)' working' days' after'
' receipt' thereof,' the' application' for' leave' of' absence' shall' be'
Problem:'Mayor'X'of'Cebu'City'went'to'Manila'for'3'days'to'attend' deemed'approved.'
a'2bday'seminar.' '
A.'Will'Y,'the'VM,'act'as'Mayor'during'X’s'absence?'YES.' • Approved'by:'
B.' Who' shall' perform' the' powers' and' functions' of' the' Mayor' of' ! President' –' if' it' is' the' LCE' of' Province,' HighlybUrbanized'
Cebu' City' during' X’s' absence' and' what' are' the' scope' and' City'and'Independent'Component'City'
limitations'to'such'powers'and'functions?' ! LCE'–'if'it'is'the'Vice'
" ! Vice'–'if'it'is'the'Sanggunian'members'and'employees'
• How'do'you'distinguish'an'OIC'from'an'acting'official?'(gwapu' ! Governor' –' if' it' is' a' component' city' and' municipality'
ni'pangbessay'question'karun'Sunday)' mayor'
! OIC'is'to'be'designated'and'in'the'designation,'the'Mayor' ! Mayor'–'if'it'is'the'Punong'Barangay'
will'define'the'scope'of'the'powers'of'the'OIC.'Unlike'in' ! Punong'Barangay'–'if'it'is'the'SB'members'
the'case'of'an'acting'officer,'the'law'already'provides'for' '
the'kinds'of'powers'and'functions'that'he'can'exercise.' Note:"Inaction'within'5'days'–'deemed'approved.'
" "
• The"Officer"in"Charge"(OIC)"
! The' OIC' is' to' be' designated' by' the' LCE' when' he' is' DISIPLINARY"ACTIONS"
“traveling' within' the' country' but' outside' his' territorial' "
jurisdiction”'for'a'period"not"exceeding"3"days;'while'the' GROUNDS"
acting' official' shall' automatically' exercise' the' powers' of' "
the' LCE' when' he' is' traveling' outside' the' country' or' Section"60."Grounds"for"Disciplinary"Actions."–"
traveling'abroad2 An'elective'local'official'may'be'disciplined,'suspended,'or'removed'
2 from'office'on'any'of'the'following'grounds:'
! The'OIC'(which'the'mayor'may'appoint,'either'the'vice'or' (a)'Disloyalty'to'the'Republic'of'the'Philippines;'
HRS)' shall' perform' the' powers' and' functions' as' may' be' '
delegated' to' him' by' the' LCE' except' the' powers' to' (b)'Culpable'violation'of'the'Constitution;'
appoint,' suspend' or' dismiss' employees;' while' the' acting' '
official' exercises' all' powers' and' functions' of' the' LCE' (c)'Dishonesty,'oppression,'misconduct'in'office,'gross'negligence,'
except'the'SAD'powers2 or'dereliction'of'duty;'
2 '
! If'the'LCE'has'not'designated'an'OIC,'the'Vice'or'the'HRS' (d)' Commission' of' any' offense' involving' moral' turpitude' or' an'
has' the' right' to' assume' the' office' of' the' LCE' on' the' 4th' offense'punishable'by'at'least'prision'mayor;'
day'as'acting'official.2 '
" (e)'Abuse'of'authority;'
APPROVAL"OF"LEAVE"OF"ABSENCES' '
' (f)'Unauthorized'absence'for'fifteen'(15)'consecutive'working'days,'
Section"47."Approval"of"Leaves"of"Absence."–" except' in' the' case' of' members' of' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan,'
(a)'Leaves'of'absence'of'local'elective'officials'shall'be'approved'as' sangguniang' panlungsod,' sangguniang' bayan,' and' sangguniang'
follows:' barangay;'
(1)'Leaves'of'absence'of'the'governor'and'the'mayor'of'a' '
highly' urbanized' city' or' an' independent' component' city' (g)' Application' for,' or' acquisition' of,' foreign' citizenship' or'
shall'be'approved'by'the'President'or'his'duly'authorized' residence'or'the'status'of'an'immigrant'of'another'country;'and'
representative;' '
' (h)'Such'other'grounds'as'may'be'provided'in'this'Code'and'other'
laws.'

By: RLB 87"

' *You' will' notice' that' it' actually' depends' on' the' affiliation' of'
An' elective' local' official' may' be' removed' from' office' on' the' the'respondent.'If'he'belongs'to'the'Liberal'Party,'for'example,'
grounds'enumerated'above'by'order'of'the'proper'court.' like'our'incumbent'Governor,'you'don’t'file'the'administrative'
' case'in'the'Office'of'the'President.'(kapartido'man'si'Noynoy'
→ Pursuant' to' the' constitutional' mandate' that' there' must' be' a' ug'Junjun'Davide)'
provision'on'accountability'in'the'LGC.' '
→ Purpose:'To'discipline'local'elective'officials.' • Concurrent'Jurisdiction'with'the'Ombudsman'
→ It'has'the'nature'of'an'administrative'proceeding.'Therefore,'it' Alejandro(vs(Office(of(the(Ombudsman(
imposes'administrative'penalties.'And'the'highest'penalty'that' - The' Ombudsman' has' concurrent'jurisdiction' over'
may'be'imposed'is'only'SUSPENSION.' administrative' cases'which' are' within' the' jurisdiction'
→ If'you'are'to'seek'disciplinary'action,'we'have'the'ombudsman' of'the'regular'courts'or'administrative'agencies.'
or'you'can'avail'of'the'LGC'provisions.'It’s'a'choice'on'the'part' - The' Office' of' the' Ombudsman' was' created' by' no' less'
of'the'aggrieved'party.'(Concurrent'jurisdiction'sila)' than'the'Constitution.'It'is'tasked'to'exercise'disciplinary'
→ But'as'a'matter'of'rule'in'administrative'law:'The'tribunal'that' authority' over' all' elective' and' appointive' officials,' save'
first' acquires' jurisdiction' over' the' case' shall' continue' to' only' for' impeachable' officers.' While' Section' 21' of' The'
exercise' jurisdiction' to' the' exclusion' of' the' other' one.' Ombudsman' Act' and' the' Local' Government' Code' both'
Otherwise,'it'will'be'a'case'of'forum'shopping.' provide' for' the' procedure' to' discipline' elective' officials,'
' the' seeming' conflicts' between' the' two' laws' have' been'
• When'can'you'say'that'the'tribunal'has'acquired'jurisdiction?' resolved'in'cases'decided'by'this'Court.'
- The'body'where'the'complaint'was'filed'first;'AND' - we' pointed' out' that' "there' is' nothing' in' the' Local'
- Opts'to'take'cognizance'of'the'case' Government' Code' to' indicate' that' it' has' repealed,'
' whether' expressly' or' impliedly,' the' pertinent' provisions'
NOTE:" Only' the' proper' COURT' can' order' the' REMOVAL' of' the' of'the'Ombudsman'Act.'The'two'statutes'on'the'specific'
official.' matter' in' question' are' not' so' inconsistent' .' .' .' as' to'
' compel'us'to'only'uphold'one'and'strike'down'the'other."'
' The' two' laws' may' be' reconciled' by' understanding' the'
FILING"OF"COMPLAINT" primary' jurisdiction' and' concurrent' jurisdiction' of' the'
" Office'of'the'Ombudsman.'
Section"61."Form"and"Filing"of"Administrative"Complaints."–' - Any' act' or' omission' of' a' public' officer' or' employee'
A' verified' complaint' against' any' erring' local' elective' official' shall' occupying' a' salary' grade' lower' than' 27' is' within' the'
be'prepared'as'follows:' concurrent' jurisdiction' of' the' Ombudsman' and' of' the'
' regular'courts'or'other'investigative'agencies.'
(a)'A'complaint'against'any'elective'official'of'a'province,'a'highly' - In' administrative' cases' involving' the' concurrent'
urbanized'city,'an'independent'component'city'or'component'city' jurisdiction' of' two' or' more' disciplining' authorities,' the'
shall'be'filed'before'the'Office'of'the'President;' body'where'the'complaint'is'filed'first,'and'which'opts'to'
' take' cognizance' of' the' case,' acquires' jurisdiction' to' the'
(b)' A' complaint' against' any' elective' official' of' a' municipality' shall' exclusion' of' other' tribunals' exercising' concurrent'
be'filed'before'the'sangguniang'panlalawigan'whose'decision'may' jurisdiction.' In' this' case,' the' petitioner' is' a' Barangay'
be'appealed'to'the'Office'of'the'President;'and' Chairman,' occupying' a' position' corresponding' to' salary'
' grade'14.'
(c)'A'complaint'against'any'elective'barangay'official'shall'be'filed' - Since' the' complaint' against' the' petitioner' was' initially'
before' the' sangguniang' panlungsod' or' sangguniang' bayan' filed' with' the' Office' of' the' Ombudsman,' the'
concerned'whose'decision'shall'be'final'and'executory.' Ombudsman's' exercise' of' jurisdiction' is' to' the' exclusion'
' of'the'sangguniang'bayan'whose'exercise'of'jurisdiction'is'
• These' are' the' tribunals' or' offices' that' have' jurisdiction' over' concurrent.'
disciplinary' action,' if' you' are' to' file' the' administrative' case' '
under'the'Local'Government'Code:' *So' typically,' the' usual' mode' of' disciplinary' action' is' through' the'
- Office"of"the"President:'Province,'HUC'and'City' ombudsman.'For'the'following'reasons:'
- Sangguniang" Panlalawigan:' Municipality' b' appealable' to' (1)' It' is' not' expected' to' be' highly' politicized' now,'
the'Office'of'the'President' compared' to' before' when' the' it' was' administrated' by'
- Sangguniang" Panlungsod' (if' city)' or' Sangguniang" Bayan' Gutierrez'but'now'it'is'under'the'EVER'straight'and'strict'
(if'municipality):'Barangay'b'final'and'executory' retired' SC' Justice' Conchita' CarpiobMorales.' Naa' tanan!'
' Maldita,'strikta,'straight!'
→ In'the'case'of'Barangay,'the'decision'of'the'SP'is'final'and' '
executory,'unlike'in'the'case'of'a'municipality'that'it'can' (2)' if' you' tend' to' seek' imposition' of' preventive'
be' appealed' to' the' President.' But' as' you' know,' you' can' suspension,' mas' taas' ang' ombudsman,' 6' months' of'
invoke' Rule' 65' of' the' Rules' of' Court' on' the' grounds' of' preventive' suspension.' Whereas,' in' the' case' of' LGC,' 60'
grave' abuse' of' discretion' amounting' to' lack' or' excess' of' days'and'if'multiple,'90'days.'
jurisdiction.' '
' '
'

By: RLB 88"

• Rules'and'Prohibitions'during'Investigation:' (b)' Preventive' suspension' may' be' imposed' at' any' time' after' the'
(1)' Investigation' shall' commence' 10' days' after' respondent' issues' are' joined,' when' the' evidence' of' guilt' is' strong,' and' given'
answers;' the' gravity' of' the' offense,' there' is' great' probability' that' the'
(2)' Investigation' shall' be' held' only' in' the' place' where' the' continuance' in' office' of' the' respondent' could' influence' the'
respondent'holds'office;' witnesses'or'pose'a'threat'to'the'safety'and'integrity'of'the'records'
(3)"No"investigation"within"90"days"immediately"prior"to"local" and' other' evidence:' Provided,' That,' any' single' preventive'
election" and" no" preventive" suspension" shall" be" imposed" suspension' of' local' elective' officials' shall' not' extend' beyond' sixty'
within"said"period'(if'already'imposed,'it'should'be'lifted'ipso' (60)' days:' Provided,' further,' That' in' the' event' that' several'
facto);' administrative'cases'are'filed'against'an'elective'official,'he'cannot'
' be'preventively'suspended'for'more'than'ninety'(90)'days'within'a'
*2nd'rule'is'the'venue'of'the'investigation' single'year'on'the'same'ground'or'grounds'existing'and'known'at'
*What' is' important' here' is' the' 3rd' rule.' Because' this' is' to' the'time'of'the'first'suspension.'
prevent'the'mechanism'of'disciplining'an'official'as'a'method' '
or'tool'for'political'harassments.' (c)' Upon' expiration' of' the' preventive' suspension,' the' suspended'
' elective' official' shall' be' deemed' reinstated' in' office' without'
NOTE:'what'cannot'be'done'during'the'90bday'period,'mentioned' prejudice' to' the' continuation' of' the' proceedings' against' him,'
in'the'3rd'rule,'are:' which' shall' be' terminated' within' one' hundred' twenty' (120)' days'
(a)'Investigation' from' the' time' he' was' formally' notified' of' the' case' against' him.'
(b)'Preventive'suspension' However,' if' the' delay' in' the' proceedings' of' the' case' is' due' to' his'
which'means'that'if'what'is'imposed'is'already'the'PENALTY'of' fault,' neglect,' or' request,' other' than' the' appeal' duly' filed,' the'
suspension,'then'your'90bday'prohibited'period'will'not'apply' duration'of'such'delay'shall'not'be'counted'in'computing'the'time'
because' there' is' already' a' hearing' and' decision' has' already' of'termination'of'the'case.'
become'final'and'executory.' '
" (d)' Any' abuse' of' the' exercise' of' the' power' of' preventive'
NOTICE"OF"HEARING" suspension'shall'be'penalized'as'abuse'of'authority.'
' '
Section"62."Notice"of"hearing."–" → It'is'not'a'penalty;'Hence'invocation'of'due'process'is'generally'
(a)'Within'seven'(7)'days'after'the'administrative'complaint'is'filed,' not'appropriate.'
the' Office' of' the' President' or' the' sanggunian' concerned,' as' the' → Due' process' is' irrelevant.' There' is' no' denial' of' life,' liberty' or'
case' may' be,' shall' require' the' respondent' to' submit' his' verified' property'because'public'office'is'not'a'property,'public'office'
answer' within' fifteen' (15)' days' from' receipt' thereof,' and' is'a'public'trust.'
commence'the'investigation'of'the'case'within'ten'(10)'days'after' → In'Bunye(vs(Escareal(and'Ganzon(vs(CA,'SC'held'that'the'sole'
receipt'of'such'answer'of'the'respondent.' objective'of'an'administrative'suspension'is:'
' - To' prevent' the' accused' from' hampering' the' normal'
(b)' When' the' respondent' is' an' elective' official' of' a' province' or' course' of' the' investigation' with' his' influence' and'
highly' urbanized' city,' such' hearing' and' investigation' shall' be' authority' over' possible' witnesses' or' to' keep' him' off' the'
conducted' in' the' place' where' he' renders' or' holds' office.' For' all' records'and'other'evidence;'and'
other'local'elective'officials,'the'venue'shall'be'the'place'where'the' - To'assist'prosecutors'in'firming'up'a'case,'if'any,'against'
sanggunian'concerned'is'located.' an'erring'local'official.'
' '
(c)'However,'no'investigation'shall'be'held'within'ninety'(90)'days' • Authority'to'impose'preventive'suspension:2
immediately' prior' to' any' local' election,' and' no' preventive' 1) President'–'in'the'case'of'Province,'HUC'and'ICC;2
suspension' shall' be' imposed' within' the' said' period.' If' preventive' 2) Governor'–'in'the'case'of'CC'and'Municipality;2
suspension' has' been' imposed' prior' to' the' 90bday' period' 3) Mayor'–'in'the'case'of'barangay.2
immediately' preceding' local' election,' it' shall' be' deemed' 2
automatically'lifted'upon'the'start'of'aforesaid'period.' • Conditions'sine'qua'non:'(Section'63;'Joson(III(vs(CA)2
" a) Issues'have'already'been'joined;2
PREVENTIVE"SUSPENSION" b) After'filing'of'the'answer'(any'pleading'filed'whether'
" it' is' the' formal' answer' or' not),' which' may' be' in'
Section"63."Preventive"Suspension."–" various'forms'so'long'as'it'will'render'the'allegations'
(a)'Preventive'suspension'may'be'imposed:' be'considered'as'issues2
' c) Evidence'of'guilt'is'strong;2
(1)' By' the' President,' if' the' respondent' is' an' elective' d) Given' the' gravity' of' the' offense,' respondent' might'
official' of' a' province,' a' highly' urbanized' or' an' influence' witnesses' or' pose' a' threat' to'
independent'component'city;' records/evidence.'2
' '
(2)' By' the' governor,' if' the' respondent' is' an' elective' ! In'a'case,'when'are'issues'considered'joined?'What'is'an'
official'of'a'component'city'or'municipality;'or' issue?'
' Answer:'In'legal'parlance,'an'issue'is'an'allegation'that'is'
(3)' By' the' mayor,' if' the' respondent' is' an' elective' official' denied' by' the' other' party' because' allegation' that' is'
of'the'barangay.'
'

By: RLB 89"

 admitted' is' not' an' issue.' Therefore,' issues' are' joined' - Period'to'Decide'b'30days2
upon'the'filing'of'a'responsive'pleading.' - Penalty'of'Suspension'
' '
• Length'of'preventive'suspension:2 " Limitation' on' the' imposition' of' the' abovebmentioned'
- Single'offense'–'60' penalty'of'suspension:'
- Multiple'offense'–'902 - shall'not'exceed'the'unexpired'term'
" - a' maximum' period' of' six' (6)' months' per'
*In' the' case' of' the' Ombudsman,' you' can' ask' for' a' 6' months' administrative'case'
preventive'suspension.' - not'a'bar'to'candidacy'
" '
Note:" Prior' hearing' is' not' required' in' preventive' suspension' Question:'For'example,'if'before'the'expiration'of'the'term'of'
because'it'is'not'a'penalty'and'will'not'violate'due'process' the' Governor,' which' expires' on' noon' of' June' 30,' 2013,' and'
2 the'suspension'was'imposed'on'March'2013,'so'the'6'months'
• Why'is'the'preventive'suspension'under'the'LGC'shorter?' suspension' was' not' fully' consumed/served.' Can' it' be' carried'
Garcia(vs(Mojica' over,'assuming'that'the'Governor'gets'reelected?'
- Under' the' LGC,' preventive' suspension' may' only' be' → NO'because'of'the'limitation'that'it"shall"not"exceed"the"
imposed' after' the' issues' are' joined,' and' only' for' a' unexpired"term.'
maximum' period' of' sixty' days.' Here,' petitioner' was' '
suspended' without' having' had' the' chance' to' refute' first' Question:" What' is' an' instance' that' bars' a' person' for'
the'charges'against'him,'and'for'the'maximum'period'of' candidacy?'
six' months' provided' by' the' Ombudsman' Law.' But' → Penalty'of'REMOVAL'from'office'under'Section'40'of'the'
administrative' complaints' commenced' under' the' LGC.' Provided' that' the' removal' was' a' result' of:' (1)' an'
Ombudsman' Law' are' distinct' from' those' initiated' under' administrative' case' and' (1)' it' was' made' or' effected'
the' Local' Government' Code.' The' shorter' period' of' during'the'effectivity'of'the'LGC'of'1991.'
suspension'under'the'Local'Government'Code'is'intended' '
to'limit'the'period'of'suspension'that'may'be'imposed'by' • Aguinaldo"Doctrine'
a' mayor,' a' governor,' or' the' President,' who' may' be' - The' philosophy' behind' this' doctrine' is' the' principle" of"
motivated'by'partisan'political'considerations.'In'contrast' condonation.' Wherein' a' misconduct' committed' by' an'
the' Ombudsman,' who' can' impose' a' longer' period' of' elected' public' official' during' a' prior' term' will' be'
preventive' suspension,' is' not' likely' to' be' similarly' considered' as' having' been' condoned' or' forgiven' by' the'
motivated' because' it' is' a' constitutional' body.' The' electorates,' if' the' said' elective' official' happens' to' be'
distinction' is' valid' but' not' decisive' of' whether' there' has' reelected.'
been' grave' abuse' of' discretion' in' a' specific' case' of' - It' is' called' “Aguinaldo' Doctrine”' not' because' it' was' a'
preventive'suspension.' landmark' case' but' simply' because' the' Aguinaldo' vs'
' Santos'case'was'the'first'case'that'applied'the'principle'of'
' condonation'after'the'effectivity'of'the'1987'Constitution'
SALARY"OF"RESPONDENT"PENDING"PREVENTION"SUSPENSION" and'the'LGC'of'1991.'
" - Applies'only'in'an'administrative'proceeding.'
Section" 64." Salary" of" Respondent" Pending" Suspension." c' The' "
respondent' official' preventively' suspended' from' office' shall' • Aguinaldo(vs(Santos"
receive' no' salary' or' compensation' during' such' suspension;' but' - The' rule' is' that' a' public' official' cannot' be' removed' for'
upon'subsequent'exoneration'and'reinstatement,'he'shall'be'paid' administrative' misconduct' committed' during' a' prior'
full' salary' or' compensation' including' such' emoluments' accruing' term,' since' his' rebelection' to' office' operates' as' a'
during'such'suspension.' condonation' of' the' officer's' previous' misconduct' to' the'
' extent' of' cutting' off' the' right' to' remove' him' therefrom.'
" The' foregoing' rule,' however,' finds' no' application' to'
RIGHTS"OF"THE"RESPONDENT" criminal'cases'pending'against'petitioner'for'acts'he'may'
" have'committed'during'the'failed'coup.'
Section" 65." Rights" of" Respondent." c" The' respondent' shall' be' - It' applies' only' to' administrative' case' for' misconduct,' so'
accorded'full'opportunity'to'appear'and'defend'himself'in'person' the'official'may'still'be'held'criminally'or'civilly'liable'for'
or'by'counsel,'to'confront'and'crossbexamine'the'witnesses'against' the'same'act'under'the'“Threebfold'Liability'Rule”.'
him,' and' to' require' the' attendance' of' witnesses' and' the' '
production' of' documentary' process' of' subpoena' or' subpoena' • ThreebFold'Liability'Rule'
duces'tecum.' - For'a'single'and'the'same'act'of'misconduct,'it'may'give'
" rise' to' at' least' 3' cases:' (1)' Administrative' case;' (2)'
• Rights:' Criminal'case;'or'(3)'a'civil'case.'
- Hearing2 - These'cases'are'separate,'distinct'and'independent'from'
- Counsel2 each' other.' Thus,' it' means' that' the' outcome' of' 1' case'
- CrossbExamine'witnesses2 should' not' affect' the' other' cases.' Such' as' when' there' is'
- Compulsory'Process2 an' acquittal' in' the' criminal' case,' the' said' decision' of'
- Period'of'Investigation'b'90days2

By: RLB 90"

 acquittal' cannot' be' considered' as' basis' for' the' dismissal'
of'the'administrative'and'the'civil'cases.'
- More'so,'these'3'cases'observe'different'degrees'of'proof'
required:'
o In' criminal" cases,' you' need' proof' of' guilt'
beyond'reasonable'doubt.'
o In' civil" cases,' you' need' preponderance' of'
evidence.'
o In' administrative" case,' you' only' need' mere'
substantial' evidence,' which' is' defined' as'
evidence' that' any' reasonable' mind' may' accept'
as' sufficient' and' logical' to' support' in' making' a'
conclusion.'
' erring' elective' local' officials' from' service' is' lodged'
NOTE:"Hierarchy'in'the'degrees'of'proof'required:'
(1)'Proof'beyond'reasonable'doubt'
(2)'Preponderance'of'evidence'
(3)' Clear' and' convincing' evidence,' in'
special'cases'like'extradition'
(4)'Mere'substantial'evidence.'
" through' the' exercise' of' their' constitutional' right' of'
Atty' DBL’s' side' discussion:' Therefore,' it' seems' that' the'
principle' of' condonation' or' otherwise' called' Aguinaldo'
Doctrine'means'that'if'you'condone'and'forgive'a'person'it'is'
but'essential'that'the'person'granting'such'forgiveness'should'
have'known'the'commission'of'the'act.'Otherwise,'unsa'man'
iyang'i.forgive'kung'wa'siya’y'knowledge."
" -
Also,' there' are' some' opinions' and' done' in' actual' practices'
where' an' official' is' allowed' to' avail' the' Aguinaldo' Doctrine'
even' if' it' is' not' a' case' of' reelection.' Like' when' a' mayor'
committed'misconduct'during'his'mayoralty'term'and'after'his'
term,'the'mayor'becomes'a'governor,'or'member'of'provincial'
board,' or' congressman.' But' it' shouldn’t' be' like' that' because'
the' priniciple' of' condonation' should' only' be' applied' when'
there'is'reelection.'Even'in'the'US.'I'took'pain'on'researching'
on' that.' It' has' to' be' the' same' constituents' and' the' same'
office.'
" local' official' be' done' only' after' a' trial' before' the'
• Garcia(vs(Mojica"
! The'alleged'misconduct'(signing'of'irregular'contract)'was'
committed' 4' days' before' election' day' and' it' was' not'
known'to'the'public/voter'until'Mayor'Garcia'was'already'
rebelected'and'served'his'new'term."
! It' was' argued' that' since' the' electorates' did' not' have'
knowledge'of'such'misconduct'at'the'time'they'voted'for'
Garcia,' it' could' not' be' said' that' they' had' condoned' the'
misconduct'of'Garcia.'
! Supreme' Court' disagreed' because' it' is' really' impossible'
to' determine' actual' or' lack' of' knowledge' by' the'
electorates' about' the' misconduct' at' the' time' they' cast'
their' votes.' What' can' be' determined' is' that' the'
misconduct'was'committed'during'a'prior'term.'The" fact"
that" the" misconduct" was" committed" during" the" prior"
term,'Aguinaldo'Doctrine'applies.'
" Section' 60' of' the' Local' Government' Code.' Thus,' if' the'
NOTE:'AGUINALDO'DOCTRINE'DOES'NOT'APPLY'TO'AN'APPOINTED'
OFFICIAL' WHO' COMMITTED' MISCONDUCT' WHILE' IN' HIS'
APPOINTIVE' OFFICE' AND' WHO' WAS' LATER' ON' ELECTED' INTO'
OFFICE.'
- It'should'be'rebelection'
- Same'constituents'
By: RLB
- Same'office'
'
2011" Bar:" Governor' Paloma' was' administratively' charged' with'
abuse' of' authority' before' the' Office' of' the' President.' Pending'
hearing,' he' ran' for' rebelection' and' won' a' second' term.' He' then'
moved' to' dismiss' the' charged' against' him' based' on' this'
supervening'event.'Should'the'motion'be'granted?'YES.'
- Apply'the'Aguinaldo'Doctrine'
'
• Sangguniang(Barangay(of(Don(Mariano(Marcos(vs(Martinez'
- Only'the'court'(RTC,'CA'or'Sandiganbayan)'can'remove'an'
elected'official.'
- It' is' beyond' cavil,' therefore,' that' the' power' to' remove'
exclusively' with' the' courts.' The' law' on' suspension' or'
removal' of' elective' public' officials' must' be' strictly'
construed' and' applied,' and' the' authority' in' whom' such'
power'of'suspension'or'removal'is'vested'must'exercise'it'
with'utmost'good'faith,'for'what'is'involved'is'not'just'an'
ordinary' public' official' but' one' chosen' by' the' people'
suffrage.' Their' will' must' not' be' put' to' naught' by' the'
caprice' or' partisanship' of' the' disciplining' authority.'
Where' the' disciplining' authority' is' given' only' the' power'
to'suspend'and'not'the'power'to'remove,'it'should'not'be'
permitted' to' manipulate' the' law' by' usurping' the' power'
to'remove.'
The'rule'which'confers'to'the'proper'courts'the'power'to'
remove'an'elective'local'official'from'office'is'intended'as'
a'check'against'any'capriciousness'or'partisan'activity'by'
the' disciplining' authority.' Vesting' the' local' legislative'
body' with' the' power' to' decide' whether' or' not' a' local'
chief' executive' may' be' removed' from' office,' and' only'
relegating' to' the' courts' a' mandatory' duty' to' implement'
the' decision,' would' still' not' free' the' resolution' of' the'
case' from' the' capriciousness' or' partisanship' of' the'
disciplining'authority.'
- Congress' clearly' meant' that' the' removal' of' an' elective'
appropriate' court,' where' court' rules' of' procedure' and'
evidence'can'ensure'impartiality'and'fairness'and'protect'
against' political' maneuverings.' Elevating' the' removal' of'
an' elective' local' official' from' office' from' an'
administrative'case'to'a'court'case'may'be'justified'by'the'
fact' that' such' removal' not' only' punishes' the' official'
concerned' but' also,' in' effect,' deprives' the' electorate' of'
the'services'of'the'official'for'whom'they'voted.'
- As' the' law' stands,' Section' 61' of' the' Local' Government'
Code' provides' for' the' procedure' for' the' filing' of' an'
administrative' case' against' an' erring' elective' barangay'
official' before' the' Sangguniang' Panlungsod' or'
Sangguniang' Bayan.' However,' the' Sangguniang'
Panlungsod' or' Sangguniang' Bayan' cannot' order' the'
removal'of'an'erring'elective'barangay'official'from'office,'
as'the'courts'are'exclusively'vested'with'this'power'under'
acts'allegedly'committed'by'the'barangay'official'are'of'a'
grave'nature'and,'if'found'guilty,'would'merit'the'penalty'
of'removal'from'office,'the'case'should'be'filed'with'the'
regional'trial'court.'Once'the'court'assumes'jurisdiction,'it'
retains' jurisdiction' over' the' case' even' if' it' would' be'
subsequently'apparent'during'the'trial'that'a'penalty'less'
91"
 than' removal' from' office' is' appropriate.' On' the' other' '
hand,' the' most' extreme' penalty' that' the' Sangguniang' Section"70."Initiation"of"the"Recall"Process."—"(as'amended'by'RA'
Panlungsod' or' Sangguniang' Bayan' may' impose' on' the' 9244)'
erring'elective'barangay'official'is'suspension;'if'it'deems' (a)'The'Recall'of'any'elective'provincial,'city,'municipal'or'barangay'
that'the'removal'of'the'official'from'service'is'warranted,' official' shall' be' commenced' by' a' petition' of' a' registered' voter' in'
then' it' can' resolve' that' the' proper' charges' be' filed' in' the' local' government' unit' concerned' and' supported' by' the'
court.' registered' voters' in' the' local' government' unit' concerned' during'
" the' election' in' which' the' local' official' sought' to' be' recalled' was'
PENALTY"AND"ITS"EFFECTS" elected'subject'to'the'following'percentage'requirements:'
" '
Section"66."Form"and"Notice"of"Decision."–" (1)'At'least'twentybfive'percent'(25%)'in'the'case'of'local'
(a)'The'investigation'of'the'case'shall'be'terminated'within'ninety' government' units' with' a' voting' population' of' not' more'
(90)' days' from' the' start' thereof.' Within' thirty' (30)' days' after' the' than'twenty'thousand'(20,000);'
end' of' the' investigation,' the' Office' of' the' President' or' the' '
sanggunian' concerned' shall' render' a' decision' in' writing' stating' (2)' At' least' twenty' percent' (20%)' in' the' case' of' local'
clearly' and' distinctly' the' facts' and' the' reasons' for' such' decision.' government' units' with' a' voting' population' of' at' least'
Copies' of' said' decision' shall' immediately' be' furnished' the' twenty'thousand'(20,000)'but'not'more'than'seventybfive'
respondent'and'all'interested'parties.' thousand' (75,000):' Provided,' That' in' no' case' shall' the'
' required'petitioners'be'less'than'five'thousand'(5,000);'
(b)'The'penalty'of'suspension'shall'not'exceed'the'unexpired'term' '
of' the' respondent' or' a' period' of' six' (6)' months' for' every' (3)' At' least' fifteen' percent' (15%)' in' the' case' of' local'
administrative' offense,' nor' shall' said' penalty' be' a' bar' to' the' government' units' with' a' voting' population' of' at' least'
candidacy'of'the'respondent'so'suspended'as'long'as'he'meets'the' seventybfive' thousand' (75,000)' but' not' more' than' three'
qualifications'required'for'the'office.' hundred'thousand'(300,000):'Provided,'however,'That'in'
' no' case' shall' the' required' number' of' petitioners' be' less'
(c)' The' penalty' of' removal' from' office' as' a' result' of' an' than'fifteen'thousand'(15,000);'and'
administrative' investigation' shall' be' considered' a' bar' to' the' '
candidacy'of'the'respondent'for'any'elective'position.' (4)' At' least' ten' percent' (10%)' in' the' case' of' local'
" government'units'with'a'voting'population'of'over'three'
ADMINISTRATIVE"APPEALS" hundred'thousand'(300,000):'Provided,'however,'That'in'
' no' case' shall' the' required' petitioners' be' less' than' fortyb
Section"67."Administrative"Appeals."–' five'thousand'(45,000).'
Decisions'in'administrative'cases'may,'within'thirty'(30)'days'from' '
receipt'thereof,'be'appealed'to'the'following:' (b)' The' process' of' recall' shall' be' effected' in' accordance' with' the'
a. The'sangguniang'panlalawigan,'in'the'case'of'decisions'of' following'procedure:'
the'sangguniang'panlungsod'of'component'cities'and'the' '
sangguniang'bayan;'and' (1)' A' written' petition' for' recall' duly' signed' by' the'
' representatives' of' the' petitioners' before' the' election'
b. The'Office'of'the'President,'in'the'case'of'decisions'of'the' registrar' or' his' representative,' shall' be' filed' with' the'
sangguniang' panlalawigan' and' the' sangguniang' Comelec' through' its' office' in' the' local' government' unit'
panlungsod' of' highly' urbanized' cities' and' independent' concerned.'
component'cities.' '
' (2)'The'petition'to'recall'shall'contain'the'following:'
Decisions' of' the' Office' of' the' President' shall' be' final' and' (a)' The' names' and' addresses' of' the' petitioners'
executory.' written'in'legible'form'and'their'signatures;'
" '
EXECUTION"PENDING"APPEAL" (b)' The' barangay,' city' or' municipality,' local'
" legislative'district'and'the'province'to'which'the'
Section" 68." Execution" Pending" Appeal." c' An' appeal' shall' not' petitioners'belong;'
prevent' a' decision' from' becoming' final' or' executory.' The' '
respondent' shall' be' considered' as' having' been' placed' under' (c)' The' name' of' the' official' sought' to' be'
preventive' suspension' during' the' pendency' of' an' appeal' in' the' recalled;'and'
event' he' wins' such' appeal.' In' the' event' the' appeal' results' in' an' '
exoneration,'he'shall'be'paid'his'salary'and'such'other'emoluments' (d)' A' brief' narration' of' the' reasons' and'
during'the'pendency'of'the'appeal.' justifications'therefor.'
" '
RECALL" (3)' The' Comelec' shall,' within' fifteen' (15)' days' from' the'
" filing' of' the' petition,' certify' to' the' sufficiency' of' the'
SECTION"69."By"Whom"Exercised."—'The'power'of'recall'for'loss'of' required' number' of' signatures.' Failure' to' obtain' the'
confidence' shall' be' exercised' by' the' registered' voters' of' a' local' required'number'of'signatures'automatically'nullifies'the'
government'unit'to'which'the'local'elective'official'subject'to'such' petition;'
recall'belongs.' '

By: RLB 92"

 (4)' If' the' petition' is' found' to' be' sufficient' in' form,' the'
Comelec' or' its' duly' authorized' representative' shall,'
within' three' (3)' days' from' the' issuance' of' the'
certification,' provide' the' official' sought' to' be' recalled' a'
copy' of' the' petition,' cause' its' publication' in' a' national'
newspaper' of' general' circulation' and' a' newspaper' of'
general' circulation' in' the' locality,' once' a' week' for' three'
(3)' consecutive' weeks' at' the' expense' of' the' petitioners'
and' at' the' same' time' post' copies' thereof' in' public' and'
conspicuous'places'for'a'period'of'not'less'than'ten'(10)'
days'nor'more'than'twenty'(20)'days,'for'the'purpose'of'
allowing' interested' parties' to' examine' and' verify' the'
validity' of' the' petition' and' the' authenticity' of' the'
signatures'contained'therein.'
' initiating'recall.2
(5)' The' Comelec' or' its' duly' authorized' representatives'
shall,' upon' issuance' of' certification,' proceed'
independently'with'the'verification'and'authentication'of'
the' signatures' of' the' petitioners' and' registered' voters'
contained'therein.'Representatives'of'the'petitioners'and'
the'official'sought'to'be'recalled'shall'be'duly'notified'and'
shall' have' the' right' to' participate' therein' as' mere'
observers.' The' filing' of' any' challenge' or' protest' shall' be'
allowed' within' the' period' provided' in' the' immediately'
preceding'paragraph'and'shall'be'ruled'upon'with'finality'
within' fifteen' (15)' days' from' the' date' of' filing' of' such'
protest'or'challenge;'
' have' their' trust' and' confidence' on' the'
(6)' Upon' the' lapse' of' the' aforesaid' period,' the' Comelec'
or' its' duly' authorized' representative' shall' announce' the'
acceptance' of' candidates' to' the' position' and' thereafter'
prepare' the' list' of' candidates' which' shall' include' the'
name'of'the'official'sought'to'be'recalled.'
' trust'and'confidence'on'the'incumbent.2
SEC."71."Election"on"Recall."—'Upon'the'filing'of'a'valid'petition'for'
recall' with' the' appropriate' local' office' of' the' Comelec,' the'
Comelec'or'its'duly'authorized'representative'shall'set'the'date'of'
the'election'or'recall,'which'shall'not'be'later'than'thirty'(30)'days'
upon' the' completion' of' the' procedure' outlined' in' the' preceding'
article,'in'the'case'of'the'barangay,'city'or'municipal'officials,'and'
fortybfive' (45)' days' in' the' case' of' provincial' officials.' The' officials'
sought' to' be' recalled' shall' automatically' be' considered' as' duly'
registered'candidate'or'candidates'to'the'pertinent'positions'and,'
like' other' candidates,' shall' be' entitled' to' be' voted' upon.' (as'
amended'by'RA'9244)'
' official.'
SECTION"72."Effectivity"of"Recall."—"The'recall'of'an'elective'local'
official'shall'be'effective'only'upon'the'election'and'proclamation'
of'a'successor'in'the'person'of'the'candidate'receiving'the'highest'
number' of' votes' cast' during' the' election' on' recall.' Should' the'
official'sought'to'be'recalled'receive'the'highest'number'of'votes,'
confidence' in' him' is' thereby' affirmed,' and' he' shall' continue' in'
office.'
' -
SECTION" 73." Prohibition" from" Resignation." —' The' elective' local'
official' sought' to' be' recalled' shall' not' be' allowed' to' resign' while'
the'recall'process'is'in'progress.'
' *Hence,'a'recall'election'can'only'be'scheduled'during'the'
SECTION"74."Limitations"on"Recall."—"
(a)'Any'elective'local'official'may'be'the'subject'of'a'recall'election'
only'once'during'his'term'of'office'for'loss'of'confidence.'
'
By: RLB
(b)'No'recall'shall'take'place'within'one'(1)'year'from'the'date'of'
the' official's' assumption' to' office' or' one' (1)' year' immediately'
preceding'a'regular'local'election.'
'
SECTION"75."Expenses"Incident"to"Recall"Elections."—'All'expenses'
incident'to'recall'elections'shall'be'borne'by'the'COMELEC.'For'this'
purpose,' there' shall' be' included' in' the' annual' General'
Appropriations' Act' a' contingency' fund' at' the' disposal' of' the'
COMELEC'for'the'conduct'of'recall'elections.'
"
→ Definition:'Recall'is'a'mode'of'removing'an'elected'official'by'
the'people'before'the'end'of'his'term.2
→ Ground:'LOSS'OF'TRUST'AND'CONFIDENCE2
→ No' more' preparatory' recall' assembly' (PRA)' as' a' mode' of'
→ There' is' only' one' mode' of' initiating' recall:' By' the' Registered'
Voters'(following'certain'percentage)2
'
*In'the'Philippines,'we'only'apply'recall'to'local'elective'officials.'
- The' incumbent' official,' who' is' the' subject' of' the' recall'
proceedings,' will' automatically' becomes' a' candidate' for'
that'recall'election,'whether'he'likes'it'or'not.'In'fact,'he'
cannot'resign.'Then,'Comelec'will'invite'other'persons'to'
file'COC'for'the'recall'election.2
o If' the' incumbent' official' will' win' the' recall'
election,' it' means' that' the' recall' election' failed'
since' it' has' been' shown' that' the' people' still'
incumbent.2
'
o If'somebody'else'wins'the'recall'election,'then'it'
means' that' the' recall' election' succeeded,' since'
it' has' been' shown' that' the' people' lost' their'
'
- The' reason' behind' the' requirement' of' certain'
percentages'is'that'it'cannot'be'that,'every'now'and'then,'
each'time'a'local'elective'official'sits'in'the'office'that'he'
will'face'a'recall'election.'To'give'semblance'of'legitimacy'
to' a' grievance' by' the' electorates,' the' registered' voters'
needs'the'support'of'25%,'20%'etc.'as'the'case'may'be.'
'
• Prohibition'in'Recall'Proceedings:'
(a) No'resignation'during'recall'process;'
(b) Recall'election'should'only'be'once'during'the'term'of'the'
'
NOTE:' it' speaks' of' “election”,' not' “proceeding”,' thus,'
initiation'can'be'done'more'than'once.'
'
(c) No'recall'election'shall'take'place:'
- within' one' (1)' year' from' date' of' official’s'
assumption'to'office'or'
one' (1)' year' immediately' preceding' a' regular'
election' (day' of' election' and' that' election'
affecting'the'office'of'the'official'concerned)'
'
middle'of'the'incumbent'official’s'term.'The'reason'in'the'
first'prohibition,'it'is'too'early'to'tell'that'the'people'had'
already'lost'their'trust'and'confidence'and'it'is'not'a'good'
93"
 practice.'Also,'it'is'to'give'him'a'chance'to'prove'himself.' (b)' There' shall' be' established' in' every' province,' city' or'
While'in'the'second'prohibition,'it'is'too'close'to'the'next' municipality' a' personnel' selection' board' to' assist' the'
regular'election,'thus,'it'wouldn’t'be'prudent'to'insist'on' local' chief' executive' in' the' judicious' and' objective'
a' recall' election' when' the' voters' can' still' manifest' their' selection' of' personnel' for' employment' as' well' as' for'
decision' on' the' incumbent' official' in' the' next' regular' promotion,' and' in' the' formulation' of' such' policies' as'
election.'It'is'also'a'waste'of'money'and'resources.' would'contribute'to'employee'welfare.''
" '
HUMAN"RESOURCE"AND"DEVELOPMENT" (c)'The'personnel'selection'board'shall'be'headed'by'the'
(I'think'ang'important'kay'ang'Section'90'on'practice'on'profession' local' chief' executive,' and' its' members' shall' be'
kay'mao'man'iyang'g.discuss'ra.'But'aku'na'lang'gibutang'ang'codal'' determined'by'resolution'of'the'sanggunian'concerned.'A'
jud'sa'tanan'kay'basin'MCQ'niya'$')' representative'of'the'Civil'Service'Commission,'if'any,'and'
" the' personnel' officer' of' the' local' government' unit'
SECTION" 76." Organizational" Structure" and" Staffing" Pattern." —' concerned'shall'be'ex'officio'members'of'the'board.'
Every' local' government' unit' shall' design' and' implement' its' own' '
organizational' structure' and' staffing' pattern' taking' into' SECTION" 81." Compensation" of" Local" Officials" and" Employees." —'
consideration' its' service' requirements' and' financial' capability,' The' compensation' of' local' officials' and' personnel' shall' be'
subject'to'the'minimum'standards'and'guidelines'prescribed'by'the' determined' by' the' sanggunian' concerned:' Provided,' That' the'
Civil'Service'Commission.' increase'in'compensation'of'elective'local'officials'shall'take'effect'
' only'after'the'terms'of'office'of'those'approving'such'increase'shall'
SECTION" 77." Responsibility" for" Human" Resources" and" have'expired:'Provided,'further,'That'the'increase'in'compensation'
Development." —' The' chief' executive' of' every' local' government' of' the' appointive' officials' and' employees' shall' take' effect' as'
unit'shall'be'responsible'for'human'resources'and'development'in' provided' in' the' ordinance' authorizing' such' increase:' Provided,'
his'unit'and'shall'take'all'personnel'actions'in'accordance'with'the' however,' That' said' increases' shall' not' exceed' the' limitations' on'
constitutional'provisions'on'civil'service,'pertinent'laws,'and'rules' budgetary' allocations' for' personal' services' provided' under' Title'
and' regulations' thereon,' including' such' policies,' guidelines' and' Five,'Book'II'of'this'Code:'Provided,'finally,'That'such'compensation'
standards'as'the'Civil'Service'Commission'may'establish:'Provided,' may' be' based' upon' the' pertinent' provisions' of' Republic' Act'
That' the' local' chief' executive' may' employ' emergency' or' casual' Numbered'Sixtybseven'fiftybeight'(R.A.'No'6758),'otherwise'known'
employees'or'laborers'paid'on'a'daily'wage'or'piecework'basis'and' as'the'"Compensation'and'Position'Classification'Act'of'1989".'
hired' through' job' orders' for' local' projects' authorized' by' the' '
sanggunian'concerned,'without'need'of'approval'or'attestation'by' The' punong' barangay,' the' sangguniang' barangay' members,' the'
the'Civil'Service'Commission:'Provided,'further,'That'the'period'of' sangguniang' kabataan' chairman,' the' barangay' treasurer,' and' the'
employment' of' emergency' or' casual' laborers' as' provided' in' this' barangay' secretary' shall' be' entitled' to' such' compensation,'
section'shall'not'exceed'six'(6)'months.' allowances,' emoluments,' and' such' other' privileges' as' provided'
' under'Title'One,'Book'III'of'this'Code.'
The' Joint' Commission' on' Local' Government' Personnel' ''
Administration' organized' pursuant' to' Presidential' Decree' Elective'local'officials'shall'be'entitled'to'the'same'leave'privileges'
Numbered' Eleven' Hundred' thirtybsix' (P.D.' No.' 1136)' is' hereby' as' those' enjoyed' by' appointive' local' officials,' including' the'
abolished' and' its' personnel,' records,' equipment' and' other' assets' cumulation'and'commutation'thereof.'
transferred' to' the' appropriate' office' in' the' Civil' Service' '
Commission.' SECTION"82."Resignation"of"Elective"Local"Officials."—"
' (a)'Resignations'by'elective'local'officials'shall'be'deemed'effective'
SECTION" 78." Civil" Service" Law," Rules" and" Regulations," and" Other" only'upon'acceptance'by'the'following'authorities:'
Related" Issuances." —' All' matters' pertinent' to' human' resources' '
and' development' in' local' government' units' shall' be' governed' by' (1)' The' President,' in' the' case' of' governors,' viceb
the' civil' service' law' and' such' rules' and' regulations' and' other' governors,' and' mayors' and' vicebmayors' of' highly'
issuances' promulgated' pursuant' thereto,' unless' otherwise' urbanized'cities'and'independent'component'cities;'casia'
specified'in'this'Code.'' '
' (2)' The' governor,' in' the' case' of' municipal' mayors,'
SECTION" 79." Limitation" on" Appointments." —' No' person' shall' be' municipal' vicebmayors,' city' mayors' and' city' vicebmayors'
appointed' in' the' career' service' of' the' local' government' if' he' is' of'component'cities;'
related'within'the'fourth'civil'degree'of'consanguinity'or'affinity'to' '
the'appointing'or'recommending'authority.' (3)'The'sanggunian'concerned,'in'the'case'of'sanggunian'
' members;'and'
SECTION"80."Public"Notice"of"Vacancy;"Personnel"Selection"Board." '
—' (4)' The' city' or' municipal' mayor,' in' the' case' of' barangay'
(a)' Whenever' a' local' executive' decides' to' fill' a' vacant' officials.'
career' position,' there' shall' be' posted' notices' of' the' '
vacancy'in'at'least'three'(3)'conspicuous'public'places'in' (b)' Copies' of' the' resignation' letters' of' elective' local' officials,'
the' local' government' unit' concerned' for' a' period' of' not' together' with' the' action' taken' by' the' aforesaid' authorities,' shall'
less'than'fifteen'(15)'days.' be' furnished' the' Department' of' the' Interior' and' Local'
' Government.'
'

By: RLB 94"

(c)'The'resignation'shall'be'deemed'accepted'if'not'acted'upon'by' decision'shall'be'appealable'to'the'Civil'Service'Commission,'which'
the' authority' concerned' within' fifteen' (15)' working' days' from' shall'decide'the'appeal'within'thirty'(30)'days'from'receipt'thereof.'
receipt'thereof.'cdasia' acd'
' '
(d)' Irrevocable' resignations' by' sanggunian' members' shall' be' SECTION" 88." Execution" Pending" Appeal." —' An' appeal' shall' not'
deemed'accepted'upon'presentation'before'an'open'session'of'the' prevent'the'execution'of'a'decision'of'removal'or'suspension'of'a'
sanggunian' concerned' and' duly' entered' in' its' records:' Provided,' respondentbappellant.' In' case' the' respondentbappellant' is'
however,' That' this' subsection' does' not' apply' to' sanggunian' exonerated,'he'shall'be'reinstated'to'his'position'with'all'the'rights'
members' who' are' subject' to' recall' elections' or' to' cases' where' and' privileges' appurtenant' thereto' from' the' time' he' had' been'
existing' laws' prescribe' the' manner' of' acting' upon' such' deprived'thereof.'
resignations.' '
' SECTION"89."Prohibited"Business"and"Pecuniary"Interest."—'
SECTION" 83." Grievance" Procedure." —' In' every' local' government' (a)' It' shall' be' unlawful' for' any' local' government' official' or'
unit,'the'local'chief'executive'shall'establish'a'procedure'to'inquire' employee,'directly'or'indirectly,'to:'
into,' act' upon,' resolve' or' settle' complaints' and' grievances' '
presented'by'local'government'employees.' (1)' Engage' in' any' business' transaction' with' the' local'
' government'unit'in'which'he'is'an'official'or'employee'or'
SECTION" 84." Administrative" Discipline." —' Investigation' and' over'which'he'has'the'power'of'supervision,'or'with'any'
adjudication' of' administrative' complaints' against' appointive' local' of' its' authorized' boards,' officials,' agents,' or' attorneys,'
officials' and' employees' as' well' as' their' suspension' and' removal' whereby' money' is' to' be' paid,' or' property' or' any' other'
shall'be'in'accordance'with'the'civil'service'law'and'rules'and'other' thing' of' value' is' to' be' transferred,' directly' or' indirectly,'
pertinent' laws.' The' results' of' such' administrative' investigations' out'of'the'resources'of'the'local'government'unit'to'such'
shall'be'reported'to'the'Civil'Service'Commission.' person'or'firm;'
' '
SECTION" 85." Preventive" Suspension" of" Appointive" Local" Officials" (2)' Hold' such' interests' in' any' cockpit' or' other' games'
and"Employees."—' licensed'by'a'local'government'unit;'
(a)' The' local' chief' executives' may' preventively' suspend' for' a' '
period' not' exceeding' sixty' (60)' days' and' subordinate' official' or' (3)'Purchase'any'real'estate'or'other'property'forfeited'in'
employee' under' his' authority' pending' investigation' if' the' charge' favor' of' such' local' government' unit' for' unpaid' taxes' or'
against' such' official' or' employee' involves' dishonesty,' oppression' assessment,'or'by'virtue'of'a'legal'process'at'the'instance'
or' grave' misconduct' or' neglect' in' the' performance' of' duty,' or' if' of'the'said'local'government'unit;'
there' is' reason' to' believe' that' the' respondent' is' guilty' of' the' '
charges'which'would'warrant'his'removal'from'the'service.' (4)' Be' a' surety' for' any' person' contracting' or' doing'
' business' with' the' local' government' unit' for' which' a'
(b)' Upon' expiration' of' the' preventive' suspension,' the' suspended' surety'is'required;'and'
official' or' employee' shall' be' automatically' reinstated' in' office' '
without' prejudice' to' the' continuation' of' the' administrative' (5)' Possess' or' use' any' public' property' of' the' local'
proceedings' against' him' until' its' termination.' If' the' delay' in' the' government'unit'for'private'purposes.'
proceedings' of' the' case' is' due' to' the' fault,' neglect' or' request' of' '
the' respondent,' the' time' of' the' delay' shall' not' be' counted' in' (b)'All'other'prohibitions'governing'the'conduct'of'national'public'
computing'the'period'of'suspension'herein'provided.' officers' relating' to' prohibited' business' and' pecuniary' interest' so'
' provided' for' under' Republic' Act' Numbered' Sixtybseven' thirteen'
SECTION" 86." Administrative" Investigation." —" In' any' local' (R.A.' No.' 6713)' otherwise' known' as' the' "Code' of' Conduct' and'
government' unit,' administrative' investigation' may' be' conducted' Ethical' Standards' for' Public' Officials' and' Employees"' and' other'
by' a' person' or' a' committee' duly' authorized' by' the' local' chief' laws' shall' also' be' applicable' to' local' government' officials' and'
executive.'Said'person'or'committee'shall'conduct'hearings'on'the' employees.'
cases'brought'against'appointive'local'officials'and'employees'and' '
submit' their' findings' and' recommendations' to' the' local' chief' SECTION"90."Practice"of"Profession."—"
executive' concerned' within' fifteen' (15)' days' from' the' conclusion' (a)' All' governors,' city' and' municipal' mayors' are' prohibited' from'
of' the' hearings.' The' administrative' cases' herein' mentioned' shall' practicing' their' profession' or' engaging' in' any' occupation' other'
be'decided'within'ninety'(90)'days'from'the'time'the'respondent'is' than'the'exercise'of'their'functions'as'local'chief'executives.'
formally'notified'of'the'charges.' '
' (b)'Sanggunian'members'may'practice'their'professions,'engage'in'
SECTION" 87." Disciplinary" Jurisdiction." —" Except' as' otherwise' any' occupation,' or' teach' in' schools' except' during' session' hours:'
provided'by'law,'the'local'chief'executive'may'impose'the'penalty' Provided,'That'sanggunian'members'who'are'also'members'of'the'
of' removal' from' service,' demotion' in' rank,' suspension' for' not' Bar'shall'not:'
more' than' one' (1)' year' without' pay,' fine' in' an' amount' not' '
exceeding' six' (6)' months' salary,' or' reprimand' and' otherwise' (1)' Appear' as' counsel' before' any' court' in' any' civil' case'
discipline' subordinate' officials' and' employees' under' his' wherein'a'local'government'unit'or'any'office,'agency,'or'
jurisdiction.' If' the' penalty' imposed' is' suspension' without' pay' for' instrumentality'of'the'government'is'the'adverse'party;'
not' more' than' thirty' (30)' days,' his' decision' shall' be' final.' If' the' '
penalty'imposed'is'heavier'than'suspension'of'thirty'(30)'days,'the'

By: RLB 95"

 (2)' Appear' as' counsel' in' any' criminal' case' wherein' an' governmentbowned' or' bcontrolled' corporations' or' in' any' of' their'
officer'or'employee'of'the'national'or'local'government'is' subsidiaries.'
accused'of'an'offense'committed'in'relation'to'his'office.' ''
' SECTION" 95." Additional" or" Double" Compensation." —' No' elective'
(3)'Collect'any'fee'for'their'appearance'in'administrative' or' appointive' local' official' or' employee' shall' receive' additional,'
proceedings'involving'the'local'government'unit'of'which' double,'or'indirect'compensation,'unless'specifically'authorized'by'
he'is'an'official;'and' law,' nor' accept' without' the' consent' of' Congress,' any' present,'
' emoluments,' office,' or' title' of' any' kind' from' any' foreign'
(4)'Use'property'and'personnel'of'the'government'except' government.' Pensions' or' gratuities' shall' not' be' considered' as'
when' the' sanggunian' member' concerned' is' defending' additional,'double,'or'indirect'compensation.'
the'interest'of'the'government.' '
' SECTION"96."Permission"to"Leave"Station."—"
(c)'Doctors'of'medicine'may'practice'their'profession'even'during' (a)' Provincial,' city,' municipal,' and' barangay' appointive' officials'
official' hours' of' work' only' on' occasions' of' emergency:' Provided,' going' on' official' travel' shall' apply' and' secure' written' permission'
that'the'officials'concerned'do'not'derive'monetary'compensation' from' their' respective' local' chief' executives' before' departure.' The'
therefrom.' application' shall' specify' the' reasons' for' such' travel,' and' the'
' permission' shall' be' given' or' withheld' based' on' considerations' of'
SECTION" 91." Statement" of" Assets" and" Liabilities." —' (a)' Officials' public' interest,' financial' capability' of' the' local' government' unit'
and' employees' of' local' government' units' shall' file' sworn' concerned' and' urgency' of' the' travel.' Should' the' local' chief'
statements' of' assets,' liabilities' and' net' worth,' lists' of' relatives' executive' concerned' fail' to' act' upon' such' application' within' four'
within' the' fourth' civil' degree' of' consanguinity' or' affinity' in' (4)' working' days' from' receipt' thereof,' it' shall' be' deemed'
government' service,' financial' and' business' interests,' and' approved.'
personnel'data'sheets'as'required'by'law.' '
' (b)'Mayors'of'component'cities'and'municipalities'shall'secure'the'
SECTION"92."Oath"of"Office."—"(a)'All'elective'and'appointive'local' permission' of' the' governor' concerned' for' any' travel' outside' the'
officials'and'employees'shall,'upon'assumption'to'office,'subscribe' province.'
to'an'oath'or'affirmation'of'office'in'the'prescribed'form.'The'oath' '
or' affirmation' of' office' shall' be' filed' with' the' office' of' the' local' (c)' Local' government' officials' traveling' abroad' shall' notify' their'
chief' executive' concerned.' A' copy' of' the' oath' or' affirmation' of' respective' sanggunian:' Provided,' That' when' the' period' of' travel'
office' of' all' elective' and' appointive' local' officials' and' employees' extends' to' more' than' three' (3)' months,' during' periods' of'
shall'be'preserved'in'the'individual'personal'records'file'under'the' emergency' or' crisis' or' when' the' travel' involves' the' use' of' public'
custody' of' the' personnel' office,' division,' or' section' of' the' local' funds,'permission'from'the'Office'of'the'President'shall'be'secured.'
government'unit'concerned.'aisa'dc' '
' (d)' Field' officers' of' national' agencies' or' offices' assigned' in'
SECTION" 93." Partisan" Political" Activity." —" No' local' official' or' provinces,' cities,' and' municipalities' shall' not' leave' their' official'
employee' in' the' career' civil' service' shall' engage' directly' or' stations' without' giving' prior' written' notice' to' the' local' chief'
indirectly' in' any' partisan' political' activity' or' take' part' in' any' executive'concerned.'Such'notice'shall'state'the'duration'of'travel'
election,'initiative,'referendum,'plebiscite,'or'recall,'except'to'vote,' and'the'name'of'the'officer'whom'he'shall'designate'to'act'for'and'
nor' shall' he' use' his' official' authority' or' influence' to' cause' the' in'his'behalf'during'his'absence.'
performance' of' any' political' activity' by' any' person' or' body.' He' "
may,'however,'express'his'views'on'current'issues,'or'mention'the' • Resignation'of'an'Elective'Official2
names' of' certain' candidates' for' public' office' whom' he' supports.' - Effective' upon' acceptance' by' President,' Governor,'
Elective' local' officials' may' take' part' in' partisan' political' and' Sanggunian,'or'Mayor,'as'the'case'may'be.2
electoral' activities,' but' it' shall' be' unlawful' for' them' to' solicit' - If'not'acted'upon'by'the'authority'within'15'working'days'
contributions' from' their' subordinates' or' subject' these' from'receipt,'deemed'accepted.2
subordinates' to' any' of' the' prohibited' acts' under' the' Omnibus' "
Election'Code.' NOTE:' An' elected' official' cannot' resign' when' (a)' facing' recall'
' process;'or'(b)'facing'administrative'proceeding.'
SECTION" 94." Appointment" of" Elective" and" Appointive" Local" "
Officials;"Candidates"Who"Lost"in"an"Election."—' Question:" Who' among' the' following' local' elective' officials' can'
(a)' No' elective' or' appointive' local' official' shall' be' eligible' for' practice'his'profession?'
appointment'or'designation'in'any'capacity'to'any'public'office'or' A.'Mayor'X'who'is'a'doctor'
position'during'his'tenure.'cdt' B.'VicebMayor'Y,'who'is'an'Engineer'
Unless'otherwise'allowed'by'law'or'by'the'primary'functions'of'his' C.'Councilor'Z,'who'is'a'lawyer'
position,'no'elective'or'appointive'local'official'shall'hold'any'other' '
office' or' employment' in' the' government' or' any' subdivision,' Answer" in" A:' X,' being' a' local' chief' executive,' he' is' barred' from'
agency'or'instrumentality'thereof,'including'governmentbowned'or' practicing' his' profession,' any' profession' for' that' matter,' and' also'
bcontrolled'corporations'or'their'subsidiaries;' barred'in'engaging'in'any'occupation.'The'reason'is'that'a'LCE'is'a'
' full' time' job.' But' if' there' is' an' emergency' and' even' during' office'
(b)'Except'for'losing'candidates'in'barangay'elections,'no'candidate' hours,'X,'who'is'a'doctor'of'medicine,'may'practice'provided'that'it'
who' lost' in' any' election' shall,' within' one' (1)' year' after' such' is'without'compensation.'
election,' be' appointed' to' any' office' in' the' government' or' any' '

By: RLB 96"

Answer"in"B:'Y,'being'a'vice'mayor,'so'technically,'he'is'a'member'
of'the'sanggunian,'and'under'the'LGC,'members'of'the'sanggunian'
can'practice'his'profession'except'during'session'hours.'
' '
Answer" in" C:' Z,' a' lawyer' and' a' councilor,' may' practice' his'
profession' but' he' cannot' appear' in' court' in' any' civil' case' where'
the'adverse'party'is'the'government,'he'cannot'appear'in'court'in'
any' criminal' case' where' an' employee' of' the' government' is'
accused' of' an' offense' related' to' the' office' of' Councilor' Z,' he'
cannot' collect' any' fee' for' his' appearance' in' an' administrative'
proceeding'in'involving'his'LGU'and'he'cannot'use'the'property'or'
personnel'of'the'government'unless'Z'is'defending'the'interest'of'
the'same.'
" be' enacted' in' the' form' of' ordinances,' while' those' which' are' of'
• Practice'of'Profession2
→ General'Rule:2
- All' LCEs' cannot' practice' profession' nor' engage'
in' any' occupation' other' than' the' exercise' of'
their'functions'as'LCEs.2
2 shall'contain'an'assigned'number,'a'title'or'caption,'an'enacting'or'
→ Exception:'
- If' he' is' a' doctor,' in' which' case,' he' can' practice'
such' profession' but' only' in' case' of' emergency'
even' during' session' hours' without'
compensation.2
- SP'Member'can'practice'profession'or'engage'in'
any' occupation' except' during' session' hours,'
with' certain' limitations' to' Lawyers' on' grounds'
of'conflict'of'interests.2
- Doctors'can'practice'in'case'of'emergency'even'
during'session'hours'without'compensation."
" '
RECAP:" Under' Section' 90' of' the' LGC,' all' LCE' is' prohibited' to'
practice'his'profession'other'than'being'an'LCE.'But'an'official'can'
practice'profession'if'the'following'concurs:'
" If'the'official'is'a'LCE'and'also'a'doctor'of'medicine'(even'
during'office'hours)'—"
- It'is'an'emergency"
- Without' compensation' (the' only' way' to' circumvent'
this,'is'not'to'issue'a'receipt.'Haha)"
' meeting'without'need'of'suspending'the'rules.'
" If' the' official' is' a' member' of' the' Sanggunian,' he' may'
practice'his'profession,'engage'in'an'occupation'or'teach'
in'a'school,'provided'that:"
- During'session'hours,'he'cannot'practice"
' distribute'to'each'sanggunian'member'a'copy'thereof,'except'that'
" If' the' official' is' a' lawyer,' he' may' practice' his' profession,'
engage'in'an'occupation'or'teach'in'a'school,'but'subject'
to'the'following:"
- In'any'civil'case,'he'cannot'appear'as'counsel'in'court'
wherein'the'adverse'party'is'the'government'or'any'
of'its'instrumentality."
- In'any'criminal'case,'he'cannot'appear'as'counsel'in'
court' wherein' the' accused' who' committed' an'
offense' is' an' official' or' employee' related' to' his'
office."
- In'any'administrative'case'involving'the'LGU'of'which'
he' is' an' official,' he' cannot' collect' a' fee' for' his'
appearance."
By: RLB
- Unless' he' is' defending' the' interest' of' the'
government,' he' cannot' use' any' property' or'
personnel'of'the'same."
'
LOCAL"LEGISLATIONS"
"
ORDINANCE"VS"RESOLUTION"
"
ARTICLE" 107" of' IRR' of' LGC." Ordinances" and" Resolutions." —' The'
following' rules' shall' govern' the' enactment' of' ordinances' and'
resolutions:'
(a)' Legislative' actions' of' a' general' and' permanent' character' shall'
temporary' character' shall' be' passed' in' the' form' of' resolutions.'
Matters' relating' to' proprietary' functions' and' to' private' concerns'
shall'also'be'acted'upon'by'resolution.'
'
(b)' Proposed' ordinances' and' resolutions' shall' be' in' writing' and'
ordaining' clause,' and' the' date' of' its' proposed' effectivity.' In'
addition,' every' proposed' ordinance' shall' be' accompanied' by' a'
brief'explanatory'note'containing'the'justification'for'its'approval.'
It' shall' be' signed' by' the' author' or' authors' and' submitted' to' the'
secretary' to' the' sanggunian' who' shall' report' the' same' to' the'
sanggunian'at'its'next'meeting.'
'
(c)'A'resolution'shall'be'enacted'in'the'same'manner'prescribed'for'
an'ordinance,'except'that'it'need'not'go'through'a'third'reading'for'
its'final'consideration'unless'decided'otherwise'by'a'majority'of'all'
the'sanggunian'members.'
(d)' No' ordinance' or' resolution' shall' be' considered' on' second'
reading'in'any'regular'meeting'unless'it'has'been'reported'out'by'
the' proper' committee' to' which' it' was' referred' or' certified' as'
urgent'by'the'local'chief'executive.'
'
(e)'Any'legislative'matter'duly'certified'by'the'local'chief'executive'
as'urgent,'whether'or'not'it'is'included'in'the'calendar'of'business,'
may' be' presented' and' considered' by' the' body' at' the' same'
'
(f)' The' secretary' to' the' sanggunian' of' the' province,' city' or'
municipality' shall' prepare' copies' of' the' proposed' ordinance' or'
resolution' in' the' form' it' was' passed' on' second' reading,' and' shall'
a' measure' certified' by' the' local' chief' executive' concerned' as'
urgent'may'be'submitted'for'final'voting'immediately'after'debate'
or'amendment'during'the'second'reading.'
'
(g)' No' ordinance' or' resolution' passed' by' the' sanggunian' in' a'
regular'or'special'session'duly'called'for'the'purpose'shall'be'valid'
unless' approved' by' a' majority' of' the' members' present,' there'
being' a' quorum.' Any' ordinance' or' resolution' authorizing' or'
directing' the' payment' of' money' or' creating' liability,' shall' require'
the' affirmative' vote' of' a' majority' of' all' the' sanggunian' members'
for'its'passage.'
'
(h)' Upon' the' passage' of' all' ordinances' and' resolutions' directing'
the' payment' of' money' or' creating' liability,' and' at' the' request' of'
any' member,' of' any' resolution' or' motion,' the' sanggunian' shall'
record' the' ayes' and' nays.' Each' approved' ordinance' or' resolution'
97"
shall'be'stamped'with'the'seal'of'the'sanggunian'and'recorded'in'a' jurisdiction' of' each' committee;' and' the' election' of' the'
book'kept'for'the'purpose.' chairman'and'members'of'each'committee;'
" '
→ It' maybe' that' in' a' particular' legislative' measure,' it' is' (2)'The'order'and'calendar'of'business'for'each'session;'
denominated' as' a' resolution.' But' if' it' shown' that' the' '
resolution'partakes'the'nature'and'character'of'an'ordinance,' (3)'The'legislative'process;'
like' the' legislative' measure' is' enacted' for' a' permanent' '
purpose,'and'it'undergoes'the'same'process'as'an'ordinance,' (4)' The' parliamentary' procedures' which' include' the'
like' there' is' a' 3rd' reading.' It' may' still' be' treated' as' an' conduct'of'members'during'sessions;'
ordinance.'It'is'in'the'nature'and'process." '
" (5)'The'discipline'of'members'for'disorderly'behavior'and'
• Municipality(of(Parañaque(vs(V.M.(Realty(Corp.( absences'without'justifiable'cause'for'four'(4)'consecutive'
- We' are' not' convinced' by' petitioner's' insistence' that' the' sessions,' for' which' they' may' be' censured,' reprimanded,'
terms' "resolution"' and' "ordinance"' are' synonymous.' A' or' excluded' from' the' session,' suspended' for' not' more'
municipal' ordinance' is' different' from' a' resolution.' An' than' sixty' (60)' days,' or' expelled:' Provided,' That' the'
ordinance'is'a'law,'but'a'resolution'is'merely'a'declaration' penalty' of' suspension' or' expulsion' shall' require' the'
of' the' sentiment' or' opinion' of' a' lawmaking' body' on' a' concurrence' of' at' least' twobthirds' (2/3)' vote' of' all' the'
specific'matter.'32'An'ordinance'possesses'a'general'and' sanggunian' members:' Provided,' further,' That' a' member'
permanent' character,' but' a' resolution' is' temporary' in' convicted' by' final' judgment' to' imprisonment' of' at' least'
nature.'Additionally,'the'two'are'enacted'differently'—'a' one'(1)'year'for'any'crime'involving'moral'turpitude'shall'
third'reading'is'necessary'for'an'ordinance,'but'not'for'a' be'automatically'expelled'from'the'sanggunian;'and'
resolution,' unless' decided' otherwise' by' a' majority' of' all' '
the'Sanggunian'members.' (6)'Such'other'rules'as'the'sanggunian'may'adopt.'
" '
" SECTION"51."Full"Disclosure"of"Financial"and"Business"Interests"of"
LOCAL"LEGISLATIVE"BODIES" Sanggunian"Members."—"
" (a)' Every' sanggunian' member' shall,' upon' assumption' to' office,'
SECTION" 48." Local" Legislative" Power." —' Local' legislative' power' make' a' full' disclosure' of' his' business' and' financial' interests.' He'
shall' be' exercised' by' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan' for' the' shall' also' disclose' any' business,' financial,' or' professional'
province;' the' sangguniang' panlungsod' for' the' city;' the' relationship'or'any'relation'by'affinity'or'consanguinity'within'the'
sangguniang' bayan' for' the' municipality;' and' the' sangguniang' fourth' civil' degree,' which' he' may' have' with' any' person,' firm,' or'
barangay'for'the'barangay.'cdtai' entity'affected'by'any'ordinance'or'resolution'under'consideration'
' by' the' sanggunian' of' which' he' is' a' member,' which' relationship'
SECTION"49."Presiding"Officer."—"' may'result'in'conflict'of'interest.'Such'relationship'shall'include:'
(a)' The' vicebgovernor' shall' be' the' presiding' officer' of' the' (1)' Ownership' of' stock' or' capital,' or' investment,' in' the'
sangguniang'panlalawigan;'the'city'vicebmayor,'of'the'sangguniang' entity' or' firm' to' which' the' ordinance' or' resolution' may'
panlungsod;' the' municipal' vicebmayor' of' the' sangguniang' bayan;' apply;'and'
and' the' punong' barangay,' of' the' sangguniang' barangay.' The' '
presiding'officer'shall'vote'only'to'break'a'tie.' (2)' Contracts' or' agreements' with' any' person' or' entity'
'' which' the' ordinance' or' resolution' under' consideration'
(b)' In' the' event' of' the' inability' of' the' regular' presiding' officer' to' may'affect.'
preside' at' a' sanggunian' session,' the' members' present' and' '
constituting' a' quorum' shall' elect' from' among' themselves' a' In' the' absence' of' a' specific' constitutional' or' statutory' provision'
temporary' presiding' officer.' He' shall' certify' within' ten' (10)' days' applicable'to'this'situation,'"conflict'of'interest"'refers'in'general'to'
from' the' passage' of' ordinances' enacted' and' resolutions' adopted' one' where' it' may' be' reasonably' deduced' that' a' member' of' a'
by' the' sanggunian' in' the' session' over' which' he' temporarily' sanggunian'may'not'act'in'the'public'interest'due'to'some'private,'
presided.'cda' pecuniary,'or'other'personal'considerations'that'may'tend'to'affect'
' his'judgment'to'the'prejudice'of'the'service'or'the'public.'
SECTION"50.Internal"Rules"of"Procedure."—"' '
(a)' On' the' first' regular' session' following' the' election' of' its' (b)'The'disclosure'required'under'this'Act'shall'be'made'in'writing'
members' and' within' ninety' (90)' days' thereafter,' the' sanggunian' and'submitted'to'the'secretary'of'the'sanggunian'or'the'secretary'
concerned'shall'adopt'or'update'its'existing'rules'of'procedure.' of'the'committee'of'which'he'is'a'member.'The'disclosure'shall,'in'
' all' cases,' form' part' of' the' record' of' the' proceedings' and' shall' be'
(b)'The'rules'of'procedure'shall'provided'for'the'following:' made'in'the'following'manner:'cd'
(1)'The'organization'of'the'sanggunian'and'the'election'of' '
its'officers'as'well'as'the'creation'of'standing'committees' (1)' Disclosure' shall' be' made' before' the' member'
which' shall' include,' but' shall' not' be' limited' to,' the' participates' in' the' deliberations' on' the' ordinance' or'
committees' on' appropriations,' women' and' family,' resolution' under' consideration:' Provided,' That,' if' the'
human' rights,' youth' and' sports' development,' member'did'not'participate'during'the'deliberations,'the'
environmental' protection,' and' cooperatives;' the' general' disclosure' shall' be' made' before' voting' on' the' ordinance'
or'resolution'on'second'and'third'readings;'and'
'

By: RLB 98"

 (2)' Disclosure' shall' be' made' when' a' member' takes' a' → Definition:'Quorum'refers'to'the'required'number'of'members'
position'or'makes'a'privilege'speech'on'a'matter'that'may' who'needs'to'be'present'so'that'the'legislative'assembly'can'
affect' the' business' interest,' financial' connection,' or' validly'or'lawfully'transact'business.'
professional'relationship'described'herein.' → In'the'Sanggunian,'
' - The' quorum' is' the' majority' (50%' plus' 1)' of' all" the"
SECTION"52."Sessions."—' members"who"have"been"elected"and"qualified.'
(a)' On' the' first' day' of' the' session' immediately' following' the' - Has' the' coercive' power' to' compel' the' attendance' of'
election'of'its'members,'the'sanggunian'shall,'by'resolution,'fix'the' absent'members'through'an'arrest"order'with'the'help'of'
day,'time,'and'place'of'its'regular'sessions.'The'minimum'number' the'PNP'or'other'agencies'concern.'
of' regular' sessions' shall' be' once' a' week' for' the' sangguniang' - Unlike' the' Senate' and' House' of' Representatives,' the'
panlalawigan,' sangguniang' panlungsod,' and' sangguniang' bayan,' Sanggunian' does' not' possess' the' power' to' issue'
and'twice'a'month'for'the'sangguniang'barangay.' subpoena' or' the' power' to' cite' a' person' in' contempt' in'
' case'of'disobedience.'
(b)' When' public' interest' so' demands,' special' sessions' may' be' '
called'by'the'local'chief'executive'or'by'a'majority'of'the'members' o Negros( Oriental( II( Electric( Cooperative,( Inc.( vs(
of'the'sanggunian.' Sanggunian(Panlungsod(of(Dumaguete'
' - The' contempt' power' and' the' subpoena' power'
(c)' All' sanggunian' sessions' shall' be' open' to' the' public' unless' a' partake' of' a' judicial' nature.' They' cannot' be'
closedbdoor'session'is'ordered'by'an'affirmative'vote'of'majority'of' implied'in'the'grant'of'legislative'power.'Neither'
the'members'present,'there'being'a'quorum,'in'the'public'interest' can' they' exist' as' mere' incidents' of' the'
or' for' reasons' of' security,' decency,' or' morality.' No' two' (2)' performance' of' legislative' functions.' To' allow'
sessions,'regular'or'special,'may'be'held'in'a'single'day.' local' legislative' bodies' or' administrative'
' agencies' to' exercise' these' powers' without'
(d)' In' the' case' of' special' sessions' of' the' sanggunian,' a' written' express' statutory' basis' would' run' afoul' of' the'
notice'to'the'members'shall'be'served'personally'at'the'member's' doctrine'of'separation'of'powers.'
usual'place'of'residence'at'least'twentybfour'(24)'hours'before'the' - Therefore,' the' contempt' power,' as' well' as' the'
special'session'is'held.' subpoena' power,' cannot' be' deemed' implied' in'
Unless' otherwise' concurred' in' by' twobthirds' (2/3)' vote' of' the' the'delegation'of'certain'legislative'functions'to'
sanggunian' members' present,' there' being' a' quorum,' no' other' local' legislative' bodies.' These' cannot' be'
matters'may'be'considered'at'a'special'session'except'those'stated' presumed'to'exist'in'favor'of'the'latter'since'the'
in'the'notice.' existence'of'the'contempt'power'in'conjunction'
' with' the' subpoena' power' in' any' government'
(e)' Each' sanggunian' shall' keep' a' journal' and' record' of' its' body' inevitably' poses' a' potential' derogation' of'
proceedings' which' may' be' published' upon' resolution' of' the' individual' rights,' i.e.' compulsion' of' testimony'
sanggunian'concerned.'cd' and' punishment' for' refusal' to' testify,' the' law'
' cannot' be' liberally' construed' to' have' impliedly'
' granted' such' powers' to' local' legislative' bodies.'
QUORUM" It'cannot'be'lightly'presumed'that'the'sovereign'
" people,' the' ultimate' source' of' all' government'
SECTION"53."Quorum."—"' powers,' have' reposed' these' powers' in' all'
(a)'A'majority'of'all'the'members'of'the'sanggunian'who'have'been' government' agencies.' The' intention' of' the'
elected'and'qualified'shall'constitute'a'quorum'to'transact'official' sovereign' people,' through' their' representatives'
business.'Should'a'question'of'quorum'be'raised'during'a'session,' in' the' legislature,' to' share' these' unique' and'
the' presiding' officer' shall' immediately' proceed' to' call' the' roll' of' awesome' powers' with' the' local' legislative'
the'members'and'thereafter'announce'the'results.' bodies' must' therefore' clearly' appear' in'
' pertinent'legislation.'
(b)'Where'there'is'no'quorum,'the'presiding'officer'may'declare'a' - There' being' no' provision' in' the' Local'
recess'until'such'time'as'a'quorum'is'constituted,'or'a'majority'of' Government' Code' explicitly' granting' local'
the' members' present' may' adjourn' from' day' to' day' and' may' legislative'bodies'the'power'to'issue'compulsory'
compel'the'immediate'attendance'of'any'member'absent'without' process' and' the' power' to' punish' for' contempt,'
justifiable'cause'by'designating'a'member'of'the'sanggunian,'to'be' the' Sanggunian' Panlungsod' of' Dumaguete' is'
assisted' by' a' member' or' members' of' the' police' force' assigned' in' devoid'of'power'to'punish'the'petitioners'Torres'
the'territorial'jurisdiction'of'the'local'government'unit'concerned,' and'Umbac'for'contempt.'
to'arrest'the'absent'member'and'present'him'at'the'session.' '
' Problem:" The' Sangguniang' Panlungsod' (SP)' of' Politika' City' is'
(c)' If' there' is' still' no' quorum' despite' the' enforcement' of' the' composed' of' X,' the' Vice' Mayor/Presiding' Officer,' 10' regular'
immediately'preceding'subsection,'no'business'shall'be'transacted.' members' (Councilor' AbJ),' 2' ex' officio' members' (Liga' ng' Mga'
The' presiding' officer,' upon' proper' motion' duly' approved' by' the' Barangay'and'SK'Presidents).'
members'present,'shall'then'declare'the'session'adjourned'for'lack' A.'What'is'the'quorum'of'the'SP'of'Politika'City?'
of'quorum.' B.'If'councilor'A'is'on'leave'and'Councilor'B'is'outside'the'country,'
' what'is'the'quorum'of'the'SP'of'Politika'City?'

By: RLB 99"

C.' How' many' votes' are' required' in' order' to' suspend' Councilor' C'
for'disorderly'behavior?'
' the' number' greater' than' half' or' more' than' half' of' any'
Answer" A:' The' majority' of' all' the' members' of' the' SP' who' have'
been'elected'and'qualified.'
' In' fine,' the' entire' membership' must' be' taken' into'
*Is' the' vice' mayor/vice' governor' a' member' of' the'
sanggunian?' YES.' According' to' Justice' Brion' in' the' La'
Carlota'case,'in'order'to'determine'quorum,'you'have'to'
include' the' presiding' officer' because' under' Section' 457'
the' Vice' Mayor' as' presiding' officer' is' considered' a'
member' of' the' Sanggunian' for' purposes' of' quorum'
determination'only.'
' Thus,' the' trial' court' should' thus' have' based' its'
Answer" B:' Same' answer' in' A.' Because' while' in' the' national'
government,'in'order'to'have'a'quorum'in'the'Senate'or'House'of'
Representative,'what'is'required'by'the'Constitution'is'majority'of'
each" house.' But' in' the' case' of' the' members' of' the' Sanggunian,'
what' is' required' is' majority' of' all' the' members' who' have' been'
elected' and' qualified' to' constitute' a' quorum.' Thus,' even' if'
Councilor' A' is' on' leave' or' Councilor' B' is' outside' the' country,' to'
constitute' a' valid' quorum,' it' should' be' the' majority' of' all' the'
members.''
' A'sanggunian'is'a'collegial'body.'Legislation,'which'is'the'
Answer" C:" Under' the' LGC,' it' is' required' that' there' should' be' a'
concurrence' of' at' least' 2/3' votes' of' all' the' members.' In'
determining'the'2/3'votes,'you'do'not'include'the'presiding'officer'
because'normally'the'presiding'officer'does'not'vote'unless'there'
is'a'tie.'
' of' only' a' part' of' the' Sanggunian' done' outside' the'
• La(Carlota(City(vs(Rojo(
- RA' 7160' clearly' states' that' the' Sangguniang' Panlungsod'
"shall" be" composed" of" the" city" vicecmayor" as" presiding"
officer,'the'regular'sanggunian'members,'the'president'of'
the' city' chapter' of' the' liga' ng' mga' barangay,' the'
president' of' the' panlungsod' na' pederasyon' ng' mga'
sangguniang' kabataan,' and' the' sectoral' representatives,'
as' members."' Black's' Law' Dictionary' defines' "composed'
of"' as' "formed" of"' or' "consisting" of."' As' the' presiding'
officer,' the' vicebmayor' can' vote' only' to' break' a' tie.' In'
effect,' the' presiding' officer' votes' when' it' matters' the'
most,'that'is,'to'break'a'deadlock'in'the'votes.'Clearly,'the'
vicebmayor,' as' presiding' officer,' is' a' "member"' of' the'
Sangguniang'Panlungsod'considering'that'he'is'mandated'
under' Section' 49' of' RA' 7160' to' vote' to' break' a' tie.' To'
construe' otherwise' would' create' an' anomalous' and'
absurd'situation'where'the'presiding'officer'who'votes'to'
break'a'tie'during'a'Sanggunian'session'is'not'considered'
a'"member"'of'the'Sanggunian.(
- Therefore,'under'the'Local'Government'Code'of'1991,'the'
vicebgovernor,' the' city' vicebmayor,' and' the' municipal'
vicebmayor,' as' presiding' officers' of' the' Sangguniang'
Panlalawigan,' Sangguniang' Panlungsod,' Sangguniang'
Bayan,' respectively,' are' members' of' their' respective'
sanggunian.(
- Citing'Zamora2vs2Gov.2Caballero,'the'court'held'that:'
"Quorum"' is' defined' as' that' number' of' members' of' a'
body' which,' when' legally' assembled' in' their' proper'
places,' will' enable' the' body' to' transact' its' proper'
business'or'that'number'which'makes'a'lawful'body'and'
gives'it'power'to'pass'upon'a'law'or'ordinance'or'do'any'
valid'act.'
By: RLB
'
"Majority,"'when'required'to'constitute'a'quorum,'means'
total.'
'
account' in' computing' the' quorum' of' the' sangguniang'
panlalawigan,' for' while' the' constitution' merely' states'
that'"majority'of'each'House'shall'constitute'a'quorum,"'
Section'53'of'the'LGC'is'more'exacting'as'it'requires'that'
the' "majority' of' all' members' of' the' sanggunian' .' .' .'
elected'and'qualified"'shall'constitute'a'quorum.'
'
determination' of' the' existence' of' a' quorum' on' the' total'
number'of'members'of'the'Sanggunian'without'regard'to'
the' filing' of' a' leave' of' absence' by' Board' Member' Sotto.'
The' fear' that' a' majority' may,' for' reasons' of' political'
affiliation,' file' leaves' of' absence' in' order' to' cripple' the'
functioning'of'the'sanggunian'is'already'addressed'by'the'
grant'of'coercive'power'to'a'mere'majority'of'sanggunian'
members'present'when'there'is'no'quorum.'
'
principal' function' and' duty' of' the' sanggunian,' requires'
the'participation'of'all'its'members'so'that'they'may'not'
only' represent' the' interests' of' their' respective'
constituents' but' also' help' in' the' making' of' decisions' by'
voting' upon' every' question' put' upon' the' body.' The' acts'
parameters' of' the' legal' provisions' aforementioned' are'
legally' infirm,' highly' questionable' and' are,' more'
importantly,' null' and' void.' And' all' such' acts' cannot' be'
given' binding' force' and' effect' for' they' are' considered'
unofficial'acts'done'during'an'unauthorized'session.'
- Therefore,' in' stating' that' there' were' fourteen' (14)'
members'of'the'Sanggunian,'the'Court'in'Zamora'clearly'
included' the' VicebGovernor,' as' presiding' officer,' as' part'
of' the' entire' membership' of' the' Sangguniang'
Panlalawigan' which' must' be' taken' into' account' in'
computing'the'quorum.(
'
NOTE:"
• 2/3' votes' of' all' the' sanggunian' members' –' presiding'
officer'is'NOT'INCLUDED.'
• Majority' of' all' the' members' –' presiding' officer' is'
INCLUDED'
'
"
APPROVAL"OF"ORDINANCES"and"VETO"POWER"OF"LCE"
"
SECTION"54."Approval"of"Ordinances."—"
(a)' Every' ordinance' enacted' by' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan,'
sangguniang'panlungsod,'or'sangguniang'bayan'shall'be'presented'
to'the'provincial'governor'or'city'or'municipal'mayor,'as'the'case'
may'be.'If'the'local'chief'executive'concerned'approves'the'same,'
he' shall' affix' his' signature' on' each' and' every' page' thereof;'
otherwise,'he'shall'veto'it'and'return'the'same'with'his'objections'
to'the'sanggunian,'which'may'proceed'to'reconsider'the'same.'The'
sanggunian' concerned' may' override' the' veto' of' the' local' chief'
executive' by' twobthirds' (2/3)' vote' of' all' its' members,' thereby'
100"
making' the' ordinance' or' resolution' effective' for' all' legal' intents' (a)' Within' three' (3)' days' after' approval,' the' secretary' to' the'
and'purposes.' sangguniang'panlungsod'or'sangguniang'bayan'shall'forward'to'the'
' sangguniang' panlalawigan' for' review,' copies' of' approved'
(b)' The' veto' shall' be' communicated' by' the' local' chief' executive' ordinances' and' the' resolutions' approving' the' local' development'
concerned'to'the'sanggunian'within'fifteen'(15)'days'in'the'case'of' plans' and' public' investment' programs' formulated' by' the' local'
a'province,'and'ten'(10)'days'in'the'case'of'a'city'or'a'municipality;' development'councils.'
otherwise,' the' ordinance' shall' be' deemed' approved' as' if' he' had' '
signed'it.' (b)' Within' thirty' (30)' days' after' the' receipt' of' copies' of' such'
' ordinances' and' resolutions,' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan' shall'
(c)' Ordinances' enacted' by' the' sangguniang' barangay' shall,' upon' examine' the' documents' or' transmit' them' to' the' provincial'
approval' by' the' majority' of' all' its' members,' be' signed' by' the' attorney,' or' if' there' be' none,' to' the' provincial' prosecutor' for'
punong'barangay.' prompt' examination.' The' provincial' attorney' or' provincial'
" prosecutor' shall,' within' a' period' of' ten' (10)' days' from' receipt' of'
SECTION"55."Veto"Power"of"the"Local"Chief"Executive."—" the'documents,'inform'the'sangguniang'panlalawigan'in'writing'of'
(a)' The' local' chief' executive' may' veto' any' ordinance' of' the' his' comments' or' recommendations,' which' may' be' considered' by'
sangguniang' panlalawigan,' sangguniang' panlungsod,' or' the'sangguniang'panlalawigan'in'making'its'decision.'
sangguniang'bayan'on'the'ground'that'it'is'ultra'vires'or'prejudicial' '
to'the'public'welfare,'stating'his'reasons'therefor'in'writing.' (c)'If'the'sangguniang'panlalawigan'finds'that'such'an'ordinance'or'
' resolution' is' beyond' the' power' conferred' upon' the' sangguniang'
(b)' The' local' chief' executive,' except' the' punong' barangay,' shall' panlungsod'or'sangguniang'bayan'concerned,'it'shall'declare'such'
have' the' power' to' veto' any' particular' item' or' items' of' an' ordinance' or' resolution' invalid' in' whole' or' in' part.' The'
appropriations' ordinance,' an' ordinance' or' resolution' adopting' a' sangguniang'panlalawigan'shall'enter'its'action'in'the'minutes'and'
local' development' plan' and' public' investment' program,' or' an' shall'advise'the' corresponding' city' or'municipal' authorities'of'the'
ordinance' directing' the' payment' of' money' or' creating' liability.' In' action'it'has'taken.'aisa'dc'
such' a' case,' the' veto' shall' not' affect' the' item' or' items' which' are' ''
not' objected' to.' The' vetoed' item' or' items' shall' not' take' effect' (d)' If' no' action' has' been' taken' by' the' sangguniang' panlalawigan'
unless' the' sanggunian' overrides' the' veto' in' the' manner' herein' within' thirty' (30)' days' after' submission' of' such' an' ordinance' or'
provided;' otherwise,' the' item' or' items' in' the' appropriations' resolution,' the' same' shall' be' presumed' consistent' with' law' and'
ordinance' of' the' previous' year' corresponding' to' those' vetoed,' if' therefore'valid.'
any,'shall'be'deemed'reenacted.'cd' '
' SECTION"57."Review"of"Barangay"Ordinances"by"the"Sangguniang"
(c)' The' local' chief' executive' may' veto' an' ordinance' or' resolution' Panlungsod"or"Sangguniang"Bayan."—'
only'once.'The'sanggunian'may'override'the'veto'of'the'local'chief' (a)' Within' ten' (10)' days' after' its' enactment,' the' sangguniang'
executive' by' twobthirds' (2/3)' vote' of' all' its' members,' thereby' barangay' shall' furnish' copies' of' all' barangay' ordinances' to' the'
making' the' ordinance' effective' even' without' the' approval' of' the' sangguniang' panlungsod' or' sangguniang' bayan' concerned' for'
local'chief'executive'concerned.' review'as'to'whether'the'ordinance'is'consistent'with'law'and'city'
' or'municipal'ordinances.'
→ Similar'to'your'national'lawbmaking'body,'the'LCE'may'veto'or' '
approve'an'ordinance.'If'he'approves,'the'ordinance'becomes' (b)' If' the' sangguniang' panlungsod' or' sangguniang' bayan,' as' the'
a'validly'enforceable'ordinance.'If'he'vetoes'the'same,'there'is' case' may' be,' fails' to' take' action' on' barangay' ordinances' within'
also' the' remedy' of' overbriding' the' veto' of' the' LCE' by' the' thirty' (30)' days' from' receipt' thereof,' the' same' shall' be' deemed'
Sanggunian'through'a'2/3'votes'of'its'members.'A'veto'can'be' approved.'casia'
exercised'only'once.' '
' (c)' If' the' sangguniang' panlungsod' or' sangguniang' bayan,' as' the'
Note:'the'Punong'Barangay'does'not'have'a'veto'power'nor'partial' case' may' be,' finds' the' barangay' ordinances' inconsistent' with' law'
veto' power.' So' once' the' Sanggunian' barangay' has' approved' an' or' city' or' municipal' ordinances,' the' sanggunian' concerned' shall,'
ordinance,' it' goes' through' the' Punong' Barangay,' pirma' dayun' si' within'thirty'(30)'days'from'receipt'thereof,'return'the'same'with'
kapitan.' its'comments'and'recommendations'to'the'sangguniang'barangay'
' concerned' for' adjustment,' amendment,' or' modification;' in' which'
• Is'partial'veto'allowed'in'the'case'of'LGU'or'not?' case,' the' effectivity' of' the' barangay' ordinance' is' suspended' until'
- General'Rule:'if'the'LCE'exercises'veto'power,'he'is'either' such'time'as'the'revision'called'for'is'effected.'
to' veto' the' entire' legislative' measure' or' approve' it.' '
Partial'veto'is'not'allowed.' SECTION" 58." Enforcement" of" Disapproved" Ordinances" or"
- Exception:'a'partial'veto'may'be'done'in'the'case'of'item' Resolutions." —' Any' attempt' to' enforce' any' ordinance' or' any'
veto,'like'in'a'appropriation'ordinance.' resolution' approving' the' local' development' plan' and' public'
' investment' program,' after' the' disapproval' thereof,' shall' be'
' sufficient' ground' for' the' suspension' or' dismissal' of' the' official' or'
REVIEW"OF"ORDINANCES" employee'concerned.'
' '
SECTION" 56." Review" of" Component" City" and" Municipal" → The' reviewing' sanggunian' is' given' 30' days' within' which' to'
Ordinances"or"Resolutions"by"the"Sangguniang"Panlalawigan."—" review' an' ordinance.' Let’s' say,' a' barangay' ordinance' is'
submitted' to' the' sanggunian' panlungsod' for' review,' and' the'

By: RLB 101"

 said' sanggunian' is' given' 30' days' to' review' the' same.' And' if' ARTICLE" 114." Posting" and" Publication" of" Ordinance" with" Penal"
there'is'inaction"on'the'part'of'the'sanggunian,'the'ordinance' Sanctions."—'
is'deemed'approved.' (a)'Ordinances'with'penal'sanctions'shall'be'posted'at'conspicuous'
→ The'law'says'if'it'is'not'acted'upon.'The'problem'here'will'arise' places'in'the'provincial'capitol,'or'city,'municipal'or'barangay'hall,'
when' for' example' Barangay' Kasambagan' has' enacted' an' as'the'case'may'be,'for'a'minimum'period'of'three'(3)'consecutive'
ordinance'ipadala'didto'sa'sanggunian'panlungsod,'Cebu'City.' weeks.'Such'ordinances'shall'also'be'published'in'a'newspaper'of'
1st,' ibenter' siya' sa' calendar' and' then' ibrefer' pa' man' ug' general' circulation,' where' available,' within' the' territorial'
committee' nya' didto' mana' magdugay' kay' dili' usahay' mab jurisdiction' of' the' LGU' concerned,' except' in' the' case' of' barangay'
calendar' para' second' reading' or' ang' committee' wala' pa' ordinances.' Unless' otherwise' provided' therein,' said' ordinances'
kahimu' ug' report' and' etc.' so' mulapas' jud' na' ug' 30' days.' So' shall'take'effect'on'the'day'following'its'publication,'or'at'the'end'
daghan'mu'reklamu.'But'if'you'analyze'it,'when'it'was'already' of'the'period'of'posting,'whichever'occurs'later.'
entered' in' the' calendar' and' referred' to' the' committee,' it' is' '
already'acted'upon.'Action'naman'na,'wala'pa'lang'result.' (b)'Any'public'officer'or'employee'who'violates'an'ordinance'may'
" be' meted' administrative' disciplinary' action,' without' prejudice' to'
" the'filing'of'the'appropriate'civil'or'criminal'action.'
EFFECTIVITY"OF"ORDINANCES"AND"RESOLUTIONS" '
' (c)' The' secretary' to' the' sanggunian' concerned' shall' transmit'
SECTION"59."Effectivity"of"Ordinances"or"Resolutions."—" official' copies' of' such' ordinances' to' the' chief' executive' officer' of'
(a)' Unless' otherwise' stated' in' the' ordinance' or' the' resolution' the'Official'Gazette'within'seven'(7)'days'following'the'approval'of'
approving' the' local' development' plan' and' public' investment' said' ordinance' for' publication.' The' Official' Gazette' may' publish'
program,' the' same' shall' take' effect' after' ten' (10)' days' from' the' ordinances' with' penal' sanctions' for' archival' and' reference'
date'a'copy'thereof'is'posted'in'a'bulletin'board'at'the'entrance'of' purposes.'
the' provincial' capitol' or' city,' municipal,' or' barangay' hall,' as' the' "
case'may'be,'and'in'at'least'two'(2)'other'conspicuous'places'in'the' → There' are' ordinances' that' will' only' take' effect' upon'
local'government'unit'concerned.'cd' compliance' of' certain' publication' requirements.' And' under'
' the' LGC,' if' the' ordinance' has' a' penal' provision,' it' must' be'
(b)' The' secretary' to' the' sanggunian' concerned' shall' cause' the' published.' But' please' read' Article' 113' and' 114' of' the' IRR'
posting' of' an' ordinance' or' resolution' in' the' bulletin' board' at' the' where'it'mandates'that'there'must'be'posting.'Awa'na'ninyo'
entrance' of' the' provincial' capitol' and' the' city,' municipal,' or' ha.'Awa'na'ninyo.'(basin'mugawas'siguro'ni'sa'MCQ.)"
barangay' hall' in' at' least' two' (2)' conspicuous' places' in' the' local' '
government' unit' concerned' not' later' than' five' (5)' days' after' '
approval'thereof.' bb'end'bb'
The'text'of'the'ordinance'or'resolution'shall'be'disseminated'and'
posted' in' Filipino' or' English' and' in' the' language' or' dialect'
understood'by'the'majority'of'the'people'in'the'local'government'
unit' concerned,' and' the' secretary' to' the' sanggunian' shall' record'
such' fact' in' a' book' kept' for' the' purpose,' stating' the' dates' of'
approval'and'posting.'
'
(c)'The'gist'of'all'ordinances'with'penal'sanctions'shall'be'published'
in' a' newspaper' of' general' circulation' within' the' province' where'
the'local'legislative'body'concerned'belongs.'In'the'absence'of'any'
newspaper' of' general' circulation' within' the' province,' posting' of'
such'ordinances'shall'be'made'in'all'municipalities'and'cities'of'the'
province'where'the'sanggunian'of'origin'is'situated.'cda'
'
(d)' In' the' case' of' highly' urbanized' and' independent' component'
cities,' the' main' features' of' the' ordinance' or' resolution' duly'
enacted'or'adopted'shall,'in'addition'to'being'posted,'be'published'
once' in' a' local' newspaper' of' general' circulation' within' the' city:'
Provided,'That'in'the'absence'thereof'the'ordinance'or'resolution'
shall'be'published'in'any'newspaper'of'general'circulation.'
"
Articles"113"–"114"of"IRR"of"LGC"
ARTICLE"113."Effectivity"of"Ordinances"and"Resolutions."—'Unless'
otherwise'stated'in'the'ordinance'or'resolution'approving'the'local'
development'plan'and'public'investment'program,'the'same'shall'
take' effect' after' ten' (10)' days' from' the' date' a' copy' thereof' is'
posted'in'a'bulletin'board'at'the'entrance'of'the'provincial'capitol'
or' city,' municipal,' or' barangay' hall,' as' the' case' may' be,' and' in' at'
least'two'(2)'other'conspicuous'places'in'the'LGU'concerned.'
'

By: RLB 102"