Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Sources: Wd1426, Wd1421A, Wv149, Ws2541A
Wd1426, a book of alchemical recipes, has caused us to add some additional symbols to our inventory of character entities: signs
for substances antimony and sal armoniac; the elements fire and water; and the syllabics "subli" and "precipi" (found in
sublimate, precipitate, etc.). We've also gone ahead and added the elemental symbol for earth, on the assumption that it will
eventually appear in our books as well. The new symbols will soon (March 2002) appear in the latest online version of the
primary keying instructions as reproduced below. (Examples of the symbols in context follow further on below.)
Addendum, June 2002: Wd1421A employs the same set of symbols.
Addendum, February 2003: Wv149 adds symbols for sulphur, oil, and ?tartar and one of as yet unknown meaning.
Addendum, December 2003: added two symbols found in a strange nonchemical book Ws2541A, viz. salt and saltpetre
Addendum, August 2007: added many symbols found in WN241 (img 195 for convenient table), and had also earlier been mostly
found in another book (unidentified...)
Addendum, July 2008: added some symbols from a chart of abbreviations found in a Welsh dictionary (Wing J997), especially
those confirmed by their presence in other books.
Addendum, Sept 2011: added some symbols from a chart of abbreviations from WB1088
Alchemical signs
Symbol Example Meaning Record as
antimony &antimony;
sal armoniac / sal
ammoniac (in
&salarmon;
(al)chemical contexts
only)
sal armoniac, sal
&salarmon2;
ammoniac (alt. form)
fire (in (al)chemical
&fire;
contexts only)
water &water;
earth (the element) &earth;
subli (forming words
&absubli;
like "sublimate")
precipi (forming
words like &abprecipi;
"precipitate")
sulphur or sulphu
(forming words like &sulphur;
'sulphuris')
oil or oleum &oil;
oil (alt. glyph?) [treatment pending]
oil (alt. form) &oil2;
tartar (tartrate?
tartaric acid? &tartar;
potassium? potash?)
vitriol (sulphuric
acid) or vitrio
&vitriol;
(forming words like
'vitriolata')
vitriol (alt. form) &vitriol2;
vitriol (alt. form);
&vitriol3;
blue vitriol?
salt &salt;
salt (alt. glyph?) [treatment pending]
nitre or saltpetre
&nitre;
(potassium nitrate)
day &day;
night &night;
arsenic &arsenic;
arsenic (alt. form) &arsenic2;
alembic &alembic;
ashes &ashes;
glass &glass;
quicklime (calx viva) &quicklime;
lime? chalk? or
[treatment pending]
quicklime?
salt gemme (rock salt) &saltgemme;
&urine; (assume that
dotted and dotless
urine
forms are insignificant
glyph variants)
cinnabar &cinnabar1;
cinnabar (alt. form) &cinnabar2;
cinnabar (alt. form) &cinnabar3;
alum &alum;
alum (alternative
&alum2;
form)
potash or 'ashes of
&potash;
hart's ease'
"purify(ies)" &purify;
aqua fortis &afortis;
aqua regis &aregis;
talc &talc;
wax &wax;
blood &blood;
vinegar &vinegar;
vinegar, distilled (or
&vinedist;
'spirit of vinegar')
Orpiment or
&orpiment;
auripigmentum
retort (chemical
&retort;
equipment)
Bezoar minerale
&bezoarMin;
(antimony oxide?)
skull, caput mortuum,
&skull;
death's head
verdigris (identical to
alt. form of sal &verdigris;
ammoniac)
magnesia or
magnesium
&magnesia;
(?? a guess based
on symbols.com)
Note that the interpretation of some of these symbols is necessarily contextual. That is, it is the fact that they are in a book of
alchemy (and maybe even the fact that they are within a particular book) that causes us to interpret "*" as "sal ammoniac" as
opposed to "asterisk" or "sextile", or the upright triangle as "fire" instead of "delta" or "trine". If such interpretation is too much
too ask, capture as one of the other lookalike symbols, or a generic character that describes the appearance (e.g. ▵ (upward
pointing triangle)) will be acceptable. If the capture is consistent, we can always convert later to a semantically more precise or
more appropriate rendition.
This book (Wd1426) is singularly helpful in that it provides a key to most of the symbols in the book within the first few pages
of the book itself:
The actual form of the symbols is quite consistent throughout the book, and the printing is generally clear. As well as the
symbols listed, we find the usual "ounce" symbol; the standard doubled "ss" for "semis" ('half'), and other common characters.
The planetary signs are used mostly in their alchemical senses, to designate metals.
Noteworthy are the three representations of chemical processes (precipi-, sublimi-, and amalgama-) that act sometimes more like ordinary Latin
abbreviation symbols and less like planetary or elemental signs, inasmuch as words are built on them. Two are symbols, one is simply three "a"s
with dots over them to indicate abbreviation. The symbols will need to be captured as distinctive entities; the abbreviation can follow the usual
rules and retain only the actual letters, placed within <ABBR> tags.
precipitate &abprecipi;tate
to sublim to &absubli;m
sublimate &absubli;mate
sublimed &subli;med
sublimation &subli;mation
amalgama <ABBR>aaa</ABBR>
amalgamate <ABBR>aaate</ABBR>
Some sample transcriptions
CAPTURE AS: Then add more of the fixed Salt to it which hath not &subli;med, making it one third to the &salarmon;, which
humect with Spirit as before, cir|culate and &subli;m, and the &salarmon; will be increased. Do thus till all the fixed Salt be
&subli;med. Cir|culate the remaining Volatile Spirit with the &salarmon;, till all the Spirit be converted into &salarmon;,
CAPTURE AS: TAke reddish rich Virgin Earth in &Aries;, im|pregnate it with &Sun;, &Moon;, serene and dew, till the end of
<HI>May:</HI> Then imbibe sprink|lingly with dew gathered in <HI>May,</HI> and dry in &Sun;, expose all Night to the
&Moon; and Air, securing it from Rain. Still when it is dry, imbibe and turn the Earth often. Continue this till &subli;mation.
The hot &Sun; (especially in the Dogdays) will make a pure Salt shoot up, which mingle back into the Earth, by turning it all
over. Then distill by gra|duated &fire; as <HI>A.F.</HI> forcing all the Spirits
CAPTURE AS: the words of <HI>Helmont:</HI> when (&s;aith he) I di&s;tingui&s;hed be|tween the &Merc;ies, and Salts and &sulphur;s
of <HI>Concretes,</HI> by an analytical re&s;olution of them, I wondred at the &s;luggi&s;h, in|active nature of the &Merc;ial com|pared to
the dignity and ex|cellent activity of the other two principles (to wit Sul|phurous and and Saline) More|
CAPTURE AS: <P>
<LIST>
<ITEM>℞. <HI>Rob. de Ribes.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Rob. de Berber. an.</HI> &ounce;j.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Spir. &sulphur; g.</HI> iij.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Salis perlar.</HI> &scruple;.j.</ITEM>
</LIST>
<HI>Misce.</HI>
</P>
CAPTURE AS: <LIST>
<ITEM><HI>Extract. santal.</HI></ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Extract. Chelid.</HI> an. &ounce;ss.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>&tartar;ri &vitriol;lati.</HI> &dram;iij.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Tinctur. croci &Mars; cum &oil; &sulphur;ris praep.</HI>
&dram;ij.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Salis Corallor.</HI> &ounce;ss.</ITEM>
<ITEM><HI>Essentiae</HI> &Mars; &dram;j.</ITEM>
</LIST></P>
Some tables of symbols in the books
Alchemical signs
Alchemical signs (2)
Elements
Metals
Minerals and things (1)
Minerals and things (2)
Minerals and things (3)
Minerals and things (4)
Minerals and things (5)
Minerals and things (6)
Medicinal characters (1)
Medicinal characters (2)
Medicinal characters (3)
Note: The 'Medicinal characters' are from Wj997, a Welsh dictionary, which also contains the same characters glossed in Welsh
(vid 101101).