A Comparative Study on Effect of Different Fillerson

Stone Matrix Asphalt Mix

* ** ***
Vineet Jain , Ajinya Gautam , Vikas Ravekar
Abstract

To enhance the durability and performance of flexible pavements,

different asphalt materials and mixtures are used. Stone mastic asphalt
or Stone matrix asphalt is the better and suitable option generally seen
compare to bituminous Concrete or dense graded mix. Based on
literature review, modifier and different admixtures are being used as a
filler to enhance the property of bitumen mix design. The main objective
of this article is to assess the effect of different fillers like Stone dust,
Portland cement, Fly ash with Coconut Shell charcoal. Various
engineering properties such as surface absorption, crushing, grading, light
weight, heating etc. has been observed and it is found that coconut shell
charcoal shows good results that are important for pavements. Further,
Stability, flow parameters and Air Void ratio are also obtained so that it
can be compared with different types of Fillers. Therefore, a perfect
combination is established so that it can be useful as a substitute as a
filler for improving the quality and durability of pavement of roads.

Keywords: SMA mix, Coconut shell charcoal, Filler, Binder, Marshall test.

Introduction
In the construction of bituminous pavements, it becomes very difficult to arrange the close and
well-uniform, or dense graded aggregates to sustain heavy load on roads. Practically arrangement
of different size aggregate in paving industries is very difficult. Therefore there is need to design the
bituminous mix consisting gap graded aggregate known as stone mastic asphalt. Stone mastic
asphalt (SMA) consisting 70- 80 % aggregate of total mass, 6-7% of binder, 8-12% of filler, and about
0.3-0.5% of fiber or stabilizer or additives. Bose S et al. presented the advantage of SMA mix with
bituminous mix as shown in Table 1 given below [1].

*
Assistant Professor, CED, Smt. S R Patel Engineering Collage, Unjha, Gujarat, India.
***
Prof. Ram Meghe Institute of Technology and Research, Badnera, Amravati, Maharashtra, India.
Correspondence to: Ms. Vineeta Jain, CED, Smt. S R Patel Engineering Collage, Unjha, Gujarat, India. E-
mail Id: vineet.jinendra@gmail.com

© ADR Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved.

Jain V et al.
Table 1.Comparison of Properties of SMA Mix Over Bituminous Mix
No. Property
1 Mix structure
2 Coarse aggregate content (%)
3 Fine aggregate content (%)
4 Filler content (%)
5 Binder type
6 Min. binder content (%)
7 Air voids
8 Thickness
SMA mix provides a deformation resistant,
durable surfacing material, suitable for
heavily trafficked roads. SMA forms an
interlocks between coarse aggregate to form
a stone skeleton which can sustain
permanent deformation. The stone skeleton
is fully filled with bitumen and filler along
with fiber so that it can bind them properly
so as to prevent drainage of binder and not
to cause any problem while transportation
and while placing. As the Coarse aggregate
content is high in SMA Mix, it forms a
skeleton - type structure which provides
good resistance for rutting. Brown and
Manglorkar (1993) reported that traffic loads
for SMA are mainly carried by the coarse
aggregate instead of the fine aggregate
asphalt-mortar. Even though, fillers play
important role to reduce the gap between
coarse and fine aggregate to provide better
stability to pavements.
Therefore, in this study, stone dust, Portland
cement, fly ash and Coconut shell charcoal
are used as filler to assess the effects on
SMA mix. Further the effect of Coconut shell
charcoal as filler in SMA mix is compared
with different types of fillers. This article is
organized in five sections: introduction,
literature review, proposed methodology,
experimental study and result analysis
explained below:
J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2)
SMA Mix Bituminous Mix
GAP Graded Well Graded
70-80 50-60
20-30 40-50
<5 >5
60/70 60/70, 80/100
3.5- 4 5- 6
5-10 3-6
25-75 30-60
Literature Review
A critical review of the literature is carried out
on use of different type of fillers in SMA mix to
improve the properties of pavement structure.
Behnood M. Ameri (2012) has studied the
effect of steel slag in stone matrix asphalt
mixtures and he has found better results in
comparison with those containing stone. Also,
replacing the coarse portion of stone
aggregate with steel slag leads to some better
results in comparison with mixtures that
contain steel slag as the fine portion. Steel slag
used as the coarse portion in SMA mixtures
increased Marshall Stability and decreased the
flow values. Xue et al. (2008), Yongjie Xue et al.
(2008) performed Marshall mix design
procedure to assess the effect of solid waste
incinerator fly ash as a partial replacement of
fine aggregate in SMA Mix. Ting TL et al.
conducted a study to determine strength
characteristic of coconut shell ash and it is
found that it is it is stronger than rice husk ash
and palm kernel shell ash [6]. Further he stated
that the possibility to convert the coconut shell
to a useful material are environmental friendly
and contribute in construction field. Muniandy
R et al. examined the effect of industrial waste
fillers namely limestone dust (LSD), which was
the reference filler; ceramic waste dust (CWD);
coal fly ash (CFA), and steel slag mixture (SSD)
2
J l.
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d [4]. They have concluded that utilization ofProposed Metho
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industrial wastes and byproducts in SMA This s ect ion pr es ent s t hes t epw is epr opos edm et hodo logy t oas s es s t he com par at iv eef f ect of coconut s hell char coal f il ler w it hd if f er ent t ypeof f il er s onSM A M ix pr oper t ies . Fl ow char t f or t hepr opos edm et hodol ogy is giv en in Fig. 1 belo w.

R results in the improvement of the engineering

e properties and a reduction in the Optimum
s Asphalt Content (OAC). The reduction in OAC
. would result in significant cost saving.
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Jain V et al.
and flow value by performing Marshall
Stability Test at different percentage of
bitumen with different fillers.
Stage-IV Result Analysis-Optimum
Bitumen Content and Max Stability
Value
Analysis on the results obtained in previous
stage is carried out in this stage. Based on
the analysis, optimum bitumen content is
determined. It is also estimated that which
filler is suitable to produce Maximum
Stability.
Experimental Study
This section presents the experimental
investigation carried to assess the effect of
different fillers i.e. coconut shell charcoal, fly
ash, stone dust on SMA mix. In this study
Marshall Stability test has been performed
to determine the optimum bitumen content
and stability and flow value of Asphalt
sample mix. In this study, Stone asphalt mix
samples are prepared at varying percentage
of bitumen content. The details of samples
are given below.
Stone Mastic Asphalt Samples using
“Stone Dust” as filler at 4, 5, 5.5, 6, 7
percentage of Bitumen Content.
Stone Mastic Asphalt Samples using
“Coconut shell charcoal” as filler at 4, 5,
5.5, 6, 7 percentage of Bitumen Content.
Stone Mastic Asphalt Samples using “Fly
Ash” as filler at 4, 5, 5.5, 6, 7 percentage
of Bitumen Content.
Further, samples are recognized for stability
value, flow value and air void explained
below:
J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2)
The stability of the specimen is obtained by the
load taken by it and then multiplying with the
correlation ratio which is obtained from
thickness/ height or volume of the sample.
Theoretically as Bitumen content increases,
the stability also increases up to a certain limit
and then starts decreasing gradually.
Flow value is defined as deformation caused
when maximum load is applied where usually
failure occurs. With increase in bitumen
content, flow value increases. But the flow is
gradually slow where stabilizers are not used.
The flow increases very slowly initially but with
increase in bitumen content, the flow value
increases theoretically.
The air void is defined as the gap present
between the aggregates. As bitumen content
increases, the void decreases. Bitumen fills the
gap present and increases the compatibility.
Theoretically the air voids decreases slowly
initially and with increase in bitumen
percentage the air voids decreases very
quickly. With addition of stabilizers, it also
helps to fill the void along with bitumen.
Results and Analysis
Comparative analysis is done on Stability
Value, Flow Value, Air Void Value by Using
different percentage of bitumen content
with different fillers.
Comparison of “Stability Value” between
different fillers at different percentage of
bitumen content. Figure 2 shows the
variation of stability value of samples
with different fillers at different
percentage of bitumen content.
4
J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2) Jain V et al.

Figure 2.Stability Value Comparison of Different Fillers at Varying % of Bitumen Content

Comparison of “Flow Value” between Comparison of “Air Void” between

different fillers at different percentage of
bitumen content. Figure 3 shows the
variation of flow value of samples with
different fillers at different percentage of
bitumen content.
different fillers at different percentage of
bitumen content. Figure 4 shows the
variation of Air Void value of samples
with different fillers at different
percentage of bitumen content.

Figure 3.Flow Value Comparison of Different Fillers at Varying % of Bitumen Content

5
Jain V et al.
Figure 4.Flow Value Comparison of Different Fillers at Varying % of Bitumen Content
Conclusion
The main objective of this study was to carry
out the comparison of stability value, flow
value, air void between different fillers at
different percentage of bitumen content. In
this study, Marshall Stability test is
performed at various samples to check the
characteristics of bitumen samples with
different fillers. Based on the experimental
investigation and analysis part, it can be
concluded that maximum stability value
obtained is 9.1 kN in the case of stone dust
used as filler. However, stability value by
using coconut shell charcoal obtained is 8.4
kN. The stability value obtained in the case
of coconut shell charcoal is more than 8 kN
therefore; it can be used as a filler in SMA
mix for pavements.
References
1. Bose S, Kamaraj C, Nanda PK. “Stone
Mastic Asphalt (SMA)-A Long Life
Pavement Surface”. International
Seminar on Innovations in Construction
and Maintenance of Flexible Pavements,
Agra, 2-4 September, Technical Papers
J. Adv. Res. Auto. Tech. Transp. Sys. 2017; 1(1&2)
2006; 1: 169-17.
2. IRC:SP:79. Tentative specifications for
stone matrix asphalt. Indian Roads
Congress, New Delhi, India. 2008.
Available from: https://law.resource.org/
pub/in/bis/irc/irc.gov.in.sp.079.2008.pdf.
3. Putman BJ, Amirkhanian SN. Utilization
of waste fibers in stone matrix asphalt
mixtures. Resources, Conservation and
recycling 2004; 42(3): 265-74.
4. Muniandy R, Aburkaba E, Taha R. Effect of
Mineral Filler Type and Particle Size on the
Engineering Properties of Stone Mastic
Asphalt Pavements. The Journal of
Engineering Research 2013; 10(2): 13-32.
5. Subramain T. Experimental investigations
on coir fiber reinforced bituminous
mixes. International Journal of
Engineering Research and Applications
2012; 2(3): 1794-804.
6. Ting TL, Jaya RP, Abdul Hassan N, et al. A
review of chemical and physical
properties of coconut shell in asphalt
mixture. Jurnal Teknologi (Sciences &
Engineering) 2016; 78(4): 85-9.