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Table 1: Analysis of variance regarding percentage of germination (%G), normal seedlings (%NS), abnormal seedlings
(%AS), dead seeds (%DeS), and dormant seeds (%DoS), besides germination speed index (GSI) for atemoya cv. Gefner
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I.J.S.N., VOL. 1(2), 2010: 120-126 ISSN 2229 – 6441
100
A D
Germination (%)
80
60
2
y=-0.00011x +0.114x+54889 y=-0.00000512x2+0.00562x+3.228
40 GSI
2
R = 0.92 R2=0.96
20
0
0 200 400 600 800 1000
-1 0 200 400 600 800 1000
GA 3 (mg L ) GA3 (mg L -1)
.
100 B 5
Germina tion (%)
80 E
4
60
y=-0.0003x2+0.123x+58.494 3
GSI
40
R2=0.95 2
20 y=-0.00001x 2+0.0098x+2
1
0 R2 =0.95
0
0 100 200 300 400 500
GA4+7 + CK (mg L-1) 0 100 GA200 + CK300
(mg L-1400
) 500
4+7
100 C 5 F
80 y=-0.3263x2+1.8089x+50.105
Germination (%)
4
60 R 2= 0.98
3
GSI
40 y=-0.0295x2+0.175x+3.690
2
20 R2=0.31
1
0
0
0 5 10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
CK+GA+AX (ml Kg-1)
CK+GA+AX (ml Kg-1)
Figure 1. Quadratic regression models regarding germination percentage (%G) (A, B, C) and germination speed index
(GSI) (D, E, F) for atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa L.) cv. Gefner seeds treated with plant
growth regulators.
GA3 action on atemoya seed germination was also present study only from 520 mg L-1 GA3. Similarly,
observed by Stenzel et al. (2003), who obtained 67.5%, Oliveira (2004) observed higher germination percentage
36.25% and 61.25% germination for the cultivars Gefner, for atemoya cv. Gefner seeds by using 500 mg L-1 GA3,
PR-1 and PR-3, respectively, by using 50 mg L-1 GA3. which resulted in 80% germination. Gibberellin
However, those authors observed lower germination stimulation is in agreement with Hopkins (1999) and Taiz
percentage under 100 mg L-1, which was detected in the and Zeiger (2006), since it may have interfered with the
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Germination of (Annona cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa L.) seeds treatments with plant growth regulators
synthesis of enzymes such as and –amylase and with Rodrigues (1995) for ‘Cravo’ lemon seed germination
the mobilization of reserves stored in the endosperm to the (92.12%) and by Ono et al. (1993) for ‘Volkameriano’
growth regions, which led to cell elongation of embryonic lemon (Citrus volkameriana) (89%), both with GA4+7 + N-
tissues and resulted in higher germination percentage and (phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine.
speed. Also, Silva et al. (2007) suggested increased As regards CK+GA+AX (Figure 1C, F), there was an
germination due to the effect of GA4+7 on the induction of increase in germination percentage and speed, relative to
endo-b-mannanase in Annona crassiflora Mart. In the control. However, such results were lower than those
present study, increased germination (Figure 1 B, E) was obtained when GA3 and GA4+7 + N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-
also detected when plant growth regulators from two purine-6-amine were used. When compared to the control,
hormonal groups were combined, gibberellins (GA4+7) and these results agree with those of Neto et al. (2007), who
cytokinins [N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine], which observed a significant increase in the germination of
agrees with Fraga (1982), who stated that cytokinins are genipap (Genipa americana L.) seeds treated with
complementary to gibberellins in the induction of Stimulate®, and those of Castro and Vieira (2001) for
enzymatic processes when they are blocked by inhibitors soybean (Glycine max (L.) Merrill), bean (Phaseolus
such as abscisic acid and coumarin. Thus, lower vulgaris L.) and rice (Oryza sativa L.) seeds. The analysis
concentrations can be used, since similar germination of variance indicated a significant effect on normal
percentages (95.45% and 89.44%) were obtained under seedling percentage under application of GA 4+7 + N-
lower concentrations of GA4+7 + N-(phenylmethyl)-1H- (phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine and CK+GA+AX
purine-6-amine (329.14 mg L-1), compared to those of (Table 1). The quadratic regression model was significant
GA3 (520 mg L-1). The synergistic effect between for normal seedlings treated with biostimulants and cubic
cytokinin and gibberellin was also reported by Leonel and for those subjected to GA3 (Figure 2).
60 A
Normal Seedlings (%)
60
Normal Seedlings (%)
40 40
y=0.000000179x3+0.000318x2+0.14
8x+30.038
20 R2=0.92 20
0 0
0 200 400 600 800 1000 0 200 400 600 800 1000
60
Abnormal Seedlings (%)
B 60
E
40 40
y=0.0000595x2+0.0590x+35.714
20 R2=0.93 20 y=0.000204x2+0.117x+23.028
R2=0.94
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
GA4+7 + N-(fenilmetil)-aminopurina
(mg L-1) GA4+7 + N-(fenilmetil)-aminopurina
(mg L-1)
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I.J.S.N., VOL. 1(2), 2010: 120-126 ISSN 2229 – 6441
20 20 y= 0.12x2+1.854x+36.399
R2=0.97
0 0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Figure 2. Quadratic and cubic regression models regarding percentage of normal (%NS) and abnormal (%AS) seedlings
for atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa L.) cv. Gefner seeds treated with plant growth regulators.
The concentrations of 495.80 mg L-1 GA4+7 + N- Gefner abnormal seedlings under application of GA3 and
(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine (Figure 2B) and 4.07 ethephon.
ml Kg-1 CK+GA+AX (Figure 2C) led to the highest The values regarding dormant and dead seeds could not be
quantity of normal seedlings, equal to 52.8% and 31.2%, fit by regression models, although a significant effect was
respectively, based on the regression analysis. These observed for dormant seed percentage under the application
concentrations increased normal seedling percentage by of GA3 and CK+GA+AX and for dead seeds subjected to
20% and 14.2%, relative to control, the values of which GA4+7 + N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine, according to
were 32% and 13%. Under GA3 application, the cubic the F-test.
regression model presented a coefficient of determination
of 92%, with two critical points, a maximum (391.19 mg CONCLUSION
L-1) and a minimum point (866.17 mg L-1). The former led GA3 and GA4+7 + N-(phenylmethyl)-1H-purine-6-amine
to 73.7% normal seedlings, which represented a 44.7% were more effective than CK+GA+AX on the germinative
increase, relative to control (29%). A much lower increase process of atemoya (Annona cherimola Mill. x A. squamosa
(10%, 39% normal seedlings) was detected for the L.) cv. Gefner seeds.
minimum point. It must be emphasized that there was an
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