EXPT 11: ORS For HCO3-:

NORMAL HEALTHY INTESTINE

-continuous exchange of H2O through the intestinal
wall by osmosis
-up to 20L of H2O is: For Cl-:
* secreted and nearly as much is reabsorbed every 24
hours
* mechanism allows reabsorptioninto the blood stream
of soluble metabolites from digested food

IN STATE OF DIARRHEA
-there should be electrolyte ion balance
-more H2O is secreted than reabsorbed
For Glucose:
-Na is also lost (stored in the insterstitialfluids and blood
20 g C6H12O6 do not dissociate. No need to compute for
plasma (extracellular fluids)
mmol/L
-chronic loss of K (repeated attacks of diarrhea) (K held
in the intracellular fluids), results in muscular weakness,
APPROXIMATE CONCENTRATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL
lethargy & anorexia
IONS (Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-in the
plasma, interstitial & intracelljularfluids in an average
CONC. OF Na+
man:
-in the extracellular fluid
135-150 mmol/L for proper functioning of the body Body Fuids Mg+2 Cl- HCO3- HPO4-
-controlled by the renal function
Plasma 1 102 27 1
IN CASE OF DEHYDRATION
Mmol/L Mmol/L Mmol/L Mmol/L
-H2O is conserved by anuria(nonpassageof urine,in
practice is defined as passage of less than 50 Interstitial 1 114 30 1
millilitersof urine in a day.Anuriais often caused by Fluids
failure in the function of kidneys) Intracellular 15 5 10 50
-Na is not regulated fluids

CONTINUED DIARRHEA
-cause rapid depletion of H2O & Na APPROXIMATE CONCENTRATIONS OF THE PRINCIPAL
-More than 10% loss of body fluids, death occurs IONS (Na+, K+, Ca+2, Mg+2Cl-, HCO3-, HPO4-in the
plasma, interstitial & intracelljularfluids in an average
ORS man:
-Best method to combat dehydration caused by Body Fuids Na+ K+ Ca+2
diarrhea Plasma 140Mmol/ 4 2.5
-50 mL/kg body wt (for mild dehydration) L Mmol/L Mmol/L
-100 mL/Kg given over 4 hours (moderate dehydration) Interstitial 144 4 2
Fluids
Amount for 1 L Amount for 100 mL
NaCl 3.5 g Intracellular 10 155 1
NaHCO3 2.5 g fluids
KCl 1.5 g
C6H12O6 20 g Concentration & function of glucose in the ORS
-Glucose –absorbed through the intestinal wall
COMPUTATION: -Na+ -carried by a co-transport mechanism
For Na+ from NaCl and NaHCO3: -1molecule glucose co-transports 1 molecule Na+
(1:1 ratio)
-Glucose –does not co-transport water
-increased conc. of Na+ across the intestinal wall that
pulls water through it

Reason why not advisable to give commercial drinks

(Gatorade) in treating diarrhea
-Composition of ORS:
Total Na+ from NaCl & NaHCO3: 60 + 30 = 90 mmol/L Na+ complex carbohydrates or 2% glucose
50 –90 mmol/L Na+
For K+: -Commercial drinks –do not meet these criteria &
should not be used for the purpose of treating diarrhea
Role of K+in oral rehydration therapy 2 As2S5 + 6 Ca(OH)2  Ca3(AsO4)2 + Ca3(AsS4)2 + 2 H2S
-Repeated diarrhea –causes chronic loss of K+resulting + 4 H 2O
to muscular weakness, lethargy & - If the solution was made acidic, As2S5, a toxic
anorexia. substance, will be formed back:
-Restoring K+ deficit –promotes a feeling of well-being , Ca3(AsS4)2 + 6 HCl  3 CaCl2 + As2S5 + 3 H2S
stimulates appetites & activity of the patient - Precipitated sulfur is preferred in liquid mixtures
-K+unlike Na+-absorbed passively because the particles are lighter and more easily
suspended.
Reason why HCO3-is included in the ORS - Chemical names: lime - CaO, lime water - Ca(OH)2
-relevant for correction of metabolic acidosis of sol’n, slaked lime - Ca(OH)2 powder with small amt of
diarrheal dehydration. water, limestone a.k.a. marble – CaCO3, milk of lime –
Metabolic acidosis suspension form of Ca(OH)2 when slaked lime is mixed
-results whenever there is electrolyte imbalance & fluid with 3 or 4X its weight of water
loss like in cases of diarrhea - Forms of sulfur:
-Corrected by addition of K+ in the ORS Sublimed sulfur or flowers of sulfur
Precipitated sulfur or washed sulfur or milk of sulfur
Dose & dosing regimen of ORS - Allotropic forms of S:
50 mL/Kg body wt. for mild dehydration every 4 Rhombic-stable
hours Monoclinic-heated just above melting point
100 mL/Kg body wt. for moderate dehydration Liquid or mobile- heated at much higher
every 4 hours temperature
10 mL/kg body wt for diarrheal stool , after 4 Plastic-cooled
hours, the patient is reassessed Amorphous
5 mL if patient is vomiting every 5 - Uses: scabicide, keratolytic, fungicide, tx of acne,
mins. Increasing gradually as psoriasis, tx of seborrhea – abnormal secretion of
tolerated sebum from the sebaceous gland giving the oily or scaly
appearance to the skin; cathartic, industrially as
EXPT 12: PS fumigation

3 CaO + 3 H2O  3 Ca(OH)2 EXPT 13: Boric Acid

3 Ca(OH)2 + 12 S  2 CaS5 + CaS2O3 + 3 H2O
2 CaS5 + 4 HCl  8 S↓ + 2 CaCl2 + 2 H2S Na2B4O7  10 H2O + 2 HCl  4H3BO3 + 2 NaCl + 5 H2O
- colorless, odourless, cryst. powder
- pale yellow, odourless, very fine amorphous powder -crystals/powder/scaly
- neutral pH (neither acidic nor basic) – no impurity, X -soapy
H2S remained (e.g. H2S dissolved in water = acidic ID Tests:
reaction) BA + dist. H2O
Tests for Purity: 1. acidic
1. washings (3 portion) 2. Turmeric: brownish black
a) litmus - neutral w/ NH4OH: greenish black
b) + K2C2O4 3. BA + MeOH-H2SO4: green border flame/green tint
Ca+2: (+) white ppt of CaC2O4  presence of Ca+2 eq. H3BO3 + 3 CH3OH --H2SO4 (CH3)3BO3 + 3 H2O
if no ppt  absence of Ca+2 Impurities:
c) + AgNO3 BA + dist. H2O
Cl-: (+) white ppt of AgCl  presence of Cl- 1. clear soln: absence of water insoluble substances
if no ppt  absence of Cl- 2. a. + KH2SbO4 or Zn(UO2)2(CH3COO)9
2. PS dissolves readily in CS2 (conclusion: absence of Na+: (+) white ppt of NaH2SbO4 or pale yellow cryst
other forms of S) ppt of NaZn(UO2)2(CH3COO)4  presence of Na+
if no ppt  absence of Na+
TY: b. + AgNO3
Cl-: (+) white ppt of AgCl  presence of Cl-
if no ppt  absence of Cl-
TY:
a) mL HCl  g HCl g boric acid (BA)
Facts: M = g/MW X L  g = M X MW X L
-We wash the PS to remove CaCl2 = 12 mol/L X 36 g/mol X 0.015 L
- Slaking is adding water in lime in limited amount = 6.48 g HCl
forming into crumbs or smaller particles with liberation 6.48 g HCl X 1 mol HCl X 4 mol BA X 61.81 BA
of heat and finally becomes powdery. 36 g HCl 2 mol HCl 1 mol BA
- In the flowers of S, As2S5 is present. Alkalinity is = 22.25 g BA
maintained during addition of HCl so that calcium or b) g boraxg BA
sulfoarsenate will be soluble in the filtrate to be 30 g borax X 1 mol borax X 4 mol borax X 61.81 g BA
discarded: 381.37 g borax 1 mol borax 1 mol BA
 = 19.45 g BA
Facts:
-HCl is more volatile than H2SO4, hence residual traces
of HCl will not remain in crystal surfaces and easily
dried.
-Boric acid is less soluble in cold water
-BA is used as eyewash, bacteriostatic agent, and buffer
component
- Official soln must be warmed or diluted with an equal
volume of water since some BA might have crystallized
out and this should be dissolved or otherwise be very
irritating to the eyes
- Crystalline or scale forms of BA are used, since they
are dissolved thoroughly in water while the powder
form tends to float on top of the water
-Calculate the volume of 12 N HCl (density = 1.185 g/mL
containing 36.31 % by mass of HCl) necessary to react
with the amount of borax used in the preparation.
1st: 30 g borax X 1 mol borax X 2 mol HCl X 36 g HCl
381.37 g borax 1 mol borax 1 mol HCl
= 5.66 g HCl
2nd: 5.66 g HCl X 1 mol HCl X 1 L X 1000 mL = 13.10 mL
36 g HCl 12 mol HCl 1 L
or 5.66 g HCl X 100 g HCl X 1 mL HCl = 13.15 mL
36.31 g HCl 1.185 g HCl
EXPT 14: MC
Light Variety:
30 MgSO4  7 H2O + 30 Na2CO3  H2O  5 (MgCO3)4 
Mg(OH)2  5 H2O + 5 Mg(HCO3)2 + 30 Na2SO4 + 205 H2O
5 Mg(HCO3)2 + H2O  (MgCO3)4  Mg(OH)2  5 H2O + 6
CO2
Heavy Variety:
5 MgSO4  7 H2O + 5 Na2CO3  H2O  (MgCO3)4 
Mg(OH)2  5 H2O + 5 Na2SO4 + CO2 + 34 H2O
-white amorphous powder, slight earthly taste
- bulky powder (light)
ID Tests:
MC + 6N HCl:
1. Test for the presence of CO3 - (+) effervescence
eq. (MgCO3)4  Mg(OH)2  5 H2O + 10 HCl  5 MgCl2 + 4
CO2 +11 H2O
2. Test for the presence of Mg+2 – (+) white cryst. ↓ of
MgNH4PO4
eq. MgCl2 + NH4Cl + Na2HPO4  MgNH4PO4 + HCl + 2
NaCl
3. Filtrate:
a) + KH2SbO4
Na+: (+) white ppt of NaH2SbO4  presence of Na+
if no ppt  absence of Na+
b) BaCl2
SO4-2: (+) white ppt of BaSO4  presence of SO4-2
if no ppt  absence of SO4-2
TY:
Facts:
- Factors determine the variety of MC prepared:
a) temp and conc of the reacting sol’n
b) temp at which the ppt. is dried
c) amount of water
- Buchner funnel is used for rapid filtration of
voluminous substances
- Effervescence is bubbling of a gas through a liquid.
- Uses of MC: antacid, laxative – ease defecation,
antidote to acid poisoning, externally as absorbent or
drying powder, in large doses as cathartic – accelerates
defecation (ingredient of the popular cathartic,
limonada purgante)
EXPT 16: KAc
CH3COOH + KHCO3  CH3COOK + CO2 + H2O
-white cryst. powder, faint acetous odor and slightly alk.
taste
ID Tests:
1 a. KAc sol’n + Na3Co(NO2)6
= yellow ppt of K2NaCo(NO2)6 (test for K+)
eq. 2 CH3COOK + Na3Co(NO2)6  K2NaCo(NO2)6 +
2CH3COONa
b. KAc sol’n + FeCl3
1. red soln of (CH3COO)3Fe (test for CH3COO-)
eq. 3 CH3COOK + FeCl3  (CH3COO)3Fe + 3 KCl
2. yellow soln of FeCl3
eq. (CH3COO)3Fe + 3 HCl  FeCl3 + 3 CH3COOH
2. KAc + 6N H2SO4 + heat
= gas with vinegar odor (test for CH3COO-)
eq. 2 CH3COOK + H2SO4  2 CH3COOH + K2SO4
3. sol’n in # 2 + EtOH + heat
= gas with fruity odor (test for CH3COO-)
eq. CH3COOH + C2H5OH  CH3COOC2H5 + H2O
4. KAc in hard glass tt + heat + H2SO4
= residue cont. K2CO3 (test for K+)
eq. 2 CH3COOK + 4 O2 -∆ K2CO3 + 3 H2O + 3 CO2
K2CO3 + H2SO4  K2SO4 + CO2 + H2O
TY:
a) mL HAc (acetic acid)  g HAc  g KAc
g = M X MW X L
= 6 M X 60 g/mol X 0.01 L
= 3.6 g HAc
3.6 g HAc X 1 mol HAc X 1 mol KAc X 98.14 g KAc
60 g HAc 1 mol HAc 1 mol KAc
= 5.88 g KAc
or
b) 6 g KHCO3 X 1 mol KHCO3 X 1 mol KAc X 98.14 g KAc
100 g KHCO3 1 mol KHCO3 1 mol KAc
=5.88 g KAc
Facts:
-Convert 10 mL of 6 N CH3COOH (M=N/f) to grams:
g = M X MW X L
= 6 M X 60 g/mol X 0.01 L
= 3.6 g HAc
- Compute the g of KHCO3 needed to react with
CH3COOH used in the experiment:
3.6 g HAc X 1 mol HAc X 1 mol KHCO3 X 100.11 g KHCO3
60 g HAc 1 mol HAc 1 mol KHCO3
= 6 g KHCO3
-Sand bath- 100°C-140°C to control evaporation of KAc
-KAc is deliquescent (absorbs moisture and liquefy) Mild laxative
-Pyrolysis is heating strongly an organic substance Potent hydragogue - ↑ fluid feces
which decomposes into volatile and inflammable vapors
and leaves residue of carbon. The principle behind is
oxidation:
Complete oxidation- ample O2 supply (longer
heating), formation of white residue and liberation of
CO2
Incomplete oxidation- not sufficient O2 (shorter
heating), there is white residue and black particles of
carbon, no CO2↑
- Uses of KAc are diuretic, antacid, laxative

EXPT 17: Rochelle Salt (Seignette Salt)

2KHC4H4O6 + Na2CO3●H2O + 6 H2O → 2 KNaC4H4O6●4

H2O + CO2↑
- odourless, white cryst. powder or colorless rhombic
prism with saline cooling taste
ID Tests:
1. Filtrate + 5mL H2O
a. + Na3Co(NO2)6 (Test for K+)
= yellow cryst ppt of K2NaCo(NO2)6
b. + KH2SbO4 or Zn(UO2)2(CH3COO)9 (Test for Na+)
= white ppt of Na2H2SbO4 or pale yellow cryst
ppt of NaZn(UO2)3(CH3COO)9
2. 1mL filtrate + H2O + AgNO3 + NH4OH + heat
= silver mirror
3. Filtrate + H2O + CH3COOH (Test for tartrate)
= white cryst ppt of KHC4H4O6●4H2O
Eq. KNaC4H4O6●4H2O + CH3COOH → CH3COONa +
KHC4H4O6●4H2O
4. RS + heat (pyrolysis)
Complete oxid.: effervescence and white residue of
K2CO3
Incomplete oxid.: no CO2↑ with black particles of
carbon
Eq. 2KNaC4H4O6●4H2O + 5 O2 -∆ K2CO3 + Na2CO3 +
6CO2↑ +12 H2O
a. residue from pyrolysis + 6N H2SO4
= effervescence given of CO2↑
eq. K2CO3 + H2SO4  K2SO4 + CO2↑ + H2O
TY:

Or

Facts:
- Fehling’s A = CuSO4 + H2O – test for reducing sugars
(tartrate) Cu+2 → Cu+
- Fehlibng’s B – KnaC4H4O6 + NaOH
- RS is a double salt (2 metals + 1 non-metal)
- Definition of terms:
Deliquescent –absorbs moisture and liquefy (ex. KAc,
NaOH pellets, Ca(NO3)2 crystals)
Efflorescence – give up water of hydration or
crystallization (ex. RS, epsom salt-MgSO47H2O,
glaubers salt-Na2SO410 H2O
Hygroscopic – absorbs moisture without liquefaction or
melting (ex. Blue vitriol-CuSO45 H2O)
Use: component of Seidlitz powder (cathartic)