Karl F.

Sundman

Karl Frithiof Sundman (28 October 1873, Kaskinen 3 External links

– 28 September 1949, Helsinki)[1] was a Finnish
mathematician who used analytic methods to prove the
existence of a convergent infinite series solution to the
three-body problem in 1906 and 1909.[2][3] He also pub-
lished a paper on regularization methods in mechanics
in 1912. In the 1990s, Qiudong Wang generalized
Sundman’s solution to the case of more than three
bodies.[4][5][6]

1 Awards, recognition
Sundman was awarded the Pontécoulant prize by the
French Academy of Science in 1913 for this work.[1]
In 1947, Sundman was elected a foreign member of
the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. The crater
Sundman on the Moon is named after him, as is the as-
teroid 1424 Sundmania.

2 References
[1] Karl Frithiof Sundman bio
[2] K. Sundman (1912). “Memoire sur le probleme
des trois corps”. Acta Mathematica 36: 105–179.
doi:10.1007/BF02422379.
[3] Thomas A. Hockey et al. (Sep 18, 2007). Biographical
Encyclopedia of Astronomers. Springer. p. 1111. ISBN
0387304002.
[4] Babadzanjanz, L. K. (1979), “Existence of the continua-
tions in the N-body problem”, Celestial Mechanics 20 (1):
43–57, doi:10.1007/BF01236607, MR 538663.
[5] Wang, Qiu Dong (1991), “The global solution of the n-
body problem”, Celestial Mechanics & Dynamical Astron-
omy 50 (1): 73–88, Bibcode:1991CeMDA..50...73W,
doi:10.1007/BF00048987, MR 1117788.
[6] Babadzanjanz, L. K. (1993), “On the global solution of
the N-body problem”, Celestial Mechanics & Dynamical
Astronomy 56 (3): 427–449, doi:10.1007/BF00691812,
MR 1225892.

• Diacu, F.: The solution of the n-body Problem, The

Mathematical Intelligencer, 1996, 18, p. 66–70
• G Järnefelt, “Karl Fridhiof Sundman”, Soc. Sci.
Fenn. Arsbok 30 (2) (1953), 1-13.
• G Järnefelt, “Karl F Sundman in Memoriam”, Acta
Mathematica 83 (1950), i-vi.

1
2 4 TEXT AND IMAGE SOURCES, CONTRIBUTORS, AND LICENSES

4 Text and image sources, contributors, and licenses

4.1 Text
• Karl F. Sundman Source: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20F.%20Sundman?oldid=660095941 Contributors: Twang, Polylerus,
Rjwilmsi, Fram, Oub, Hongooi, Wizardman, CmdrObot, CBM, Yupik, Nisselua, Storkk, Waacstats, David Eppstein, Skeptic2, VolkovBot,
Tomas e, Addbot, Lightbot, Luckas-bot, Yobot, Omnipaedista, Erik9bot, DefaultsortBot, RjwilmsiBot, Bjorkstrand, SD5bot, VIAFbot,
Monkbot, KasparBot and Anonymous: 6

4.2 Images
• File:Flag_of_Finland.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg License: Public domain
Contributors: http://www.finlex.fi/fi/laki/ajantasa/1978/19780380 Original artist: Drawn by User:SKopp
• File:NewtonDetail.jpg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/35/NewtonDetail.jpg License: Public domain Con-
tributors: Transferred from en.wikipedia; transferred to Commons by User:Sreejithk2000 using CommonsHelper. Original artist: Original
uploader was Trovatore at en.wikipedia
• File:Science-symbol-2.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Science-symbol-2.svg License: CC BY 3.0
Contributors: en:Image:Science-symbol2.png Original artist: en:User:AllyUnion, User:Stannered
• File:Scientist.svg Source: http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/Scientist.svg License: CC-BY-SA-3.0 Contributors:
Own work Original artist: Viktorvoigt

4.3 Content license

• Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0