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John Amos Comenius originated from Margraviate of Moravia in the Bohemian Crown[2][3][6] in Uherský
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Brod (as on his gravestone in Naarden) or Nivnice, or Komňa, all of which are located in Uherské Hradiště
District of today's Czech Republic. John Comenius was the youngest child and only son of Martin Komenský
(died 1602–4) and his wife Anna Chmelová. His grandfather, whose name was Jan Szeges, was of Hungarian
origin. He started to use the surname Komenský after leaving Komňa to live in Uherský Brod.[7] (He was
"the man from Komňa" = Komenský.) Martin and Anna Komenský belonged to the Moravian Brethren, and
Comenius later became one of the leaders of that pre-Reformation Protestant denomination.[8] His parents
and two of his four sisters died in 1604 and young John went to live with his aunt in Strážnice.
Comenius took refuge in Leszno in Poland, where he led the gymnasium and, furthermore, was given charge
of the Bohemian and Moravian churches. In 1628 he corresponded with Johann Valentin Andreae. In 1638
Comenius responded to a request by the government of Sweden and traveled there to draw up a scheme for
the management of the schools of that country,[9][10] and in 1641, he responded to a request by the English
parliament and joined a commission there charged with the reform of the system of public education. The
disturbed political condition of England interfered with the latter project,[8][9] and so in 1642 he returned to
Sweden to work with Queen Christina (reigned 1632–1654) and the chancellor Axel Oxenstierna (in office
1612–1654) on the task of reorganizing the Swedish schools. The same year he moved to Elbląg (Elbing) in
Poland and in 1648 went to England with the aid of Samuel Hartlib, who came originally from Elbląg. In
1650 Zsuzsanna Lorántffy, widow of George I Rákóczi prince of Transylvania invited him to Sárospatak.
Comenius remained there until 1654 as a professor at the first Hungarian Protestant College; he wrote some
of his most important works there.
Comenius returned to Leszno. During the Deluge in 1655, he declared his support for the Protestant
(Swedish, etc.) side, for which Polish (Catholic) partisans burned his house, his manuscripts, and the school's
printing press in 1656. From Leszno he took refuge in Amsterdam in the Netherlands, where he died in 1670.
For unclear reasons he was buried in Naarden, where visitors can see his grave in the mausoleum devoted to
him.
After his religious duties, Comenius's second great interest was in furthering the Baconian attempt at the
organization of all human knowledge. He became one of the leaders in the encyclopædic or pansophic
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Comenius produced a new edition of the 1618 Bohemian Brethren hymnal, Kancionál, to jest kniha žalmů a
písní duchovních (Amsterdam, 1659), containing 606 texts and 406 tunes. In addition to revising the psalms
and hymns, his revision greatly expanded the number of hymns and added a new introduction. This edition
was reissued several times, into the nineteenth century. His texts in Czech were notable poetic compositions,
but he used tunes from other sources. He also edited the German hymnal Kirchen-, Haus- und Hertzens-
Musica (Amsterdam, 1661), which had been published under the title Kirchengesänge since 1566. In other
writings, Comenius addresses both instrumental and vocal music in many places, although he dedicated no
treatise to the topic. Sometimes he follows the medieval mathematical conception of music, but in other
places he links music with grammar, rhetoric, and politics. Musical practice, both instrumental and vocal,
played an important role in his system of education.[14]
In the second place, the influence of Comenius was in formulating the general theory of education. In this
respect, he is the forerunner of Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Fröbel, etc., and is the first to formulate that idea of
"education according to nature" so influential during the latter part of the eighteenth and early part of the
nineteenth century. The influence of Comenius on educational thought is comparable with that of his
contemporaries, Bacon and Descartes, on science and philosophy. In fact, he was largely influenced by the
thought of these two; and his importance is largely due to the fact that he first applied or attempted to apply
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in a systematic manner the principles of thought and of investigation, newly formulated by those
philosophers, to the organization of education in all its aspects. The summary of this attempt is given in the
Didactica Magna, completed about 1631, though not published until several years later.[8]
The third aspect of his educational influence was that on the subject matter and method of education,
exerted through a series of textbooks of an entirely new nature. The first-published of these was the Janua
Linguarum Reserata (The Gate of Tongues Unlocked), issued in 1631. This was followed later by a more
elementary text, the Vestibulum, and a more advanced one, the Atrium, and other texts. In 1658 the Orbis
Pictus was published, probably the most renowned and most widely circulated of school textbooks. It was
also the first successful application of illustrations to the work of teaching, though not, as often stated, the
first illustrated book for children.[8]
These texts were all based on the same fundamental ideas: (1)
learning foreign languages through the vernacular; (2) obtaining ideas
through objects rather than words; (3) starting with objects most
familiar to the child to introduce him to both the new language and
the more remote world of objects; (4) giving the child a
comprehensive knowledge of his environment, physical and social, as
well as instruction in religious, moral, and classical subjects; (5)
making this acquisition of a compendium of knowledge a pleasure Relief of Komensky in Dolany, Czech
rather than a task; and (6) making instruction universal. While the Republic
formulation of many of these ideas is open to criticism from more
recent points of view, and while the naturalistic conception of
education is one based on crude analogies, the importance of the Comenian influence in education has been
recognized since the middle of the nineteenth century. The educational writings of Comenius comprise more
than forty titles. In 1892 the three-hundredth anniversary of Comenius was very generally celebrated by
educators, and at that time the Comenian Society for the study and publication of his works was formed.[8]
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task. He also wrote to Louis XIV of France, informing him that the empire of the world should be his reward
if he would overthrow the enemies of God.[9]
One of his daughters, Elisabeth, married Peter Figulus from Jablonné nad Orlicí. Their son, Daniel Ernst
Jablonski (1660–1741), Comenius's grandson, later went to Berlin in 1693; there he became the highest
official pastor at the court of King Frederick I of Prussia (reigned 1701–1713). There he became acquainted
with Count Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf (1700–1760). Zinzendorf was among the foremost successors to
Comenius as a bishop (1737–1760) in the renewed Moravian Brethren's Church.
The Comenius Medal, a UNESCO award honouring outstanding achievements in the fields of education
research and innovation, commemorates Comenius. Peter Drucker hailed Comenius as the inventor of
textbooks and primers.[15]
Czech Republic
Elsewhere in Europe
In 1919 Comenius University was founded by an act of parliament in Bratislava, Czechoslovakia, (now in
Slovakia). It was the first university with courses in the Slovak language. In Sárospatak, Hungary, a teacher's
college is named after him (the college now belongs to the University of Miskolc.) Comenius' name has been
given to primary schools in several German cities, including Bonn, Grafing, and Deggendorf. In Skopje,
Republic of Macedonia the Czechoslovak government built a school after a catastrophic 1963 earthquake
and named it after Comenius (Jan Amos Komenski in Macedonian). In Poland, the Comenius Foundation is
a non-governmental organisation dedicated to the provision of equal opportunities to children under 10 years
of age.
The Italian film director Roberto Rossellini took Comenius, and especially his theory of "direct vision," as
his model in the development of his didactic theories, which Rossellini hoped would usher the world into a
utopian future.[17]
"Comenius" (https://web.archive.org/web/20080212101223/http://ec.europa.eu/education/programmes
/socrates/comenius/index_en.html), a European Union school partnership program, takes its name from the
popularly monikered teacher of nations and father of general education.[18][19] In the United Kingdom, the
University of Sheffield's Western Bank Library holds the largest collection of Comenius manuscripts outside
of the Czech Republic.
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United States
In 1892 Comenius Hall, the principal classroom and faculty office building on Moravian College's campus in
Pennsylvania, was built. In 1892 educators in many places celebrated the three-hundredth anniversary of
Comenius, and at that time the Comenian Society for the study and publication of his works was formed.[20]
The education department at Salem College in North Carolina has an annual Comenius Symposium dedicated
in his honor; the subjects usually deal with modern issues in education. The Comenius Foundation in the US,
a non-profit 501(c)(3) charity, uses film and documentary production to further faith, learning, and love.[21]
Latin
Czech
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Moravian College
Didactic method
Pansophism
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6. "Unum necessarium" Komensky subscribed as 15. Drucker, Peter Ferdinand (2003) [1989]. The new
"J.A. Comenius Moravus" http://www.etf.cuni.cz realities (revised ed.). Transaction Publishers.
/kat-cd/unum.htm (Czech translation) pp. 230–231. ISBN 978-0-7658-0533-1. Retrieved
7. Vyskočil, František: JAN AMOS KOMENSKÝ. 2010-04-08. "[...] a Czech, John Amos Comenius
Kapitoly o jeho předcich, rodičích, přibuzných a – the first person to advocate universal literacy –
místě narození. Brno 1990. p. 66 invented the textbook and the primer."
8. Gilman, D. C.; Thurston, H. T.; Colby, F. M., 16. http://www.ujak.cz
eds. (1905). "Comenius, Johann Amos". New 17. Rossellini, Roberto. Utopia autopsia 1010. Rome:
International Encyclopedia (1st ed.). New York: Armando, 1974. 195-6.
Dodd, Mead. 18. Lachman, G., Politics and the Occult: The Left, the
9. Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Comenius, Johann Right, and the Radically Unseen (Wheaton, IL:
Amos". Encyclopædia Britannica (11th ed.). Theosophical Society in America, 2008) p. 19
Cambridge University Press. (https://books.google.cz
10. Rines, George Edwin, ed. (1920). "Comenius, /books?id=YE5bBgAAQBAJ&
Johann Amos". Encyclopedia Americana. pg=PA19#v=onepage&q&f=false).
11. Johann Amos Comenius, Charles William Bardeen, 19. Needham, J., ed., The Teacher of Nations
and Charles Hoole, The orbis pictus of John Amos (http://www.cambridge.org/us/academic/subjects
Comenius. ISBN 1-4372-9752-8, page ii, quoting /education/education-history-theory/teacher-
Cotton Mather, Magnalia, vol. II, p. 14. nations-addresses-and-essays-commemoration-
12. Daniel Murphy, Comenius: A Critical visit-england-great-czech-educationalist-jan-amos-
Reassessment of his Life and Works (1995), p. 27. komensky-comenius?format=PB) (Cambridge:
13. Douglas Hofstadter, Gödel, Escher, Bach. ISBN Cambridge University Press, 2015).
0-14-028920-8 pages 635 20. New International Encyclopedia
14. Jan Kouba. "Komenský, Jan Amos". In L. Root, 21. http://comeniusfoundation.org/
Deane. Grove Music Online. Oxford Music 22. Multilingual edition from 1648 (http://real-
Online. Oxford University Press. (subscription r.mtak.hu/362/)
required) 23. Trilingual (Latin, German and Hungarian) edition
from 1669 (http://real-r.mtak.hu/571/)
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mediatype:software%29) at Internet Archive
Comenius Foundation. US (http://comeniusfoundation.org/)
Article by the psychologist Jean Piaget on the importance of Comenius (http://www.ibe.unesco.org
/publications/ThinkersPdf/comeniuse.PDF) (PDF)
Didactica Magna online (http://studentzone.roehampton.ac.uk/library/digital-collection/froebel-
archive/great-didactic/index.html)
Orbis Pictus (The Visible World in Pictures) online (http://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/28299)
Jan Amos Comenius Bibliography (http://www.history.ox.ac.uk/cofk/bibliographies/jan-amos-
comenius)
Categories: 1592 births 1670 deaths 17th-century Bohemian people 17th-century bishops
17th-century Latin-language writers 17th-century writers 17th-century Protestant theologians
Bishops of the Moravian Church Burials in North Holland Czech bishops Czech educational theorists
Czech expatriates in Hungary Czech expatriates in Germany Czech expatriates in the Dutch Republic
Czech emigrants to the Dutch Republic Czech people of the Moravian Church Czech Protestant clergy
Czech Renaissance humanists Czech schoolteachers Czech scientists
Czech people of Hungarian descent Czech theologians Czech philosophers Czech male writers
Czech exiles People from Uherské Hradiště District Grammarians from the Czech Republic
Heidelberg University alumni Writers of the Moravian Church 17th-century Dutch philosophers
Philosophy and thought in the Dutch Republic
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