I

I
I
I
I
I
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o@SF.h.{dblE#.

I lntroduction
I FLUENT Products lntegrated lnto ANSYS Product
. FLUENT -
Suite
I
I'

General purpose CFD solver for a wide range of industries.

I . Polyflow - Spectral element solver

and viscoeleastic flow applications.
used for extrusion, blow molding

t . FLUENT for CATIA - FLUENT is embedded in CATIA 5 to allow CFD

to be done in the CATIA PLM environment.

I . GAMBIT - Preprocessor for FLUENT, Fidap and Polyflow

I . TGrid - Preprocessor that can generate a teUhybrid mesh from an

imported surface mesh.

t . See the Appendix for more details on these products.

r O2G NSYS, hc. Al iqhb resflsd l-1 4

Ap.il 28,2009

t
r
 FLUENT Products lntegrated into ANSyS product
Suite iANSYS'j
' lcepak - Has a custom-buirt interface on top of FLUENT
for analyzing electronics cooling applications. "oruoG
' Airpak - Has a custom-buirt interface on top of FLUENT
sorver used
for sorving ventiration/environmentar contamination
probrems.

' Mixsim - Has a custom-buirt interface on

top of FLUENT sorver used
to solve mixing tank problems

. See the Appendix for more

details on these products.

ANSYS, lnc. Family of products include the

following:
.AIVSYS Workbench Complete
mesh manipulation.
- environment ,or geometry modeling,
structural/ih"rrn"f in"-fy"i", i-pin.,i="tion, which is
tightly integrated with CAD packages. "n'i
. ANSYS Mechanical ApDL_ Advanced
mechanicat and
multiphvsics FEA sorurion capauititiei uritiiiig';;tr"airionar
user interface. ANSys
.ANSYS CFD State-of-the-art
- CFD sotvers, including CFX andFLUENT.
. ANSYS AUTODYN Expticit dynamic
- solver fJr transient non_
tinear simutations invotving targe dei;;;;;;is
tinear jn_ti;"t a]rj strains, non-
materiat behavior,,n il;'kiift;';"iip'iex
fragmentation, and shock wave propagatio;. -''. contact,
.ANSYS LS-DYNA LSTC's
- LS-DyNn expticit
technology with the ore-/oosl-pysggs"ing p6*"i dynamic sotver
of'Al*jSyi software. this
powertut pairing can'be jsea io simuiard;r;;ie-sfiil;t
stamping, and catastrophic failures. forging,
. ANSYS ICEM CFD powerful.r"gl,,lg
-
post-processing features,.inctuding lCEfr
toots with generat pre- and
CFD fo; ;enerating
com ptex C F_D- grids and At. E nvi rorim."l
structural
r* ;;";;r; sophisticated
FEA meshes.
. ANSYS EKM - Engineering Knowtedge Manager
Introduction
ANSYS Workbench Overview
jANSYSi
. What is ANSYS Workbench?
- ANsys workbench.provides_powerfur methods for interacting with rhe
famiry of sorvers. Thi's environment provide" ,niqrE integraiion
Al!PY^s^
with CAD systems, and your design process. "
' ANsys workbench is comprised of various apprications (some
examples):
- Mechanicalfor performing structural and thermal analyses using the
ANSyS solver
. Meshing is also included within the Mechanical application
- Fluid FIow (CFX) for performing CFD analyses using CFX
- Fluid Flow (FLUENT) for performing CFD anatyses using FLUENT
- Geome-try (DesignModerer)-ror.creating and modifying cAD geometry
to prepare
the solid model for usein'Mechanicatl
- Engineering Data for defining material properties
- Meshing Apprication ror generating cFD and Expricit Dynamics
meshes
- Design Exploration lor optimization analyses
- Finite Element Modeter (FE Moderer)ror transrating a NASTRAN
and ABAeus
mesh for use in ANSyS
- BladeGen (Blade Geometry)lor creating blade geometry
- Expli.cit Dynamicsror exprieit dynamics simurations featuring modering
or
nonlinear dynamics

lntroduction
ANSYS Workbench tflttffi';

#
"e.
u@="
Introduction
FLUENT l*Hsxst
Ttaining Manual

. FLUENT applications:
- Exiernal/internal automotive flows and
in-cylinder llows
- High-speed aerodynamics
- Rocket flows
- Turbomachinery
- Chemical reactors
- Cyclones
Bubble columns pressure distribution
Mixing vessels in an automotive engine
Fluidized beds cooling jacket.
Flow-induced noise
Moving and dynamic mesh
lnstantaneous solids
Many more! concentration in a riser
indicating uniform distribution
of catalyst at the riser head.

lntroduction
POLYFLOW 1/lNstas' j

Manual

. POLYFLOW is a finite element lnverse Die Design:

solver for laminar, viscous Determines die geometry
based upon desired
flows extruded shape.
. Usefulwith complex rheology
and free surfaces.
. Applications:
- Extrusion, coextrusion, die
Requested part shape and
design
calculated die lip shape for a
- Blow molding, thermoforming rubber car door seal.
- Film casting, glass sheet
forming/stretching, f iber
drawing
- Chemical reactions, foaming
Blow molding simulation
- Viscoelastic flows ("memory
of a gas tank using the
effects") membrane element,
I
t
I lntroduction
FLUENT for CATIA lt!$tffi;
I Thining Manual

. FLUENT for CATIA V5 brings CFD analysis into the CATIA V5 PLM environment.
. Fully imbedded in the analysis inlrastructure of CATIA V5:

t - Flow volume extraction

-
meshing
simulation
- post-processing

I .
- knowledgeware and
data management
Full generative associativity
between geometry and CFD

I .
models
FLUENT for GATIA V5 can be
deployed throughout the full
product life cycle.

I
I ANSYS lnc Prcpriel4
1-21

I
e&ANSYS lnc Al illhbreseryed.

I lntroduction
imH$ffi_i
t GAMBIT
. A single, integrated
pre-processor for CFD
Trcining Manual

analysis.
T - Geometry creation
- Mesh generation
- Mesh quality
T examination
- Boundary zone
assignment
T
){
g

T
ANSYS Inc. ProPnet4y Api 28. 2009
@2@9 ANSYS, lnc Al iqhh rcssved 122

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l
Introduction
TGrid
' A pre-Processor for
teVhybrid mesh INFC%**.:::;.".'^^@
..*. lu*. sd#4 "'l
generation. ;:;iH: -ffi- -j,:",u .,,,.,, ",,,,1
-
j (id 9, tupe l. asclr).
::j!l -Sy-rilfl*F i1:0,:: i:;:.j: !::lll
:::l:d lO. tqpe 4, EEcrlr'
E3:ir!#!-r: 'i nodee (ad I3r tgpe 2J aecii)
s."d;m
. Usefulwhen starting 2?aa#:l::

with triangular
surface mesh.

. lcePak is focused on electronics cooling design:

- cooling airflow, heat conduction, convection and radiation heat transfer

. The user interface and automatic

meshing are tailored for applications such as:
- Cabinet design
- Fan placement
- Board-level design
- Heat sink evaluation

FIow pathlines and temperature distribution

in a fan-cooled comPuter cabinet.
Introduction
AirPak i/\NSYS'i
. Simplifies the design and analysis of
ventilation systems

. Accurate, quick, and easy-to-use design tool

that empowers designers and professionals,
without extensive backgrounds in computer
applications, to utilize the powers of
advanced CFD tools

. Optimize your designs or pinpoint problems

based on accurate predictions of airflow
patterns, thermal conditions, comfofi
conditions, and/or contamination control
effectiveness

Introduction
MixSim lsl$ys-j
' Mixsim is a specialized user interface that allows quick and easy
set-
up of mixing tank simulations.
' The tank size, bottom shape, baffre configuration, number and type of
impellers, etc. are specified direcfly.
'The mesh and complete problem definition are then automaticaily
created.
. Other features
- lmpeller libraries from leading equi
manufacturers
- Transient sliding mesh, steady-
state multiple reference frame
models
Non-Newtonian fluid rheology
lntroduction
ANSYS Workbench Overview
I/TNSYS
'*--f;;kks";;;;*r **- 1

. ANSYS Workbench also consists of the TurboSystem, which is an

industry specific solution for designing rotating machines. lt consists
of the following additional modules:
- BladeModeler an efficient 3-D rotating machinery design tool for bladed
components,
- TurboGrid a high quality hexahedral meshing tool for blade design.

ANSYS, lnc Propietary April 28,2009

@2009 ANSYS, lnc. All nqhls ressvd 1-27

Introduction
DesiqnModeler Overview illNsY$.1
,'',',,,----'.*--'.,.- *',,,' :
TBihihg Manual

. DesignModeler (DM) is a
component of ANSYS Workbench. -
. A CAD-Iike modeler with analysis
modeling goals:
- Contains unique
geometry modification
capabilities for
simulation:
. Feature Simplification
. Enclosure Operation
. Fill Operation
' Spot Welds
'. Split Surfaces
Surface Model
Extraction
. Planar Body Extraction
. Beam Modeling

ANsYs lnc. Prerieky

@2009ANSYS lnc Al
Introduction
DesignModeler Overview iANSYSi
. Contains parametric modeling
capability:
- 2D Sketcher with Dimensions
and Constraints
. Integrates direcfly with
ANSYS Workbench
modules
- Simulation
- CFX-Mesh
- Advanced Meshing
(rcEM)
- DesignXplorer
- BladeModeler

. cFX-Mesh is a comp_o-lgllo!Wgrkbench o"@

CFD meshes for the'ANSVS CfX Silvir.
. Creates mesh in "solid" regions
- Simple user inputs
- Tightly coupled with DesignModeler
- Hybrid mesh approach
- Capable of generating large
meshes
- Advanced mesh refinement
controls
- Produces a "native-format"
CFX gtm file
. Supports many different mesh
types:
- He:</TeUHybrid meshes
- Triangular surface meshes
- Prismatic/ inflated meshes
- Pyramidal intermediate
elements.
CFX-Mesh
April 28
Introduction
CFX-Mesh Overview i#ysYsl
fraining Manual

. Hybrid mesh approach

. Triangular surface mesh

. Prismatic/lnf lated mesh

. Pyramidal intermediate elements

. Tetrahedral mesh generator

24,2W
@o9 ANsYs !nc. At ights res*d 1-31
t -

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I
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ANSYS, lnc. Propiel{y
@2@9 ANSYS, hc. Al riqhb.6sv4.

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Introduction to CFD
What is CFD? Trcining Manual

' 'tltusxs-:
Gomputational fluid dynamics (cFD) is the science of predicting fluid flow,
heat and mass transfer, chemical reactions, and related phenomena by
solving numerically the set of governing mathematical equations
T -
-
Conservation of mass
Conservation of momentum

I -
-
-
-
Conservation of energy
Conservation of species
Effects of body forces
Etc.

T . The results of CFD analyses are relevant in:

t - Conceptual studies of new designs

- Detailed product development
- Troubleshooting
- Redesign

r . CFD analysis complements testing and experimentation by reducing total

effort and cost required for experimentation and data acquisition.

t ANSYS lnc Proprielary

@20m ANSYS, lnc. Al iqhis reserved 2-2
Aprll 23, 2009

t
I
-

lntroduction to CFD
How Does CFD Work? Manual

. ANSYS CFD solvers are based on the

finite volume method
'^$$xTi
- Domain is discretized into a finite set of
control volumes
- General conservation (transport) equations
for mass, momentum, energy, species, etc.
are solved on this set ol control volumes
discretized into a finite set
*l ,rdv+f pQv'dA=f t*o*'dA+ Jtrou of iontrol volumes.
.-Y-"----,
LJnsteady Convection Diftusion Generation Equation Variable
Continuity 1

- Partial differential equations are X momentum u

discretized into a system of algebraic Y momentum v
equations Z momentum w
Energy h
- All algebraic equations are then solved
numerically to render the solution field
' FLUENT control volumes are cell-centered (1.e. they correspond
directly wilh the mesh) while CFX control volumes are node-centered
ANSYS. lnc. ProPnetry
@2009 ANSYS, lnc All ighh reseru4

lntroduction to CFD
CFD Modeling Overview inNsr"$l Manual

. Problem ldentification
1. Define your modeling goals
2. ldentify the domain you will model

. PreProcessing and Solver Execution

3. Create a solid model to represent the
domain
4. Design and create the mesh (grid)
5. Set up the physics (physical models,
material properties, domain properties,
boundary conditions, ...)
6, Define solver settings (numerical
schemes, convergence controls, ..,)
7. Compute and monitor the solution

. Post-Processing
8. Examine the results.
9. Consider revisions to the model.
ANSYS lnc Propr€t4
Apil 28, 2@s
ANSYS, lnc Al rlqhts resetued
@ 2009 2-4
1. Define Your Modeling Goals tffiffi
Taining Manual

'wh3l results are you rooking for (i.e. pressure drop, mass
F' ------ frow rate),
and how willthey be used?
- What are your modeling options?
' what phyqigar moders wiil need to be incruded in your analysis (i.e. turburence,
compressibility, radiation)?
. What simplifying assumptions do you have to make?
. What simplifying assumptions can you make (i.e. symmetry, periodicity)?
. Do you require a unique modeling capabili\B
- userdefined lunctions (written in C) in FLUENT or user FORTRAN functions in cFX
. What degree of accuracy is required?

. How quickly do you need the results?

. ls CFD an appropriate tool?

2. ldentify the Domain you Will Model ,t\fusYs:l

Thining Meual

. How willyou isolate a piece of the i..l

complete physicalsystem? i
. Where willthe computational
domain begin and dnd?
- Do you have boundary condition Domain of lnterest
as part o, a Larger
information at these boundaries?
svstem (not modeled)
- can the boundary conaitioitypes
accommodate that information?
- Can you extend the domain to a
point where reasonable data exists?
Domain of interest
isolated and meshed
. Can itte simplified or approximated lor CFD simulation.
as a 2D or axisymmetric problem?
Introduction to CFD
3. Create a Solid Model of the Domain
Ttaining Mil6

F+'
,4::
5. "ry;);l
lphystei'1:

. How willyou obtain a solid model of the

fluid region?
- Make use of existing CAD models?
. Extract the fluid region lrom a solid part?
- Create from scratch?
. Can you simplify the geometry?
- Remove unnecessary features that would
complicate meshing (fillets, bolts...)?
- Make use of symmetry or periodicity?
. Are both the solution and boundary conditions
symmetric / periodic?
. Do you need to split the model so that
boundary conditions or domains can be Solid model of a
created? Headlight Assembly

Introduction to CFD
4. Design and Create the Mesh
i/TNSYS
A mesh divides a geometry into
many elements. These are used by
the CFD solver to construct control
volumes
. What degree of mesh resolution is required in

A tl
each region of the domain?
- The mesh must resolve geometric features of
intere.:t and capture gradients of concern, e.g.
velocity, pressure, temperature gradients
llangle Quadrilateral
- Can you predict regions ol high gradients?

s ffi - Willyou use adaption to add resolution?

. What type of mesh is most appropriate?
- How complex is the geometry?
Tetrahedron !lexahedron
- Can you use a quad/hex mesh or is a tri/tet or
hybrid mesh suitable?

b
Pyramid
V
PrismMedge
.
- Are non-conformal interfaces needed?
Do you have sufficient computer resources?
- How many cells/nodes are required?
- How many physical models will be used?
I

I Introduction to CFD
Tri/Tet vs. Quad/Hex Meshes i^n$asi
naining Manual

I . For flow-aligned geometries,

quad/hex meshes can provide
higher-quality solutions with fewer
I cells/nodes than a comparable tri/tet
mesh

I
. Meshing tools designed for a
specific application can streamline
I the process of creating a quad/hex
mesh for some geometries.

aNsYs. lnc ProPnetry

@2009 ANSYS. lnc All riqhls reseNed. 2,9

. For complex geometries, quad/hex meshes

show no numerical advantage, and you
can save meshing effort by using a tri/tet
mesh or hybrid mesh
- Quick to generate
- Flow is generally not aligned with the mesh
. Hybrid meshes typically combine tri/tet
elements with other elements in selected
regions
For example, use wedge/
prism elements to resolve
boundary layers.
More efficient and accurate
than tri/tet alone.
Wedge (prism) mesh
Tetrahedral mesh
 ---

Multizone (or Hybrid) Meshes

. A multizone or hybrid mesh uses
different meshing methods in different
regions. For example,
- Hex mesh for fan and heat sink
- TeUprism mesh elsewhere
. Multizone meshes yield a good
combination of accuracy, efficient
calculation time and meshing effort.

. When the nodes do not match across

the regions, a non-conformal interface
can be used.

ANsYs 1nc. Propiet4 April 23, re

@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al rights ressved

lntroduction to CFD
Non-Conformal Meshes
. Non conformal meshes are useful
for meshing complex geometries
- Mesh each part then join together
. Non conformal interfaces are also
used in other situations
- Change in reference lrames
- Moving mesh applications

3D Film Gooling
Coolant is injected into a duct from a
plenum. The plenum is meshed with
ietrahedral cells while the duct is
meshed with hexahedral cells
Compressor and Scroll
The compressor and scroll are joined through a
non conformal interface. This serves to connect
the hex and tet meshes and also allows a change
in reference frame
ANSYS, tnc. ProPrietary
@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al rights resfled. 2-12
t
I
I Introduction to CFD
Set Up the Physics and Solver Settings isstrsi
I . For a given problem, you willneed to:
- Define material properties

I FIuid
Solid
Mixture
For complex problems

l solving a simplified or 2D
problem will provide
valuable experience with the
models and solver settings
-
-
Select appropriate physical models
. Turbulence, combustion, multiphase, etc.
Prescribe operating conditions
- Prescribe boundary conditions at all

I
for your problem in a shorT
amount of time. boundary zones
- Provide initial values or a previous solution
- Set up solver controls

t - Set up convergence monitors

I ANSYS. lnc. Propieby April 23, 2009

@2009 ANSYS, lnc All iohts ressved 2-13

I
I
I . The discretized conservation equations are
solved iteratively until convergence.

I . Convergence is reached when:

- Changes in solution variables from one iteration
to the next are negligible.
. Residuals provide a mechanism to help
monitor this trend.
- Overall property conservation is achieved
. lmbalances measure global conservation
- Quantities of interest (e.9. drag, pressure drop)
have reach steady values.
. Monitor points track quantities of interest,

t .i " l(c 1?' "b rhe accuracy ol a gglygl@.solution is

l:,,,,r,,::
dependent upon:
A converged and mesh- - Appropriateness and accuracy of physical models,
independent solution on a well- - Mesh resolution and independence
posed problem will provide useful - Numerical errors
engineering results!

ANSYS, lnc Fropnel*y ApriL 28, 2009

O2009 ANSYS, lnc. All righls reserved 2-14

I
I
lntroduction to CFD
Examine the Results
'I$N$YS.1Training Manual

5
. Examine the results to review solution
and extract useful data
l
- Visualization Tools can be used to
answer such questions as:
. What is the overall flow Pattern?
. ls there separation?
. Where do shocks, shear laYers, etc.
form?
. Are key flow features being resolved?

- Numerical Reporting Tools can be used

to calculate quantitative results:
. Forces and Moments
. Average heat transfer coefficients
. Surface and Volume integrated quantities
. Flux Balances
Examine results to ensure properly conseruation
and correct physical behavior. High residuals
may be caused by iust a lew Poor quality cells.

Introduction to CFD
i]\msYs'i
Consider Revisions to the Model
l.--------:
Training Manual

b
. Are the physical models appropriate?
€
f,
- ls the flow turbulent?
- ls theflow unsteady?
Are there compressibility effects?
Are there 3D effects?

. Are the boundary conditions correct?

- ls the computational domain large enough?
- Are boundary conditions appropriate?
- Are boundaryvalues reasonable?

. ls the mesh adequate?

- Can the mesh be refined to improve results?
- Does the solution change significantly with a relined
mesh, or is the solution mesh independent?
- Does the mesh resolution of the geometry need to be
improved?
I
I
I Introduction to CFD

I Models Available in FLUENT 12

. Fluid flow and heat transfer
-
/TNSYS
Training Manual
I

I
Momentum, continuity, energy
equations
- Radiation
. Turbulence

t -
-
RANS-based models (Spalart-
Allmaras, k-8, k-rd, Reynolds stress)
Large-eddy simulation (LES) and
detached eddy simulation (DES)

I
.:i::

. Species transport
. Volumetric reactions Pressure Contours in Near-Ground Flight

- Arrhenius finite-rate chemistry

t -

-
Turbulent fast chemistry
. Eddy Dissipation, non-Premixed,
premixed, partially premixed

t
Turbulent finite-rate chemistry
. EDC, laminar flamelet, composition
PDF transport
- Surface Reactions Temperature Contours for Kiln Burner Retrofit

I
T
Introduction to CFD

I Models Available in FLUENT 12

. Multiphase flows
- Discrete Phase Model (DpM)
jllNsYs.
Taining Manual

Gas
outtet
I
I
j

- Volume of Fluid (VOF) model for

T -
immiscible fluids
Mixtures
- Eulerian-Eulerian and Eulerian-
granular
T - Liquid/Solid and cavitation phase
change
Contours ot Oil Volume Fraction
in a Three-Phase Separator

. Moving and deforming mesh

T - Moving zones
. Single and multiple reference frames
(MRF)
. Mixing plane model
. Sliding mesh model
T - Moving and deforming (dynamic)
mesh (MDM)

.
T User-defined scalar transport
equations Pressure Contours in a Squirrel Cage
Blower (Courtesy Ford Motor Co.)

T
Introduction to CFD
FLUENT CFD Workflow under Workbench 2 ,NNSYS:
. Start ANSYS Workbench
& w Tmk st! Heb :
i..1h ':}q*;'' S$w !&F;e.;.
. Drag the Fluid Flow (FLUENT) e;d;i;;
.r:-t_---_i i

system from Analysis Systems ffi

l{i
dauic(aNsvs)
HudFroF(cFx)

group in the Toolbox onto Hdhon. RerFonre (ANsys)

preview drop target shown in '!ttl

P3 Linear&.kinq(aN5v5)
E$ aanet6r.tE(ANsys)
the Project Schematic. 4,t! naat(ansvs)
t$ Mdar(sEmceD
tF nandlm vibr.bn {ANsys)
ffi ncspmsespctumlnrusvl

tr : ss, T@b Wr Hp
lu* ii;qem,., dw Si!.re*...

ffi FudFoB(cFx)
ffi
!*, H6m.ntRelponse(ANsyt
hlii lned tucuin! (aNsYs)
fji Menetostatic(aNsys)
$R Mdal(ANsYs)
BS Md.r(s.m.ED
&iA Randomlibr.un(ANsvs)
Hit Rerp6,e sFchuh (aNsys)

. Right-click on Geometry cellA2 and select lmport Geometry

' lmport the geometry file (cAD model or DesignModeler .agdb file)

. You can also link the FLUENT simulation to an existing

DesignModeler session.

1ffi
n::l.lr
,?i$ ..", 4
3:€ Me'h .e )

+ i& s"tq
I
I
I Introduction to CFD

I Generate a Mesh
. Right-click on Mesh cell and select Edit. '*s,lyst
Tnining Manual

t - Meshing opens and loads geometry

. Select Mesh under Model in Outline

- Note that Preferences are automatically set
fb Ed t@d udi beb Heb ::::tg rd.
Me$: ;Updale &B , @.erhdd .

I lor FLUENT, because Meshing was opened

from a FLUENT system.

F
F
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!I
@2009 ANSYS. lnc All riqhts ressved 2-21

l- Introduction to CFD
Define Boundary and Cell Zones i/\NSYS.i
T . Create boundary zones using Named
selections-
- Select the surface which will
represent the boundary you wish
ltt -
to set.
Right-click the selection and select
Create Named Selection.
F - Name the selection and click OK. 'i

T . You will also need to define the

!
regions of the flow containing fluid ,E rq,-be

and solid (if any).

l Er-r*dB,* :

- Solids are required for conjugate

l^^
cb€.@da/a
jc*t.66*t<p*
;P*tr-,ki6*tri?-k
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i t.
heat transfer calculations only. <-'
- More details will be presented .-\

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: Er@ i &r€ i t€ *ffi ]esr .

l* w'"l ..9*+ l

I
T
Set Up and Run FLUENT 1,TNSYS
. Edit the Setup cellto set up the model options
- Boundary conditions
- Solver settings
- Solution
- Post processing
. Once run, the solution can then be either post processed in FLUENT
or data exported to CFD-Post for post processing
- Contour and vector plots
- Prolile plots
* Calculation of forces and moments
- Animation of unsteady flow results

aNsYs, rrc. PrQnet4

O2009ANSYS lnc Al ighbrsev&

lntroduction to CFD
Demonstration of FLUENT Software I/TNSYS
Tftining MilE

. Start FLUENT (assume the mesh has

already been generated).
- Set up a simple problem.
- Solve the flow tield.
- Postprocess the results.
'Online help and documentation is
available on each panel by pressing
the help button
- Requires that you have the
documentation installed and properly
connected to your web browser.

ANSYS, hc. Prryrietary

@2009 ANSYS lnc All righb ressvd.
 ql

lntroduction to CFD
i
I

Navigating the PC at Fluent

,INSYS
. Log in to your workstation
- Login name: fluent
- Password: fluent
. Directories
- Tutorial mesh/case/data files can be found in
c : \Student FileE\f luent\tut\
- We recommend that you save your work into a central working folder:
c: \users
- Working folder shown on the desktop is a shortcut to c:\users

. To start FLUENT and/or Workbench, use the desktop icons.

. Your support engineer will save your work at the end of the week.
. lt is recommended that you restart FLUENT and/or Workbench for
each tutorial to avoid mixing solver settings from different
workshops.
4,2W
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lntroductorY FLUENT
I 1"'ll :.:.. .'::'"'

Training
I Apn!
tn**v
rq@
*90EI9 i
)

t
luc ProprielilY
ANSYS.
@2oog ANsYs hc Al ilghts resv&

in$$ffil
Training Manual
FLUENT 12 GUI Navigation
are generally
. The FLUENT GUI is arrangea such that, the tasks
the proiect setup tree'
arranged from top to bottom in

. Selecting an item in th" t'

center Pane'
- General
- Models
- Materials
- BoundarY
Conditions
- Solver Settings
- lnitialization and
Calculation
- PostProcessing
-<-

Solver Basics
Scaling the Mesh and Setecting Units ?4SSYS
. When FLUENT reads a mesh
file (.msh), all physical hhkft \
.4+!n
drmensions are assumed to be tu(*) i.$.;6e2r ' turfr),sij;j
j--'-
--,/ ; i_ cwatu*
in units of meters. ^ :-- t*. I huY luq'*1*
"*,.t ;t +"^ i t*l:.,t-"..
,

- ll your model was not built in

meters, then it must be scaled.
""*:

- Verify that the Domain Extents

are correct after scaling the
mesh.
, .:: :. , i , i .llt .

. When importinq a mesh under

Workbench, the mesh does not
need to be scaled; however, the
units are set to the default MKS
system.

. Any "mixed" units system can

-
be used if desired.
- By default, FLUENT uses the SI
gy9lem of units (specificalty,
MKS system),
- Any units can be specified in
the Set Units panel, accessed
from the top menu.
@2@9 ANSYS lnc

Solver Basics
Text User lnterface
Training Manual
. Most GUI commands
have a corresponding
TUI command.
- Manyadvanced
commands are only
available through
the Tl.Jl.
- Press the Enter key
to display the
command set at the
current level.
- q moves up one level.

*,;')i,t6 *"".,,",'",,_*f:n *"fi.;;j

. FLUENT can be run
in batch mode or
scripted using a
journalfile (see
Appendix)

' www.
A TUI_user guide is avairabre on the FLUENT User services
center
fluentusers.com
I
I
I Solver Basics

I Mouse Functionality
. Mouse button functionality depends on the chosen solver
Training Manual

(2D / 3D)

I
and can be configured in the solver.
. Default settings @FH,'ouse Buttons '

- 2D. Solver
Left button translates/pans (dolly)

I
LErL morEF-rnfifF
. Middle button zooms l4iddle *o*"-roo,
. ;

Right button selects/probes nqht:;;;i;;

- 3D Solver Probe'5no 6"r.r;o1;on *

t
. Left button rotates about 2 axes
. Middle button zooms FLUENTDefEUIts (workbenchC'eFaults
. -""-.]h-__--

- Middle click on point in screen centers point I or( I Gil;] lH"re I

in window
.

t
Right bufton selects/probes

. Retrieve detailed flow field information at point with Probe enabled.

- Right-click on the graphics display.

T . Mouse controls can be set to emulate those

ANSYS. lnc Proprietary

in Workbench!

April 28.2009
@2009 ANSYS, lnc Al righls reserued 3-5

T
rc02600

I
I
I
Solver Basics
Material Properties
. FLUENT provides a standard
database of materials and the
jnN$x9i
TEining Manudl

ability to create a custom

T user-def i ned database.

I
I . Your choice of physical models
may require multiple materials
and dictate which material
properties must be defined.
l

t
I
-
-
-
-
Multiphase (multiple materials)
Combustion (multiple species)
Heat transfer (thermal
conductivity)
Radiation (emissivity and
----"" " ftryeH*Si{s

I
absorptivity) jcuiirc'i'*" oii" Il @ l l-- il-

. Material properties can be directly customized as function of

temperature/pressure

I
- Use of other solution variable(s) requires UDF.

I ANsYS. lnc. Propnelary

@2@9 ANSYS lnc All riqhts reseryed
April 23.2009
rc02600

I
t
Solver Basics
Materials Databases I/\NSYS i
Training Manual

. FLUENT materials database

- Provides access to a number
of pre'defined fluid, solid and
mixture materials.
- Materials can be copied to
the case file and edited il
required.

. Custom material database:

- Create a new custom database
of material properties and
reaction mechanisms from
materials in an existing case
file for reuse in future cases.
- Custom databases can be created,
accessed and modified from the
standard materials panel in FLUENT.

April4 2m9
02009 ANSYS lnc Alrights 1644 3-7

Solver Basics
Operating Conditions Training Manual

. The Operating Pressure with a Reference

Pressure Location sets the reference
'aN$1ffi_i
,PPql19ry cq,'d!!!slr
26e
value that is used in computing gauge
pressures.
wddD'&ird @+do0
ddF Sld
. The Operating Temperature sets the @rtudoo

reference temperature :wd+b+!d:@4*En.{

(used when computing

buoyancy forces.

. Specified Operating
Density sets the reference
value for flows with widely
varying density.

ANSYS lnc Propnetary

@2OOg ANSYS, lf,c. All .iqhts r6wed
t
I
I
t
Solver Basics
Parallel Processing
inlll$Y$r Ttaining Manual

. Parallel processing can be used to run

FLUENT on multiple processors to

I decrease turnaround time and increase

sim ulation eff iciency.
- Critical for cases involving large meshes
and/or complex physics,
f^riffiK
Dhd.h Odft
auftruorciq

t
s $ !_: ldF,'ciio
b I ufq(,cdr.ms.hdd
- running
FLUENT is fully parallelized and capable of
across most hardware and D.dc, OD'@ tua rcEph
! Dso&MerAhFeeq -l 5H6,
software confiourations. such as comDute ': EmbaG,#V@. _"
Paala, -atulb€Lhftl
clusters or muTti-processor machinesl ./ Vdltu Ldo g(:"*
: 1..
\udr dqd'.c

. Parallel FLUENT can be launched either

.. $,1

t
I .! sno^Les
using the system command prompt or
using the FLUENT Launcher panel.
, a";Jo;fi 1 i;;;i;is;i;;;-; ;i1fr1 .19ioil9 ; i,ii1ii,**,1

l4*q99!r ........................ fl adheHPilP pMod

- For example, to launch an n-CPU parallel
session, use the command
:
: diliyll

t
fluent 3d -tn 11,'.!!Pc ..
i!eleyl!... .......................?.:
. The mesh can be partitioned either $i SkedM.mo'uon Lod BdhE
manually or automatically using a number
of different methods.
- Non-conformal meshes, sliding mesh

I .
interfaces and shell conduction zones
require partitioning in serial.
A web-based lecture is available on the
FLUENT User Services Center.
I ot lT;*l i*rd_l I !"h -

I ANSYS. lnc Propretry

@2@9 ANSYS, lnc. Al iohts reseryd 3-g

t
I Solver Basics
Summary
. This lecture has presented many basic tasks that are often performed
isnffiK$_i Training Manual

I .
during a CFD simulation setup.

Parallel processing can be used to reduce calculation time. This is

I advantageous only on large meshes.

. A later lecture contains material related to the setup and solution of

I time-dependent problems.

. Other topics not discussed (see Appendix for information).

I - Mesh heirarchy and relationships.

- Reordering and modifying the mesh in the solver.
- Polyhedral mesh conversion.
I - Solution-based mesh adaption.

t ANsYs. tnc. Propnel4

@200s ANSYS, lnc. Al r ghts reserued 3-1 0
April 28 200S

r
 , t1//,!!!!,!!''t'=
ANSYS, lnc. Propd€!ry
Ad%, p0?
@2m9 ANSYS, Irc. Al ighb r6dvd ldE;j:it:*ild: cbi {r

Solver Basics
FLUENT Journals rnNsffi"j
Training Manual

. FLUENT can be run in batch mode using

journal files.
. A journal file is a text file which contains
TUI commands which FLUENT will execute
sequentially. Sample Journal File
. The FLUENT TUI accepts abbreviations of t Read case file
the commands; for exbmple, rc example.cas.gz
- Ls Lists the files in the working folder ; Initialize the aotution
- rcd Reads case and data files ,/so1ve/initiali ze,/initsialize-
, Calculate 50 iterations
f 1ow
- wcd Writes case and data files its 50
- re/wc Reads/writes case file r write data file
- rdlwd Reads/writes data file wd exampteso.dat.gz
- ir lterate ; Calculate another 50 iterationE
. TUI commands in a batch file can be used ir 50
to automate operations in a non-interactive r write another data file
mode. wd examp1eL00.dat.gz
- The TUI commands f ile,/read-bc and , Exit FLUENT
file/write-bc can be used for readino- exlt
and writing the settings for a FLUENT yes
session to and from a file, respectively.
- A web-based training module is available
which explains this process

April 28 2009
@2009 ANSYS lnc. Allilghb r6wd 3-12
 -
I
I
I Solver Basics
I1\NSYS
I - Zones
J

Reading the Mesh

i-plate tuobisn 5el!p Crll Zqne Cun-dilions

Rtate-s hadow
4srtd :6]! *'
\ :
-*

I
Hrdeb
tii.;d: ii;;;;i; t;r;
l4,rteri.ls
\ I flild-itt'iilens

ww
[Lsrnderr {:nndilioft
\
I .-:.#r' t ,d@
L-ot
Problem Setup
Gener6l
Modelj
l"laterials
.Bgunqary c9t-d-i!igl:
Zsne
iideFallFinteriDr
ldefalll ifterion00S
Default-interior zone(s)
\" can always be ignored.
:
'.:i4H': : del€ult-interiorr 0 l0

Leil lonP Londtnn! :intet

*-
t
\ :outei
intetJ I
Lfluid (cellzone) uynamE Presr
iplate

tu+arr
Relerence Valuet lweil:not

. ln this example, there are two cell zones (fluid-upstream and fluid-

t downstream).
. Because of this, FLUENT splits the exterior wall zone into two zones
(walland wall:001). This is because an external boundary cannot
span multiple cell zones.
t . FLUENT also splits the orifice plate into two walls also (plate and
plate-shadow) since the plate zone is an internal wall.
ANSYS lnc Propnetq Aprt 23, 2009

t
@2009 ANSYS, lnc. All riqhls reseryd 3-1 3

:
Solver Basics
Mesh lnformation and Hierarchy ;/\NSYS'
: . All mesh information is stored in the mesh file.
- Node coordinates

t - Connectivity
- Zone definitioh
. Similar to the way geometry is defined, mesh r
entities obey a hierarchy:
Node
- Edge intersection / grid point
- Edge Boundary ol a tace (defined by
two nodes
T - Face The boundaries ol cells, delined by
a collection of edges
- Cell

t
The control volumes into which the
domain is discretized.
Zone Simple 2D Mesh
- A collection of nodes, edges, faces
or cells.
. The computational domain is defined by all
members of the hierarchy Node

I -
-
For fluid llow simulation only, the domain consists
only of the lluid region.
For coniugate heat transfer or fluid-structure
interaction problems, the domain needs to include
any solid parts thal are present.
Boundary
Face
. Boundary data is assigned to face zones. Edge
. Material data and source terms are assigned to
T cell zones.

Simple 3D mesh

I ANSYS, lnc
@2009 ANSYS. lnc All riqhis reseNed 3-14
Apill 23 2OO9

t
Reordering and Modifying the Grid
i1\NSYS:
. The grid can be reordered so that neighboring cells are near each
other in the zones and in memory
- lmproves efficiency of memory access and reduces the bandwidth of the
computation
- Reordering can be performed for the entire domain or specific cell zones.
[@-Doman @@zon".
- The bandwidth of each partition in the grid can be printed for reference.

@PrintBandwidth
. The face/cell zones can also be modified by the following operations
in the Grid menu:
- Separation and merge of zones
- Fusing of cell zones with merge of duplicate laces and nodes
- Translate, rotate, reflect face or cell zones
- Extrusion of face zones to extend the domain
- Replace a cell zone with another or delete it
- Activate and Deactivate cell zones
ANSYS, lnc Proprieary
@2@gANSYS lnc Al

Polyhedral Mesh Conversion

. A tetrahedral or hybrid grid can be
converted to polyhedra ln the FLUENT GUI
(not in the preprocessor).
- Generate a tetrahedral mesh then convert
inside FLUENT.
- Advantages
. lmproved mesh quality.
. Can reduce cell count significantly.
. User has control of the conversion process.
- Disadvantages:
. Cannot be adapted or converted again.
. Cannot use tools such as smoolh. swap.' merqe
and extrude to modify the mesh. '

. Two conversion options are available in the

Grid menu:
@*convertDomain
- Convert all cells in the domain (except hex
cells) to polyhedra
. Cannot convert meshes with hanging nodes
. HexCore mesh can be converted using the tpoly
standalone utility.
- Convert only highly skewed cells to
polyhedra
@-convert skewed cells
ANSYS, lnc. Proprieiry
@2009 ANSYS, hc. All
I
t
I
I
Solver Basics
Profile Data and Solution Data lnterpolation
FLUENT allows interpolation of selected

I
variable data on both face zones and cell s!i@-....... . ..............

zones by using profile files and data + $rte c!@nB! D#d Prdrd
interpolation files, respectively.
- For example, a velocity profile from

t
experimental data or previous FLUENT run
al an inlet, or a solution interpolated from
a coarse mesh to line mesh,

ro*Profile"'

I E@F*Profile"'
Profile files are data files which contain
point data for selected variables on
particular face zones, and can be both

I written and read in a FLUENT session.

lFGf* tnterPotate...

t
Similarly, lnterpolation data files contain
discrete data for selected field variables
on particular cell zones to be written and
read into FLUENT.

t
i.?.reJ t+=J t!!Ll
ANSYS lnc Proprletary
@2@9 ANSYS, lnc. At rights reseryd 3-17 Apl 28,2009

r
t Solver Basics
Mesh Adaption I/INSYS-J

r
Mesh adaption refers to refinement
and/or coarsening cells where needed Optd. &rhoE Cd€m.f
to resolve the flow field without llPtu :\culatde r.rybture...
returning to the preprocessor. ilcuso d6ad
lshk rE@er*!
_. {:)E;vtu __
: l]hdaF?od
- Markcells satisfying the adaption p$e

-
criteria and store them in a ,'iegister.',
Display and modify the register if
desired.
K
,H"*,il_r1
MmM5dn

T - Click Adapt to adapt the cells listed in

the
register.
Refine Threshold should
be set to 1 0olo of the value
. Registers can be defined based on: reported in the Max field.

T -
-
-
Gradients or isovalues ol all variables
All cells on a boundary
All cells in a region with a detined
shape
4@e. n&nr R4*r< t!, G cE6@ ht
rful lEl'@ t;,i#i:n
- Cell volumes or volume changes :::. | | l!
T .
- y+ in cells adjacent to walls

To assist adaption process, you can:

I *He li
tllrli.lSoft
*'-::]
:i

I - Combine adaption registers

- Draw contours of adaption function
- Display cells marked for adaption
- Limit adaption based on cell size
and number ol cells
L____Il-r
.

lle{ f EEll"ll t-csr. -teei

T
T
r
Adaption Example - Supersonic Projectile
. Adapt grid in regions of large pressure gradient to better resolve the
sudden pressure rise across the shock.

lnitial Mesh (Generated by Preprocessor) Pressure Gontours on lnitial Mesh

ANSYS, lnc. Propriehry 28, 2@

@2009 ANSYS lnc ffi260C

Adaption Example i,\NSYS-i

- Supersonic Projectile
. Solution-based mesh adaption allows better resolution of the bow
shock and expansion wave.
Mesh adaption yields l--
much betler resolution
of the bow shock.

Adapted Mesh (Multiple Adaptions Pressure Contours on Adapted Mesh

Based on Gradients of Pressure)
ANSY5, lnc. ProPnetry
@2009 ANSYS, lnc All righb Eserud
T
I
T
t
I
T
I
!I lntfod,Udory FLUENT
Trainih$

r
,.= :::aaaa.a::::::::a=

t
ANSYS, lnc. Propri€bry
,' :::.l:::::::::::::::3
:::Ar*i!:*..i:@9.:
@2m9 ANSYS, lnc AII dghb reseryd. r*y@.:,

r
I Boundary Conditions
Defining Boundary Conditions
i/\NSYS"i

I . To define a problem that results in a unique solution, you must

specify information on the flow variables at boundaries.
-

Il-
Specify fluxes of mass, momentum, energy, etc. into the domain.

. Defining boundary conditions involves:

- ldentifying the boundary locations

r
- Supplying information at the boundaries
. The data required at a boundary depends upon the boundary

I
condition type and the physical models employed.

. You must be aware of the information that is required of the

boundary condition and locate the boundaries where the information

!I
on the flow variables are known or can be reasonably approximated
- Poorly defined boundary conditions can have a significant impact on
your solution

ANSYS, lnc. PrPnelay April 28, 2009

@2@9 ANSYS, lnc. Al rlghts reseNed 4-2

II
T
Boundary Conditions
Cell Zones - Fluid tns,,,$xT
Manual Training

. A fluid cell zone is a group of cells for which all active equations are
solved.

. Fluid materialselection is required.

- For multiple species or multiphase
flows, the material is not shown.
lnstead, the fluid zone consists of the
mixture of the phases.

roro*a. i Ractbn: gtre lerml

. Optional inputs I Ex€d vaL6]

ffinbm-8*r Oledion
- Porous region
- Source terms i:,:..............................
: , !0
- Laminar region I 7i1-
- Fixed Values ,.-:'
- Radiation

ANSYS. lnc Proprielry

@2009 ANSYS, lnc. All riqhls resved

Boundary Conditions
Porous Media i,\NSYS
. A porous zone is a special type of fluid zone.
- Enable Porous Zone option in the Fluid panel.
- Pressure loss in flow determined via user inputs
of resistance coefficients to lumped parameter
model

. Used to modelflow through porous

media and other uniformly distributed
flow resistances.
- Packed beds
- Filter papers
- Perforated plates .lP"bpFtK
*e'ra* €'&vdu-i
- Flow distributors ffi.Y*
- Tube banks i tlea*"*.,w,--un,*
tl*vsr*
i m.nruna o -- ;"- y
. lnputs are directional viscous and i ed6n zi,/m.i o -
liDdhft3(1/.?r:tr-'
inertial resistance coeff icients. I

aNsY5, rnc. ProPnetary

@2@9 ANSYS, lnc All ilghts .eseNed
APd a. rc
I
I
I Boundary Conditions

I Cell Zones - Solid

. A solid zone is a group of cells for which only heat conduction
Manual
?^rySWt

I problem solved. Flow equations are not solved.

. Onlv required input is the material name (defined in the Materials
panel).

I
. Optional inputs allow you to set
volumetric heat generation rate
(heat source).

t . Need to specify rotation axis if

rotationally periodic boundaries
adjacent to solid zone.
. Can define motion for a solid zone
i

F
I

,]

I ANsYs, hc Propriel4
.'.--.-..-
rzill trbrpl

April 28,20@

Ir @2009 ANsYs, lnc All tighB r€swEd 4-5

I Boundary Conditions

Ir
!
Locating Boundaries - An Example TBining Manual

. Three possible approaches in locating inlet boundaries for this

example:

!
@ Upstream of manifold
. Can use uniform profile. Combustor Wdl
. Properly accounts for mixing.
. Non-premixed reaction models

t @
. Requires more cells.
Nozzte inlet plane
. Non-premixed reaction

I
models.
. Requires accurate inlet
profile.
. Flow is still non-premixed.

It @ S trtozzte outlet plane

. Premixed reaction model.
. Requires accurate profile,
. Not generally recommended

ANSYS. rnc. ProPrieby

@2009 ANSYS, lnc All ilghts rswd
since
inlet BCs may drive the interior solution.

4-6
Apri 28, 2009

I
r

Boundary Conditions
General Guidelines J/\NSYS
Training Manual

. lf possible, select boundary

Upper pressure boundary
location and shape such that modified to ensure that
flow either goes in or out. flow always enters
domain-
- Not necessary, but will typically
observe better convergence.

. Should not observe large

gradients in direction normalto tr+
boundary.
- lndicates incorrect set-up.

. Minimize mesh skewness near

the boundary.
- Otherwise it would introduce
error early in calculation.

Available Boundary Condition Types ,llly$ys.j

. External Boundaries . lnternal Boundaries
- General
. - Fan
Pressure lnlet
. Pressure Oullet - lnterior

- lncompressible - PorousJump
. Velocity lnlet - Radiator
. Outtlow (not recommended)
- Wall
- Compressible . Cell (Continuum) zones
. Mass Flow lnlet
. Pressure Far Field - Fluid
- Other
.
- Solid

.
Wall - Porous media
Symmetry
. Axis
. Periodic
- Special
. lnlet / Outlet Vent
. lntake / Exhaust Fan

plate
plate-shadow
 . Zones and zone types are
initially defined in the Bo{ldrry Cof,dilhDs
preprocessing phase.
Maieialt
:defdulFinterion00E

a"lt"* aonan"* irnt"t

ffiffi*l. !6
. To change the boundary ipiate

condition type for a zone:

5olution

- Choose the zone name in the

Zone list.
solution Initiali2ation

- Select the type you wish to Calalaiion A4ivities

Rui Calculation
change it to in the Type pull-
down list. Graphic!.nd Animdtiont

Setting Boundary Condition Data ;/\NSYS I

. Explicitly assign data in BC panels. Bound.ry {ondtdon€

- To. set boundary conditions for particular zone:

Select Boundary Conditions in the project tree. :6dift.6r:oc
.
.
Choose the boundary name in the Zone list.
Clickrhe Edit... buton.
- Boundary condition data can be copied from
w
,?"fffi. ffffiffiM:
iut+wnst..'

one zone to another. ]wd4{di

. Poundary conditions can also be defined by

UDFs and profiles. qap|B dnd Adh*hnt Lffi ts
......,.. .....
9::$*
. Profiles can be generated by:
- Writing a profile from another CFD simulation
- Creating an appropriately formatted text file
"Th_*** ;#"- *_D
with boundary condition-data. :,1*T" ffi
tum#w'ffi#jl{*ikw
m5!si.w
:; :

!@r'liGellk. I
 Boundary Conditions
Velocity lnlet
. Velocity Specification
Method
- Magnitude, Normal to Boundary zoEMm
;ii;i:i""''"'"""'''"'"""'-""'-
- Components !i """"!,'.'.,,..'.,,-'.,i-.,*,:,,

- Magnitude and Direction u9q1on rrr+m*] Radarion

i ! 5ri* wm J nuopnar"
V&drysptrfkErbHe$rod:mqltuO",:lrra,i;A""A;"_,:
i ] um ]
I -, -

. Applies a uniform velocity

profile
at the boundary, unless tjOp o,
profile is used.

. Velocity inlets are intended

for
use in incompressible flows and 1..9{..i l-crr{J i-fdp l
are not recommended for compressible
flows.
. Velocity Magnitude input
can be negative, implying that you
prescribe the exit velocity. can

pressure inlets
are suitabre for both
"orffi
- Pressure inlet boundary is treated
as
a loss-free transition from stagnation
to inlet conditions.
- FLUENT calculates static pressure
and
velocity at inlet
- Mass flux through boundary
varies
depending on the interior
specified flow direction. "otutionlnO

. Required inputs
- Gauge Total pressure
- Supersonic / lnitial Gauge pressure
- lnlet flow direction lncompressible:
Ptota, =psialic+-
oV2

- Turbulencequantities
(if appticable)
Compressible:
Ptotar.abs = pstatic,*, (, n
- Total temperature (if heat transfer ?*t)*
and/or compressible).
rrorar.aos
=Tstatic.abs (t -?rr)
I
Ir
Ir
I Boundary Conditions
Mass Flow lnlet

! . Mass flow inlets are intended for compressible flows; however, they
can be used for incompressible flows.
- Total pressure adjusts to

I -
accommodate mass flow inputs.
More difficult to converge than
pressure inlet.
Uffil&
i "tu!Si1d{

hdr R!fu'o DoE Mdehclel

It-
iarr ro*i D\
!#4e 1.n. tu;o!(e
turFow5Fr-snMdodte;;il;'..... ;
, ::: :
. Required information
i
MdsFNF.re4{/s) lii---- t: mnt t j

k'e,qltuGuoeF.@elre'! ;

- Mass Flow Rate or Mass Flux hFmsffi,l.ffnb.oo D,aLm60,

"

- Supersonic/lnitial Gauge Pressure ,4md1dilFbNDrtu:j

. Static pressure where flow is Y<@t)'d d t@w urfu :o
::::::...
:;*
=
I
:

locally supersonic; ignored if subsonic '. . .........:. j

rr"",*dFb*e.*:fi_....:::;;{id
.
T
...................:,"j i
Will be used if flow field is

I
initialized from this boundary. i soa.*i*ruhdrrmstloaryadt'M ,g:, I
l
i;iln#iir.i:,;::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::i
- Total Temperature (on Thermal tab) 1
tdar hr.'
. Used as static temperature for ld
I

I
incompressible flow. t p\'- ?",T_"j ."dp I
- Direction Specification Method
ANSYS, lnc. Proiletary Api 2a, 2009
@2009 ANSYS, lnc All rights reserved 4-13

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!T
Boundary Conditions
Pressure Outlet iltNsK.! Training Manual

. Suitable for compressible and incompressible flows.

- Specified pressure is ignored if flow is locally supersonic at the outlet.
- Can be used as a "free" boundary in an external or unconfined flow.

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i

. Required information
- Gauge Pressure (static) - static
pressure of the environment into

I
,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,),

which the flow exits. 4

- Backflow quantities - Used as inlet

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conditions illwhen backflow occurs
(outlet acts like an inlet).

. For ideal gas (compressible) flow,

I
non-ref lecting outlet boundary sesk*Fi khd itr;, ;;;; -
ij#;-- -i:l
conditions (NRBC) are available. Ea& rdMthE6r, (%) i!l- --"""r1
tutu&tulkDadHb ri il
_i:l

I ANSYS, lrc Proprletary

@2009 ANSYS, lnc. All ilohts reserved 4-14
Apil 23 2009

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 Boundary Conditions
Wall Boundaries inNsYsl
. ln viscous flows, no-slip conditions are applied at walls.
- Shear stress can be applied.

. Thermal boundary conditions

- Several types of thermal BCs are available.
- Wall material and thickness can be defined for 1D or shell conduction heat transfer
calculations (details will be discussed in the Heat Transfer lecture).

. Wall roughness can be defined iJq;;;

for turbulent flows.
- Wallshear stress and heat
transfer based on local flow
field.

. Translational or rotational
velocity can be assigned to wall
boundaries.

L-q-],1€re! [4f

@2@9 ANSYS, lnc 4-t5 rc02600

Boundary Conditions
Symmetry and Axis Boundaries i4N_SYS.1 ManMl

. Symmetry Boundary
- No inputs are required.
iF#;il
- Flow field and geometry must be symmetric:
,-,-'ff1
. Zero normal velocity at symmetry plane r- t{i i!9El L ns l

. Zero normal gradients of all variables at symmetry plane

. Must take care to correctly define symmetry boundary locations.

Symmetry
Planes
. Axis Boundary i.i

- Used at the center line for axisymmetric problems.

No user inputs required.
Must coincide with the
positive x direction!

aNsYs, tnc. Propn6B April28, 2@9

@2@ ANSYS, lnc. Al ilohts ressvd 4-16

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I
I
t Boundary Conditions
Periodic Boundaries i^ry$]Sl
frcining Manual

. Used to reduce the overall mesh size.

?@ ihE

. Flow field and geometry must contain gje&:Ilqs:ii:;

either rotational or translational t,,r*,rro*aian"r.:,i
i:ifRddbud .:r:i
periodicity.
fqr l:'l!@-,1.l+ll
- Rotational periodicity
. AP = 0 across periodic planes.
. Axis of rotation must be defined in fluid zone. Rotationally
periodic
- Translational periodicity
planes
. AP can be finite across periodic planes,
. Models fully developed conditions.
. Specify either mean AP per period
or net mass flow rate.
Flow
. Periodic conditions can be defined +
(if not defined in the mesh) using the
FLUENT TUI:
/mesh,/nodi fy- zones /nake -periodic
2D Tube Heat Exchanger
ANsYs, rnc. ProPnewy Apil 28,2@9
@2@9 ANSYS, lnc. Alliohb reswd 4-17

Boundary Conditions
lnternal Face Boundaries INNSYS-1
. Defined on the cellfaces only:
- Thickness of these internal faces is zero
- These internal faces provide means of introducing step changes in flow
properties.

. Used to implement various physical models including:

- Fans
- Radiators
- Porous-jump models
. Prelerable over porous media for its better convergence behavior.
- lnterior walls

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April 26 m
@2009 ANSYS lnc 4-18

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@

Boundary Conditions
Case Setup Replication inil$Y$i
. To replicate a case setup:
- use the read/write boundary conditions feature via TUr command:
/f i1e/write-bc Creates a BC file
/fiLe/read-be Reads an existing BC lile

- You can transfer settings lrom a 2D case to a 3D case!

2D Flow Domain (approximation)

Boundary Conditions
Summary
' Boundary zones are used to controrthe sorution at externar
and
internal boundaries. Many different boundary types exist
for
prescribing boundary information.

' cell zones (or continuum zones) are used to assign which fruid/sorid
material(s) exist in a region.
- Options for porous media, laminar region, fixed value, etc.

' computationaleffort can be reduced through use of symmetry

and
periodic boundaries.

'There are severar other boundary condition types which were not
presented (see appendix for more information about
these).
- Pressure Far Field
- Exhaust Fan/Outlet Vent
- Inlet Vent / lntake Fan
- Outflow
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t ffi
t
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I ANSYS, lnc. Bopriehy
@2@9 ANSYS, tnc. At righb r6qvd

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I Other lnlet / Ouilet Boundary Conditions
jnNstrs.i

t -
-
used to model free'srream compressibre frow at infinity,
static conditions and the free-stream Mach number.
with prescribed
Available only when density is calculated using the ideal gas
law.

I ' Target lllass Frow R.ate.option for pressure ouilets (not

the
-
multiphase models)
availabre for
Provides the abirity to fix the mass flow rate on a pressure
constant or via UDF hook)
ouilet (either

I -
-
Options to choose iteration method in TUI
. Exhaust Fan / Ouilet Vent
Models an externar exhaust fan or outret vent with speciried pressure
/ loss coefficienr and ambient (dischai!e) pr"""rrJi-nJ'iern'Sr"rure. rise

I . lnlet
-
Vent / lntake Fan
Models an inlet vent / external intake fan with specified
pressure rise, flow direction, and ambient
linlet)
loss coefficient
pr-ssu;;;; /

I
temperature.
' Inlet boundary conditions for large-eddy / detached-eddy
--' simulations
--
are covered in the Turbulence MoOelingi lecture.

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Boundary Conditions
Outflow lJln$Y$i
. No pressure or velocity information is
required.
- Data at exit plane is extrapolated from
interior.
- Mass balance correction is applied at
boundary.
' Flow exiting outflow boundary exhibits zero normal diffusive flux for
allflow variables.
- Appropriate where the exit flow is fully developed.
'The outflow boundary is intended for use with incompressibte flows.
- cannot be used with a pressure inlet boundary (must use velocity-inlet),
' combination does not uniquely set pressure gradient over whole domain.
- Cannot be used lor unsteady flows with variable density.
' Poor rate of convergence when bacHlow occurs during iterations.
- Cannot be used if backflow is expected in the final solution.

Boundary Conditions
Modeling Multiple Exits
' Flows with multiple exits can be modeled using pressure outlet or
outflow boundaries, depending on the informaiion you know.
- Pressure outlets - requires knowledge of downstream pressures;
FLUENT calculates the fraction of total flow through eath branch.

Velocityintet(V,Tj Pressureoutlet
OR_l
Pressure inlet (po. To) -.|ffi
--l | I
+ Pressureoutet

- Outflow:
' Mass flow rate fraction determined from Frow Rate weighting (FRw)
by
rhi FRWi
.t,., = t,.t*W
' static pressure varies among exits to accommodate the prescribed frow
distribution.
[--Outflow(FRW,)
Velocityinlet(V.To1

--
--l |
I
I ----=+Outflow(FRWr)
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Tfaining
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I ASYS
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lnc. Pr+ri#y
2@9 ANSYS. anc. Al righb rswd

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I Solver Settings
Outline
. Using the Solver (solution procedure overview)
iffisffi:
Training Manual

I -
-
Setting Solver Parameters
Convergence
. Delinition

I . Monitoring
. Stability
. Accelerating Convergence

r -

-
Accuracy
. Grid lndependence
. Grid Adaption
Unsteady Flow Modeling (covered in a later lecture)

I -
-
.
.
Summary
Appendix
Unsteady-flow problem setup
Unsteady flow modeling options

F
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@2@ ANSYS. lnc. Al r qhls res6Nd. 5-2
2A,M
m2600

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 Solver Settings
Solution Procedure Overview irxxsy$
Ttaining Manual
. Solution parameters
- Choosing the solver Set the solution parameters

- Discretizationschemes
lnitialize the solution

. Initialization Enable the soluiion monitors ol interest

. Convergence [/oditV solution

paramek )rs or grid

- Monitoring convergence
- Stability convergence
. Setting Under-relaxation
. Setting Courant number
No

- Accelerating convergence
ChE^k

. Accuracy Yes

- Grid lndependence Stop

- Adaption
ANSYS, lnc Proprtetry
@2009 ANSYS, Jnc. At rights ,essvd

Solver Settings
Available Solvers i/TNSYS
. There are two kinds of solvers
available in FLUENT - pressure
based and Density based. Pressure-Based pressure-Based Density-Basec
(coupled) (coupted)

. The pressure-based solvers take

momentum and pressure (or
pressure correction) as the primary
variables.
- Pressure-velocity coupling
algorithms are derived by-
reformatting the continuity equation
. Two algorithms are available with
the pressure-based solvers:
- Segregated solver - Solves for
pressure correction and momentum
Solve Energy

sequentially.
Sofue Species
- Coupled Solver (pBCS) - Sotves
pressure and momentum
simultaneously, Solve Turbulence Equation(s)

Sofue other Transport Equations as required

@2009 ANSYS, lnc. At riqh6 ressv4

t
t
t Solver Settings

I Available Solvers
. Density-Based Coupled Solver q9L'9Iul
]I\NSYS r

I
FW
- Equations for continuity, momentum,
energy and species (if required) are I ch*k ilRrytq""xty f

solved in vector form.

Boundsry Coiditions
- Pressure is obtained through an

I
equation of state.
- Additional scalar equations are solved 5ol!iion

in a segregated fashion. ,.ii ftady

:

I
5olution Inltidl zdtion ...........
. The DBCS can be run either explicit or
Cak!ahon A+ivities
!il
implicit. Gi6Dhrs and Anmdhan! ri;l
- lmplicit - Uses a point-implicit Gauss- Plots
Repodt

I
Seidel / symmetric block Gauss-Seidel
/ ILU method to solve for variables.
- Explicit: uses a multi-step Runge-Kutta
explicit time integration method

t
t ANSYS lnc Propnelary
@2009 ANSYS lnc All .ghts reserved 5,5
Apil 23,2009

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t Solver Settings
Choosing a Solver
. The pressure-based solver is applicable for a wide range of flow regimes
illNSYSl

t .
from low speed incompressible flow to high-speed compressible flow.
-
-
Requires less memory (storage).
Allows flexibility in the solution procedure.
The pressure-based coupled solver (PBCS) is applicable for most single

t phase flows, and yields superior performance to the standard pressure-

based solver.
- Not available for multiphase (Eulerian), periodic mass-flow and NITA cases.
- Requires 1.5-2 times more memory than the segregated solver.

I . The density-based coupled solver (DBCS) is applicable when there is a

strong coupling, or interdependence, between density, energy, momentum,
and/or species.
- Examples: High speed compressible flow with combustion, hypersonic flows,

I .
.
shock interactions.
The implicit option is generally preferred over explicit since it has a very
strict limit on time step size
The explicit approach is used for cases where the characteristic time scale of

I the flow is on the same order as the acoustic time scale. (e.9.: propagation of
high-Ma shock waves).

I ANSYS nc
@2009 ANSYS.
Propnetary
lnc All iohts reseNed 5-6
&r I 23, 2009
rc02600

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Discretization (lnterpolation Methods) il\NsYs.i

Vcell
a (pQ)
----- -
at PrYrQr At r
lVtace"

lJ f OVff .Af + 50V""g

J

. lnterpolation schemes for the convection term:

First-Order Upwind - Easiest to converge, only first_order accurate,
Power Law - More accurate than first-order for flows when Re""u < S (typ. low
Re
flows)
- second-order Upwind - uses larger stencils for 2nd order accuracy,
essential with
tri/tet mesh or when frow is not arigned with grid; convergence ,n"y'uL
- Monotone upstream-centered schemes for conservation Laws (MUSCL)"ro*"r.
3rd order convection discretization scheme for unstructured meshes; - Locaily
more
accurate in predicting secondary flows, vortices, forces, etc.
- Quadratic Upwind lnterpola-tion (oulcK) - Applies to quad/hex and hybrid
meshes,
useful for rotating/swirling flows, 3rd-order accurate on uniform
mes-h.

Solver Settings
lnterpolation Methods (Gradients) iANSlffi.i
' Gradients of solution variables are required in order to evaluate
diffusive fluxes, vetocity derivatives, and for higher-order
discretization schemes.
atpo) Ntaces Nf""."
Ycell
at
+ \
orvror .ar t*oor'I 54vcerr

-
'The gradients of solution variables at cell centers can be determined
using three approaches:
- Green-Gauss ceil-Based - The defaurt method; sorution may have false
diffusion (smearing of the solution fields).
- Green-Gauss Node-Based - More accurate; minimizes farse
diffusion;
recommended for tri/tet meshes.
- Least-squares celr-Based - Recommended for poryhedrar meshes;
has
the same accuracy and properties as Node_based 6radients.
' Gradients of sorution variabres at faces computed using murti-
dimensional Taylor series expansion.
t
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Solver Settings
lnterpolation Methods for Pressure inry,I.y.$:i
Training Manual

' lnterpolation schemes for calculating cell-face pressures when using

I the segregated solver in FLUENT are available as follows:

- Standard - The default scheme; reduced accuracy for flows exhibiting
large surface-normal pressure gradients near boundaries (but should not

I
be used when steep pressure changes are present in the flow - pRESTO!
scheme should be used instead.)
- PRESTO! - Use for highly swirling flows, flows involving steep pressure
gradients (porous media, fan model, etc.), or in strongly curved domains

t -
*
Linear - Use when other options result in convergence difliculties or
unphysical behavior
Second-Order - Use for compressible flows; not to be used with porous
media, jump, fans, etc. or VOF/Mixture multiphase models
- Body Force Weighted - Use when body forces are large, e.g., high Ra
T natural convection or highly swirling flows

I
I @2009 ANSYS, lnc All iqhts reserved 5-9

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Solver Settings
Pressure-Velocity Coupl ing ltlst$T?':i
fraining Manual

' Pressure-velocity coupling refers to the numerical algorithm which

uses a combination of continuity and momentum equations to derive
T an equation for pressure (or pressure correction) when using the
pressure-based solver.

. Four algorithms are available in

T - .
FLUENT.
Semi-lmplicit Method for Pressure-Linked Equations (SlMpLE)
The default scheme, robust
- SIMPLE-Consistent (StMpLEC)
T ' Allows faster convergence for simple problems (e.g., laminar flows with no
physical models employed).
- Pressure-lmplicit with Splitting of Operators (plSO)
Useful for unsteady flow problems or for meshes containing cells with higher
'
T -
than average skewness
Fractional Step Method (FSM) for unsteady flows.
. Used with the NITA scheme; similar characteristics as plSO.

T
t

ANSYS, lnc
April 28,2oo9

T O2009 ANSYS lnc. At rtghts ressvd 5-1 0

[-
!

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Solver Settings
lnitialization
. FLUENT requires that all Sold6r lnit.tiz.ti.n
solution variables be initialized. ffr: (6dtu

- Reatistic guesses improves :1i:.** ;;;!;;;-;! ._ . --:'--'*-.-,

*9:1*'
solution stability and accelerates
:i:,,eij*+rar*l
:.11"S: .
:: :

convergence. ilHilB* @k5e@rl

- ln some cases, a good initial *Xm !!.b4(4+

guess is required. ffiS."**
,

I$jq.{d4:_... ...:.
rru l
^:[11ffi:* ...,.i.. ...,,..,...i...-,
"r..r.*.Eq.q$l.,,..,....

. Patch values for individual ffi**** l-Y..8..'in4!]!|sl4!1.€l:...- .

variables in ceftain regions. Red' 'luhlqt osEdm k j@j.)

- Free jet flows (high velocity for jet)

- Combustion problems (high temperature
ih*l Ed$4!P@
region to initialize reaction) 1."!!..1 .11..:.
i0
.......i,r?*bp*6
tiMi
iil
r.:,ts:lf,:. , lll..: : l.::..: llll.:.ii
- Ce.ll registers (created by marking the v#s
l

1.::*'.r* il
cells in the Adaption panel) can bie used :

for. patching. values irito vaiious regions wtr@w ]'"'l!,,,i

L i:YrPF:F.,1!4tqlq

of the domain.
i,'ii
l ,.,,-,,,, ......,,,,,,: i i

.P!hi lde. lsl

Solver Settings
FMG lnitialization
' Full MultiGrid (FMG) lnitialization can be used to create
a better
initialization of the flow field.
- FMG lnitiarization is usefur {or comprex frow probrems
invorving rarge
pressure and velocity gradients on large meshes.
- Euler equations are sorved with first-order accuracy
on the coarse-rever
meshes.
- rt can be used with both pressure and density
based sorvers, but onry in
steady mode.

. To enable FMG initialization:

- Pressure-based solver:,/solve,/ ini t/ frrg_ ini t i aI i zation
- Density-based sorver: Enabred in the GUr if using density-based
solver.

' FMG uses the Fuil Approximation storage (FAs)

MurtiGrid method to
solve the flow problem on a sequence oi ,,.,est es, before
transferring the solution onto the actual mesh. "o"r"".
- Settings can be accessed by the TUI command
/so1ve,/ini t,/s et - fmg - ini t ial i zation
 -----

I
t
I Solver Settings

t Case Check 1\NSYS.1

Thining Manual

. Case Check is a utility in FLUENT which searches for common setup

I errors and inconsistencies.

- Provides guidance in selecting
case parameters and models.

I . Tabbed sections contain

recommendations which the
user can optionally apply or
Bo!hdEry Coidiiiont

I
Profile
:
lpd€te Iniend
:^r
:i:l

I
soluton rs-"-G:'rnc""l.ll"r-.1

ignore.
M.!h i @situtusq.ndtdzdBl N.i.t j!|,{J

I I li *,u"i*ii+J"i";;;;;;;;;.
'tunHB
n
..

I : I : tun#r & hlsha

dra.ddnnebdd4b!o6equo
di &r&# tulror.ad &(strf d$e tu#bn. Fydd& L?l

I
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Solver Settings
Convergence i*N$KTi
Trcining Manual

. At convergence, the following should be satisfied:

I - All discrete conservation equations (momentum, energy, etc.) are obeyed

in all cells to a specified tolerance OR the solution no longer changes
with subsequent iterations.

I - Overall mass, momentum, energy, and scalar balances are achieved.

. Monitoring convergence using residual history:
- Generally, a decrease in residuals by three orders of magnitude indicates

I
at least qualitative convergence. At this point, the major flow features
should be established.
- Scaled energy residual should decrease to 10-6 (for the pressure-based

r
solver).
- scaled species residual may need to decrease to 10-s to achieve species
balance.
. Monitoring quantitative convergence:

r -
-
Monitor other relevant key variables/physical quantities for a
conlirmation.
Ensure that overall mass/heaVspecies conservation is satisfied.

I ANSYS lnc Propiletdy

@2oos ANsYs tnc Att riqhts res€rved 5-14
April 28,2009

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 in
Gonvergence Monitors - Residuals T@ining Manual

. Residual plots show when the residual values have reached the
specified tolerance.

! lDraq - off
cell zone Conditiont
8ound.ry Condilions ! iuommt - or

5olulion

3jN
solution IniGli?aiion

lSs
h*ralirnt

/\NSYS.
ce Monitors - Forces and Surfaces
. ln addition to residuals, you
can also
monitor lift, drag and moment coefficients'

. Relevant variables or functions (e'9.

surface integrals) at a boundary or any
defined surface.

g.l.ntr.d

! br tt! lrt ta, !s s! !6n .l! {nq 6t

{taM
t
L
t
! Solver Settings
Checking Overall Flux Conservation
' ln addition to monitoring residual and variabre histories, you should
i4illsY$i Training Manual

!I
also check for overall heat and mass balances.

'The net flux imbalance (shown in the GUlas Net Resurts) should be
less than 1o/o oI the smallest f lux through the domain boundary

I
.8P,19't"

: F6r.e.

Cell Zone Condition5

tsolndary Conditions r - lnkqBk

I
:,Vo

i samole

sumnarv UnEvnLabe
Heat tr-rarge . Und!.1aEe

50lution Inii ali?ation

CEkulalion Activitiet :

Ir
Graphrs and Animations lm f 'e-*gjl:rj

G]

!I
r Solver Settings
Tightening the Convergence Tolerance iANSlrsi

r ' lf solution monitors indicate that the solution is converged, but the
solution is still changing or has a large mass/heat imbaiance, this
clearly indicates the solution is not yet converged.

t . ln this
-
case, you need to:
Reduce values of convergence criterion or disable check convergence

r
in the Residual Monitors panel.
- Continue iterations until the solution converges.

. Selecting None under i;d; --'. .--.i;@t;;ac;; ;;;i.il,,;il(;c,r;;;

I
'conttuv i;6;
ir_: ,..j
Convergence Criterion I rdhLt, i1.. : :a.ddi

disables convergence
checking for all equations.

t t1g-qsqi
'@o l^'
Residd vEGs
il

rj
nmaze

s.ae

I
1_-_i! ..1 _-tg_r .-q-"lp''eEr- Ssrgr ..1 L-.ti",F J

t
I
f'

Solver Settings
Convergence Difficulties 1n$$xsi Trcining Manual

. Numerical instabilities can arise with an ill-posed problem, poor-

quality mesh and/or inappropriate solver settings.
- Exhibited as increasing (diverging) or "stuck" residuals.
- Diverging residuals imply increasing imbalance in conservation
equations.
- Unconverged results are very misleading!

. Troubleshooting
Continuity equation
- Ensure that the problem is well-posed.
- Compute an initial solution using a
f irst-brder discretization schemel
- For the pressure-based solver, decrease
underrelaxation factors for eouations
having convergence problemb,
- For the density-based solver, reduce
the Courant number.
- Remesh or refine cells which have laroe
aspect ratio or large skewness.
. Flemember that you cannot improve
1[ 2! t[ r! 50 60 r! 9[ s!
Iterations
1!!

cell skewness by using mesh adaption!

aNsYs lnc. Pr@nel4y April 28,2009

@2009 ANSYS lnc All.ighb ressved 5-1 I #002600

Solver Settings
Mod ityi ng Under-Relaxation Factors iffN$x$:i Ttaining Manual

. Under-relaxation factor, c, is included to stabilize the iterative

process for the pressure-based solver
. Use default under-relaxation factors to start a calculation.

. Decreasing under-relaxation 0p=Qeon*aLQp

for momentum often aids
convergence.
- Default settings are suitable for ,:.:: a
wide range oiproblems, you can
ffl"i"li:illlffi
reduce the values when necessary.
ill"il.J",I",
- Appropriate settings are best lg6;psd u"to^
from experience!
solution IniiatD.ion
Ca.ul6tion A.Livite<
. For the density-based solver, under- R*untareratbn
relaxation factors for equations Gr.ph.'.ndAnmdiions tCrdl
outside the coupled set are modified Repor' lequanms.,. | !dts.,, J, advdncd,.. I

as in the pressure-based solver. ldel

ANSYS, hc
Propri€tay Apnr 28,2009
02009 ANSYS, lnc All righls reservsd 5-20
I
t
!t Modifying the Courant
. A transient term is included in the density-based
tnNSYSi
'
*'..*,,,'.'..'.''',',....., *',,,''''.',',
fraining Manual
- - *^',..:

solver even for

I
I
steady state problems.
- The Courant number defines the
time step size.
. For density-based explicit solver:
Soldion Contols

I - Stability constraints impose a

maximum limit on the Courant
number.
ld:ffi
issd<v
aedtiffi
i:oh*ih{ rwudbn+{Ee1:g
:03
| A(+ _
-
Tsb,r{rtD,rri}dbnRatr
--'.
v,l

I . Cannot be greater
.
(default value is 1).
than 2

Reduce the Courant number when

ffW
s-{s ts*dds
:+'{!b,s &itt*
d.&

:r
5$d
ii\""""""
-

I
having difficulty converging, I

. For density-based implicit solver: Crsph*3 sd ArM

- The Courant number is not limited lc*rtf

by stability constraints. Gw^bil :m;t ffil

I . Default value is 5.
h.'Fl

I
t
t Accelerating Convergence
. Convergence can be accelerated by:
itlnffiKi Ttaining Manual

I - Supplying better initial conditions

' starting from a previous sorution (using fire/interporation when
necessary)

t
- Gradually increasing under-relaxation factors or courant
number
' Excessivery high varues can read to sorution instabirity
convergence probrems
' You shourd arways save case and data fires before continuing
iterations
- Controlling MultiGrid solver settings (not generally recommended)

I ' Defa.urt settings provide a robust Murtigrid setup

be changed.
and typicaily do not need to

I
t
t
t
I
Solver Settings
Starting from a Previous Solution itlnLiYs, Tnining Manual

. A previously calculated solution

can be used as an initial ffi-{4 P*'g 5d."i

condition when changes are y::: 9?!jqi: .

: {)Red d lit@b
- .

made to the case setup.

t l{il:wr.*t"
:H:
- Use solution interpolation to ff" rffiwi;il:t
initialize a run (especially g#
tveEcry

useful for starting fine-mesh -;;il;"

cases when coarse-mesh
solutions are available).
Ext
Once the solution is initialized,
additional iterations always use
the current data set as the
starting point.
Actual Problem lnitial Condition
- Some suggestions on how to
Heat Transfer lsothermal
provide initial conditions for
Natural convection Low Rayleigh number
some actual problems:
Combustion / reacting flow Cold flow (no combustion)
Turlculence lnviscid (Euler) solution

ANSYS 1nc Proprielry

@2009 ANSYS. lnc Ali 5-23 s02600

Solver Settings
Solution Accuracy ilWS1$'i Manual

. A converged solution is not necessarily a correct one!

- Always inspect and evaluate the solution by using available data,
physical principles and so on.
- Use the second-order upwind discretization scheme for final results.
- Ensure that solution is grid-independent:
. Use adaption to modify the grid or create additional meshes for the grid-
independence study

. lf flow features do not seem reasonable:

- Reconsider physical models and boundary conditions
- Examine mesh quality and possibly remesh the problem
- Reconsider the choice of the boundaries' location (or the domain):
inadequate choice of domain (especially the ouilet boundary) can
significantly impact solution accuracy

ANSYS, lnc. Poprielary

@2009 ANSYS, lnc Aliqhts reswd. 5-24
I
I
t
I
Solver Settings
Mesh Quality and Solution Accuracy iANSYSi
. Numerical errors are associated with calculation ol cell gradients and

I cell face interpolations.

. Ways to contain the numerical errors:

I - Use higher-order discretization schemes (second-order upwind, MUSCL)

- Attempt to align grid with the llow to minimize the "false diffusion"
- Refine the mesh

I . Sufficient mesh density is necessary to resolve salient features of ilow

- lnterpolation errors decrease with decreasing cell size
. Minimize variations in cell size in non-uniform meshes

I - Truncation error is minimized in a unitorm mesh

- FLUENT provides capability to adapt mesh based on cell size variation
. Minimize cell skewness and aspect ratio
- ln general, avoid aspect ratios higher than 5:1 (but higher ratios are allowed in
-
boundary layers)
Optimal quad/hex cells have bounded angles o{ 90 degrees

Ir - Optimal tri/tet cells are equilateral

!
ANSYS, lnc Proprid*y Aprt 28, 2009
@2009 ANSYS lnc. Allighb 6wed 5-25

t
tI
Solver Settings
Grid-lndependent Sol utions
/\NSYS i

. A grid-independent solution exists when the solution does not change

when the mesh is refined.
Below is a systematic procedure for obtaining a grid-independent solution:
1. Generate a new, finer mesh,
- Return lo the meshing application and manually adiust the mesh,
- OH Use the solution-based adaption capability in FLUENT.

Ir -
-
VERY IMPORTANT: Save the case and data files lirst.

I
Create adaption register(s) and adapt the mesh. Data from the original mesh is interpolated onto
the liner mesh. FLUENT oflers dynamic mesh adaption which automatically changea the mesh
according to user-def ined criteria.
2. Continue calculations until convergence,
3. Compare the results obtained on the different meshes.
4,

I
Repeat the procedure if necessary.

To use a different mesh on a single problem, use the TUI commands

filelwrite-bc and file/read-bc to facilitate the setup of a new

I
problem.
- Better initialization can be obtained via interpolation from existing case/data by
using solution data interpolation
A web-based training module is available to train users in replication of

I
case setup and solution data interpolation.

ANsYs. lnc. Propileldy April 23,2009

@2009 ANSYS lnc. Attriqhb reswed 5-26

I
t
F=e

Solver Settings
Summary JNNSYSi
'solution- procedure for both the pressure-based d"n"ityJ""J
solvers is identical. "nu
- Calculate until you get a converged sotution
- Obtain a second-order solution (recommended)
- Refine the mesh and recarcurate untir a grid,independent
sorution is
obtained.

' All solvers provide toors for judging and improving

convergence and
ensuring stability.

' All solvers provide toors for checking and improving accuracy.
. Solqti.on.acguracV on the appropriateness of the physicat
ry!l_9"p"T9.
models that you choose ind the oounol'r-y ionditions ttrai'you
specify.
 lhtrddUctoryr FLUENT
Training

l|M
ANSYS lnc. Propielny *4atWlip'sgl.ffi
@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al ights reservd rMrsyiW

Turbulence Modeling
lntroduction to Turbulence Modeling l^n$#i
Trcining Manual

. Characterization of Turbulent Flows

. From Navier-Stokes Equations to Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes
(RANS) Models
. Reynolds Stress Tensor and the Closure Problem
. Turbulence Kinetic Energy (k) Equation
. EddV Viscosity Models (EVM)
. Reynolds Stress Model
. Near-wallTreatments Options and Mesh Requirement
. lnlet Boundary Conditions
. Summary: Turbulence Modeling Guidelines
'Appendix

| @2409 ANsvs lrc. Air 6-2 lrv+r;ry ao26oo

'q\rs 'e.e'v"d. I
Turbulence Modeling
Characteristics of Turbulence
lr\NsYst
T

. lnherently unsteady, three dimensional and aperiodic swirling

motions (fluctuations) resulting in enhancement of mixing, heat
transfer and shear.

. tnstantaneous fluctuations are random (unpredictable) both in

space and in time. But statistical averaging of turbulence fluctuations
results in accountable transport mechanisms

. Wide range of length scales (vortices or eddies) exist in allturbulent

flows (from very smallto very large).

. Very sensitive to (or dependent on) initial conditions.

Apill 28,2009
@2m ANsYs, hc. An righls res**

Dissipation

r' of energy

Dissipating eddies
I rL
L
Cascade Richardson, 1 922)
I
I
r
I
Turbulence Modeling
ls the Flow Turbulent? t/ISlsYsj

t
External Flows
OUL
where Ret
Re" ) 500,000 along a surface lr
L= x,d,dn,elc.
> 20,000

I
Rea around an obstacle
Other factors such as free-
stream turbulence, surJace
Internal Flows conditions, blowing, suction, and

I Red', > 2,300 other disturbances etc. may

cause transition to turbulence at
lower Reynolds numbers

I Natural Gonvection
Ra
p, t to' where n^ BgL3LT p2coBgL3ar
-o = -t;- = ---!k- (RaYleigh number)
l

t v uc^
tt = ='i
; (Prandt number)

I
I Turbulence Modeling

t Reynolds Number Effects lnNsLs.l

Re<5 <-n\*=
-\l-* Greeping flow (no separation)

I 5-15<Re<40 <fr'N- A pair of stable vortices in the

*---V/eY'-'- wake

40<Re<150 Laminar vortex street

I 150<Re<3x105
Laminar boundary layer up to
the separation point, turbulent
wake

I /,4__
V-,2{ \"'r=;
3x105 < Re < 3.5x106 Boundary layer transition to
turbulent

Turbulent vortex street, but

Re > 3.5x106 the separation is narrower
<O-&./qd than the laminar case
e

Backward Facing Step

I nstantaneous velocity contours

Time-averaged velocity contours

ANSYS, lnc. ProPrieby

@2009 ANSYS lnc All rghb resqvd

Turbulence Modeling
Plume in Cross Flow
}ANSYS

Froh Su and Mungal in Dulbin and Medic (2008)

Jet in Cross Flow

. On the left is an instantaneous snap shot of a plume, on the right is a time-
lapse picture which smoothes out the detailed structures (vortices) and
shows only the averaged, diffused state of the same flow
ANsYs rnc. Pfqne@
@2009 ANSYS lnc. Al ilghts ressved
t
I
T Turbulence Modeling
RANS Equations and the Glosure Problem
T . The time'averaging is defined
_
as
1f
r
f=JgTlf{xi,t)at
. The instantaneous field is defined ,l'," sum of the mean and the fluctuating
component, such as ""
p=p+p' Ui:Ui*Utt
. By averaging the Navier-Stokes equations, we obtain the Reynolds averaged
Navier-Stokes (RANS) equations:

dp a (pu,) Reynolds stress

dt
-T-*U dxi tensor, Fll

a (pu.)
af + 1k3u=
dxj
_
uF
I l' lgl*
dxr dx; lu
+ *16,:&*)l *. :uui
\ax; dx; 3 "dxm ) j axi

ANsYs, lnc. Propidry Apnl 28,2009

@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al dqhb resavd 6'9

Turbulence Modeling
Reynolds Stress Tensor i/$lsY$l
Ttaining Manual

ww urwl
nv 77
E,l =
'I wrE w
n@
w'w'-
. F7 is a symmetric, second-order tensor; it comes from averaging the
convective acceleration term in the momentum equation

. Reynolds stress thus provides the averaged effect of turbulent

(randomly fluctuating) convection, which is highly diflusive

. Reynolds stress tensor in the RANS equations represents a

combination of mixing due to turbulent fluctuation and smoothing by
averaging.

ANSYS, lhc. ProPneiry Apil A, 2@

@2009 ANSYS, lnc Alighb Gfld 6-1 0
Turbulence Modeling
The Closure Problem -^*f&#iilliit
1/\NSYS
. ln order to close the RANS equations, the Reynolds stress tensor
must be modeled.
- Eddy Viscosity Models (EVM) - Based on the Boussinesq hypothesis that
the Reynolds stress is proportional to the rate of strain of the time'
averaged (mean) velocity. The proportionality constant is called Eddy
Viscosity (or Turbulent Viscosity)
Eddy viscosity

dui tul\ 2- { du,r\

* * u'ar*
-puiui *, ,")- 3outo* )

- Reynolds Stress Models (RSM): By deriving and solving transPort

equations (PDEs) for each of the six distinct Reynolds stress terms (plus
a dissipation-rate equation)

ANSYS lnc. Proprielry

@2009 ANSYS lnc. All righc r€swed

Turbulence Modeling
Eddy Viscosity Models
i,\NSYS
. Dimensional analysis indicates that eddy viscosity can be determined
if we have the necessary scales (velocity, length, etc.)
ut [r2l lrzl .ltl= ftl x tiJ
p='' Lrj =
Lej l-J
- For example, given the turbulence velocity scale and length scale, or
velocity scale and time scale, eddy viscosity is determined and the RANS
equations are closed
- These scales can only be prescribed for very simple flows (like fully-
developed turbulent pipe flow or Couette flow).

. For general applications, we need to derive transport equations

(PDEs) of the chosen scales in order to compute eddy viscosity

. Turbulent kinetic energy k(per unit mass) provides useful physical

insight into the EVMs
ANSYS, lnc. Propriet*y Eiu 4$
@2oos ANsYs, lnc Al riqhts ressved 6-12
I
I
r Turbulence Modeling
i#$ffi:
I More on Eddy Viscosity
.
E99V viscosity is similar to molecular viscosity in its effect of
Training Manual

r .
diffusing momentum.

E_ddy viscosity is NOT a fluid property; it is a turbulent flow

t
characteristic. unlike an isothermal laminar flow in which viscosity is
a constant which varies with position throughout the flow field

. EVMs are the most widely used turbulence models for CFD.

I . Some known limitations of the eddy viscosity concept:

- lsotropy assumption is built in; however, there are many flows which are

t -
hisltjy anisotropic (flows with,large streamline curvatu16, i mpingement,
and highly swirling flows, etc.).
E.dav viscosity moders do not incrude dependence of the Reynolds
stresses on the rate of rotation of the flow.

I - The assumption that Reynolds stress scales with the strain-rate tensor of
the mean velocity is not always valid.

t
I
I
Turbulence Modeling
Turbulence Models Available in FLUENT fruining Manual

I One-Equation Model
Spalart-Allmaras
Two-Equation Models

I Standard k-e
RNG k-a
0
lncrease in
Realizable k-s Computational

I
BANS based
models Standard k-ur Cost
SST k-ur Per lteration

4-Equation v2f *

I Reynolds Stress Model

k- kl-w Transition Model
SST Transition Model
0
t .A
separate license is required
Detached Eddy Simulation
Large Eddy Simulation

I
I
I
The Spalart-Allmaras (S-A) Model
iITNSYS
. Spalart-Allmaras is a low-cost RANS model solving a transport equation for a
modif ied eddy viscosity
- When in modified form, the eddy viscosity is easy to resolve near the wall
. Mainly intended for aerodynamic/turbomachinery applications with mild
separation, such as supersonic/transonic llows over airfoils, boundary-layer
flows, etc.
. Embodies a relatively new class of one-equation models where it is not
necessary to calculate a length scale related to the local shear layer
thickness
. Designed specifically for aerospace applications involving wall-bounded
flows
- Has been shown to give good results for boundary layers subiected to adverse
pressure gradients,
- Gaining popularity for turbomachinery applications,
. Limitations:
- No claim is made regarding its applicability to all types of complex engineering
flows.
- Cannot be relied upon to predict the decay of homogeneous, isotropic turbulence.

ANSYS, lnc ProPnet4y

O200s ANSYS, lnc All rights reseryd 6-15

Turbulence Modeling
The Standard k-s Model Muc Trcining

. The choice of s as the second model equation. The e equation is 't$usys

entirely modeled phenomenologically (not derived) as follows:
a(p€) a(pu,e) a lf dEl e i.rt\
€2

;* *,- = u\ L|tu* dAl*crEPtE-cz'p o

. The dissipation rate is related to kand a turbulence length scale as
follows: p3/2
f +
L1
-

. Together with the kequation, eddy viscosity can be expressed as:

ttr
* PC yLtr/i = pC r+
M-4
t
F

t
T
The Standard k-s (SKE) Modet
T '9KE is the most widery-used engineering turburence moderi]
industrial applications
- Model parameters are caribrated by using data
F -
from a
benchmark experiments such as piir" iioil, lat ptaie, number of
Robust and reasonabry accurate for a wide range of
eicl"'--
apprications
- Contains submodels for compressibility, buoyancy, combustion, etc.
:
. Known limitations of the SKE model:
- fgrforls poorly l?.l,ll?_v1 *irtr targer pressure gradienr, srrong
T separarion, high swirring compon6nt'"na i"ij"tireamiii"'
- lnaccurate prediction of the spreading rate of round jets.
Juiu"rrr".

t - (for
Production of k is excessive. (unphysicar) in regions
with rarge strain rate
exampre, near a stagnaridn noiirii, 1g'slJiti"d'ii J".v'in"lllr","
predictions. moder

!
T

T Realizable k-s and RNG k-s Models

. Realizable k-e (RKE) modet(Shih):
t - Dissipation rate (r) equation is derived from the
fluctuation, which is fundamentally different from
mean-square vorticity
the SKE.
- severar rearizabirity conditions are enforced
for Reynords stresses.
- Benefits:
I ' Accuratery predicts the spreading rate of both pranar and round jets
' Arso rikery to provide superior performance for frows invorving ,ot"tion,
boundary rayers under strong adverse pressure gradients,
recirculation separation, and

I . RNG k-e (RNG) modet (yakhot and Orszag):

- Constants in the k-e equations are derived analytically using
I renormarization group theory, instead of empiricatv
experimental data. Dissipation rate equation is
ti"r L'""hmark
moiifiea.
- Performs better than sKE for more comprex shear frows, and frows with
high strain rates, swirl, and separation
I

I
Turbulence Modeling
Standard k-ur and SST k-o Models itl|Itsy$
Training Manua

. Standard k-ro (SKW) Model(Wilcox, 1998):

- Robust low-Reynolds-number (LRN) formulation down to the viscous
sublayer.
- Several sub-moders/options of k-trl: compressibility effects, transitionar
flows and shear-flow corrections.
- lmproved behavior under adverse pressure gradient.
- SKW is more sensitive to free-stream conditions.
- Most widely adopted in the aerospace and turbomachinery communities.

. Shear Stress Transport k-rrl (SSTKW) model(Menter)

- The sST k-ur moder uses a blending function to graduaily transition
from
the standard k-r.rr model near the wail to a high-Riynords-number
version
of the k-e model in the outer portion of the boundary tayer.
- contains a modified turbulent viscosity formulation to account ror the
transport effects of the principal turbulent shear stress.
- slr moder generaily gives accurate prediction or the onset and the size
of separation under adverse pressure gradient.

Turbulence Modeling
Reynolds Stress Model (RSM) i/\NSYS
' Recallthe limitations and weakness of eddy viscosity models:
- Linear algebraic stress-strain relationship resurts in poor performance
where srress transport is im_portant, including non-equilibrium
flows,
separating and reattaching flows, etc.
- lnability to account for extra strain due to streamline curvature,
rotation.
and highly skewed flows, etc.
- Poor performance where turbulence is highly anisotropic (e.g.,
in flows
normal stresses pray important a rore) anoror 3D effecis
"r" ir"""nt.
' Attempting to avoid these shoficomings, transport equations for the
six distinct Reynords stress components are derived Ly averaging
the products of velocity fluctuations and Navier-stokes
equations. a
turbulent dissipation rate equation is also needed.
- RSM is most suitabre for highry anisotropic, three dimensionar
flows
(where EVMs perform poorly). The computational
l" nigh"r.
- currently RSMs stit do_ "o"t
not arways provide indisputabre superior
performances over EVMs.
Turbulence Modeling
The Universal Law of The Wall :n$ffit Manual

u
v'- Ur

u Ut=
Ur
.L... i\ y is the normal distance
Gupper tos
timit of
from the wall.
Bufter law region depends
layer or on Reynolds number
blending Fully turbulent region
region (log law region) YUr
Y+=5 Y+=60 v
. Dimensionless velocity profiles plotted in lhe near-wall coordinates
. The linear section in the semi-log plot is called the universal law of the wall
layer, or log law layer, for equilibrium turbulent boundary layers (TBL)
ANSYS, hc. Proil€to April 28 2009
@20os ANSYS, lnc. Al riohts resetud 6-21

Turbulence Modeling
The Need for Near-Wall Treatment i,\NSYS-i
. In the near-wall region, the turbulent boundary layer is very thin and the
solution gradients are very high, but accurate calculations in the near-wall
region are paramount to the success of the simulation

. We can use a very fine mesh to resolve this region, but it is very costly for
industrial CFD applications

. For equilibrium turbulent boundary layers, the Universal Law of the Wall (or
"log law") can be used in order to alleviate the problem:
- Velocity profile and wall shear stress obtained from the log law are used to set the
boundary values ol stresses for the wall-adjacent cells.
- The equilibrium assumption is used to set boundary conditions for turbulent
kinetic energy (k), dissipation rate (e) or specific dissipation rate (rrl).
- Non-equilibrium wall function method attempts to improve the results for flows
with higher pressure gradients, separations, reattachment and stagnation
- Similar log-laws are also constructed for the energy and species equations
- Benefit: Wall functions allow the use of a relatively coarse mesh in the near-wall
region thereby reduce the computational cost.

aNsYr, rnc. ProPnetary April 28, 409

@2009 ANSYS, lnc Alrights reswd 6-22
Turbulence Modeling
]ITNSYS'
Near-Wall Mesh Requirement fraining Manual

. Standard and Non-Equilibrium Wall

Functions:
- Wall adjacent cells should have y values f,
between 30 and 300-500.
- The mesh expansion ratio should be small
E
(no larger than around 1.2). !

buffs &
. sublal a
Enhanced Wall Treatment Option
I i N r rilti:::::::::: :

- Combines a blended law-of-the wall and a

two-layer zonal model.
- Suitable for low-Re flows or flows with
complex near-wall phenomena.
- k-e turbulence models are modified for the
inner layer.
!
* Generally requires a fine near-wall mesh :
capable of resolving the viscous sublayer 5
(y" < 5, and a minimum of 10-15 cells across =
the "inner layer"(viscous sublayer, the buffer bufftr &
layer and the log-law layer) sublays

ANSYS lnc. Proprietdy

O2009ANSYS lnc All

The Wall-Adjacent Cell Size Estimation

o For a flat plate, a good power-law correlation for turbulent skin-
friction coefficient is

' lolJz6

. The distance from the wallto the centroid of the first fluid cell (Ay)
can be estimated by choosing the desired y+ with the estimated bulk
Reynolds number for the wall shear layer:
pU*L
{ * a.or Hel13zro Rer - (Bulk Reynolds number)
lr

. For duct flow, one can similarly estimate Ayas follows:

.- _ 0.078
_r_ Av 4A
R# -i ar 5.06 dr, Re^."o dn=
P*,
(Hydraulic diameter)
ANSYS lnc. Prqriery
@2009ANSYS lnc All
 Turbulence Modeting
Scalable Wall Functions
. ln practice, many users often failto maintain 30 < Ir' < 30_5OO

' conventional wall functions are a major_rimiting factor in accuracy.

wall functions are very sensitive to ilie first ceil pa"",n"nl the
near-wallmesh; mesh refinement does not guarantee to deliver "nd
results with increasing accuracy, white gwf is still too tosily.

. Scalable Wall Functions

- For-k-e models, the scalable wall functions method assumes
that the wall
surface coincides with the edge of the viscous suUlayei (V. t f .ZS).
Hence fluid cells are always a-bove the viscous =
inconsistency of predictions due to near-wail mestr
"rUi"ir"r,'lnJ
r6tinement is
avoided.. (Note: in the k-ur, ssr and S-A moders, n""i-*"ii'#atment
is
handled auromaticaily by the sorver; scalabre wair tunciion"
not
available). "i"
'scalable wallfunctions can be accessed by a TUr command
,/def ine/moder s /vi scous/near -waI I - treatment/scalabr e -wat I _
functions

Turbulence Modeling
Summary on Near-Wall Treatment
'wall Functions are stillthe most affordable boundary treatment for
many industrial CFD applications

' ln the k-e family, scalable wallfunctions is the recommended

setup
option for models using standard waltfunctions

' standard wallfunction works weil with simpre shear frows,

and non-
equilibrium wall function improves the resutts for flows wiih
stronger
pressure gradient and separation

' Enhanced walltreatment is used for more comprex frows

where rog
lawmay not apply (for exampre, non-equiribrium wail shear
rayers or
the bulk Reynolds number is low)
Turbulence Modeling i,\NSYS
M{a
lnlet BoundarY Conditions Training

. When turbulent tlow enters a domain at inlets or oltlers-lO-lckflow)'

boundary conditiois to i i, t, - andlor.-o{u-i -i1"1,::.:tecified'
iJf,;ililgon whichturbulence model has deen selected

. Four methods for directly or indirectly specifying turbulence

parameters:
components (this is the only
- Explicitly input k, s' (lr' or Reynolds.stress
method it't"i for profile definition)
"tto*" and length scale
- Turbulence intensity
eddies that contain most of energy
' Length scale is related to size ol large
flows: | 0'46es
- For boundary laYer =

- For llows downstream of grid: I =

opening size

-Turbu]enceintensityandhydraulicdiameter(primarilylorinternalflows)
(primarily for external flows)
- Turbulence intensity and viscosity ratio

Turbulence Modeling 1'\NSYS

Plate
Example #1 - Turbulent Flow Past a Blunt Flat Ttaning M{-z

.Turbulentflowpastabluntflatplatewassimulatedusingfour
different turbulence models'
edge and reattachment
- 8,700 cell quad mesh, graded near leading
location'
- Non-equilibrium boundary layer treatment

I I-
ReD = 5o,ooo

Reattachment Point
Recirculation zone

a Blufl Rectangular
N. Diilali and l. S. Gartshore (1991)' "Turbulent.fl?Yljoynd
113' pp 51-59'
;i#.;"; l: Experimental lnvestigation, JFE vol'
=as
6-28
@2m9 ANSYS Iic All ighis ressvd
 Contours of Turbulent Kinetic Energy (m?sr)
0.70
m
ffi
W o.os
lliswz
l*(s 0.s6
:t:_
RNG k-a
..::::
0.49

::.1, O.42

o.ss
N,l,i
lffio'" &T.#et$ds * ,
::'- o'21 *a{;:::::i: I'::::4r!:=$4/:: ii,ltrti\!

w;0.14 Reynolds Stress

ffi:::

Turbulence Modeling
Example #1 - Turbulent Flow past a Blunt Flat plate iffiffiffij
Predicted separation bubble:

Standard k-e (SKE) Skin

Friction -o -1
;r:
Coefficient _?
Ct" tO0O

0t

I
SKE severely underpredicts the size ol Experimentally
the separation bubble, while RKE reattachment point is at
predicts the size exactly. x/D=4.7

I
t
I
Turbulence Modeling
Example #2-Turbulent Flow in a Cyclone i*ilffi.sj
Manual

. 40,000-cell hexahedral mesh

' High-order upwind scheme was

used.

. Computed using SKE, RNG, RKE

and RSM (second moment closure)
models with the standard wall
functions

. Represents highly swirling flows

(W-^r= 1.8 U;n)

ANSYS, lnc. Prqidq

6-31
24, 2W
@200s ANSYS, lnc. Al iqhls resrvd M?600

Turbulence Modeling
Example #2 -Turbulent Flow in a Cyclone
. Tangentialvelocity profile predictions at 0.41 m below the vortex
finder
4 50er01

4.Soe+0r

3 90e+01

3 i0€+01

2 g0ar01
Tangential
Velocity 2 soe+o i

{nt's) j 90rr0]

1.00si.Di

5 ii0r+00

0.10€+00
$ 04 0.+g {t 0u 0 i 012
Position {m}

ANSYS, lnc Propri@ Apd 28, 2@9

@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al ilohb r€sevd 6,32
T

I
t Summary - Turbulence Modeling Guidelines l1\NSYS
. Successful turbulence modeling requires engineering judgment
of:
i

- Flow physics

I -
-
Computer resources available
Project requirements
. Accuracy
. Turnaround
t .
-
time
Choice of Near-wall treatment
Modeling procedure
- Calculate characteristic Reynolds number and determine whether or not

I
the flow is
turbulent.
- lf the flow is in the transition (from laminar to turbulent) range, consider
the use of
one of the turburence transition moders (not covered in thiJtraining).
- Estimate walr-adjacent ceil centroid )rr before generating the mesh.
- Prepare your mesh to use wall functions except for low-Be flows and/or
flows with
T complex near-wall physics (non-equilibrium boundary layers).
- Begin with RKE (rearizabre k-e) and change to s-A, RNG, sKW,
ssr or v2t it
needed. Check the tables in the appendixas a guide for your choice.

I -
-
Use RSM for highly swirling, 3-D, rotating flows.
Remember that there is no single, superior turburence moder for
all frowsl

t
I
I RANS Models Descriptions

I Asingletransportequationmodersorvingdirectyroramodifiedturburertviscosrty.
specificallyfor aerospace applications involving wall-bounded flows
FLUENT'. imprementation ailows the use of colrser meshes.
Designed
on a fine near-wall m-esh.
option to inctuoe strain rate in k
production term improves predictions of vortical
flows.
Thebaserinetwo-transport-equationmodersorvingforkande. Thisisthedefaurtk-r moder.
I 9^"^"I1"]"il.r "1"
heating, buoyancy,
derive_d; varid for futy iurburent frows onty.- options to
grpirica,y
and compressibility are shared with other k_a moiels.
A variant of the standard
account for viscous

k-r modet. Equations and coetficients are analytically derived. Sg,rf"*f

changesinthesequationimprovestheabilitytomodetnignryst;inedflows.
Additionaloptionsaidin
predicting swirling and low Reynolds number flows

I A variant of the standardk-€ moder. rts rearizabirity' stems rrom chmges tnat ailow certain
mathematicar constraints to be obeyed which urtimitery improves
the p'erformance of this moder.
Atwo-transport-equation moder sorving fork and o, the specific
diiffion rate (€ / k) based on
wilcox (1 998). This is the default k-o model. Demonstrut". arloio, p"rrormance
for wall_bounded
and low Reynolds number f lows. ShNs potentialfor predicting transiti;;.-O;;;;;.
transitional, free shear, and compressible {lows.
#J;*f;
k-o moder. combines the originar wircox mod"r io, ,s" n"u, *uil" and
A variant of the standard
t*
standardk-rmoderawayfromwailsusingabrendingfu-nction. Alsorimitsturburentviscosityto
guaranteethat Tr - k. The iransition and shearing options
are borrowed from stanOard k_o. No
option to include compressibility.

Reynolds stresses are sorved directry.using transport equations,

assumption of orher modets. Use foi higiriy wirriirg rrows.
'a;;;;;ti;;;;..r,"-.train
avoiding isotropic viscosity
option
rmproves performance for many basic shear flows.
r

Turbulence Modeling
RANS Models Behavior
Model Behavior and Usage

Spalart - Economical for large meshes. performs poorry for 3D frows, free shear frows, frows
with strong
separation. suitable lor mildly complex (quasi-2D) external/internal flows and boundary layer
Allmaras iiows
under pressure gradient (e.g. airfoils, wings, airplane fuselages, missiles, ship hulls).

Standard k-e Robust. widely used despite the kno* rimitations of the moder. performs poorry for comprex
frows
involvingseverepressuregradient,separation,strongstreamlinecurvature. suit;bletorinitiar
iterations, initial screening of alternative designs, and parametric studies.

RNG K-s suitable for comprex shear flows invorving rapid strain, moderate swirr, vortices, and rocaily
t'"nsitionalflows(eg boundaryrayerseparation,massiveseparation,andvortexshedcingbenind
blutf bodies, stall in wide-angle difiusers, room ventilation).

Realizable k-e offers largely the same benefits and has simirar apprications as RNG. possibry more accurate
and
easier to converge than RNG.

Standard k-rrl superior performance for wail-bounded boundary rayer, free shear, and row Reynords number
flows.
suitable for comprex boundary rayer frows under adverse pressure gradient and separation (externar
aerodynmics and turbomachinery). can be used ror transitionarfrJws (though tends to predict
earry
lransition). Separation is typicallypredicted to be excessive and early.
SST k-trl ofterssimilarbenefitsasstandardk-@. Dependencyonwaildistancemakesthisresssuitabletor
free shear flows.

Reynolds Stress
Physically the most sound RANS moder. Avoids isotropic eddy viscosity
assumption. rvrore
-roughertoconvergeduetoctosecoupringofequations. cpu time
1!d_memoryrequired. suitaotetorcomptex
3D flows with strong streamline curvature, strong swirl/rotation (elg. curyed
duct, rotating,low
passages, swirl combustors with very large inlei swirl, cyclones).

#;;
..* :
;)
ry
:=ti{:,:=. I

fl':t:;::;1ti;;;;;

ANSYS lnc. ftAietay

@?@9 ANSYS, tnc. A1dghb Bwd
I
t
I Turbulence Modeling

I The k Equation
. Turbulence kinetic energy k equation is used to determine the
il\NsYs i

I turbulence velocity scale:

a{p,k) a(pu,k) --aui
-------:-
dxt = r-Ou,u,
DE-?
d lfil u+ l.rt\t_dkl

r dt -dxj LV ok) dxj j

I

'*, Axj
Pk

where P* is the rate of production and a is the dissipation rate.

T . Production actually refers to the rate at which kinetic energy is

transferred from the mean flow to the turbulent fluctuations

I (remember the energy cascade). P* is the turbulent stress times

mean strain rate, so physically it is the rate of work sustained by the
mean flow on turbulent eddies

. Obviously
T term
P* needs to be modeled due to the presence of Fu in the

F
I
t Turbulence Modeling
The k Equation t^NSS;i
Ttainiog Manual

I
'The dissipation rate s refers to the viscous dissipation of kinetic
energy into internal energy:
iJ,;7
l l

t
€-'t/
dxr dx*
' Physically turbulence kinetic energy k is produced due to the mean
flow gradients, and is dissipated by viscous effects. lmbalance
between the production and the dissipation willcause keither to
T grow or to decay

' The last term in the k equation is a diffusion term. lt is modeled by a

gradient diffusion assumption or Reynolds analogy (hence the use of
T a turbulent Prandtl number in the diffusion term)

I
I
I
Turbulence Modeling
Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) i/rNsYsTrcihing Manuat

' ln DNS, the 3D unsteady Navier-Stokes equations are

resolving solved
all scales (both in space and in iime)
nrroi""ilv uv

' done
For simpre geometries and at modest Reynords
numbers, DNS
successfully. For example, tor a siiipte turbulent channelhas been
two plates: flow between
Re, = ggg, /V= (Re,)e/a 10,000,000 (cells), Af _ 10-s
= sec.

' PNS.
is equivarent to a "numerical wind tunner" for conducting
more
f undamental turbulence research

' details
For practic.ar engineering purposes, DNS is not onry too costry, but
arso the
of the simulation aie Jsually not retuired.

'
Iil""?"",f1"('."JLn)'Hff'il3ritsiJ3TJ"?;?"Ti,11i:aliJl::"ihTi,!i',flhT3'

Turbulence Modeling
Turbulent Heat Transfer lNNSYS
'The Reynords avera_ging of the energy equation produces
a crosure
term and we call it the turbulent (or heat flux:
- Analogous to the closure of Reynolds"AaVl
stress, a turbulent thermal
diffusivity is assumed:
thermal diff usivity
Trrurbutent
laT
-puit,= pcit:-
dxi

- Turbulent diffusivity is obtained from eddy viscosity via a turbulent

Prandtr number (modifiabre by the users) 6asea
on irre *"rJo" anarogy:
V1
o, =
Fr, Pr1 * 0.95 - 0.9
' similar treatment is appricabre to other turburent scarar transport
equations

@2oos ANsyS, tnc. Ajt iEhb ressvd

I
I
I Turbulence Modeling

I The Spalart-Attmaras Turbutence Modet iAHHX,SI

Ttaining Manual

'A low-cost RANS model solving an eguation for the modified eddy
viscosity,
I o]
= o,{* + Cozp(#)'] - yv * s;i
[,'+eq #]
I . Eddy viscosity is obtained from
(fr/v\3
ltt = pfrfvt Jvl = ::t----t;-------
lv/v)' + Ci,
I ' The variation of i very near the wall is easier to resolve than kand e.

' Mainly intended for aerodynamic/turbomachinery applications with

I mild separation, such as supersonic/transonic flows-over airfoils,
boundary-layer flows, etc.

RANS Models - Standard k-e (SKE) Model

. Transport equations for kand e
D{pk) a l( r.rt\dkl
Dt = r*,
Llu* a)d+Gk- P€
D(pt) alf 1lt\dsl e
Dt :
Ez
u*,Ltu* d Al+Cg17Gx- PcnT
Cp = 0. 09 Csr = 1.44 Cez = 7.g2 ok = 1.0 o, = 1.3
' SKE is the most widery-used engineering turburence moderfor
industrial applications.
. Robust and reasonably accurate; it has many
submodels for
compressibility, buoyancy, and combustion, etc.
' Performs poorly for frows with strong separation, rarge streamrine
curvature, and high pressure gradient
Turbulence Modeling
RANS Models - k-qr Models i/tNsYs:
Dk Au, U,\ dkl
kt't*
P
Ot =
tii
a\- PB* fp-
#[{'. a) *rl Specific
dissipation
k rate, uJ
lst: g* P-
u
Dtt e aur 'oF*;
o# = n:xru#i- p7fsw? + *i('.*) #]
. Belongs to the general 2-equation EVM family. Fluent 12 supports the
standard k-o model by Wilcox (1998) and Menter's SST k-ut model (1994).
. k-ur models have gained popularity mainly because:
Can be integrated to the wall without using any damping functions
Accurate and robust for a wide range of boundary layer flows with pressure
gradient
. Most widely adopted in the aerospace and turbo-machinery communities.
. Several sub-models/options of k-ur: compressibility effects, transitional
flows and shear-flow corrections.
ANSYS, lnc. PfqAeWy April 28 2009
@2oos ANSYS lhc All iohts reseNed 6-43

Turbulence Modeling
Menter's SST k-rrr Model Background lsls#i
Taining Manual

. Many people, including Menter (1994), have noted that:

- The k-or model has many good attributes and performs much better than
k-e models for boundary layer flows
- Wilcox' original k-or model is overly sensitive to the lree stream value of
or, while the k-a model is not prone to such problem
- Most two-equation models, including k-e models, over-predict turbulent
stresses in the wake (velocity-defect) regions, which leads to poor
perlormance in predicting boundary layers under adverse pressure
gradient and separated flows
- The basic idea of SST k-to is to combine SKW in the near-wall region with
SKE in the outer region

ANSYS lnc Propri€tq

02009ANSYS lnc All
I
I
I Turbulence Modeling
t""i"r"i .ti n1r r"0", r"," ."roonents ln##,Si
I . The SST k-ur model consists of
- zonal (blended) k-@ / k-e equations (to address item 1 and 2 in the
previous slide)
I - clipping of turbulent viscosity so that turbulent stress stay within what is
dictated by the structural similarity constant (Bradshaw, f beZl -
addresses the overprediction problem

Outer layer
(wake and k-qr model transformed
outward) from standard k-a model

Inner layer
(sub-layer, Modified Wilcox
log-layer) k-ur model

Turbulence Modeling
Menter's SST k-ro Model Blended equations ?*ry$Y,$_l
Ttaining Manual

. The resulting blended equations are:

Dk du{ pB*kw* a I f l.rt\ dk I
eot-t:tti6 *, L(.u*;);j
eD# =
I,,,i- 8p,2.
* [(r. *) #] . zp(r- Fn,*:##,
0=FtQz+(1-Fr)02 Q=F,s*,s*,y

Blended law
of the wall

Wall
F

1/\NSYSi
1,,"...,,,,_*,.- "..
Reynolds Stress Model (RStVl)
-... -,,.,.,,,.....,.,, -,
Ttaining Manual

Modeling required for these terms

dput,u', a r_ -
--+*:- $xu'1t')
\ = Pil*Fii+Df + Qtj * €ii Lt lt 't
At dxr ll''ll
Stress production JI I ILPressure
Loissipa.on
iffrrsion
Turbulent diffusion I strain

. Attempts to address the deficiencies of the EVM'

. RSM is the most'physically sound' model: anisotropy, history effects
and transpon of Ceynolds stresses are directly accounted for.
. RSM requires substantially more modeling for the governing
equations (the pressure-strain is most critical and difficult one
among them)'
. But RSM is more costly and difficutt to converge than the 2-equation
models.
. Most suitable for complex 3-D flows with strong streamline curvature'
swirland rotation.
I ANsYs Lnc Pr4rieldy
d;ii; ffi
ln@tory *1M00
6-47
I @?T9 .NsYS rnc A'r rqhls 'essvd

Turbulence Modeling
Standard Wall Functions
. Standard Wall Functions
- Momentum boundary condition based on Launder'spaulding law-of'the'
urcl/ak{
1

U*= 1ly*
{y* 'Y'l)
tn(Ey*)
ln ty* , yJ)
Pc'/o'tt/'v'
v - tJ

Similar wall functions apply for energy and sPecies'

Additional formulas account for k, e, and pu'rult
Less reliable when flow departs from conditions assumed in their
derivation.
. severe pressure gradient or highly non-equilibrium near-wall flows, high
transpiiation or body forces, low Re or highly 3D flows
t
t
T Turbulence Modeling
Standard Wall Functions
F
,*-
(T* ' .Te)
q
pc pklrn
I :,,:,:*7,t4!+
Prt li tn{€y-) + pl
{r* <v}}

I +{cY
u?l {r. > rf }
ur}". {pr,;rr+ {pr* p,r)
-l-

-ll 1+ 0.28exp I _0.ooz__

P=e241(#)* - 1l Pr\t
I I I
JL 1 PrrlJ
I

. Species

i s"t. (v. <rj)

Y*=l
t" l-1 I
$* , yl)
I L;ln{Ey.)+PcJ

Turbulence Modeling
Enhanced Wall Treatment ffiI$YSi
Training Manual

- Momentum boundary condition based

on a blended law of the wall.
u+=eruilr+el/rufi,o
- Similar blended wall lunctions apply for
energy, species, and ur,
- Kader's form for brending atows for incorporation
of additionar physics,
. Pressure gradient eftects
. Thermal (including compressibility) effects
. Two-layer zonal model
- A blended two-layer model is used to determine
near_wall e field.
' Domain is divided into viscosity-afrected
(near-war) region and turburent core
region.
-.. Basedon thewall_distance_basedturbulent
Reynolds nu b.r, g", = !!
- Zoning is dynamic and solution adaptive p
. High Re turbulence model used in outer
layer
' Simple turbulence model used in inner layer le {ur)ort* * (1 - ir) (ur)inn".
- Solutions for e and pT in each region are blended:
' The Enhanced wall rreatment option
is available for the k-a and RsM models
(EWT is the sore treatment for sparart
alimaras and k-ur moders)
Turbulence Modeling
Two-Layer Zonal Model rfi6i$1gr
. The two regions are demarcated on a cell-by-cell basis:
- Turbulent core region (where Re" > 200) pv&
Rey =
- Viscosity affected region (where Re" < 200)
- y is the distance to the nearest wall.
- Zoning is dynamic and solution adaptive.

Wall

Wall

ANSYS, lnc. Prqieby Aprll 28,20og

@2@ ANSYS, lnc. N ighb rsdvd- rbry S02600

Turbulence Modeling
Large Eddy Simulation (LES) IAN-IXYl Taining Manual

ili(x, t) = dt{x, t) + ui(x, t)

aui d(r'r;) :____
tap _lv-l
A f dui\
ttt
lnstantaneous
component Scale
Resolved Subgrid
Scale
af dxi F dxi dxi \ dxi )

Filtered N-S aui.d(Q-ur) 1dB' a ( au,\

I j------j3 : l- I rr- I
urii
equation
-
At dxj ---
p dxi dx;
- \ J dxj
a*i
-
-
!-
(f P luiul- uiul)
(Subgrid scale Turbulent stress)
. Speetrum of turbulent eddies in the Navier-Stokes equations is filtered:
- The filter is a function of grid size
- Eddies smaller than the grid size are removed and modeled by a subgrid scale
(SGS) model.
- Larger eddies are directly solved numerically by the filtered transient NS equation

ANSre, hc. Pr+ri€Ery

@20@ ANSYS, lhc. Al 6-52
 +r

I
I
Turbulence Modeling
Large Eddy Simulation
I,TNSYS ]

. Large Eddy Simulation (LES)

- LES has been mosi successful for high-end applications where the RANS models
fail to meet the needs. For examPle:
. Gombustion
' Mixing
. External Aerodynamics (flows around blutl bodies)
. lmplementations in FLUENT:
- Subgrid scale (SGS) turbulent models:
. Smagorinsky-LillY model
. Wall-Adapting Local Eddy'Viscosity (WALE)
. Dynamic Smagorinsky-Lilly model
. Dynamic Kinetic Energy Transport
* Detached eddy simulation (DES) model
. Choice ol RANS in DES includes S'A, RKE, or SST
. LES is compatible with all combustion models in FLUENT
. Basic statistical tools are available: Time averaged and RMS values of
solution variables, built-in fast Fourier transform (FFT).
. Before running LES, consult guidelines in the "Best Practices For LES"
(containing advice for meshing, subgrid model, numerics' BCs, and more)
ANSYS. rnc. Propaewy
Apill 28 2009
@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al fohb rsswed 6-53

Turbulence Modeling
Stochastic lnlet Velocity BC
r]w$ffi
Ttaining Manual

. lt is often important to specify realistic turbulent inflow velocity BC

for accurate prediction of the downstream flow:

ui{x, t} = tri{x, f) + ui{x, t}

All
ITI
'";:ilil"":l" "Ili"o ::ffJ:*

. Different types of inlet boundary conditions for LES

- No perturbations - Turbulent fluctuations are not present at the inlet'
- Vortex method - Turbulence is mimicked by using the velocity field
induced by many quasi-random point-vortices on the inlet surface' The
vortex method uses turbulence quantities as input values (similar to
those used for RANS-based models).
- Spectral synthesizer
. Able to synthesize anisotropic, inhomogeneous turbulence from RANS results
(k-e, k-ur, and RSM fields).

. Can be used for RANS/LES zonal hybrid approach.

ANSYS, lnc. Propnewy
@2@ ANSYS. hc. All riohb r6wed 6-54
ilt-

Turbulence Modeling
lnitial Velocity Field for l/Iil-sYsi
' lnitial condition for velocity field does not affect statistically
stationary solutions

' Hourever, starting LES with a realistic turbulent velocity field can
substantially shorten the simulation time to get to statistically
stationary state

'The spectral synthesizer can be used to superimpose turbulent

velocity on top of the mean velocity field
- Uses steady'state RANS (k-e, k-or, RSM, etc.) sorutions as inputs to the
spectral synthesizer
- Accessible via a TUI command
/ solve/ ini-Ej-aLize/ init- instantaneous -vel

Turbulence Modeling
rFfTurbulence Model isl$Kii
Training Manual

'A model developed by paul Durbin's group at stanford university.

- Durbin suggests that the wall-normal fluctuations iv are responsible for
the near-wall damping of the eddy viscosity
- Requires two additional transport equations: one for i,v,-- and one fo a
relaxation function f to be solired tojether with k anO e. --
- Eddy viscosity model is y, - iVf instead ol v, * 1a7
. r/f shows promising.results for many3D, low Re, boundary
layer
flows. For exampre, improved prediitions for heit tr"nstei in
iet
impingement and sepaiated frows, where k-s moders u"i,"u" poorry

' But r/f is still an eddy viscosity model, thus the same limitations still
apply

' rPf is an embedded add-on functionality in FLUENT

which requires a
separate license from Cascade Technoiogies
(www.tu rbu lentf low.com)
 s;+11
.\":N
':::.:sy

Effi,

i'
lntroductory FLUENT
Training

...j,.t!::-:
w;
ANSYS, hc- Boprituy
*,.w I
@2009 ANSYS, hc. At ighb r6swd ::::::i,:ii*Fril

w&

Heat Transfer Modeling

Outline t*ffffir
. Energy Equation

. Wall Boundary Conditions

. Conjugate Heat Transfer

. Thin and two-sided walls

. Natural Convection

. Radiation Models

. Reporting - Export
Heat Transfer Modeling
Energy Equation - lntroduction
. Energy transport equation:

a{pE}
+V.[V(pE+pX=V. t"uvr -4n' li * r"x.vj
r1
af f
+ sn
Unsteady Condlction
"inll*on Ex*
Diffusion
ffi ."ifou
Dissipation Source/bint
- Energy E per unit mass is defined as:
py2
E=h-'+-
p2
- Pressure work and kinetic energy are always accounted
for with
compressible frows or when usirig the oen6iry-oas-o
pressure'based sorver, they are omitted ana sorveis.-for ilre
6an ue aJJ"Jil.,'i.,igr., il.,"
text command:

- The TUI command def ine/models/energyr Will give

more options
when enabling the energy equation.

. Ability to compute conduction

of heat through solids

. Energy equation: a@h)

+V.(Vph) =V.(k*Vf)
ar +Sr,

- h is the sensible
cd.r etq*-fu
enthalpy: r:Ti:i-.. ........ .....--.* _--,..i *_.: ::::.. ;l illana
T ''''' -....=-, ':r'alch$dtuie
i!!e!.n F! !i9!e1_*
f :dun]nM(d)
h= | codT
J
T,et

G(spe!frrFJtul
. Anisotropic conductivity lB?1

in solids (pressure-based
solver only)
v. (rsvr)
 - Heat Flux
- Temperature
- convection - simurates an external convection environment
which is not
modeled (user-prescribed heat transfer coefficient).
- Radiation - simurates an externar radiation environment
which is not
modeled (user-prescribed
external emissivity and
radiation temperature).
- Mixed - Combination of
Convection and Radiation Radfu: qFr6i De I e6e G :

boundary conditions.

'\hd
. Wall material and thickness ^/
*a

*mm -,:t;i. l
can be defined for 1D or
shell conduction calculations.
:rrrr ::ut::.'tu_::ttt--..
lor llc"Er; h+ i

Heat Transfer Modeling

Conjugate Heat Transfer inNsYS.l
Training Manual

' ln cHT, heat conduction in sorid regions is coupred

to convective
heat transfer in fluid regions.
' Makes use of the coupred boundary condition
on wail zones which
def ine f lu id/solid interfaces.

zoneNffi
ir;i#;il;ti--'-

sh.dow Fa.e Zon.

hrenrm lhemd lR.dj*ol++.! opm :ruttpn*l uw i

Thsmaicondihns
. rutrU WilTh.kn$sth)-rj
f
Velocity Vectors
!
il.)rqpl6gr* : i
I HeattusdionRaie(dd)r|t-'==it#;,;t
l:l:der:l !

t Temperature Contours

Coolant Flow past Heated Rods

_
I '
L
-'.r
':
@2000 'n:
A\sYs.
F .nnd.^.
,nc A[ enrs resdveo 7-6 ------- Arus@;-"]

I
Heat Transfer Modeling
Gonjugate Heat Transfer Example }SNFY$

(externally cooled)
h = 1.5 Wm2'K
T-=298K
."...:::t
5Z' Electronic componeni
(one half is modeled)
k = 1.0 Wm.K
d2
Heat generation rate
watts (each componenQ

Circuit board (externally cooled)

k = 0.1 Wm.K
h = 1.5 Wm2.K
T-=298K

Heat Transfer Modeling

Problem Setup - Heat Source im$fs Ttaining Ma^d

' An energy (heat) source is added to the solid zone to simulate the
heat generation by the heat-generating electronic components.
Heat Transfer Modeling
Meshed Wall vs. Thin WallApproach t$l!|sffij
Ttuining Manual

. Meshed wallapproach
- Energy equation is solved in a solid zone representing the wall.
- Wall thickness must be meshed.
- This is the most accurate approach but requires more meshing effort,
- Always uses the coupled thermal boundary condition since there are
cells on both sides of the wall.

Fluid zone

Solid zone

Wallthermal resistance directly accounted lor in the

Energy equation; Through-thickness temperature
distribution is calculated.
Bidirectional heat conduction is calculated,

ANSYS, lnc. Propri€wy

April 28, 2@9
@2009 ANSYS, lnc Alidls res*d 7 -11

Heat Transfer Modeling

Meshed Wall vs. Thin Wall Approach tflNffsi
Training Mahual

. Thin wallapproach
- Artificially models models the thermal resistance of the wall.
- Necessary data is supplied through wall boundary conditions (material
conductivity and thickness).
- Uses the coupled thermal boundary condition only lor internal walls.

-t
Wailzone_l I I I I )Ftuidzone
(no shadow)
J

Wallthermal resistance is calculated using artificial

wall thickness and material type. Through-thickness
temperature distribution is assumed to be linear.
Conduction is only calculated in the wall-normal
direction unless Shell Conduction is enabled.

ANSYS, lnc. Propndry

@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al
&it28, &
*i]()2@
I
Shell Conduction Option
'The shell conduction option is used to enable in-plane conduction
calculations.

. Additional conduction cells i-**,-ot1*

are created but cannot be

displayed and cannot be
accessed by
UDFs.

. Solid properties of the J; I li;;i:G*r_l

conduction zones must be
constant and cannot be
temperatu re-dependent.

Static Temperature
(cell value)
Virtual conduction cells

Heat Transfer Modeling

Natural Convection lllNsYS.i
i:
'
.. .,

. Natural convection occurs when heat

is added to fluid and fluid density z-"- -:*11-'g- :}-
' :: .: I i ,-'r.:: ;..
fI . ,..,,,,- . '..
varies with temperature.

. Flow is induced by force of gravity

ffi'
acting on density variation.
'
':..,
:'..::.: ,'
:.::'::":rr* r Hi
. :ilii:r:i i il,,,',.'.,"',
/.:' a\::
1

,/,
. When gravity term is included, ,/,
/r.'

pressure gradient and body force term

in the momentum equation are rewritten as:
dP'
pg :+
-Ydi+'^- _ax + (p _ po)g
where pt =p-pogx
' This pressure transformation avoids round off error when gravity is
enabled.
Heatrransfer Modetins /\NSYS'
't"**";;;;;;;;;;;;-*--
Natural Convection - the Boussinesq Model
. Boussinesq model assumes the fluid density is uniform except for the body
force lerm in the momentum equation along the direction of gravity, we have:
(p_po)g=-poF(T*ro)g
- valid when density variations are small (i.e,, small variations in temperature).

. The Boussinesq approximation provides improved convergence for many

natural convection flows than by using fluid density as function of
temperature.
- Constant density assumptions reduces nonlinearity'
- Suitable when density variations are small.
- Cannot be used together with species transport or reacting flows.

. Natural convection problems inside closed domains:

- For steady-state solver, Boussinesq model must be used.
- For unsteady solver, Boussinesq model or ideal gas law can be used'

ApilL 28,2OO9
ANSYS lnc Proprieldy
@2oo9ANsYs nc Al ighbr€s*ed

Heat Transfer Modeling

User lnputs for Natural Convection
iI\NSYS
Training Manual

. Define the gravitational acceleration - done

in Operating Conditions panel.

. Define density model (several options

are available).
- Boussinesq model
. Enable gravity.
. Set Operating Temperature, Io.
. Select Boussinesq as the Density
Method and assign constant
value, po.
. SetThermal Expansion
Coefficient, B.
- lf using a temperature dependent
model (ideal gas, Aungier-
Redlich-Kwong, polynomial):
. Specify Operating DensitY or,
. Allow FLUENT to calculate po
from a cell average (default,
every iteration).
Apill 28,2009
ANSYS. lnc Propnehry
@2009 ANSYS. lnc. All tiqhls reseNed 7-16
. Radiation effects should be accounted for when Qrad= o (rilo* - rfl,n) is of
comparable magnitude as the convection and conduction heat transfer rates.
- o is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant, 5.67x10-8 W(m'z.K4)

. To account for radiation, radiative intensity transport equations (RTEs) are

solved.
- Local absorption by fluid and at boundaries couples these RTEs with the energy
equation.
- These equations are often solved separate from the fluid llow solution; however,
they can be coupled to the flow.

. Radiation intensity, (r,s), is directionally and spatially dependent.

A$srtliion a*$
ssntlarsg i)ss f,rtg+1*g rHlisi*s
. Five radiation models are available in FLUENT -s .\
(see the Appendix for details on each model). .\\\\ v
$

- Discrete Ordinates Model (DOM)

- Discrete Transfer Radiation rvroier 1ornM1 llHJiq
- P1 Radiation Model
Nii
- Rosseland Model
s S.attsng
- Surface-to-Surface (S2S) sissn$ edrliiis

ANSYS nc Proprieiary
@ 2009 ANSYS. lnc. Al rqhts reseNd

Heat Transfer Modeling

Selecting a Radiation Model ?#x$y$;i T@ining Manual

. Some general guidelines for

ffi ns*h P4ader5
radiation model selection: ldt .oq mremo,.*amreraoor iii'
:p6dild
- Computational effort L4
i mer ra+. (orqnt A-q dMd"Btn flor4.v k#l
. P1 gives reasonable accuracy .. turaeosttrl#l
rkd.o66B(tr,
TtuS*d
-,
.-
l-:
@dBards -n t
ll
I

with the least amount of effort. .... bF@Q!.qhg PhlIW' ^'

- Accuracy IhahreE i,
l
{.,
r:l
. DTRM and DOM arethe most hh.eE ,
'1r, -
{r
accurate.
- Optical thickness Hod

. Use DTRM/DOM for optically thin

,6

media (aL << 1)

. Use P1 lor optically thick media. I 50@ (atuBor..

. Use S2S for zero optical thickness. '3-] IHPI

'rr'"!!Pt]
- Scattering
. Scattering is accounted for only with P1 and DO.
Particulate effects
. P1 and DOM account for radiation exchange between gas and particulates.
Localized heat sources
. DTRM/DOM with a sufficiently large number ol rays/ ordinates is most appropriate.

ANSYS, lnc. Proprieldy Apr I 2a, 2009

@2oo9ANSYS lnc A iEhbrcsfled 7-18
#

.Anumberofintermediateandadvancedtutorialsareavailableatthe
FLUENT User Services Center:
' htm
www. fluentuEers . com/ fluent/training/intermediate/tutorials/index

. Other learning resources

offered by FLUENT
- Advanced training course in heat transfer
- Web-based training modules
User Services Center, vrww ' f luentusers '
com
-
. All tutorials and lecture notes
. User Documentation

is

W
r\,\i:::!\

kfliry:'3ffi9$S!-r€
ANSYS lnc ProPriet4
@2009 ANS\S hc Al nghts rserued
Heat Transfer Modeling
jANSYSi
Solar Load Model ftaining Manual

. Solar load model

- Ray tracing algorithm for solar radiant
energy transport: Compatible with all
radiation models
- Available with parallel solver (but ray
tracing algorithm is not parallelized)
- 3D only
. Specifications
o'd&a1r!d*b(qhd ;
c6sbd r.
- Sun direction vector iF'
- Solar intensity (direct, diffuse) Dfts,o rr.d*,n{*rLl

- Solar calculator for calculating iroo

direction and direct intensity using F?Lebilvi".Fr Ts

theoretical maximum or "fair weather
conditions"
- Transient cases
. When direction vector is specified with
solar calculator, sun direction vector will
change accordingly in transient
simulation tddY4:r . r+?9tD.y
Specify "time steps per solar load o" zi tr w, ri' ibl
update" edh ; r-l MM {-" -.-1,.1

Aprl 23,2OO9

HeatTransfer Modeting
Energy Equation Terms - Viscous Dissipation iffiffit,
I
ii^i,,nor,r"n,f,.
. Energy source due to viscous
dissipation:
tudel ..
(:!bq.eid
V.r"x.V t,\annar
?: spatar-Alretas tl eo)
il k-etribn (2
\': k-omqi "s)
{2 eqn}

- Also called viscous heating. il

a-li
Trilstion k-klmqa (3 eqo)
Trdstion ss {1 eqn)

- lmportant when viscous shear in il: Reynold ftrerr {7 eqtr)

fi eriEhrd Eddy Simddbn (DEs)

fluid is large (e.9. lubrication) i,l-aq:di shullM {LE

and/or in high-velocity !:ep!!q fldel

compressible flows. i-i RNc l UserEftudFmctiMt

: i;nealz-hb l

- Often negligible re,at:Wiq ltidnd

. Not included by default in the r., tilddd Wd Futrt qE
utlbimwanrwtiffi
(.--1rcn-fu
pressure-based solver. 1:lE*eed wdlrr4lhent i TKE Pildiltumld
jhr I itune : ?l
. Always included in the density-
t DdlndWalFuntronr
i lylfl9u@ulTtr
based solver.
-re,ic!r: \ I imne a
lll$scure*q I fts"s ornn*'Nunba
- lmportant when the Brinkman ''
;... :!
number approaches or exceeds
unity: uL|z
f oK ll:G;L! @l
Br = ----s
KAT
Aprl 23 2009
@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al rghts reseryd
Heat Transfer Modeling

Energy Equation Terms - Species Diffusion Tmining Mil@l

. Energy source due to species

diffusion included for multiple
species flows.
v'Lniti
j
- Includes the effect of enthalpy
transport
due to species diffusion
- Always included in the density-
based solver.
- Can be disabled in the pressure-
based solver.

Agil 28,2m9
@mANSre. hc. Alridbr€s€d 7-23

Heat Transter Modeling

Energy Equation Terms - Source Terms
. Energy source due to chemical reaction is included for reacting
tffi Tnining Manual

flows.
- Enthalpy of formation of all species.
- Volumetric rate of creation of all species.
. Energy source due to radiation includes radiation source terms.
. lnterphase energy source:
- Includes heat transfer between continuous and discrete phase
- DPM, spray, particles,..

d(oE) l- l-
f: + v. [v (pE +p)] = v. -- n, Jj * r"rt ."-J -f
lrerrvr T

Apdl 26, @
orc Nsre, ho. ru dshb r6M. 7-24
 Temperature Definitions for Thin Wall
Model
. Thin.wall model applies
normal conduction only (no in+f"*
conduction) and no actual cells are created.
. Wall thermal boundary
condition is applied at the outer layer

Static temperatu
(cellvalue)
Wall temperature
(outer surface)
Thin wall
(no mesh)
Thermal
Wall temperature
condition on wall
(inner surface)

hc ProPr€tary
^NsYs ANSYS hc
@&9 AU nghts ressved.

Thin and Two-Sided Walls t4t\tffi_j

Ttaining Manuat

wallapproach, the r",l,r,i"

lllT,ll':
. Modelthin layer of material
between two zones
' Thermar resistance a,x/kis artificiaty appried by the sorver.
. Boundary conditions specified
on the outside surface.
r Exterior wall
lnterior wall shadow
J,lffiil:3:i''* (user-specifled
thickness)

L-+l outersurrace
| .l |
(carcurated)

H f*tnnersurface
| . | | condition
(ihermalboundary
I specified

a
FluidorJ
lhere)
soilo LJ
__N Flurd or
t<_-\jy solid Fluid or
cells cells solid
Thermal boundary condilions are cells
Thermal boundary conditions are
supplied on the inner surface of a thin
supplied on the inner surfaces of
wall uncoupled wall/shadow pairs
Discrete Ordinates Model
. The radiati r" tr"n=tfr-r"t-ti* is solved
for a discrete number of
ffi
finite solid angles, o":

+
AbsorPtion -/--l
Emission Scattering

' method reads to heat barance

ror coarse discretization'
^l;l;::;:ive by using a finer discretization'
' Accuracy ""n o"iii'""sed
- Most comprehensive radiation model:
.*""i:i$J,l'.:id*;iffi *'"$rT5,ll1?1ft il,?:ilx"i,:{:"es'and

. Limitations:
number of ordinates is CPU-intensive'
- Solving a problem with a large

HeatTransfer Modeling
Discrete Transfer Radiation Model
(DTRM)

.Mainassumption-naaiationleavingasurfaceelementwithinaspecified
ffi
angtes can u"
bv a single ray'
;;;;;tio "pptotimated

.Usesarartracingtechniquetointegrateradiantintensityalongeachray:
dI asTa
ds
-+aI= rr

. Advantages:
- RelativelY simPle model'
Gan increase accuracy by
increasing number of rays'
- optical thicknesses'
- Applies to wide range of

diffuse'
- Assumes all surfacesnotareincluded'
- Effect ol scattering
of rays is CPU-intensive'
- Solving a problem with a large number
tT
I Heat Transfer Modeling

I P-l Model
. Main assumption - The directional dependence in RTE is integrated
out, resulting in a diffusion equation for incident radiation.
in$sytri
frcining Manual

t . Advantages:
- Radiative transfer equation easy to solve with little CPU demand.

t - lncludes
-
effect of scattering.
. Effects of particles, droplets, and soot can be included.
Works reasonably well for applications where the optical thickness is
large (e.9. combustion).

. Limitations:
T - Assumes all surfaces are diffuse.
- May result in loss of accuracy (depending on the complexity of the

F -
geometry) il the optical thickness is small.
Tends to overpredict radiative fluxes from localized heat sources or
sinks.

O2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al riqhts eseryed 7-29

Heat Transfer Modeling

Surface-to-Surface (S2S) Radiation Model ]*$l$y"$-1
Tnining Manual

. The surface-to-surface radiation model can be used for modeling

radiation in situations where there is no participating media.
- For example, spacecraft heat rejection system, solar collector systems,
radiative space heaters, and automotive underhood cooling.
- S2S is a view-factor based model.
- Non-participating media is assumed.

. Limitations:
- The S2S model assumes that all sudaces are diffuse.
- The implementation assumes gray radiation.
- storage and memory requirements increase very rapidly as the number of
surface faces increases.
. Memory requirements can be reduced by using clusters of surface faces.
- Clustering does not work with sliding meshes or hanging nodes.
- Not to be used with periodic or symmetry boundary conditions.

ANSYS, lnc. Propnetary

24, 2009
@zoosANsYs tnc. At ightsrosetued. 7-30
Heat Transfer Modeling
in$sYs*1
Export - ANSYS T

. The file written is an ANSYS results file with a . rf I extension. To

read this file into ANSYS, use the following procedure:

1. ln ANSYS, go to General Postproc Data and File options and read the
file generated from FLUENT.
2. Go to Results summary and click on the first line in the upcoming panel'
you willsee some infoimation listed in the ANSYS-56_OUTPUT window
displaying geomtery information.
3. ln the small ANSYS lnput window, enter the following commands in
order:
SET, FIRST
/PP.EP7
E!,!,!42
The last command corresponds to FLOTRAN 3D element. lf your case is
2D, then this should be replaced by ET, t,!4!'
4. ln rhe ANSYS MULTIPHYSICS UTITLITY menu, select Plot and then
Nodes or Elements, including the nodal solution under Results in the
drop-down list.

Apdl 28,2009
ANSYS lnc Prcpnetary
o200e ANSYS. lnc AI nohb reserued 7-31

Heat Transfer Modeling

Export - ANSYS
1^N$fs_i
Tnining Manual

. Export ANSYS file through GUlor TUI:

/ fLLe / export/ansys f ile -name

. A single file will be written

containing coordinates, arrsMrd ivgd'wdds ll" .

connectivity, and the scalars rll*'" "

*,qbf.@. i{Ndd
listed below: l,*'* ',,

- Density, viscosity :,
- X, Y, Z velocity, Pressure,
temperature
- Turbulence kinetic energy'
turbulence dissiPation rate,
turbulent viscosity, effective
iiil*;-l .:!+
viscosity fcbq-l

- Thermal conductivity (laminar, turbulent, effective)

- Total pressure and temperature, pressure coefficient, Mach number,
stream function, heat flux, heat transfer coefficient, wall shear stress,
specific heat

April 28, 2009

ANSYS lnc ProPnelary
O2oo9ANSYS inc A nghbresewed 7-32 ilory s02600
I
i

Heat Transfer Modeling

Export - ABAQUS llifitffs;
\" "'* - -.'..'.', - -.'',,,,
Training Manual
- --'* ---'.'.'s

'A single file (e.g., file.aba) containing coordinates, connectivity,

optional loads, zone groups, velocity, and serected scarars wiil be
written. You can specify which scalars you want in the Functions to
Write list.

' Export of data to Abaqus is available only for sD models and is valid
only for solid zones or for those surfaces that lie at the intersection of
solid zones.

' None of the fluid zone heat transfer properties will get exported

' ldeal only when you want to do some Fruid-sorid interface i.e., warl
analysis.
file/export/abaqus file-name list-of-Eurfacee O yeslno
list-of-scalars q

Heat Transfer Modeling

Export to Other Formats iffistrj Ttaining Manual

. NASTRAN/PATRAN: The best

approach.

. For ABAQUS, NASTRAN, and PATRAN,

select the Loads to be written (Force,
Temperature, and/or Heat Flux) to
analyze the structural stresses (fluid
pressure or thermal) in an FEA
program.

. Loads are written only on boundary

walls when the entire domain is Fomal
Supporled
Version
exported (i.e., if you select no Abaqus 6.3
ANSYS
Surfaces). ASCil
10

CGNS 2
NASTRA 2001
N
PATRAN 2001
TECPLOT
 Heat Transfer Modeling
Reporting - Heat Flux ,nil$ysi Tnining Manual

. Heat flux report:

- lt is recommended that you
perform a heat balance check
so to ensure that your solution
is truly converged.

. Exporting Heat Flux Data:

- lt is possible to export heat
flux data on wall zones
(including radiation) to a
generic file. lc"3G iwl l-sr:rj ftril
- Use the lext interfacel
f i I erlexPort/cus tonr- heat - f 1ux
- File format for each selected face zone:
zone-name nfaceE
y_f z_f A a r_w r_c Hrc
:_t

Heat Transfer Modeling

Reporting - Heat Transfer Coefficient i/\NSYS T
i

. Wall-function-based heat transfer coefficient

pcpcr/4kv2
hefi =
T*

where c, is the specific heat, k, is the turbulence kinetic energy at point

P, and 7* is the dimensionless temperature:
rlJ4 tU2 t t2

+iPr#u'?, (r* < ri)

T*=
(T* -rfipcok{z :i Pryr
nrt lnlrr- 1+r]
[]. 611/4pttt .
l +;-+ -
l?rtuz, + (Pr - Prrlu:l ty* > yi)
- Available only when the flow is turbulent and Energy equation is enabled.

- Alternative for cases with adiabatic walls.

ANSYS, hc. Prqilelary Apd A, 2009

@2009 ANSYS, lnc. All nohis reserud

\
 -\.
\ \..
\\
\

\
l-\--

\/\ll( -'--
'l

lfi.trgductory
FLUENT Training

ANSYS. lnc Proprieldy

@2009 ANSYS lnc Al righb r*sved

WSl: Mixing Tee

Welcome! i
Wo*shop surylement

. lntroductory tutorialfor FLUENT

* starting from existing mesh (generated in earlier tutorial)
- model set-up, solution and post-processing

. Mixing of cold and hot water in a T-piece

- how well do the fluids mix?
- what are the pressure drops?
 WSl: Mixing Tee

Start in Workbench

; roject that generated the mesh

'€ q*"o*..
.
""-*'q,-*_ii,.
: r D. tuorrs-p-nUrs_ :,i: I ,

: : D.E! r$f r- r urs-tdd.:r1.1.r.

_@ q,
: ] D \D6rdd\tr :_E LEV_IL'dd_-b,Ir,,_oj
@
iD &r.tssr:_1rLM r.dd n?il_.r
o_.&l :'ilK
'- ---_- --
::: ftmdsMudr@r ola
n
gql,ndrhe*li]tr V.d 'L!d i;i;;e..

ms ANsys, lnc All ilghb reswed

WSI: Mixing Tee

Start a FLUENT case inNsYS"i

-
;i;;;i;;';;;;;;;;t -',
. Drag a FLUENT analysis
into the proj"",
lrymffiffi-sr.,m-,X:,,,X *,
r,? &dbt hdtu, (N5rs)

I
{e!tu.@@lil ?:&.!g:tr .,;

Atu vb*b You can see that the

F* (asYs)
mesh needs to be
updated, because its
. Drag the
into the FLUENT analysis
- then Update the mesh (via Right_click)
to converr mesh format

Ci[ ffiL
$ ry"" irD

. Double-click on Setup to
launch FLUENT ii ****. i

- click OK on the FLUENT Launcher ,f:4^* i

screen Redre |
 FLUENT interface
inNsYs'j
-*;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;^.
Each item in the
One or more graphics
navigation pane brings
wrndows will be
up a new task page. displays text, and can
available (shown herd
A typical workflow wili accept TUI (Text User
lnterface) commands

.'r,."If ErcTffi
Some useful
commands have
toolbar buttons

f** ,:! Mlro(3d'Phnskn)

The Help button

brings up
shell conddction zon.s,
context-sensitive
help pages

ll,: ry:n "l'""r

connecred
*GlGliffil
to other cetrs as
:lll^lt-f_"rT?,,
exp_e,cted. lt is recommendedio check every
mesh immediately atter reading
lt. faiiure? any
badry-formed' or corrupred
*"T
mesh, illl::,::,,.
which will neeAiepairs-.
. Press ,check'"nd ,R"ffiGlity, l::,1"T,'.r r.uu'.y
:::::r9"9.,thataccurate
^piE ,o su-F
sorurion. The"User"ciice
i f9Yi9ry the text outpur suggests maximum cell squish
should be betow 0.95.
and
s*dlfd*'ii,ii*.r* :l:*n,u".
nere,obeys. The maximum
which the mesh
aspect ratio is 34,
which is high, but acceptabte
in inftation Liers.
quatity is unacceptabte.
l::h
lt^tj: the problem ir is Oe,si t"
*"' remesh before proceeding. There
xfr lt ;**i;t'i,i{i'rrrn!#**'-**n are other possible remedies
in ff_Uf Ni suciias
conversion to polyhedral
ere 'tnc
cells.
enSyS
ws1-6
Apii 2e, mog

I
a=

WSl; Mixing Tee

Display geometry inNsYsi

Workshq Supplement

. Press'Display'
- select'Edge Type' to be'Feature', and press 'Display' and then 'Close'
- mesh has scaled, so press 'Fit to Window'Q
i:"4.a/ @. nE:,-.i.,.,,,.'- -
i d;, lii;;driil,l

r*i
N5Y6 FLUENTl?0 (3d pbns, afr)

. Adiust the view if you like

- in rotation mode: 5
. drag left-mouse-button rotates
. drag middle-mouse-button zooms (to zoom in, drag down and right)
(to zoom out, drag up and left)
. click middle-mouse-button centre on click
ANSYS. lfc. Propneiary April 23. ?@9
@2ms ANSYS lnc. Al riqhis reseNed ws1-7

WSl: Mixing Tee

Change units of temperature nills}s't

. Click'Units'
- select'Temperature'to be 'c' (Celsius)
- press'Close'
Gcoeml
resh

jlG;.ad;;]
-lsg-'-ffi
D@fn i

s&a
litf : r:-:=
Iyre bhlv tudtun '
:
ll it't*
.afrssue-Eded 'Absdut€ : 1r:- l
.- hniby-B€€d . ret*e itemperalure-dif lerence
Facto, J- '
1 i ::, --:-'
..i,4€dy :themophorclE-diFf usivity
liime
J-91r"":"-
LGhuty .... .......-.-.-.

' i^*l

FLUENT stores values in Sl

units. Most postprocessing can
be converted to other units.

ANSYS, lnc Prqrieldy April 28,2009

@2oos ANsYs. lnc Al righb Eseryed. WS1-8
 WSl: Mixing Tee

. Double-click (or click Wo*shop supplemenl

and press ,Edit..J) these models:

- Energy Equation: On
Viscous r
Activating the Energy
:hd3h
equation simply says
/ ..ffi
\lle'
that temperature
..*,*H changes should be
simulated in the model.
Gh ltotretet
,r*ir
tl

rl
**",*,r*-,1

Turbulence modeling is a
complicated area. The choice ol
model depends on the applicatton.
Here. the Realizable k_epsilon '9ddoutud6
model .M*arddrrturrb "d \;;, - -
_ l -
rs used. This is an improvement .,#* dra,r.fur "rp.cdrda
on :.1kretu;r{tu.6 i om
the well-established Standard , m"r'"vam,
k-epsilon model. Accept the
or
j*s-- - ";
coqtubb
remaining default settings. ';'*"'*.
iasys tnc propnetdv
C @ ANSYS tnc Ai rohts rBse,vd

WSl: Mixing Tee

Define a new material
'
. ln Materials, click,Create/Edit..., worxsnop supiL,niit

- press'FLUENT Database...,
- -selec-! lyater-liquid,, press ,Copy,, then close
both windows
':6sup Mat.ri.ts

/,*
\E€'/
H*d*

9d
dtun,M

Rs._< r pr@.r6kt
€as a_\isys tnc Alt ights roseNed
a

WSl: Mixing Tee

if,$llsYs_i
Cell Zone Conditions
Wo*shoP Surylement

- accePt all other settings

''.. ll lrl I rl'
] .,""",,*", {eflzir-c !en4!ie!!!

iffil' @w
@i i D*"d,s-h
i nl*-"""nt"".
i

'i eF 1tu;2'*i adtul tulas i @Y*

iidon ;l
I sdilhi Mcrho& l
!m:*-'
i sosbnrntJ#
i cJdma.uvr6
I
I
i Re!*lctlT!o.Sf,:...
i xoia "' " "'
:

! o,"c".uat-
j"..""
l
i r I :_: :
i,'.
i' :. ruu,ij.::::i:::::::.r.
:,2{B}lo

Throughout the Problem

setup, there are many
options and detault
settings that will not be
investigated in this
tutorial.

WSl: Mixing Tee

BoundarY Conditionq
.ln.Boundaryconditions''double.clickthezonecalled.inlet.y'
- Velocity Magnitude 5m/s Turbulent lntensity 5%
iyA-t*il" Diameter 0.15m Temperature tO"9
: .""** "
Bound!ry cond$oni - lnlet tlows bring
turbulence with them.
i#J, The quantities dePend
I mifflroluemi+a*i w iruwl w i
on the upstream
z#r
\e--
'ndtud
ffi", y"6.61".6mui1 j;Ja,q9!-q.9gy-,,,r=.,.,..,;,,,,,i conditions, so they are
RferodF#iead. :
iI w,*n
e*amavduei il
l
user inputs. For flow in
itu1 pipes, turbulent
i su."ret"c l
i 5ofoicd'ds intensity is typically 5%
I q.[bnhtd'# to 10%, and the length-
I c.u*e.t"t* l
i e- c.H&d i scale of the turbulence
, o.*
' o'*."*** can be deduced trom
i:
!il.od, .oPa-* "i,: the piPe diameter.
! I or I l_(!aqi :,f!j
:| I tEllian -"4* '
i =+
.;,;;;:
I ']G;wdi*
w;M--'

aNsYs. lnc. tsropirewv

@2009 ANsYs, hc All nEhls resaved
WSl: Mixing Tee

Boundary Conditions Wotkshop Supplement

. Still in'Boundary Conditions':

. Double-click the zone called 'inlet-z'
- Velocity Magnitude 3m/s Turbulent lntensity 5%
Hydraulic Diameter 0.10m Temperature 90'C

. Double-click the zone called 'outlet'

- for backflow: Turbulent lntensity 5%
Hydraulic Temperature 30"C

The simulation may predict that flow enters the model through
parts o{ the outlet. This bacHlow will bring turbulence and
energy back into the model, but the model cannot predict how
much (because the flow is coming from outside of the model).
So, it is necessary lo specify backflow conditions.
ldeally, the geometry should be selected such that flow enters
the model only at well-delined inlets. The backflow settings then
do not affect the final solution (although they may be used in
intermediate iterations).
ANSYS, lnc Propietary
ApilL 28 2oo9
@2oosANsYS lnc. Arlriohlsreservs. WS1-13

WSl: Mixing Tee

Second-order discretization inNSwt

Workshop Supplement

. ln'Solution methods'
- Discretization'Second Order' for pressure
- Discretization 'Third Order MUSCL'for all other quantities

d[)es{"..__._-_

iiffi*-\ Wtl

*w\ ;;;;;ii#l'
leq&}-iF}:iq*
.... .11
-.;,i

'::
^#s"#* e"-**v(

h,.Fq

Discrelization schemes define how the solver calculates

gradients and interpolates variables to non-slored locations. The
delault schemes are First Order - generally more stable but less
accurate than other schemes. Often, users run First Order
discretization initially and switch to higher-order schemes Ior the
final solution. This case is simple enough to use higher-order
schemes from the start.
ANSYS, rnc ProPrietary
e2@9 ANsYs, lnc. Atrights.eserud. WS l-14
 T
T
WSl: Mixing Tee T
i^NSYSi
Monitors
. ln 'Monitors', press 'Create...'for a Surface Monitor Accept'Static pressure'
in the sub-calegory
f
I
Plot in window menu.
Area-Weighted Average Pressure inlet-y

i.!!.,1

II
By default, FLUENT reports values of the residuals, which are
indications o{ the errors in the current solution. These should
decrease during calculation. There are guidelines on the I
Irl
reductions thal indicate a solution is 'converged'.
It is also recommended to observe other quantities, chosen to
be important in the simulation. ln the currenl case, we will look
at pressure drops and temperature as monitors.

I
I
WSl: Mixing Tee

Monitors

i
. In Monitors, press 'Create... 'for a Surface Monitor Not the default, 3 (which
puts the new monitor in a
- Name'p-inlet-z' Plot in window new window).
Area-Weighted Average Pressure

. ln Monitors, press 'Create... ' for a Surface Monitor

- Name'tmax-outlet' Plot in window
Vertex maximum Temperature

!
Here is an instance
where FLUENT does nol
I
convert units. Click OK.

ANSYS, lnc. Proprielary Api 28, 2009

@2oogANsYs nc AlrghbreseNed. WS1-16

I
 --,

FMCt"'--.
WSl: Mixing Tee

lnitialization
ir\NsYs I

. ln'Solution lnitialization' This computes a value for

each variable, based on
- select'Compute from' to be'inlet-y' average conditions in the
select zone. This value is
- press'lnitialize' used in every cell when
you press'lnitialize'.

lnitialization creates the initial solution that the solver will

iteratively improve. Generally, the same converged solution is
reached whatever the initialization, though convergence is
easier if they are similar. Basic initialization imposes the same
values in all cells. You can improve on this in various ways - for
example, by patching different values into different zones.
Several features, including patching and post-processing, are
not available until after initialization.

WSl: Mixing Tee

FMG initialization
. Click in the console window, then:
- press RETURN to see the TUI (Text User lnterface) command menu
. to enter the'solve'sub-menu, type 'solve'and RETURN
. to go up a level, type 'q'and RETURN
. to issue a command starting from top level, start the command with '/'
o many abbreviations are allowed (try it!)

- type'/solve/initialization/fmg-initialization' and RETURN

. override the default by typing 'yes' and RETURN

adapt,/ file/ report,/

Here we use an advanced feature lo
close-fluent nesh/ solue/
define/ parallel,/ surface/ j@: -\
displagl plot/ uies/ Futl Mutti-Grid (FMG) initialization.
> solue ffi-^+^llr^.., q vs,y or,lPril@

lsolue> q equations, initially considering the

geometry at a crude level and then
building up detail.

NsYS, lnc. ProPneldy April 23.2009

6m9 ANSYS, lnc All ilghts reswed
WSl: Mixing Tee

Calculate
. ln 'Run Calculation'
Problem setup has
- press'Check Case...' changed the mesh - lor
. see 'No recommendations to make at this time' example, the coordinates
changed by scaling.
- set'Number of lterations'to 200 There are many other
- press'Calculate' changes that FLUENT
can make - for example,
. OK to 'Continue after replacing settings file, adapting the mesh to
increase the number of
cells where the solution
requires it.
IJ No'..frdhbe*tutc

The link lrom Mesh to

FLUENT in Workbench
needs care - are you
ii;;;;d,;;;:. -1
starting a new Problem
.]@I *arq: tuME
res d($
\eGGBd
l@o. tue#d
Gt@oth*daddr.
6@Ml]@roh*r
5qd 4hqGB
Setup with a new mesh,
or are you finding a new
b@dhsuddd,
-!"FJ a tutu,qE1eN.i.***ry+ Solution on the old
i1,dtfu6dqdGt&
id.eri@ mesh?
i14-l

WSl: Mixing Tee

Calculating iANSYS'l
. While calculating, review residuals and monitors
- change graphic windows using the drop-down box

An alternative way to
stop calculation is to
E fld Mtu 5@:::q sdfrd @b w tu# lbc
press CTRL-C.
.." *t' tt r, :.f Glq, "r A. ), nq. O -
$!e!Fr!r!!t! ......:::: . . ln this case, 200
i-- -.,::r:::.'-,, iterations (or lewer) are
},qtrftdF. ld$lErl .
enough to reach low
...:rr residuals and stable
values ol monitors.
Most cases require
many more.
{. ."i*-1,
ffi llSc;

2,d15e-65 I
113 6_olz9e-!t 1.93a0e-65 !
114 6.6t77e-S 1_3?16e a5 I
lter contlnuit9 x uelocit! !
1156.6510e al 1.3155e-6 {
116 6.2a2f2 ea 1.t{51.-69 r
t17 9.9083e-t{ 1.6712e-69 I
114 5.5913e at 1.6166e !5 3
119 5.h13e-al 1.5651e-!5 3
t 120 sllutlon is con{erqed
12C 5.2114 a4 1.5252e-05 3
aoruqence hidoryoasbfi!temleEtue s. odpt
NSYS FLUEM12.0 {3d, pbn6,*e)
 !l

<*s*-l
; u,: K
..t"+,
ffi
ffi :+Nj;;::t111;;;;;l

:;t.;:a:-l;;,- l+
)

f#i?6t=fi=di5ii, p ru ent
Ttaining

aNsYs- hc Pr@ne@
62ooe ANSYS hc Al rqhb teserud.

ln this introductory workshop you will be analyzing the

effect of
..
an office' ln
computers and workers on the temperature distribution in
of airflow through the duct will be carried
the flrst stage, the simulation
for the duct will be saved and
out and tren the outlet conditions
provided as the profile data for the inlet condition(s) of the room
.t''

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Duct Simulation: Description lllNsYS.i

The operating and boundary conditions for the flow are:
a The working fluid is Air
a Fluid Temperature = 294 K
a lnlet: 0.45 kg/s @ 294 K
a Outlet: 0.225 kg/s (per vent)

'.-.',
Vent 1.
1
N\
W
\
\ -{ ijj
'...:-

,ii

NYSFUEFT?06d do.D* hnr NYs FUMi2 0 (S 4.ph h)

ANSYS. rnc ProPietry

O2009 ANSYS, lrc. All righls resqved WS3-3

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Starting FLUENT in Workbench Workshop Supplemenl

1. Open the Workbench (Start > Programs > ANSYS 12.0 > ANSYS
Workbench)
2. Drag FLUENT into the project schematic
3. Change the name to Duct
4. Double click on Setup
5. Choose 3D and Double Precision under Options and retain the
other default settings
Fib 9@ Iedt :.ffis frh ,,,:,,, ,:
'lMd j$ops... i:;l *w tdsaa*... : ;ri;', .#RddP'oiecl Lbdl6P'old dhlh
llll@til:::: :utt J..:t:r: -:
:E edFtsryrrqt:- . .::::::
tg FluidFlow(cFx)
R F[idFIOWIFLUEM) t,! A
.::-----tt
H L@ryecmt
t - 1W#*;iBWw
At; cN a * s"tup -P ,
ffi I ::!:-t: I ::r: -,
ilM 50 urcn i /:
fil Geometrv

$ r*n
eS Results

ANSYS, lnc. Proprieltrv

@2009 ANSYS. lnc Al riahb r6€rvd WS3-4
WS3: Room Temperature Study

lmport Mesh
iffiffiffii
t, --,*.-.--...-
Workshop Supplement

-,.,..^
This starts a new FLUENT session and the first step is to import the
mesh that has already been created:
1. Under lhe File menu select Import> Mesh
2. Select the file duct.msh and click OKto import the mesh
3. After reading the mesh, checkthe grid using Mesh>Check option
or by using Checkunder Problem Setup>General
fto*m *rF C9..t4
Effi !.,h
tr@.k
tscte*L I *d. I chd -r H.dt Sr1 :

' I Dsh I :
CelZde Cmdhb
3n,n&,.. mddnh

h.dr Y# !F qe$#d r&t!torreh

R.fd.r. ,au3 i :: &&
'. @ bd RddE
5*rdM*'Nj
.& mGroL
l I:,-,-
r:*-'
: : nfed :
,J.;,..,."..*'i
.a hnm arNE< Lu!@ fi; i
!L1C**b-

qqd <ddamdoE lhtr

Pertt

ANSYS, lnc. Proprlei4y

@2009 ANSYS, lnc ALI righis rese&ed WS3.5

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Setting up the Models

1^Ll$rS't
Wotkshop Supplement

1. Select Pressure Based, Steady state solver Problem

Setup>General>Solver
2. Specify Turbulence model
Problem Setup > Models > Viscous
Double click and Select k-omega (2 eqn) under Model and SSIunder
k-omega model and retain the default settings for the other parameters

qsl r : .,r itder(on*ahb

: qt*"o i
o
. hnd
( q) l,l"h*L"
' . spdbr 4ha.6 i
' 'r 6Fdon{?d) r* *
|
': t.@a(zeql i ;;-
l-ldm\.dn@aGar i"* :
.. re{M)5r (44r , i HJ -d
ri'Rld&kcslTAh) !i
if baM&turHb(DE) I ""'
i. rrqrddr'$&mMs) Lu,u.
1--ls
Lss@ I
i 5ld.
i 55r k-hd&oo1!
- l: TJdEdssctr'
c.otr@q:@
_:: ft
i 6R.6redT

lorll(.cdl:kpl

3. Make sure that the Energy Equation is disabled

Problem Setup > Models> Energy
NSYS April 28 2009
om ANSYS WS3-6
 WS3: Room Temperature Study

;/ll\lsYS'r
Define the materials.
Problem Setup > Materials
1. Double click on aftto open CreateiEdit Materials
panel
2. Density and Viscosity of air are set as j.225
f1!9fautt, kg/m3 and
1.7894e-05 kg/(m-s) respectivety
3. Retain those values and close the panel

rb{&edo4*as..

: o*Htu'qY9T
.. ....: *
e6ry(@)
r :tryd :"
i m;:r -

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Operating Conditions
. Under Probtem Setup >Ceil
Zone Conditions (operating
conditions are also in BC panel)

Prcsse

II !*x?.rJ?J..u....g:si.ll,!t'i**,
lol3zs .... * --
li , i
, lelaftl plFfl]gkcdton ... ;

:x(ml'F*.."=*i i

iY{.}]6-it:
i L .... ..... ...... ..-.

I z('1:!-i. i

L or I ic6ftdi l-lbb I
 WS3: Room Temperature Study

Boundary Conditions
Under Problem Setup > Boundary Conditions
1'select inletunder zone and choose pressure-rn/ef
from the drop
down menu under Type
2.Now double click on inlet under Zone
lnput allthe parameters in Momentum tab as
shown berow

{-qrJl@@l

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Boundary Conditions imysxTl

Wo*shop Supplement
Under Problem Setup > Boundary Conditions
1'Select ventr under Zone and choose mass-frow-inret
rrom the drop down
menu under lype
2.Now double click on ventl under Zone
lnput all the paranglgIs.fiN4engg!m.Lab
as shown betow

rdrohtu, e.h k.@ode -

 WS3: Room Temperature Stuay

Boundary Conditions islswiWotkshop Supplement

Under Problem Setup > Boundary
Conditions
1'Serect vent2 under zone and choose
mass-frow-inret rrom the drop down
menu under Type and set the conditions
simitaito lhal ol ventl
:mM -'' : : . rr:
lii:# -"='"'* "' ;" ..".... t....;"t. :;:-.'1..
': " _r--
lMlnroisul*i *niruo+j u

NOTE: Under the Direction specification

Method, we may arso use outward
Ngrmal condition for both the vents
aNsys, tnc prqild4
@rug ANsys tnc ttnqhh reswed

WS3: Room Tempeiture Stucly

Solution Methods
. Set the Solution methods which
decides the
Pressure-Velocity coupling.
. Under Solution>Solution Methods
setup the
parameters as shown in the
image

itd5q*(€tEd
i;.;;;;:' ::r'1r'- -- --:,-
:tudOrd*

irtrp.4-5ili-qi u@et
itundoldd tlnind
;o*t'. x1c*iq a*u - '
tutd Ords hnd

',llEGl

@2009 ANSys, Inc. Alt ishh reserud

 ---

WSS: Room Temperature Study

Solution Controls
Under Solution>Solution Controls setup the parameters as
shown below
solution conrrors
se_ReErdBn Fdos .-. *.

T!6!Ed Kne* b6ry

I i0.8
t:l
I *!!ff-p!F!4igt-Ld*,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,
Itiou
t,......
I Tlrbuhnt !N+:

irylsrl ,,,,"

**._*--

ANsYs. nc Propnerary
@2009 ANSYS, lnc All ilohls res€rved ws3-13 rc02601

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Monitors
iI\NSYS":
WotkshoD supplemenl

Residual Monitoring
Solution > Monitors
l.Double click on Residuals (By default it is on)
2.Enable Plof under Options. Deselect Check Convergence for all
the variables.

SSYS,lnc Propilet4y Apil 28, 2mg

o@ ANSYS, lrc. Alrighb res*ed
 T

WS7: Room TemPerature StudY

_.---,-.,--- -.* ----*-! I
L^N$rs.l
Monitors
t
Wotkshoq Sufuenent

Surface Monitors
i
during the
Monitor points are used to monitor quantities of interest
solution'Theyshouldbeusedtohelpjudgeconvergence.ln.thiscase
door. one
you will moniior the Velocity of the air that exits through the
measureofaconvergedsolutioniswhenthisairhasreachedasteady.
state temPerature.

Sotution > Monitors > Surtace Monitors

1. Click on Createto create a new surface monitor
2. Type'velocity-monitor' under Name I
3.EnablePrintingandPlottingofmonitorsbymarkingcheckboxes
under OPfions
4.SelectArea.WeightedAveragefromthedrop-downmenuunder
RePoftTYPe
5.SelectVelocity...asiheFietdVariahleandselectVelocity
Mag n itude under Vel ocity variable

WS3: Room TemPerature StudY

Monitors
Select one of the vents as the Surfaces to be monitored
Click on OK to create the monitor and to close the panel

i-.rl @.'[@
. we can also write the above values to a file by clicking the check box
next to Write.
WS3: Room Temperature Study

Write Case File inNS)flS.i

Wotkshop Supplement

You can now save the project and proceed to write a case file for
the solver:

1. To save the project ffi

File>Save Project
2. To write the case files
File>Export>Case..

WS3: Room Temperature Study

lnitialization i/\NSYS
Wotkshop Supplement
I

Before starting the calculations we must initialize the flow field in the entire domain
Solution > Monitors > Solution Initialization
l.lnitializing the flow field with near steady state conditions will result in faster
convergence
2.ln this case, from the flow rate and the area of the duct we can get an estimate
of the velocity at steady state -- - .,--
';;i;;;;;;;;;;
(@ustu
3.Click on Initiatizeto initialize the solution
c;;;;,*

, ff*;""*'
8.v18................................... ......-.....

i0

.Lti*-v..!4.:1...............,..................".:...,,=.

gee.ryl!&l:_
zwq{dt

I.4+,lggsSqq!{/*J.. ... - -
$di t6@m R*e !tr)

irts..Jftsir-llled
:rt it:,r :i,,t:,::tu =l r,

:isYs hc. Pr+riehry

C m ANSYS, lnc At ilghb reseru€d
WS3: Room Temperature Study

FMG lnitialization
rTWSYsi

Flow convergence can be accelerated if a better initial solution is used at

the start of the calculation. The Full Multigrid initialization (FMG
initialization) can provide this initial and approximate solution at a
minimum cost to the overall computational expense.
Note: FMG initialization is not available through GlJt

l.Press <Enter> in the console to get the command prompt ( >).

2.Enterthe text commands and input responses outlined in green, as
shown, accepting the default values by pressing <Ente> when no input
response is given

Note: The FMG initialized flow fietd can be inspected using FLllENT,s
postprocessing tools.

w
{#
liid
i#ii=

i on. *
WS3: Room Temperature Study

Run Calculations

. The solution process can be started in the following manner

Solution >Run Calculation
. Enter 200 for Number of lterations and click on Calculate

During the iteration process, both the residual plot and monitor
plots will be shown in different windows. lf the velocity monitor
is not changing we can stop the iterations. You may specify
further iterations if the monitors are still changing significantly.
. The magnitude of change of a monitor per iteration can be
observed from the console (enabled by clicking on Print to
Console while creating the monitor)
Note: lterations can be stopped in between using the Cancel button.

{s€ !rc Pr+rietary

E4 NsYs lh. A[

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Residue & Monitor plots

*
, ;; ,, #P '
:;
+ffi @
:.:.. : :..:f;i.:i}:.:::.:..
R'lt{K
F^"
: :

- :-':::ff-.t;
t
::::::::::::: a I
"._ ii
ffiffi'tr l \.li-:i'r:=
.1te i.

l;€a ' :

e@i

o$100 1$ms0s os1@ 150 SO 5

Itetations Iteration

Ma.14 409 CorveiEence hr*oryofveoory[iaE iludeonv€ni1 tin Sr u^]b) Ma.16 Sm

AruSYS FLUENT 12.C (tu. dp. pb6. $tS) ANsysFLUST i2 O {e, saM
dD. Db.s.

The results included are obtained after running for 37O iterations.

ru_E E :-ddry
a@ NE |rc. Alnghb reseNed
WS3: Room Temperature Study

Other Checks (optional) :*Dtffii

Wo*shop Supplement

we can check the mass balance at the inlet and outlet boundary as follows:
Results > Reports> Fluxes
l.Click on Sefup...
2.A new dialogue box for FIux Reports will come
3.Select Mass FIow Rafe under Options
4.Select i n I et, ve ntl,venf2 together under Bo u n daries
5.Click on Compute
6.Mass flow rate on all these boundaries will be printed and we can see that the wef
Results is in the order of e-06which indicates

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Exporting the Profile at the Outflow boundary inNffi

Workshop Supplemeht

we need to export the outflow velocity profile at the Vents to provide the
same as an input for the room case.
Exporting the Profile:
l.Export the velocity profile al venfl f rom the file menu
F i Ie> Ex po rt> p rof i I e...
2.Select ventl lrom Surfaces
3'select x,Y,z velocity and rurbulent Kinetic energy(k) and specific
dissipation rate (Omegafus lhe Values to be exported
4.Save the file as ventl.prof
 WSS: Room Temperature Study

Exporting the Profile at the Outflow rffiiffii

Wotk'hop Supplement

4. similarly export the Verocity profire or vent2and save

the
file as vent2.prof

@4E,.-- ........::,.......
ll?o"n*,'lr**om"n i

:.t]-1113-S1'1-"'9r,1x,"r i;'ne" I

sjr*i1 v"u.,
.p1:qa1";-J.rut '* EF
*:ish"aE"** - -*
-
*":
,;JF.l
:delaul_ntpiort p.essuE CoFFticielt

*tM::?lifl[?i.?'.i#
venrz Tota F,esrure

riaxa leb.ty
i iiRndlalveloctty
TanqenIat Vdoaly
Fetnt ve Vetocity Maonrude
Retdtive r Velocty
FetEtive y Vetocty
iFekrve Z Velocry \
,-.:-
lwdb...l I cr* I L]]!!r, l

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Write Case & Data File iAtu$wl

Wotkshop Supplehent

You can now save the project and proceed to

write a case fire for
the solver:

1. To save the project

File>Save project
2. To write the case/data files
Fi le>Export>Case & Data..
i'-

ANSYS, lnc Prqbi4

@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al righb G*d

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Room: Operating Conditions imffii

Wotkshop Supplement

The operating conditions for the flow at room are:

. The working fluid is Air
. Worker Temperature = 310 K
. Computer Monitor Temperature = 303 K
. Computer Vent: 0.033 kg/s @ 313 K (per computer)
. Ceiling Vents: profile data, Temperature=2g4K

@2009 ANSYS, lnc. Al ilqhls reserued ws3-28 rc02601

 WS3: Room Temperature
Stuay
Room Geometry and Detaits ifitrsffii
-w";"h.p;;;;;;*l

Vent 2 Outlet

f-4,
,'"'#:f#='ftf"1r,,.

t4::i7a:::7i:::71:.::.ti,:
.ff

^""".rr.*,r.0,.0, *.lilli#!
r,u* rr.o,,r, *,Ti''].0.jlll
^.""

WS3: Room f"rp"oilnd$,

FLUENT in Workbench iANSlry'
- -''
G;;:h,p ;;pd;i;;;;

1. Return to the project window

2. Drag FLUENT into the project
Schematic
3. Change the name to
Room
4. Double click on Setup
5. choose 3D and Doubte precision
other default settings
under options and retain the

?
1

WM
& setup T ..t:
t
i

.$ sgt+
.E

'? ,.
ffi solution r , W solution ? /l
Du.t
Room
 I
I
WS3: Room Temperature Study
tffii I
lmport Mesh

This starts a new FL session and the first step is to import the
Wotkshop Supplehent

I
mesh that has already b/en created:
1. Under the File m
2. Select the fi
lmport> Mesh I
t
click OKto import the mesh
3. After reading the mesh, check the grid using Mesh>Check option
or by using Check under Problem Setup>General

I
l:S.e.IF$!.:,:,:'.: :.:,:,:,:,:,.......,.r........,:,,,:,:,.:,: 4, -
+*:rli:: : ::::::_
tt t_r
. t d"... ll.. +e+......j1R"s!q!ry j,
;:.'
igq,i,:r ir r..-..r,:
r.r
' r,'; .,.,., ..........:
irE kyh'6de

I
',frd@ iietu
:; aDswlald ::::ill#G i
iIh:: :: ::
:<lled :: : :::::'l
il-::!.+d :::::::.':i
!w l-lqli

I
i.,- , .. -- -:, :. :
il*pl ::::::''

t
ANSYS lnc. Propir€t4 April 28, 2009
@2009 ANSYS, lnc. All riqhb resfld ws3-31

I
WS3: Room Temperature Study

Reading the Profiles

Read the profile files that were written in the Duct's case at Vent
iANS}T
Wotksh@ Suwlement
I
Boundaries
l.Under lhe File menu select Read> Profile
2.Select the file ventl.prof and click OKto read the profile
J
3.Similarly read vent2.prof file

ANSYs, hC. ProPnswy April 23, 2009

@2@9 ANSYS, lnc. All righb reswd ws3-32

{
WS3: Room Temperature Study

Models i*$ts5si Workshop Supplement

1. Select Pressure Based, Steady state

l@4:: .. iMfg6#
solver l,{f"-b.t:.{!J,,,--"........

Problem Setup>General>Solver :t:rspdan-ah61l eqil

: a )ts4t6(2d li.
! t?.8j1.................,.,,,,
:'i)tretuH{,@lseqii
{l rad6 $T {r Eiil i r:r"
l-) nry.R *err F dfl] l,9q$.j
2. Specify turbulence model
I
t.lD.r-isd Edt sd:lai {*t
i.:qp-Edd/ tuHhlar-.....
l:: o.oe

Problem Setup > Models > Viscous lgi@ilodll

i.:$sd.d
Double click and Select k-omega (2 As ,1*qrP{.tr!4ry...........
tub&Bco+t
eqn) under Model and SST under k-
M9q4r
omega model and retain the default .!-b'-'l
settings for the other parameters iWw*

3. Enable the Energy Equation. :i5oldaEaho &Metrre - off

Problem Setup > Models> Energy

Iq4,l

aNsYs, rnc. ProPnehry

@2009 ANSYS lnc All righls r€sdved ws3,33

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Materials i/TNSYS-]
Wotkshop SupDlehent

Define the materials.

Problem Setup > Materials
1. Double click on air to open Create/Edit Materials panel
2. select incompressible-ideal-gasfrom the dropdown menu of Density
3. Retain other default values of Specific heat and Viscosity. Select
'Change/Create'to implement the changes then Close

6eM*;;;ti; ,..
tr.r;iiii.:..rr:i ;ii,:lr :.iiiiii": ..

eGfr*dd@

: Itc{3

6"cEd. q I o

NOTE The incompressible ideal gas law for density is used when pressure variations arc small
enough that the flow is fully incompressible but you wish to use the ideal gas law to express the
relationship between density and temperature
-
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WS3: Room Temperature Study
i^Nwsi
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Operating Conditions
Problem Setup >Cell Zone Conditions
Click on Operating Conditions... and set the Operating pressure
Wo*shop Supplement

I
(Pascal) Io 101325
' Enable Gravity and specify Z-componenl ol Gravitational Acceleration
as -9.81 m/s2
I
. Enter Operating Density as 1.225 kg/m3 €a4
r,eqbtullF4 ::
lm's
rttili""...
I
E6q
iidis--- --- i <bqer&.*r&n
<.tuer&"&,s.
.ii: xldard*--
---
Re;t;;;i;;; ...'_:.,,to",,i,,=t=-,,,t I
I
!{i)i'6 " "":: z@{:*--..r ''...r.:r::
zi') ib '

r !ry-.fr-ls:lY.1!-
: :L'tl:.........
: vjdah'{? Pqidqt
:iil$ed*,6qMe

I
, i :H.{jr.!9E-n.qqTtl,,..

....... ..:.ji:t::ttttttt t:rrr:::

Lo::caxd 41

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Note: Enabling gravity will allow the solver to take into account the
buoyancy effect due to the change in the density of the air.

ANSYS rnc. ProPretary

Aprd 28,2009

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@2009 ANSYS, lnc. At rtghts reseNed ws3-35

WS3: Room Temperature Study

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Boundary Conditions
Under Problem Setup > Boundary Conditions
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l.select ventl under Zone and choose velocity-inlef from the drop
down menu under Type. For this boundary we will specify the
parameters using the previously read profile file
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2.Now double click on
3.Go to Momentum fab, set components
venfl under Zone
as velocity specification
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Method
4.select ventl x-velocity from the dropdown menu for X-velocity.
(make sure you select the velocity variable "vent1 x-velocity" not the grid
variable"ventl x". Do likewise for all the other variables (y-velocity, z-
velocity, turbulent kinetic energy and specific dissipation rate).
I
5.ln the Thermalfab, set a constant Temperature of 2g4K:

t
II
t
 WS3: Room Temperature Stucly

Boundary Conditions
Under Probtem Setup > Boundary
lffiiffii
Wotk'hop SuWtement

Conditions
6'similarly, serect vent2 under Zoneand
set ail the quantities. This time
choose the profile quantities starting
wini ient2

WS3: Room Temperature Stucly

Boundary Conditions
Under Problem Setup > Boundary
ffiS:l
Wotkshop SuryIement

Conditions
1'Select outret under zoneand choose pressure-outret
down menu under Type. for tfiis-Lou1dary tromthe drop
parameters using we will specify the
the previously read profile file
2.Now double click on outtetunder
Zone
3.Go to Momentum fab, set Gauge pressure
(pascat) as O
4'set the backfrow conditions for the
turburence quantities to have a
Bacffitow Turburent tntensity i""xrto,
Ratio ol5olo and 5 respectively ^ia-
irriii"it'-viscosity
S'ln the Thermat tab, set a constant BacHIow Total
Temperatureof 2g4 K
 WS3: Room Temperature Study

Boundary Conditions
Under Problem Setup > Boundary Conditions
fiffffii
Workshop Supplenent

1 .Select computerl intake under

Zone and choose Mass-Flow lnlef from the
drop down menu under lype.
2.Set the Mass FIow Rate.as 0.033 kg/s and keep rhe
Direction specification
Method as Outward Normals
3.sel Turbulent Intensity (fraction) and rurbulent viscosity
Ratio as so/o 1o
respectively

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Boundary Conditions
To save time, the conditions for computerl can
be copied over to the boundary
conditions for the other 3 computers in the simulation.
1' Make sure that the inrets for the other computers
are ail of type rnass-
flow-inlet
2' ln the Boundary conditions paner, crickrhe copy...button.
This wit open
lhe Copy BCs panel
3'ln the From zone rist, serect the zone that has
the conditions you want to
copy'. computerl intake
4. ln the To Zones list, select the zones to which you want
to copy the
co.n ns to : c o m p ute 12 i nta ke, c o m p u te r3 i ita ke,
d iti o
- click copy.
5. FLUENT will set a//of the boundary conditions ""
i piili+i ni"r"
for the zones
selected in the Io Zones list to be the sa
as the conditions for the zone selected in
lhe From Zonelisl. Hfui*#fu ; Itr,H*r.'.1*:
EH

ififri*i#,il
,:#$$ffS
dqiuFdoBldefduk *
']ffi'
:

r:
i

Fel ilEl{6-l
 WS3: Room Tempidure Stud1
Boundary Conditions
Under Problem Setup > Boundary
iffiffii
*tr;;i;;#6;;;;;'
h"t*"tion" "orfi,r^
on the previous 2 srides in order to ser the conditions
,15:n|r:[: for
2.So, first make sure all vents
are of type ,mass_flow_inlet,.
3.Set the conditions for computerlvent
as in the image below.
4.ln the Thermal tab, set a constant
temperature of 313 K
5'Copy this boundary condition
from computerl vent to the
other 3 computers.

F@tud*yhm
iompufi*nuu-*;:
n@
j:co@uter2inLake ili:i:
:icompderzyeDt it:i
icomputer3ftake tt|:ti
r:co@ts3vent !l::tl
:icompuie4intake i

i#nd_trdomah{€fEdr ;

kr!.] I"i-t
@@{E

WS3: Room r"rj"oiind@,

Boundary Conditions
lnNSm't
*
ilix"nopsueoLi"J,^
Under Problem Setup > Boundary
Conditions
monitors under Zoneand choose
lr;"j:" wa, tromthe drop down menu under

2.Now double click on monitors

under Zone
3.Go to Momentum fab,
set it as Stationary wall wilh
No SIip
4.ln the Thermal fab, set a
constant Temperature ol 303 K

,lia: e*rl L!!if

-

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WS3: Room Temperature Study

Boundary Conditions
I
. Under Problem Setup > Boundary
'l.select workers under
Conditions
Zone and serect wail f rom the drop down menu
^NSt$i
Wotkshop Supplement

I
under Type.
2.Double-click on workers under Zone.
3.On the Momentum tab, specify a stationary wall with
no slip.
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4.on the Thermal tab, set a constant wail temperature of 310
K.
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WS3: Room Temperature Study

Solution Methods iAN$X$-i

Workshop Supplement

Set the Solver Controls

Under Solution>Solution Methods setup the parameters
as described
below
. Select Coupled Scheme

' specify the discretization schemes as shown berow

Sslltion lvtethods

lrgtariiJdrqtl SB+hg .. ..-

5cherc
: Co@led

5pat€lDs*son
I fr:dbni
I : ctrn-Guss bde AEsed
:t
j : Eodl Forc Weiqhted
ln{i#ni6-- - -::
lis@ndords{&dnd
i 1*b.6iij iE F*sy ..'.'--

: +:rr.,rs.dril.*4...... ........

i t,f-fSs!1!F,'d,.... .....
I Ft!t91.. ... . ..:: ..
I :!e.1!oaara_1ta
 WS3: Room Temperature Study

Solution Controls iANSYS-i

Set a Courant Number ol 100 wilh Explicit

Relaxation Factors for Momentum and pressure
as 0.25 each
2. Sel Under Relaxation Factors of Density, Body
Forces, Turbulent Kinetic Energy, Turbulent Soldi$ Cofrrols
Viscosity and Specific Dissipation nale as O.5 each :: tu-dNtrd
: 100

3. Keep an Under Relaxation Factor of 1.0 tor i$ldi:lc4eiqtqr: :::,

r4rr1hjij.il_-=
Energy :: a4'@ii;lii---
:

WS3: Room Temperature Study

i^l!l,s$t Wotkshop Supplement

Residual Monitoring
Solution > Monitors
1. Double click on Residuals (By default it is on)
2. Enable Plot under options. Deserect check convergence
for ail
the variables.
WS3: Boom Temperature Study

Monitors itrsYSi
Wotkshop Supplement

Surface Monitors
Solution > Monitors > Surface Monitors
1. Click on Create to create a new surface monitor
2. Type'temperature-monitor' under Name
3. Enable Printing and Plotting of monitors by marking check boxes
under Opfions
4. select Area-weighted Average from the drop-down menu under
Report Type
5. Select Temperature... as the Field variable and select static
Tem peratu re u nder lemp eratu re

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Monitors inil,$)gl
6. Select outlet under Surtaces
7. Click on OKto create the monitor and to close the panel
WS3: Room Temperature Study

Write Case File i/INSYS'I

You can now save the project and proceed to write a case file for
the solver:

1. To save the project , X

File>Save Project
2. To write the case files
File>Export>Case..

WS3: Room Temperature Study

lnitialization /\NSYS Wo*shop Supplenent

I

sqtugsI ltlliali-ztlign
Solution > Monitors > Solution amDl*e Fr@
Initialization
SefsqEF f f !q!-e-......
1. lnitialize the flow field with inflow ,.iiJRelnlive lo cell Zore
: i
i.) Abelute I

conditions by selecting venfTfrom the Infis, VEJu.s

dropdown menu under Compute from 6ege Prssue (Fasal)

!!n
2. Click on lnitializeto initialize the solution
X Vebcly (nts)
ooss]6e6
i: 'o
U*,i1!v-1T{:1.-.-*-*
,0.00r33659
- ",,,, -

Z Vehcity (m/s)
: n.agBz?g

-ubujed Khehc tneroy fh2/r2l

*----*----:
Io,ooose2si83
sFofrc D,5liDdion Rdl-e ll js)
t6 5s2766 :

TenF.dtue
j_r'-:
(k)
......--'i". . -.-...
. ?ca
WS3: Room Temperature Study

Run Calculations

The solution process can be started in the following manner

Sol ution > Ru n Cal cu I ati on
. Enter 100 for Number of lterations and click on Calculate

Monitor the solution and see if the Temperature monitor is not

changing further. You can instruct FLUENT to perform more
iterations if the monitors are still changing significantly. You
can stop iterating if the monitors are stabilized.

ANSYS, rnc. Froprietry April 28,2009

@2@9 ANSYS, lnc. All ighls resfld. ws3-51

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Residue & Monitor plots

016dil4m5Md0
lbrations

M{4,20@ NssFLusr
ASYS 4URT 12 0 (q +, pbn. snb) r2.o(s. +, r! sk)

The results included are obtained after running for 554 iterations.

ANSYS, lnc. Propnetq April 28,2009

@2@9 ANSYS, lnc. All riqh$ reservd ws3-52
WS3: Room Temperature StudY

Write Case & Data File ilrtrffii

Wotkshop Supplemqt

You can now save the project and proceed to write a case file for
the solver:

1. To save the project

File>Save Project
2. To write the case/data files
File>Export>Case & Data"

April 24, 2@9

ANSYS, lnc. ProPndary
@2@ ANsYs. lnc al riqhts reseru4 ws3-s3

WS3: Room Temperature StudY

]/\NSYS-1
Post processing(1) Workshop Supplement

We can create isosurfaces at various locations of the domain to examine the

results at any location within the domain, not just at the boundaries.
An isosurface can be created in the following manner:
1 Sel ect Su rface>l so-su rtace... f rom the tool bar
.

2.Select Mesh... under Surface of constanf drop down menu and select Y-
Coordinate under Mesh
.
lf we click on Compute it will report the minimum and maximum
values
3.Enter 2.4 under lso-Values
4.Specify a sudace name under New Surtace Name
S.Clicking Create will generate the new surface

You may want to create more iso-surfaces at different critical locations to

observe diff erent parameters.

April 23, 2009

ANSYS, lnc Propiletdy
@m ANSYS. lnc. All riqhls reseNd. ws3-54
 I
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WS3: Room Temperature Study

Post processing(2) i/lNsYS"i

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:--.''''',''',,,,-....,.'.G
Workshop Supplement

Display the contours ol Temperature:

.Go to Results > Graphics and Animation
- Select Contours under Graphics and click on Set llp...
. Select Contours of Temperature... then Sfatrc Temperature
. Select lhe Surtaces on which we wish to see the temperature
I
. Zoom into the area of interest by using middle mouse button
Overlay a wireframe representation of the room:
.
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On the Contours Panel, Check lhe Draw Mesh box.
' Select Edges(not Faces), and outtine. under surface Types, select
'Wall'which will select allthe walls.
' Displaythen close (mesh display panel) : Display (contours panel)
Display the Vectors ol VelocitlT.
. Go to Results > Graphics and Animation I
.
- Select Vectors under Graphics and click on Set Up
Change the Scaleto 15, and plot on the surface of interest.
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WS3: Room Temperature Study
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Post processing(3)
we can also find out the Maximum and Minimum of a variable in the
i4N$1gr
Wokshop Supplement
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following way
.Go to Results > Reports>Volume tntegrats
.Select Maximum under Flepo rt Type

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.Select Temperature... under Fietd Variable followed
by Static
Temperature
.Select fluid-l 9 under Cell Zones
'on clicking compute, the maximum value of the Temperature is
calculated. rekmmsxe
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''qm
I u'n*r
jEa"mm
',' vone
'>H(
h (l)
tiir.to"i-
il vouffia€rry':$wodiltPe,"m*a
:. udurtnteEd
emFr€t0e
-::

i
I
I
'-
lc*rur.] irq,.q:i* rtE
Note: The location of Maximum temperature, say, can be found ouw creating
an

t
iso-surtace of temperature in the same process as mentionedin the stide-s4

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WS3: Room Temperature Study

Post processing(4) 1^N$fi$:i

Wotkshop Supplemenl

ffiffi
, .:
i:.\1i\::\..1:=
". N[s
lqt
fllL
:::, , -1!t
::::::=::::ry:

ffi'ffi' Plane location

:':&1
@0

l::il:,: s
wz ?'
ffifr
codMs olst. TMFdbr. (k) Maia. d9
NsYs FTUBT j2.0{3d, S, pbnt s$M)

Contours of Temperature on a plane at Y=2.4 m

ANSYS, lnc Proprielar! 24,2W

ciiooeiNiis i"";i'"n"**.*. WS3-57 s02601

WS3: Room Temperature Study

Results Summary
lnNsYsl
Workshop Sumlement

. Mass Weighted Average of Temperature at Outlet: 298.02K

. Minimum temperature in the domain: 293.6K
. Maximum temperature in the domain: 313.1 K (at the region near the outlet
of Computer2vent)
. Mass Weighted Average of Velocity at Outlet: 0.697 m/s

ANSYS. lnc. Propietary Apil 232oog

@2OOg ANSYS, lnc. Al rights ressved ws3-58 +002601
fr-
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WSS: Room Temperature Study

Further Steps (Optional)

Following steps can be done so as get the frow patterns

at
various planes etc.
l.Observe the density variation at various planes
2.Creale a streamline from each of the vents
S.Animate the streamlines
4.create an isosurface based on different temperatures