Somatom Drive: System Owner Manual - Dosimetry and Imaging Performance Report

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SOMATOM Drive
System Owner Manual – Dosimetry and imaging performance report
Table of contents
1 Dosimetry and imaging performance report 5

1.1 Dose information 5
1.1.1 General information about dose indication 5
1.1.2 Phantoms and methods 6
1.1.3 Typical CT conditions of operation 8
1.1.4 CTDI100 for typical CT conditions of operation 9
1.1.5 Dose factors related to the CTDI100 for typical CT
conditions of operation (128-slice) 9
1.1.6 Overview of CTDI100 (mGy/100 mAs) 12
1.1.7 CTDIfree air 19
1.1.8 Stray radiation 19
1.1.9 Dose levels causing deterministic radiation effects 21
1.1.10 Tolerances for CTDI 23
1.1.11 Conversion factor for CTDIvol from Ø 32 cm phantom
to Ø 16 cm phantom 23
1.1.12 Conversion factor for CTDIvol 24
1.1.13 CTDIvol for topograms 24
1.1.14 Geometric efficiency in the z-direction 25
1.1.15 Dose profiles 26
1.1.16 Nominal values and tolerances for acceptance
testing 27
1.1.17 Beam quality, leakage technique factors and
minimum filtration 28
1.1.18 Performance specification of automatic exposure
controls 28
1.1.19 Use of radiation shields for the purpose of reducing
patient dose in CT scanning with Siemens
Healthcare CT systems 35
1.2 Image quality 36
1.2.1 Low-contrast detectability 36
1.2.2 CT number 36
1.2.3 Uniformity 37
1.2.4 Image noise 37
1.2.5 High-Contrast-Resolution, Modulation Transfer
Function (MTF) 37
1.2.6 Sensitivity profiles 38
1.2.7 HD FOV: Advanced extended FOV reconstruction 40
1.2.8 Nominal tomographic section thicknesses 40
1.3 Information about quality assurance 42
1.3.1 Test methods for the constancy tests 44
Index 47
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Table of contents
4 Dosimetry and imaging performance report | System Owner Manual

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Dosimetry and imaging performance report 1
1 Dosimetry and imaging

performance report
This chapter provides dose and imaging performance data. The data are in
accordance with the US code of federal regulations 21 CFR 1020.33 (c) and the
International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 60601-2-44 standard.
This chapter provides the following information:
◾ CTDI100 for typical CT conditions of operation with regard to typical modes
◾ Dose factors showing the relative changes in CTDI100 compared to the CTDI100
of the typical mode, in varying a scan parameter
◾ Dosimetry data, such as beam quality, dose profiles, and stray radiation tables
◾ Image noise and High-Contrast-Resolution (HCR) of the typical modes
◾ Homogeneity of CT values and low-contrast resolution
◾ Reconstructable slice thicknesses
1.1 Dose information
1.1.1 General information about dose indication

The CT system provides information about the CTDIvol and Dose Length Product
(DLP) as defined by the IEC 60601-2-44 standard. Both values are displayed on
the user interface of the scanner before and after each scan range. In addition,
these values are stored in the Patient Protocol and the DICOM Structured Dose
Report.
The CTDIvol represents the average energy dose (expressed as Air KERMA) within
a cylindrical PMMA phantom, aligned with the scanner axis and centered in the
scan plane. The phantom diameter to which the displayed CTDIvol refers
depends on the default application of the used protocol; see
( Page 9 CTDI100 for typical CT conditions of operation).
The reported and displayed CTDIvol and DLP refers to the 16 cm CTDI-phantom
for head scans and to the 32 cm CTDI phantom for body scans, whereby the
classification to 'head' or 'body' depends on the class of the original protocol
delivered with the system. Neck protocols are classified as 'body'. CTDIvol and
DLP of protocols originally intended for pediatric body examination and for neck
examination refer to the 32 cm phantom. Factors for conversion of the
displayed CTDIvol and DLP for the 32 cm phantom to equivalent CTDIvol and
DLP for the 16 cm phantom are stated in ( Page 23 Conversion factor for
CTDIvol from Ø 32 cm phantom to Ø 16 cm phantom) (child protocols are
recommended for pediatric patients under the age of 12 years and with a
normal body size).
The CTDI values given in this manual are valid for deactivated CARE Dose 4D and
CARE kV, as both features are not adapted to phantom measurements.
Dynamic collimation (Adaptive Dose Shield) which reduces the dose of spiral
overscan is taken into account for the reported DLP but not for the reported
CTDIvol.
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1 Dosimetry and imaging performance report
Further information regarding dose reduction functions is provided in the

SOMATOM Instructions for Use.
The reported DLP for spiral scans is calculated from the CTDIvol multiplied with a
length L. The length L represents the table travel during the exposure and is
corrected for effects of the dynamic collimation (Adaptive Dose Shield) which
reduces the dose of spiral overscan. The reduction of DLP by the dynamic
collimation is calculated as the time weighted average of collimator during the
scan, divided by the nominal collimator opening for the scan. The effect of the
dynamic collimation therefore is taken into account for the reported DLP but not
for the reported CTDIvol.
If the tube current varies during a scan, e.g. when using CARE Dose 4D, the
CTDIvol and DLP displayed is the time-weighted average over the scan range.
1.1.2 Phantoms and methods

According to: 21 CFR 1020.33
This chapter describes both, phantoms and methods used to establish the dose
values reported below, and an instruction how to measure and determine
CTDIvol, in order to verify against the value displayed at the scanner.
The phantoms used to measure the CTDI values are circular cylinders of PMMA
of diameter 16 cm (for head applications) or 32 cm (for all body applications),
and with a length of at least 14 cm. They contain holes parallel to the axis of the
phantom (A – E) to hold 100 mm dose chambers.
Phantoms are aligned with the scanner axis and centered in the scan field. A
dose chamber with an active length of 100 mm is used for the dose
measurements. All dose values are given in Air KERMA.
CTDI100 is measured in the center (A) and peripheral drillings at the 3 o‘clock, 6
o‘clock, 9 o‘clock and 12 o‘clock positions (B – E).
CTDI100 locations in dosimetry phantoms with the line of sight towards the front side of the
gantry
To ensure correct dose measurements, it is recommended that a dosimeter

conforming to IEC 61674 be used. The dosimeter has to be calibrated with
beam qualities suitable for the CT energy spectrum examined, e.g. CT beam
qualities "RQT" according IEC 61267. For dose measurements at 70 kV tube
voltage or with tin filtration, an additional calibration with suitable beam
qualities (for example RQR 5 acc. IEC 61267 and N150 acc. ISO 4037) is
recommended to ensure that the energy dependance of the dosimeter does not
distort the results of the dose measurements.

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The dose is measured in single axial scans, so that the dose chamber measures
the integrated dose profile along the z-direction over 10 cm, in the center of the
scan plane. The measured values should be large compared to the accuracy of
the dosemeter. As a result, it might be necessary to select either a large tube
current and exposure time or to average the dosimeter readings over several
scans. For measurements with the dose chamber in one of the peripheral
positions it is recommended to average the results over several scans.
Otherwise the scan start angle of the individual scans may influence the result.

IEC 61674: 2012
'Medical electrical equipment – Dosimeters with ionization chambers and/or
semiconductor detectors as used in X-ray diagnostic imaging'
 IEC 61267: 2005

'Radiation conditions for use in the determination of characteristics'

ISO 4037-4: 2004
'X and gamma reference radiation for calibrating dosemeters and doserate
meters and for determining their response as a function of photon energy'
To calculate the CTDI100 from the dosimeter readings (usually displayed as dose
integrated over z-direction, i.e. as Dose Length Product (DLP), e.g. in mGy · cm)
the value has to be divided by the nominal beam collimation. For scan modes
without a z-flying focal spot, the nominal beam collimation is equal to the
acquisition displayed at the scanner's console (e.g. 'Acquisition 32×0.6 mm' =
1.92 cm). For scan modes with a z-flying focal spot, the nominal beam
collimation is equal to half of the acquisition displayed on the scanner's console
(e.g. 'Acquisition 128×0.6 mm' · 0.5 = 64×0.6 mm = 3.84 cm).
( Page 40 Nominal tomographic section thicknesses)
LDP – measured Length-Dose-Product [mGy∙cm]

Note that the reading may also be displayed as dose averaged over the
chamber length, e.g. in mGy.
NxT – Nominal Beam Collimation [cm]
This is valid for all nominal beam collimations ≤ 4 cm.
The CTDIw is the sum of a third of the CTDI100 measured in the phantom's central
chamber position (CTDI100c) and two third of the average of CTDI100 measured in
the phantom's four peripheral chamber position (CTDI100p).
According to it's definition, CTDIw has to be derived from CTDI100 measured in

single axial scans. In this situation the CTDIvol is equal to the CTDIw.
In general the CTDIvol displayed is derived from the CTDIw by multiplication with
a factor that takes into account the table feed during scanning:
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For spiral scanning
For axial scanning
For axial scanning without table feed
For scanning with periodic back and

forth table movement
p – Pitch factor
NxT – Nominal collimation
n – Number of scans
vf – Table feed per scan
R – Table range
1.1.3 Typical CT conditions of operation

The following table provides scan parameter settings for typical modes of
operation based on default setting of the Siemens scan protocols (with
deactivated CARE Dose 4D and CARE kV). Protocol descriptions are provided by
the Workflow Assistant. The system provides two shaped Xray beam filter
settings (narrow, standard). These are set depending on the protocol type
selected. The scan parameter settings provided here, although typical, may
slightly deviate from the default protocols provided with the scanner software.
Application type Typical head Typical head perfusion Typical body Typical cardiac Typical body
Patient type Adult Adult Adult Adult Child
Scan type Sequence Multiscan Spiral Sequence Spiral
Protocol name HeadNeuroSeq NeuroPCT Abdomen Routine_IR DS_Coronary Abdomen Routine_IR
CTA_Adapt_Seq_IR*
Tube voltage 120 kV 80 kV 120 kV A, B: 100 kV, 100 kV 100 kV
Tube mode Single Tube (A) Single Tube (A) Single Tube (A) Dual Tube (AB) Single Tube (A)
Shaped filter A: Standard A: Standard A: Standard A, B: Narrow A: Narrow
Tube current time product 390 mAs 200 mAs 147 eff. mAs 250 mAs/rot 98 eff. mAs
Tube current (per tube) 195 mA 200 mA 176 mA 439 mA 274 mA
Rotation time 1.00 s 1.00 s 0.50 s 0.285 s 0.50 s
Number of scans 9 1 1 4 1
Scan time 2.0 s 40 s 5.2 s 0.16 s 2.5 s
Table range 112 mm 0 mm 237 mm 104 mm 268 mm
Pitch factor or table feed 14.0 mm feed 0 mm feed 0.6 pitch 34.5 mm feed 1.4 pitch
Collimation 12 × 1.2 mm 32 × 1.2 mm 64 × 0.6 mm 64 × 0.6 mm 32 × 1.2 mm
Data acquisition 12 × 1.2 mm 32 × 1.2 mm 128 × 0.6 mm 128 × 0.6 mm 32 × 1.2 mm
Total collimation 14.4 mm 38.4 mm 38.4 mm 38.4 mm 38.4 mm
z-sharp off off on on off
Reconstructed slice width 4.8 mm 5.0 mm 5.0 mm 3.0 mm 5.0 mm
*) Flex 0.28 s, trigger: scan 70 to 70, pulsing off, 60 bpm, best phase manual, phase start 70 %

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Application type Typical head Typical head perfusion Typical body Typical cardiac Typical body
Patient type Adult Adult Adult Adult Child
Scan type Sequence Multiscan Spiral Sequence Spiral
Kernel H31s H30s B30f B30f B30f
*) Flex 0.28 s, trigger: scan 70 to 70, pulsing off, 60 bpm, best phase manual, phase start 70 %
Typical CT conditions of operation
1.1.4 CTDI100 for typical CT conditions of operation

The following table indicates the CTDI for the protocols specified .
There is no significant difference in the exposure of the peripheral chamber
positions. The stated dose chamber positions are B - E according to their
positions in the phantom (up, down, left, and right). ( Page 8 Typical CT
conditions of operation)
Application type Typical Head Typical Head Typical Body Typical Cardiac Typical Body
Perfusion
Patient size Adult Adult Adult Adult Child
CTDI phantom Ø 16 cm Ø 16 cm Ø 32 cm Ø 32 cm Ø 32 cm
CTDI100 (mGy) per scan per scan per rotation per scan* per rotation
Chamber position A (central) 62.8 mGy 331 mGy 3.66 mGy 3.76 mGy 2.90 mGy
Chamber position B (Up) 64.0 mGy 347 mGy 6.76 mGy 6.3 mGy** 4.92 mGy
Chamber position C (down) 65.4 mGy 354 mGy 6.41 mGy 6.1 mGy** 4.73 mGy
Chamber position D (left) 63.5 mGy 342 mGy 6.64 mGy 6.2 mGy** 4.85 mGy
Chamber position E (right) 63.3 mGy 341 mGy 6.67 mGy 6.3 mGy** 4.87 mGy
Average peripheral 64.0 mGy 346 mGy 6.6 mGy 6.2 mGy 4.85 mGy
CTDIW 63.6 mGy 341 mGy 5.63 mGy 5.4 mGy 4.20 mGy
CTDIvol 65.5 mGy 341 mGy 9.4 mGy 6.01 mGy 3.00 mGy
*) 0.33s full scan without pulsing
**) Average over several partial scans
CTDI100 for typical CT conditions of operation
CTDIvol and CTDIw are calculated values based on the measured CTDI100,
where the CTDI100 has to be measured in axial scans (according to their
 definition in IEC 60601-2-44). As typical modes may be spiral scans, the

values of CTDI100 stated above are measured in axial scans with the same
scan parameters (kV, mA, collimation, rotation time and filter) as used in
the spiral mode.
1.1.5 Dose factors related to the CTDI100 for typical CT conditions of

operation (128-slice)
General information According to:
21 CFR 1020.33
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The CTDI100 is influenced by the following selectable scan parameters:

◾ kV
◾ Acquisition
◾ Shaped filter
◾ mAs values (mAs, eff. mAs, mAs/rot, ref. mAs, ref. mAs/rot)
The CTDI100 is not influenced by the rotation time or recon parameters, such as
Kernel or FoV.
In the following tables, the CTDI100 for the typical mode is represented by the
value 1.00, shown in bold. CTDI100 for varying scan parameters are given as a
proportion of the CTDI100 for the typical mode. Dose factors are presented for a
wide range of scan parameter combinations that influence dose. However,
depending on system configuration, licences and available scan protocols, not
all of the combinations shown may be selectable.
CTDI100 dose factors for varying tube Values are given for central and peripheral CTDI100 and are expressed as a
voltage and shaped filter proportion of the CTDI100 for the typical mode, shown in bold.
Typical Head Typical Head Perfusion Typical Body

Tube voltage
CTDI Phantom Ø 16 cm CTDI Phantom Ø 16 cm CTDI Phantom Ø 32cm
Shaped filter Shaped filter Shaped filter

Narrow Standard Narrow Standard Narrow Standard
Central 0,17 0,18 n.a. 0,63 0,12 0,14
70 kV*
Peripheral 0,16 0,19 n.a. 0,64 0,13 0,17

Weighted 0,16 0,19 n.a. 0,63 0,13 0,16
Central 0,27 0,29 n.a. 1,00 0,22 0,25
80 kV
Peripheral 0,25 0,30 n.a. 1,00 0,21 0,28

Weighted 0,26 0,30 n.a. 1,00 0,21 0,27
Central 0,40 0,43 n.a. 1,47 0,35 0,39
90 kV
Peripheral 0,38 0,44 n.a. 1,46 0,33 0,42

Weighted 0,38 0,44 n.a. 1,46 0,33 0,42
Central 0,55 0,60 n.a. 2,03 0,50 0,56
100 kV
Peripheral 0,52 0,60 n.a. 1,99 0,45 0,59

Weighted 0,53 0,60 n.a. 2,00 0,46 0,58
Central 0,74 0,80 n.a. 2,72 0,69 0,78
110 kV
Peripheral 0,70 0,80 n.a. 2,66 0,61 0,79

Weighted 0,71 0,80 n.a. 2,68 0,63 0,79
Central 0,92 1,00 n.a. 3,40 0,89 1,00
120 kV
Peripheral 0,87 1,00 n.a. 3,32 0,78 1,00

Weighted 0,89 1,00 n.a. 3,34 0,80 1,00
Central 1,12 1,21 n.a. 4,12 1,12 1,26
130 kV
Peripheral 1,06 1,21 n.a. 4,02 0,97 1,24

Weighted 1,08 1,21 n.a. 4,05 1,00 1,24
Central 1,35 1,45 n.a. 4,93 1,38 1,54
140 kV
Peripheral 1,28 1,45 n.a. 4,80 1,18 1,50

Weighted 1,30 1,45 n.a. 4,85 1,22 1,51
Central 0,10 0,11 n.a. 0,37 0,11 0,13
Sn 100 kV
Peripheral 0,10 0,11 n.a. 0,36 0,09 0,12

Weighted 0,10 0,11 n.a. 0,36 0,10 0,12

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Typical Head Typical Head Perfusion Typical Body

Tube voltage
CTDI Phantom Ø 16 cm CTDI Phantom Ø 16 cm CTDI Phantom Ø 32cm
Shaped filter Shaped filter Shaped filter

Narrow Standard Narrow Standard Narrow Standard
Central 0,44 0,46 n.a. 1,58 0,53 0,58
Sn140 kV
Peripheral 0,42 0,46 n.a. 1,53 0,42 0,52

Weighted 0,43 0,46 n.a. 1,54 0,44 0,53
Dose Factors of CTDI100 for variation of tube voltage and shaped filter for central /
peripheral /weighted CTDI100; each related to typical mode (bold)
Typical Cardiac Typical Pediatric Body

Tube voltage
CTDI Phantom Ø 32 cm CTDI Phantom Ø 32cm
Shaped filter Shaped filter

Narrow Standard Narrow Standard
Central 0,24 n.a. 0,24 n.a.
70 kV*
Peripheral 0,28 n.a. 0,28 n.a.

Weighted 0,27 n.a. 0,27 n.a.
80 kV

90 kV

100 kV

110 kV

120 kV

130 kV

140 kV

Sn 100 kV

Sn140 kV*

Dose Factors of CTDI100 for variation of tube voltage and shaped filter for central /
peripheral /weighted CTDI100; each related to typical mode (bold)
Dose factors for varying acquisition Values are given for central and peripheral CTDI100 and are expressed as a
type proportion of the typical mode CTDI100, shown in bold.
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Acquisition Collimation Typical Head
Typical Head Perfusion
Typical Pediatric Body

Typical Cardiac
Typical Body
2 x 1 mm 2 x 1 mm n.a. n.a. 1.01 n.a. 1.00
1 x 5 mm 1 x 5 mm 0.78 n.a. 0.91 n.a. 0.89
20 x 0.6 mm 10 x 0.6 mm 1.03 n.a. 1.21 n.a. 1.18
16 x 0.6 mm 8 x 0.6 mm 1.49 n.a. 1.74 n.a. 1.70
16 x 0.3 mm 8 x 0.6 mm 1.49 n.a. 1.74 n.a. 1.70
1 x 10 mm 1 x 10 mm 0.78 n.a. 0.91 n.a. 0.89
40 x 0.6 mm 20 x 0.6 mm 1.05 n.a. 1.23 n.a. 1.20
12 x 1.2 mm 12 x 1.2 mm 1.00 n.a. 1.16 n.a. 1.15
32 x 0.6 mm 32 x 0.6 mm 0.96 n.a. 1.11 1.12 1.10
64 x 0.6 mm 32 x 0.6 mm 0.98 n.a. 1.14 1.14 1.12
32 x 1.2 mm 32 x 1.2 mm 0.87 1.00 1.02 1.02 1.00
128 x 0.6 mm 64 x 0.6 mm 0.86 n.a. 1.00 1.00 0.98
Dose factors for varying acquisition type
Dose factors for varying mAs Values are given for central and peripheral CTDI100 and are expressed as a
proportion of the typical mode CTDI100, shown in bold.
Dose factors are valid for deactivated CARE Dose 4D.
Current* Typical Head Typical Head Perfusion Typical Body Typical Cardiac Typical Pediatric Body
mAs factor mAs factor eff. mAs factor mAs/rot factor eff. mAs factor
20 mA 40 0.10 20 0.10 17 0.11 11 0.05 7 0.07
176 mA 352 0.90 176 0.88 147 1.00 100 0.40 63 0.64
195 mA 390 1.00 195 0.98 163 1.11 111 0.44 70 0.71
200 mA 400 1.03 200 1.00 167 1.14 114 0.46 72 0.73
274 mA 548 1.41 274 1.37 229 1.56 156 0.62 98 1.00
439 mA 878 2.25 439 2.20 367 2.49 250 1.00 157 1.60
683 mA 1366 3,50 683 3,42 570 3,88 389 1,56 244 2,49
736 mA 1472 3,77 n.a. n.a. 615 4,18 419 1,68 263 2,69
797 mA n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 666 4,53 454 1,82 285 2,91
800 mA n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. n.a. 456 1,82 n.a. n.a.
*) per tube
Dose Factors for variation of mAs central and peripheral CTDI100, related to typical mode
(bold)
1.1.6 Overview of CTDI100 (mGy/100 mAs)

Not all combinations of mode parameters shown are selectable.
For dual-source modes, separate calculations have to be done for Tube A and B.

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CTDI100 (mGy/100 mAs)
Collimation [mm] 2x1 6 x 0.6 8 x 0.6 1x5 10 x 0.6 1 x 10 12 x 1.2 20 x 0.6 32 x 0.6 32 x 1.2 64 x 0.6
Acquisition [mm] 16 x 0.6 20 x 0.6 40 x 0.6 32 x 0.6 mm, 128 x 0.6
64 x 0.6 mm
SOMATOM Drive
Filter (z-sharp) (z-sharp) (z-sharp) (z-sharp) (z-sharp)
Tube Voltage
CTDI100, central 2,57 4,17 4,39 2,31 3,04 2,31 2,96 3,10 2,86 2,59 2,52
CTDI100, peripheral 2,74 4,44 4,64 2,46 3,22 2,46 3,16 3,28 3,04 2,75 2,67
CTDIw 2,69 4,35 4,56 2,41 3,16 2,41 3,09 3,22 2,98 2,70 2,62
70 kV
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CTDI100, central 4,12 6,66 7,03 3,69 4,87 3,69 4,74 4,97 4,58 4,13 4,04
CTDI100, peripheral 4,30 6,97 7,30 3,86 5,06 3,86 4,95 5,16 4,77 4,32 4,20
CTDIw 4,24 6,87 7,21 3,80 5,00 3,80 4,88 5,10 4,71 4,26 4,15
80 kV
CTDI100, central 6,06 9,81 10,4 5,44 7,19 5,44 6,97 7,33 6,75 6,09 5,97
CTDI100, peripheral 6,26 10,1 10,6 5,62 7,38 5,62 7,21 7,52 6,95 6,29 6,12
CTDIw 6,20 10,0 10,6 5,56 7,32 5,56 7,13 7,46 6,89 6,22 6,07
90 kV
CTDI100, central 8,35 13,5 14,3 7,49 9,91 7,49 9,60 10,1 9,30 8,38 8,22
CTDI100, peripheral 8,57 13,9 14,6 7,69 10,1 7,69 9,86 10,3 9,51 8,61 8,37
CTDIw 8,49 13,8 14,5 7,62 10,0 7,62 9,77 10,2 9,44 8,53 8,32
100 kV
CTDI100, central 11,2 18,1 19,2 10,1 13,3 10,1 12,9 13,5 12,5 11,3 11,0
CTDI100, peripheral 11,4 18,5 19,5 10,3 13,5 10,3 13,2 13,7 12,7 11,5 11,2
CTDIw 11,4 18,4 19,4 10,2 13,4 10,2 13,1 13,7 12,6 11,4 11,1
110 kV
CTDI100, central 14,0 22,7 23,9 12,6 16,6 12,6 16,1 16,9 15,6 14,1 13,8
CTDI100, peripheral 14,3 23,1 24,3 12,8 16,8 12,8 16,4 17,1 15,8 14,3 13,9
CTDIw 14,2 23,0 24,1 12,7 16,7 12,7 16,3 17,1 15,8 14,2 13,9
120 kV
CTDI100, central 16,9 27,4 29,0 15,2 20,1 15,2 19,5 20,5 18,9 17,0 16,7
CTDI100, peripheral 17,3 28,0 29,4 15,5 20,4 15,5 19,9 20,8 19,2 17,4 16,9
CTDIw 17,2 27,8 29,3 15,4 20,3 15,4 19,8 20,7 19,1 17,3 16,8
130 kV
CTDI100, central 20,3 32,9 34,8 18,2 24,1 18,2 23,4 24,6 22,6 20,4 20,0
CTDI100, peripheral 20,7 33,5 35,2 18,5 24,4 18,5 23,8 24,9 23,0 20,8 20,3
CTDIw 20,5 33,3 35,1 18,4 24,3 18,4 23,6 24,8 22,9 20,6 20,2
140 kV
CTDI100, central 1,54 2,50 2,65 1,38 1,84 1,38 1,77 1,87 1,72 1,55 1,52
CTDI100, peripheral 1,53 2,48 2,62 1,38 1,82 1,38 1,76 1,85 1,71 1,54 1,51
CTDIw 1,54 2,49 2,63 1,38 1,82 1,38 1,77 1,86 1,71 1,54 1,51
Sn 100 kV
CTDI100, central 6,49 10,5 11,2 5,82 7,74 5,82 7,47 7,88 7,25 6,52 6,42
CTDI100, peripheral 6,58 10,6 11,3 5,90 7,81 5,90 7,57 7,97 7,33 6,61 6,48
Dosimetry and imaging performance report
CTDIw 6,55 10,6 11,2 5,87 7,79 5,87 7,54 7,94 7,30 6,58 6,46
Sn 140 kV
Phantom: Ø 16 cm; Shaped Filter: Standard; Typical Application: Head
1
13
14
1
64 x 0.6 mm
Tube Voltage
CTDI100, central 2,32 3,75 3,95 2,08 2,74 2,08 2,67 2,79 2,58 2,33 2,27
CTDI100, peripheral 2,28 3,69 3,85 2,05 2,67 2,05 2,62 2,72 2,52 2,29 2,21
CTDIw 2,29 3,71 3,88 2,06 2,69 2,06 2,64 2,74 2,54 2,30 2,23
70 kV
CTDI100, central 3,74 6,05 6,38 3,35 4,43 3,35 4,30 4,51 4,16 3,76 3,67
CTDI100, peripheral 3,63 5,88 6,15 3,26 4,26 3,26 4,18 4,34 4,02 3,65 3,54
CTDIw 3,67 5,94 6,23 3,29 4,32 3,29 4,22 4,40 4,07 3,68 3,58
80 kV
CTDI100, central 5,54 8,97 9,47 4,97 6,57 4,97 6,38 6,69 6,17 5,56 5,45
CTDI100, peripheral 5,36 8,68 9,06 4,81 6,28 4,81 6,17 6,41 5,93 5,38 5,21
CTDIw 5,42 8,77 9,20 4,86 6,38 4,86 6,24 6,50 6,01 5,44 5,29
90 kV
CTDI100, central 7,66 12,4 13,1 6,87 9,08 6,87 8,81 9,25 8,53 7,69 7,53
CTDI100, peripheral 7,39 12,0 12,5 6,63 8,67 6,63 8,50 8,84 8,18 7,42 7,19
CTDIw 7,48 12,1 12,7 6,71 8,81 6,71 8,60 8,98 8,30 7,51 7,31
100 kV
CTDI100, central 10,3 16,7 17,6 9,26 12,2 9,26 11,9 12,5 11,5 10,4 10,1
CTDI100, peripheral 9,94 16,1 16,8 8,92 11,7 8,92 11,4 11,9 11,0 9,99 9,68
CTDIw 10,1 16,3 17,1 9,03 11,9 9,03 11,6 12,1 11,2 10,1 9,83
110 kV
CTDI100, central 12,9 20,9 22,1 11,6 15,3 11,6 14,9 15,6 14,4 13,0 12,7
CTDI100, peripheral 12,5 20,2 21,1 11,2 14,6 11,2 14,3 14,9 13,8 12,5 12,1
CTDIw 12,6 20,4 21,4 11,3 14,9 11,3 14,5 15,1 14,0 12,7 12,3
120 kV
CTDI100, central 15,7 25,4 26,8 14,1 18,6 14,1 18,1 19,0 17,5 15,8 15,4
CTDI100, peripheral 15,2 24,6 25,8 13,6 17,9 13,6 17,5 18,2 16,8 15,3 14,8
CTDIw 15,4 24,9 26,1 13,8 18,1 13,8 17,7 18,5 17,1 15,4 15,0
130 kV
CTDI100, central 18,8 30,5 32,3 16,9 22,4 16,9 21,7 22,8 21,0 18,9 18,5
CTDI100, peripheral 18,2 29,5 31,0 16,3 21,5 16,3 21,0 21,9 20,2 18,3 17,8
CTDIw 18,4 29,8 31,4 16,5 21,8 16,5 21,2 22,2 20,5 18,5 18,0
140 kV
CTDI100, central 1,45 2,35 2,49 1,30 1,73 1,30 1,67 1,76 1,62 1,46 1,43
CTDI100, peripheral 1,38 2,23 2,35 1,24 1,63 1,24 1,59 1,66 1,53 1,38 1,35
CTDIw 1,40 2,27 2,40 1,26 1,66 1,26 1,61 1,69 1,56 1,41 1,38
Sn 100 kV
CTDI100, central 6,16 9,97 10,6 5,52 7,35 5,52 7,09 7,49 6,88 6,19 6,09
CTDI100, peripheral 6,00 9,72 10,3 5,39 7,12 5,39 6,91 7,26 6,69 6,03 5,91
CTDIw 6,06 9,80 10,4 5,43 7,20 5,43 6,97 7,34 6,75 6,08 5,97
Sn 140 kV
Phantom: Ø 16 cm; Shaped Filter: Narrow; Typical Application: Inner Ear
Dosimetry and imaging performance report | System Owner Manual

Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
64 x 0.6 mm
Tube Voltage
CTDI100, central 0,58 0,94 0,99 0,52 0,69 0,52 0,66 0,70 0,64 0,58 0,57
SOMATOM Drive
CTDI100, peripheral 1,29 2,08 2,20 1,15 1,52 1,15 1,48 1,55 1,43 1,29 1,26
CTDIw 1,05 1,70 1,79 0,94 1,24 0,94 1,21 1,27 1,17 1,05 1,03
70 kV
CTDI100, central 1,04 1,69 1,79 0,94 1,24 0,94 1,20 1,26 1,16 1,05 1,03
Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02

CTDI100, peripheral 2,16 3,50 3,67 1,94 2,55 1,94 2,49 2,59 2,40 2,17 2,11
CTDIw 1,79 2,90 3,04 1,60 2,11 1,60 2,06 2,15 1,99 1,80 1,75
80 kV
CTDI100, central 1,66 2,68 2,84 1,49 1,97 1,49 1,91 2,00 1,85 1,66 1,63
CTDI100, peripheral 3,27 5,30 5,55 2,93 3,85 2,93 3,76 3,92 3,63 3,29 3,19
CTDIw 2,73 4,42 4,64 2,45 3,22 2,45 3,14 3,28 3,03 2,74 2,67
90 kV
CTDI100, central 2,38 3,85 4,07 2,13 2,82 2,13 2,73 2,88 2,65 2,39 2,34
CTDI100, peripheral 4,53 7,34 7,69 4,06 5,33 4,06 5,21 5,43 5,03 4,55 4,42
CTDIw 3,81 6,17 6,48 3,42 4,50 3,42 4,39 4,58 4,23 3,83 3,73
100 kV
CTDI100, central 3,28 5,31 5,62 2,94 3,90 2,94 3,77 3,97 3,66 3,29 3,23
CTDI100, peripheral 6,10 9,88 10,35 5,47 7,17 5,47 7,02 7,31 6,77 6,13 5,95
CTDIw 5,16 8,36 8,77 4,63 6,08 4,63 5,94 6,20 5,73 5,18 5,04
110 kV
CTDI100, central 4,22 6,84 7,23 3,79 5,01 3,79 4,86 5,11 4,70 4,24 4,16
CTDI100, peripheral 7,69 12,4 13,1 6,90 9,05 6,90 8,85 9,22 8,53 7,72 7,50
CTDIw 6,53 10,6 11,1 5,86 7,70 5,86 7,52 7,85 7,25 6,56 6,39
120 kV
CTDI100, central 5,29 8,57 9,07 4,75 6,29 4,75 6,09 6,41 5,90 5,31 5,22
CTDI100, peripheral 9,50 15,4 16,1 8,52 11,2 8,52 10,9 11,4 10,5 9,54 9,28
CTDIw 8,10 13,1 13,8 7,26 9,55 7,26 9,32 9,74 8,99 8,13 7,92
130 kV
CTDI100, central 6,49 10,5 11,1 5,82 7,72 5,82 7,47 7,86 7,24 6,52 6,40
CTDI100, peripheral 11,5 18,6 19,6 10,3 13,6 10,3 13,3 13,8 12,8 11,6 11,2
CTDIw 9,84 15,9 16,7 8,83 11,6 8,83 11,3 11,8 10,9 9,89 9,63
140 kV
CTDI100, central 0,54 0,87 0,92 0,48 0,64 0,48 0,62 0,65 0,60 0,54 0,53
CTDI100, peripheral 0,89 1,44 1,52 0,80 1,05 0,80 1,02 1,07 0,99 0,89 0,87
CTDIw 0,77 1,25 1,32 0,69 0,91 0,69 0,89 0,93 0,86 0,78 0,76
Sn 100 kV
CTDI100, central 2,45 3,97 4,21 2,20 2,92 2,20 2,82 2,97 2,73 2,46 2,42
CTDI100, peripheral 3,98 6,45 6,81 3,57 4,72 3,57 4,59 4,81 4,44 4,00 3,91
CTDIw 3,47 5,62 5,94 3,12 4,12 3,12 4,00 4,20 3,87 3,49 3,42
Sn 140 kV
Phantom: Ø 32 cm; Shaped Filter: Standard; Typical Application: Adult Body

1
15
16
1
64 x 0.6 mm
Tube Voltage
CTDI100, central 0,50 0,81 0,86 0,45 0,60 0,45 0,58 0,61 0,56 0,50 0,49
CTDI100, peripheral 0,98 1,58 1,66 0,88 1,15 0,88 1,13 1,17 1,08 0,98 0,95
CTDIw 0,82 1,33 1,39 0,74 0,97 0,74 0,94 0,98 0,91 0,82 0,80
70 kV
CTDI100, central 0,91 1,48 1,56 0,82 1,08 0,82 1,05 1,11 1,02 0,92 0,90
CTDI100, peripheral 1,65 2,68 2,79 1,48 1,94 1,48 1,90 1,97 1,83 1,66 1,61
CTDIw 1,41 2,28 2,38 1,26 1,65 1,26 1,62 1,68 1,56 1,41 1,37
80 kV
CTDI100, central 1,46 2,36 2,49 1,31 1,73 1,31 1,68 1,76 1,62 1,47 1,43
CTDI100, peripheral 2,52 4,09 4,26 2,26 2,95 2,26 2,90 3,01 2,79 2,53 2,45
CTDIw 2,17 3,51 3,67 1,95 2,54 1,95 2,50 2,59 2,40 2,18 2,11
90 kV
CTDI100, central 2,10 3,40 3,59 1,89 2,49 1,89 2,42 2,54 2,34 2,11 2,07
CTDI100, peripheral 3,52 5,69 5,93 3,15 4,11 3,15 4,05 4,19 3,89 3,53 3,41
CTDIw 3,04 4,93 5,15 2,73 3,57 2,73 3,50 3,64 3,37 3,06 2,96
100 kV
CTDI100, central 2,91 4,72 4,98 2,61 3,45 2,61 3,35 3,52 3,24 2,93 2,86
CTDI100, peripheral 4,75 7,69 8,02 4,26 5,56 4,26 5,47 5,67 5,26 4,77 4,61
CTDIw 4,14 6,70 7,01 3,71 4,86 3,71 4,76 4,95 4,59 4,16 4,03
110 kV
CTDI100, central 3,76 6,09 6,42 3,37 4,45 3,37 4,33 4,54 4,18 3,78 3,69
CTDI100, peripheral 6,03 9,76 10,2 5,41 7,05 5,41 6,93 7,18 6,66 6,05 5,84
CTDIw 5,27 8,53 8,92 4,73 6,18 4,73 6,06 6,30 5,84 5,29 5,13
120 kV
CTDI100, central 4,73 7,65 8,08 4,24 5,60 4,24 5,44 5,71 5,26 4,75 4,65
CTDI100, peripheral 7,48 12,1 12,6 6,71 8,76 6,71 8,60 8,93 8,28 7,51 7,27
CTDIw 6,56 10,6 11,1 5,88 7,71 5,88 7,55 7,86 7,27 6,59 6,39
130 kV
CTDI100, central 5,81 9,41 9,96 5,21 6,90 5,21 6,69 7,04 6,48 5,84 5,72
CTDI100, peripheral 9,10 14,7 15,4 8,16 10,7 8,16 10,5 10,9 10,1 9,14 8,84
CTDIw 8,00 13,0 13,6 7,18 9,40 7,18 9,21 9,58 8,87 8,04 7,80
140 kV
CTDI100, central 0,48 0,78 0,82 0,43 0,57 0,43 0,55 0,58 0,54 0,48 0,47
CTDI100, peripheral 0,71 1,15 1,20 0,64 0,83 0,64 0,82 0,85 0,79 0,71 0,69
CTDIw 0,63 1,02 1,08 0,57 0,75 0,57 0,73 0,76 0,70 0,64 0,62
Sn 100 kV
CTDI100, central 2,23 3,61 3,83 2,00 2,66 2,00 2,57 2,71 2,49 2,24 2,20
CTDI100, peripheral 3,24 5,24 5,50 2,90 3,81 2,90 3,73 3,88 3,59 3,25 3,16
CTDIw 2,90 4,70 4,94 2,60 3,43 2,60 3,34 3,49 3,22 2,92 2,84
Sn 140 kV
Phantom: Ø 32 cm; Shaped Filter: Narrow; Typical Application: Cardio, Pediatric Body, Flash (except Flash Trauma)

Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
64 x 0.6 mm
SOMATOM Drive
CTDI100, free air 4,48 7,25 7,65 4,02 5,30 4,02 5,16 5,40 4,98 4,50 4,40
CTDI100, free air 6,79 11,0 11,6 6,09 8,06 6,09 7,82 8,21 7,56 6,82 6,68
CTDI100, free air 9,50 15,4 16,3 8,53 11,3 8,53 10,9 11,5 10,6 9,55 9,36
Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02

CTDI100, free air 12,5 20,3 21,5 11,3 14,9 11,3 14,4 15,2 14,0 12,6 12,4
CTDI100, free air 16,3 26,3 27,8 14,6 19,3 14,6 18,7 19,7 18,1 16,3 16,0
CTDI100, free air 20,0 32,4 34,3 18,0 23,8 18,0 23,0 24,3 22,3 20,1 19,7
CTDI100, free air 24,2 39,2 41,5 21,7 28,8 21,7 27,9 29,3 27,0 24,3 23,9
CTDI100, free air 28,9 46,7 49,5 25,9 34,3 25,9 33,2 35,0 32,2 29,0 28,5
CTDI100, free air 2,00 3,23 3,44 1,79 2,39 1,79 2,30 2,43 2,23 2,01 1,98
CTDI100, free air 8,60 13,9 14,8 7,72 10,3 7,72 9,90 10,5 9,62 8,64 8,53
SN 140 kV Sn 100 kV 140 kV 130 kV 120 kV 110 kV 100 kV 90 kV 80 kV 70 kV Tube Voltage

Phantom: none; Shaped Filter: Standard; Application: n.a.
64 x 0.6 mm
CTDI100, free air 4,12 6,68 7,05 3,70 4,89 3,70 4,75 4,98 4,59 4,14 4,06
CTDI100, free air 6,29 10,2 10,8 5,64 7,48 5,64 7,24 7,62 7,01 6,32 6,20
CTDI100, free air 8,87 14,4 15,2 7,96 10,5 7,96 10,2 10,7 9,9 8,91 8,74
CTDI100, free air 11,8 19,0 20,1 10,6 14,0 10,6 13,5 14,2 13,1 11,8 11,6
CTDI100, free air 15,3 24,7 26,2 13,7 18,2 13,7 17,6 18,5 17,0 15,3 15,1
110 kV 100 kV 90 kV 80 kV 70 kV Tube Voltage

Phantom: none; Shaped Filter: Narrow; Application: n.a.
1
17
18
1
64 x 0.6 mm
CTDI100, free air 18,9 30,6 32,4 16,9 22,5 16,9 21,7 22,9 21,1 19,0 18,6
CTDI100, free air 22,9 37,0 39,2 20,5 27,2 20,5 26,3 27,7 25,5 23,0 22,5
CTDI100, free air 27,4 44,3 46,9 24,5 32,5 24,5 31,5 33,2 30,5 27,5 27,0
CTDI100, free air 1,92 3,11 3,31 1,72 2,30 1,72 2,21 2,34 2,15 1,93 1,91
CTDI100, free air 8,34 13,5 14,4 7,48 10,0 7,48 9,60 10,2 9,32 8,38 8,27
SN 140 kV Sn 100 kV 140 kV 130 kV 120 kV Tube Voltage

Phantom: none; Shaped Filter: Narrow; Application: n.a.

Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
1.1.7 CTDIfree air

The CTDIfree air is stated in the following table based on the typical body mode
(shown in bold type) for varying collimation, kV, and filter setting. Additionally,
the CTDIfree air for the typical head mode is stated.
Acquisition [mm] Variation of the collimation
128 × 0.6
(typical)
16 × 0.6
40 × 0.6
12 × 1.2
32 × 0.6
64 × 0.6
32 × 1.2
16 x 0.3
20 x 0.6
6x 0.6
1 × 10
2×1
1x5
Total collimation [mm] 2.0 mm 3.6 mm 4.8 mm 5.0 mm 6.0 mm 10.0 mm 12.0 mm 14.4 mm 19.2 mm 19.2 mm 38.4 mm 38.4 mm
70 kV 6,6 10,7 11,2 5,9 7,8 5,9 7,9 7,6 7,3 7,4 6,6 6,5
80 kV 10,0 16,2 17,1 9,0 11,8 9,0 12,1 11,5 11,0 11,2 10,0 9,8
90 kV 14,0 22,6 23,9 12,5 16,6 12,5 16,9 16,1 15,4 15,8 14,0 13,8
100 kV 18,4 29,9 31,6 16,5 21,9 16,5 22,3 21,2 20,3 20,8 18,5 18,2
110 kV 23,9 38,7 40,9 21,4 28,4 21,4 28,9 27,5 26,3 26,9 24,0 23,5
120 kV (typical) 29,4 47,6 50,5 26,4 35,0 26,4 35,7 33,9 32,4 33,2 29,6 29,0
130 kV 35,6 57,6 61,0 31,9 42,3 31,9 43,1 41,0 39,2 40,2 35,7 35,1
Shaped filter:
140 kV 42,4 68,7 72,8 38,1 50,5 38,1 51,4 48,8 46,7 47,9 42,6 41,9
standard
Sn 100 kV 2,9 4,8 5,1 2,6 3,5 2,6 3,6 3,4 3,2 3,3 2,9 2,9
Sn 140 kV 12,6 20,5 21,8 11,3 15,1 11,3 15,4 14,6 13,9 14,4 12,7 12,5
70 kV 6,1 9,8 10,4 5,4 7,2 5,4 7,3 7,0 6,7 6,8 6,1 6,0
80 kV 9,2 15,0 15,9 8,3 11,0 8,3 11,2 10,6 10,2 10,4 9,3 9,1
90 kV 13,0 21,1 22,3 11,7 15,5 11,7 15,8 15,0 14,4 14,7 13,1 12,8
100 kV 17,3 28,0 29,6 15,5 20,5 15,5 20,9 19,9 19,0 19,5 17,4 17,0
110 kV 22,5 36,4 38,5 20,2 26,7 20,2 27,2 25,8 24,7 25,3 22,6 22,1
120 kV 27,7 44,9 47,7 24,9 33,0 24,9 33,7 31,9 30,6 31,4 27,9 27,4
130 kV 33,6 54,4 57,6 30,1 40,0 30,1 40,7 38,7 37,0 38,0 33,8 33,1
Shaped filter:
140 kV 40,2 65,1 69,0 36,1 47,8 36,1 48,7 46,3 44,3 45,4 40,4 39,7
Sn 100 kV 2,8 4,6 4,9 2,5 3,4 2,5 3,4 3,3 3,1 3,2 2,8 2,8
narrow
Sn 140 kV 12,3 19,8 21,1 11,0 14,7 11,0 14,9 14,1 13,5 13,9 12,3 12,2
CTDIfree air in mGy for typical body mode (bold type) with variation of collimation, kV, and
filter setting
Acquisition [mm] 12 × 1.2
Total collimation [mm] 14.4
Shaped Filter Wide 120 kV (typical) 89,8
CTDIfree air in mGy for setting of typical head mode
1.1.8 Stray radiation

Stray radiation is indicated for the horizontal and vertical planes based on the
scanner coordinate system (intersection of scanner axis with scan plane) for
maximum tube voltage (140 kV) and maximum collimation width
(64 × 0.6 mm).
A cylindrical PMMA phantom with a diameter of 32 cm and a length of 15 cm is
centered in the scan plane for the stray radiation measurement. A 500 cm3 dose
chamber is used for the measurements.
SOMATOM Drive 19
Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
The accuracy of stated values is determined by the accuracy of chamber

positioning (± 5 cm in each direction) and by the accuracy of the dosemeter
(± 5% or 0.0013 µGy/mAs, whichever is more). Backscatter from cabin walls or
similar surfaces may cause additional variation in the radiation measurement.
The data below represent the maximum scatter radiation for that system type.
Depending on the system configuration, i.e. shaped filter or gantry cover, lower
values may result.
Data in the tables below are derived from measured values.
Stray radiation in microGray (µGy) per mAs
Stray radiation (vertical)

Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
Stray radiation (horizontal)
1.1.9 Dose levels causing deterministic radiation effects

Certain modes of operation allow selections of scan parameters that may lead to
an accumulated peripheral CTDI100 of more than 1 Gy. This dose may exceed the
threshold for deterministic radiation effects on the patient's skin or eye lenses
(see IEC 60601-1-3:2008, Annex A.2, 5.2.4.5).
SOMATOM Drive 21
Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
The accumulated peripheral CTDI100 may serve as a very rough estimation of

skin or eye lens dose. However, other factors may influence the dose to
cause deterministic radiation effects, for example:
◾ A deviation of the patient's body diameter from the standard CTDI
phantom size may lead to a patient's skin dose that is noticeably higher
 than indicated by the accumulated peripheral CTDI100. Such a deviation

may occur, for example, if a body perfusion examination is performed
with a very thin patient.
◾ Repeating examinations within a short time period (compared to the
biological recovery time for deterministic radiation effects) may lead to
deterministic radiation damages, even if the accumulated peripheral
CTDI100 of the single examinations was below 1 Gy.
By using the default Siemens scan protocols for patients with a standard patient
size, without changing the default settings of the scan parameters, and without
repeating the scans, the accumulated peripheral CTDI100 will be kept reasonably
below 1 Gy.
The following list gives examples of situations that may lead to an accumulated
peripheral CTDI100 of 1.0 Gy and above (numbers are approximations). The list
refers to default Siemens scan protocols and concentrates on scan modes with
relatively high radiation exposure. This list is not exhaustive.
◾ Use of perfusion protocols with changes in kV, scan times, or mAs, for
example:
– Neuro PCT with tube voltage changed from 80 kV to 120 kV (≈ 1.2 Gy)
– Neuro PCT with mAs increased from 200 mAs to ≈ 580 mAs
◾ Use of interventional protocols, for example:
– Head Intervention i-Fluoro with an accumulated scan time of ≈ 21 s
– Head Intervention i-Fluoro with 10 s scan time and mAs increased from
100 mAs to ≈ 220 mAs
– Head Intervention i-Fluoro with 15 s scan time and tube voltage increased
from 120 kV to 140 kV
◾ Scanning of sequence protocols without table feed, for example:
– Approximately 16 scans of Head Neuro Seq without table feed
◾ Repeating standard sequences or spiral scans within an examination, for
example:
– Repeated application of the default protocol Head Neuro Seq
(approximately 16 times)
– Repeated application of the default protocol Abdomen Seq (approximately
93 times)
– Repeated application of the default protocol Abdomen Routine
(approximately 89 times)

Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
To prevent unintended, excessive exposure, the CT system provides tools

for Dose Notification and Dose Alert according NEMA XR-25 and
IEC 60601-2-44 (Ed. 3.1). The default threshold value for Dose Alert is an
accumulated CTDIvol of 1.0 Gy for adult patients and 1.0 Gy for pediatric
patients.
Ratio of peripheral CTDI100 to In general, the accumulated peripheral CTDI100 for a scan can be derived from
displayed CTDIvol the displayed CTDIvol by multiplying the CTDIvol with a given factor that depends
on the tube voltage and shaped filter used:
Shaped Filter: Narrow Standard
CTDI phantom size: Ø 16 cm Ø 32 cm Ø 16 cm Ø 32 cm
70 kV 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2
80 kV 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2
90 KV 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2
100 kV 1.0 1.2 1.0 1.2
110 kV 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2
120 kV 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2
130 kV 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2
Tube Voltage
140 kV 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2

Sn 100 kV 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.2
Sn 140 kV 1.0 1.1 1.0 1.1
Ratio of peripheral CTDI100 to displayed CTDIvol
1.1.10 Tolerances for CTDI

According to:
21 CFR 1020.33
The actual exposure values, such as CTDI100, CTDIw, CTDIvol and DLP, may deviate
from the values displayed at the scanner and may deviate from the values stated
in this manual within the following tolerances:
Typical deviation* within ± 10%
Max. tolerance* ± 20%
*) Not including the dosemeter's tolerance; verified with dosemeter

according IEC 61674
Tolerances for CTDI values
Linearity of the radiation output (linearity of measured dose related to displayed

mAs): ± 10%
1.1.11 Conversion factor for CTDIvol from Ø 32 cm phantom to

Ø 16 cm phantom
The displayed and reported CTDIvol and DLP refer to cylindrical PMMA phantoms
with a diameter of 16 cm for head protocols and with a diameter of 32 cm for
all body protocols (adult and pediatric protocols) according to IEC 60601-2-44.
Neck protocols refer to the 32 cm phantom, too.
The table below lists factors for the conversion of the CTDIvol and the DLP from
the CTDI phantom size of Ø 32 cm to the CTDI phantom size of Ø 16 cm.
SOMATOM Drive 23
Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
The table below provides conversion factors to calculate the CTDIvol and DLP for
the 16 cm phantom from the values of a 32 cm phantom. The factors are stated
separately for each setting of shaped filter. Please note that for adult neck
protocols the standard shaped filter is used and for pediatric body and pediatric
neck protocols the narrow shaped filter is used.
1.1.12 Conversion factor for CTDIvol

Conversion factor from Ø 32 cm to Ø 16 cm
Tube Voltage Shaped filter Standard Shaped filter Narrow
70 kV 2.5 2.8
80 kV 2.4 2.6
90 kV 2.3 2.5
100 kV 2.2 2.5
110 kV 2.2 2.4
120 kV 2.2 2.4
130 kV 2.1 2.3
140 kV 2.1 2.3
Sn 100 kV 2.0 2.2
Sn 140 kV 1.9 2.1
Conversion factor for CTDIvolfrom Ø 32 cm to Ø 16 cm
Example
For a typical pediatric body protocol at 100 kV, the displayed CTDIvol (related to
the Ø 32 cm CTDI-phantom) is 3.00 mGy × cm; see ( Page 8 Typical CT
conditions of operation). For the same protocol, the CTDIvol of a Ø 16 cm CTDI-
phantom is 2.5 times higher than the CTDIvol of a Ø 32 cm CTDI-phantom,
resulting in 7.50 mGy.
1.1.13 CTDIvol for topograms

The CTDIvol for topogram scans may be estimated according to IEC 60601-2-44.
Since the collimation (6 × 0.6 mm) and table speed (100 mm/s) for the
topogram is fixed, the CTDIvol for topograms is stated in the following table
depending on the kV and mA values:
Protocol type Head Adult body Child body
Shaped filter Standard Standard Narrow
Phantom size Ø 16 cm Ø 32 cm Ø 32 cm
CTDIvol CTDIvol CTDIvol
µGy/mA µGy/mA µGy/mA
70 kV 1.6 0.6 0.5
80 kV 2.5 1.0 0.8
90 kV 3.6 1.6 1.3
100 kV 5.0 2.2 1.8

Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
Protocol type Head Adult body Child body
Shaped filter Standard Standard Narrow
Phantom size Ø 16 cm Ø 32 cm Ø 32 cm
CTDIvol CTDIvol CTDIvol
µGy/mA µGy/mA µGy/mA
110 kV 6.6 3.0 2.4
120 kV 8.3 3.8 3.1
130 kV 10.0 4.7 3.8
140 kV 11.9 5.7 4.7
CTDIvol for topograms
1.1.14 Geometric efficiency in the z-direction

The dose efficiency is defined by IEC 60601-2-44 as the integral of the “free in
air” dose profile in the isocenter along the z-axis over the acquisition range in
the z-direction. It is expressed as percentage of the total integral of the dose
profile in the z-direction. The acquisition range is the distance spanned by the
selected detector elements along the z-axis. The displayed CTDIvol and DLP
reflect the dose efficiency of a collimation according to the definition of CTDIvol.
Correlation of dose profile and collimation with regards to dose efficiency
y Dose
z z-axis
(1) Total dose profile width
(2) Dose profile
(3) Detector
(4) Acquisition range
Dose efficiency values for the various Acquisition Total collimation Dose efficiency
collimation types
2 × 1 mm 2.0 mm 79%
1 × 5 mm 5.0 mm 84%
20 × 0.6 mm 6.0 mm 70%
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Acquisition Total collimation Dose efficiency
16 × 0.6 mm 4.8 mm 50%
16 × 0.3 mm 4.8 mm 50%
1 × 10 mm 10.0 mm 92%
40 × 0.6 mm 12.0 mm 71%
12 × 1.2 mm 14.4 mm 78%
32 × 0.6 mm 19.2 mm 82%
64 × 0.6 mm 19.2 mm 76%
32 × 1.2 mm 38.4 mm 90%
128 × 0.6 mm 38.4 mm 87%
Dose efficiency values of CT scans
For CT scans with a dose efficiency lower than 70%, a message containing
information about the dose efficiency is displayed after a scan range is loaded.
The user has to confirm the message before starting the scan.
1.1.15 Dose profiles

According to:
21 CFR 1020.33
Dose profiles for single axial scans have been measured for the narrowest and
widest collimations, as well as for a mid-range collimation. For each of these
collimations, the dose profiles have been measured without any phantom (free
air), at the center of the Ø 16 cm CTDI phantom (head) and at the center of the
Ø 32 cm CTDI phantom (body).
The phantoms were centered in the isocenter and aligned with the scanner
axes. For the measurements, a semiconductor diode sensor was moved through
the phantom.
Dose profile diagrams
In the diagrams below, dose profiles (thick lines) are presented as a percentage
of their maximum value.
Sensitivity profiles for the detector slices used in these collimations are plotted
as thin lines (sum of single-slice sensitivity profiles). The dotted lines indicate
the nominal collimation.
Nominal values and tolerances for acceptance testing
The stated tolerances are determined by the accuracy of the measurement
method.
For acceptance testing, dose profile widths are measured using film
(GAFCHROMIC XR-QA / XR-QA2) and without any phantom. The tube is fixed
and positioned at 12 o'clock. The exposure parameters are chosen to
overexpose the film (120 kV, 160 mA, 10 s). Using this method, no
densitometry is needed to evaluate the film. The width of the blackened range
is a measure of the base width of the profile. Nominal values and tolerances are
defined accordingly.

Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
Dose profile diagrams
no phantom phantom 16 cm phantom 32 cm
2 × 1 mm
12 × 1.2 mm
64 × 0.6 mm
x-Axis: z-position [mm]

y-Axis: rel. dose & ssp[%]
Dose profiles
Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM)

of dose profiles
Collimation No phantom Ø 16 cm phantom Ø 32 cm phantom Tolerance
2 × 1 mm 2.5 mm 2.7 mm 2.9 mm ± 1.5 mm
12 × 1.2 mm 18 mm 22 mm 55 mm ± 4.0 mm
64 × 0.6 mm 43 mm 45 mm 88 mm ± 4.0 mm
Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) of dose profiles
1.1.16 Nominal values and tolerances for acceptance testing

Collimation Nominal blackening width Tolerance
2 × 1 mm 3.5 mm ± 1.0 mm
12 × 1.2 mm 19.4 mm ± 1.5 mm
64 × 0.6 mm 45.5 mm ± 2.0 mm
Nominal values and tolerances for acceptance testing
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1.1.17 Beam quality, leakage technique factors and minimum

filtration
Tube voltage Half Value Layer (HVL)
70 kV ≥ 4.0 mm Al (typical 5.2 – 5.4 mm*)
Sn 100 kV ≥ 5.0 mm Al (typical 11.3 – 11.4 mm*)
Sn 140 kV ≥ 5.0 mm Al (typical 13.8 – 13.9 mm*)
*) Depending on shaped filter
Beam quality
≤ 0.88 mGy/h Leakage radiation of X-ray tube housing assembly at 1 m distance to

focal spot with 145 kV, 4600 W
Leakage technique factors
Minimum filtration, permanent in the useful Quality equivalent filtration ≥ 6.8 mm Al at CARE filter
beam (tube housing assembly) 145 kV
Tube A and tube B
Minimum filtration, permanent in the useful 0.3 mm Ti + 1 mm C, CARE filter

beam (beam limiting device)
(2.9 mm Al 140 kV/HVL 8.4 mm Al) Tube A and tube B
Setting of shaped filter: standard
(e.g. head and standard body protocols)
Additional filtration, conditional in the useful 0.5 mm Al CARE filter

beam (beam limiting device)
(0.5 mm Al 140 kV/HVL 9.4 mm Al) Tube A and tube B
Setting of shaped filter: narrow
(e.g. cardiac and pediatric body protocols)
0.4 mm Sn (protocols with setting
(47 mm Al 140 kV/HVL 9.4 mm Al) Sn 100 kV or Sn 140 kV)
Minimum filtration
1.1.18 Performance specification of automatic exposure controls

The CT scanner offers different types of automatic exposure controls for
adaptation of the exposure to the indvidual patient.
◾ CARE Dose 4D: mAs adaptation to patient size, longitudinal, and angular tube
current modulation
◾ ECG-Pulsing: Adaptation of tube current to the patient's ECG signal

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◾ X-CARE: Control of the angular tube current to reduce dose for an angular
segment with radiation sensitive organs, such as eye lenses and breast tissue
◾ CARE kV: Optimization of kV to minimize patient dose but maintaining image
quality
The modulation type applied depends on the protocol selected and the
individual setting:
Protocol types, organ characteristics Modulation type
Abdomen XYZ exposure control The tube current is adapted to the patient size.
It is varied along the z-axis according to the
AngioBody (CARE Dose 4D)
patient’s attenuation profile and modulated
Pediatric Head angularily according to the patient's angular
attenuation profile that has been measured
Pediatric Angio Head online.
Neck
Pelvis
Runoff
Shoulder
Spine
Thorax
Adult Head Z exposure control The tube current is adapted to the patient size
and varied along the z-axis according to the
Adult Angio Head (CARE Dose 4D)
patient’s attenuation profile.
Respiratory
Body-Perfusion XY exposure control The tube current is modulated angularily

according to the patient's angular attenuation
Extremities (CARE Dose)
profile that has been measured online and is
based on the user-selected mAs.
Osteo Fixed exposure control The tube current is adapted to an average

patient size and kept constant.
(CARE Dose 4D)
Cardio ECG-Pulsing The tube current is pulsed according to the

patient's ECG signal.
(Z exposure control for chest pain protocols (possibly combined with fixed exposure control
only) or Z exposure control)
X-CARE protocols Angular modulated exposure control The tube current is modulated angularly rela-
tively to the patient's orientation to reduce
(X-CARE)
dose in certain body ranges (eye lenses, breast
(possibly combined with fixed exposure con- tissue).
trol, Z exposure control or XY exposure con-
trol)
Modulation types of automatic exposure control, related to the selected protocols
CARE Dose 4D CARE Dose 4D automatically adapts the tube current to the patient's body size
and shape.
Using the patient's topogram, Care Dose 4D evaluates two profiles of the
patient's body size in the a.p. and lateral directions, related to the X-ray
attenuation of the patient's body.
Based on these profiles, the mAs value is adapted to the patient during the
subsequent CT scans. The adaptation follows a curve, which determines the
correlation between patient size and tube current. The adaptation curve has
been derived from clinical optimization for constant diagnostic image quality.
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The adaptation curve is based on three parameters:

◾ A reference body size, related to a typical adult patient size of approximately
70 to 80 kg, which is internally stored in the CT system for the considered
organ characteristic and depending on the selected protocol. This patient size
refers to a typical tissue-bone-mixture-equivalent X-ray attenuation
coefficient and is not the physical diameter of the patient's body (in particular
in the lung and pelvis regions).
Reference thickness for automatic exposure control (for specific organ
characteristics)
– Head, Angio Head 19.2 cm
– Neck 22.6 cm
– Shoulder 34.8 cm
– Thorax, Respiratory 31.4 cm
– Cardio 29.4 cm
– Abdomen, AngioBody, BodyPerfusion, Runoff 33.9 cm
– Pelvis, Osteo 35.8 cm
– Spine 32.8 cm
◾ A reference mAs value “ref. mAs” (or “ref. mAs/rot”), which is adjustable by
the operator on the Scan Card to modify the overall dose and image quality of
the scan range.
◾ An individual adjustment of the adaptation strength, which can be selected in
five steps (very weak, weak, average, strong, very strong), and which is
separated for body sizes smaller or larger than the reference body size.
The curve below shows the theoretical adaptation curve for a cylindrical body
shape. Depending on the individual patient geometry, the curve may deviate
from this theoretical function. Moreover, the curve may be cut depending on
the system's power limits.

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Adaptation of mAs to patient size for standard protocols (adult and child)
x Deviation from reference thickness (d - dref) [cm]

y (eff.) mAs / ref. mAs
(1) constant noise
(2) very strong
(3) strong
(4) average
(5) weak
(6) very weak
Depending on the modulation type of the protocol, the patient size adapted
tube current can be fixed, modulated along the z-axis according to the
adaptation curve, modulated according to the patient's online measured
angular attenuation profile, or a combination of these.
For certain organ characteristics (obese, runoff, neck), special adaptation curves
are applied.
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Automatic Exposure Control - adaptation curves for neck protocols

(1) constant noise
(2) very strong
(3) strong
(4) average
(5) weak
(6) very weak

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Automatic Exposure Control - adaptation curves for obese protocols

(1) constant noise
(2) very strong
(3) strong
(4) average
(5) weak
(6) very weak
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Automatic Exposure Control - adaptation curves for runoff protocols

(1) constant noise
(2) very strong
(3) strong
(4) average
(5) weak
(6) very weak
ECG Gating The tube current is synchronized to the patient's ECG signal and gated
depending on the user-defined setting for the image time window, which is set
as a percentage range of the RR interval (e.g., 70% to 70%). Depending on the
data range needed for the particular image reconstruction, the width of the
tube current gating varies between a minimum of a 260° rotation angle and a
maximum of full rotation. Outside the tube current gating window, the tube
current is reduced to 20% (or 4% with MinDose) of the value inside the gating
window.
X-CARE The tube current is reduced over an angle segment of 80°, with respect to the
anterior position of the patient, to reduce the organ dose for radiation-sensitive
peripheral organs such as eye lenses or female breast tissue. Depending on the
system's power limits, the tube current reduction is by up to 80%. The reduction
is compensated for by an increased tube current over the rest of the rotation,
keeping the average CTDIvol constant.
CARE kV The kV is optimized to minimize the CTDIvol but maintaining image quality
(contrast-to-noise ratio).
CARE kV evaluates the body diameter using the patient's topogram. Based on
the user-defined image quality and tissue of interest, a kV setting is determined
that minimizes the CTDIvol, keeping the contrast-to-noise ratio constant.

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1.1.19 Use of radiation shields for the purpose of reducing patient

dose in CT scanning with Siemens Healthcare CT systems
In general, the effects of radiation shields used in CT examinations on patient
dose and image quality depend on several factors, in particular, the material and
shape of the radiation shield, its placement and the patient’s body shape. Since
these factors vary with each individual examination setup a generalized and
scientifically validated statement is not feasible.
However, the following statements may provide a better understanding of the
situation.
◾ Radiation shield positioned outside of the directly exposed range of a CT scan
and the corresponding topogram scan: No negative influence on image
quality and patient dose is expected, therefore no concerns in using radiation
shields in this situation exist.
◾ Radiation shield positioned within the directly exposed range of a CT scan or
the corresponding topogram scan: Shielding may affect image quality and
patient dose:
◾ Image reconstruction algorithms widely suppress artifacts caused by
metals in or on the patient's body but artifacts cannot generally be
excluded.
◾ Siemens' automatic exposure control, CARE Dose 4D, can be substantially
affected by external shields on the patient’s body. To minimize a potential
negative effect of Radiation Shields it is recommended to scan the
topogram without shields and use the shields only during the succeeding
CT examination.
◾ While patient dose is reduced in areas protected by the radiation shield,
consequently the image noise may increase (in addition to the presence of
artifacts) and affect diagnosis.
◾ An alternative to shielding that also only locally reduces the radiation dose
in the patient is a dedicated scan mode like X-CARE that is offered on most
of the CT systems manufactured by Siemens Healthcare.
In summary, the use of radiation shields positioned within the directly exposed
range of a CT scan cannot generally be recommended. A careful consideration
of patient dose and image quality by the user is mandatory.
For further information, see also the following publications:
◾ Vollmar SV, Kalender WA: Reduction of dose to the female breast in thoracic
CT: a comparison of standard-protocol, bismuth-shielded, partial and tube-
current-modulated CT examinations. Eur Radiol 2008, 18(8):1674-1682.
◾ Geleijns J, Salvado Artells M, Veldkamp WJ, Lopez Tortosa M, Calzado Cantera
A: Quantitative assessment of selective in-plane shielding of tissues in
computed tomography through evaluation of absorbed dose and image
quality. Eur Radiol 2006, 16 (10):2334-2340.
◾ Geleijns J, Wang J, McCollough C: The use of breast shielding for dose
reduction in pediatric CT: arguments against the proposition. Pediatric
Radiology 2010, 40(11):1744-1747
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Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
◾ Halliburton SS, Abbara S, Chen MY, Gentry R, Mahesh M, Raff GL, Shaw LJ,
Hausleiter J: SCCT guidelines on radiation dose and dose-optimization
strategies in cardiovascular CT. J Cardiovasc Comput Tomogr 2011, 5(4):
198-224.
◾ AAPM Position Statement on the Use of Bismuth Shielding for the Purpose of
Dose Reduction in CT scanning (http://www.aapm.org/publicgeneral/
BismuthShielding.pdf)
1.2 Image quality
1.2.1 Low-contrast detectability

Low-contrast detectability has been measured in a spiral body mode at 120 kV
with the following parameter settings: 10 mm slice, kernel I31s, ADMIRE
strength 5, FoV 160 mm with a 20 cm Catphan (CTP 515) consisting of a plastic
disc with rod inserts of different sizes and contrast values. The phantom is
positioned at approximately 3.5 cm of the plane to avoid the ring suppression
algorithm diminishing the contrast of the concentrically positioned inserts.
The low-contrast detectability is determined by a visual inspection of the
images. The specified low contrast is the smallest diameter that can be
visualized for a certain contrast at the specified dose with a specified images
slice thickness.
This method is subjective and depends on the viewer's visual acuity and on
statistical fluctuations of the image noise. Therefore, the stated diameter
combines the evaluation of several human observers and several images
independently scanned with the same scan parameters.*
Due to the high variability of these results, it is difficult to objectively measure
low contrast detectability. Hence, this visual method is not recommended for an
acceptance test.
* Specification for detectability by single observers within single scans:
◾ 5 mm / 3 HU at CTDIvol (32 cm) ≤ 12 mGy, Body Mode
◾ 5 mm / 3 HU at CTDIvol (16 cm) ≤ 26 mGy, Head Mode
CTDIvol (32 cm) for low-contrast Low-contrast detectability in a 20 cm CATPhan CTP 515 for a reconstructed
detectability slicewidth of 10 mm:
Object Size / Contrast CTDIvol (32 cm)
5 mm / 3 HU 8 mGy
4 mm / 3 HU 10 mGy
3 mm / 3 HU 13 mGy
1.2.2 CT number
The CT number is specified for air (-1000 ± 4 HU) and water (0 ± 4 HU) only.
The specification is not valid for other materials in the beam. The specified CT
number of air according to the YY 0310 testing method is -1000 ± 10 HU. The
CT number for water is valid for a cylindrical phantom with a diameter ranging
from 20 cm to 30 cm which is centered and aligned with the scanner axis for
both, typical head modes and typical body modes.

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The CT numbers for other materials depend on the kV settings and the shaped
filter.
1.2.3 Uniformity
The uniformity of the CT values is specified for a typical scan mode within a
cylindrical 20 cm water phantom that has been centered in the scan plane
without any other objects in the scan field.
Cross-field uniformity (maximum) ≤ 4 HU (Typical head mode, Ø20 cm water

phantom, typical body mode, Ø20 cm
and Ø30 cm water phantom)
Cross-field uniformity (typical) ≤ 2 HU (Typical head and body mode, Ø20 cm

water phantom)
1.2.4 Image noise

According to:
21 CFR 1020.33
A circular Region of Interest (ROI) with a diameter of approximately 40% of the

phantom diameter was used to measure the noise in images of a 20 cm and
30 cm water phantom using the following typical head and typical adult body
conditions of operation.
Ø 20 cm water phantom Ø 30 cm water phantom
Typical head 3.2 HU ± 10% n.a.
Typical adult body 4.7 HU ± 10% 12.0 HU ± 10%
Image noise
1.2.5 High-Contrast-Resolution, Modulation Transfer Function

(MTF)
According to:
21 CFR 1020.33
The Point Spread Function (PSF) image is obtained by scanning a 0.2 mm

tungsten wire placed in air. The two-dimensional Fourier transformation of the
PSF generates a Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) of the system. Nominal
values for wires placed in plastics are specified for quality assurance. Refer to
the automatically generated software reports.
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Measured MTF from image of wire placed in air
x Spatial Frequency [LP/cm]

y MTF [%]
(1) Typical Head (H30s)
(2) Typical Body (B30f)
(3) Sharpest without UHR (H70h)
(4) Sharpest with UHR (U95u)
MTF Typical Head (H30s) Typical Body (B30f) Sharpest without UHR Sharpest with UHR
(H70h) (U95u)
50% 3.5 LP/cm ± 10% 3.5 LP/cm ± 10% 11.4 LP/cm ± 10% 18.7 LP/cm ± 10%
10% 5.9 LP/cm ± 10% 5.9 LP/cm ± 10% 14.0 LP/cm ± 10% 23.3 LP/cm ± 10%
Nominal MTF values of a wire placed in air
1.2.6 Sensitivity profiles

Slice Sensitivity Profiles (SSP) are measured in the standard mode on the basis of
images of a thin gold disk that is moved through the scan plane along the z-axis
in very small steps and imaged after each scan in a single axial scan. The
sensitivity profile is the profile of HU values measured along the z-direction at
the location of the gold disc in the image. Sensitivity profiles are valid for the
head mode and the body mode.

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Nominal slice thickness 0.6 mm
Thinnest axial slice 0.6 mm
x z [mm]
y SSP [%]
Nominal slice thickness 5 mm
Midrange axial slice 5 mm
x z [mm]
y SSP [%]
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Nominal slice thickness: 14.4 mm
Maximum axial slice 14.4 mm
x z [mm]
y SSP [%]
1.2.7 HD FOV: Advanced extended FOV reconstruction

HD FOV was designed to substantially improve the accuracy of previous
extended FOV methods. Whereas previous extended FOV algorithms seek to
fulfill consistency conditions at the edges of measured raw data, the new HD
FOV approach uses prior knowledge in the image domain. The contour of the
patient outside the Scan Field of View (SFOV) is estimated using a standard e-
FOV reconstruction. Afterwards, the area inside is filled with constant
attenuation values (typically water). Using this information about the patient,
the corresponding image volume is forward projected. This step provides a
stream of synthetic raw data, which is combined with the measured raw data.
This approach gives a rough estimate of patient geometry outside the SFOV and
a good stability of attenuation values. In typical clinical situations, an HU
stability of ± 50 HU is maintained. The accuracy of the contour estimate
depends on the patient geometry.
1.2.8 Nominal tomographic section thicknesses

According to:
21 CFR 1020.33

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Application Mode Acquisition Reconstructable Slice Width (mm)

(mm)
10 .0
0.75
14.4
15.0
20.0
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.4
3.0
4.0
4.8
5.0
6.0
7.0
7.2
8.0
Routine Spiral 128 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x x x x x
32 × 1.2 x x x x x x x x x
Sequence 128 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x x x x x
32 × 1.2 x x x x x x x x
1 × 10 x
1×5 x
Flash Sprial 128 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x x x x x
Neuro Spiral 40 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x x x x x
20 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x x x x x
Sequence 12 × 1.2 x x x x x
1 × 10 x
1×5 x
Obese Spiral 32 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x x x x x
Thorax HR Sequence 2×1 x x
UHR Spiral 16 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x x
z UHR Spiral 16 × 0.3 x x1) x x x x x x x x x
Chest Pain Spiral 128 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x
32 × 1.2 x x x x x
Cardio Spiral 128 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x
32 × 1.2 x x x x x
Sequence 128 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x
32 × 1.2 x x x x
Cardiac Shuttle Sequence 128 × 0.6 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
32 × 1.2 x x x x x x x x x x
Respiratory Spiral 128 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x
32 × 1.2 x x x x x
32 × 1.2 x x x x x x x x
i-Fluoro Multiscan 12 × 1.2 x x x
1 × 10 x
1×5 x
i-Sequence Sequence 32 × 1.2 x x x x x x
12 × 1.2 x x x x
1 × 10 x
1×5 x
i-spiral Spiral 32 × 1.2 x x x x x x x x x
Perfusion Multiscan 128 × 0.6 x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
32 × 1.2 x x x x x x x x x x
1 × 10 x
Adaptive 4D Spi- 128 × 0.6 x x x x x x x x x x x x
ral
32 × 1.2 x x x x x x x x x
1) With Stellar detector
Some of the listed configurations are optional.
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Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
Application Mode Acquisition Reconstructable Slice Width (mm)

(mm)
10 .0
0.75
14.4
15.0
20.0
0.4
0.5
0.6
1.0
1.2
1.5
2.0
2.4
3.0
4.0
4.8
5.0
6.0
7.0
7.2
8.0
Dual Energy Spiral 128 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x x x x x
64 × 0.6 x x x x x x x x x x x x
40 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x x x x x
32 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x x x x x
32 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x
64 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x
Dual Energy Car- Spiral 128 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x
dio
64 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x
64 × 0.6 x1) x x x x x x x x
1) With Stellar detector
Some of the listed configurations are optional.
Nominal tomographic section thicknesses
Tolerances of slice thickness
According to:
21 CFR 1020.33
< 1mm Tolerance: ± 0.5 mm
≥ 1 mm and ≤ 2 mm Tolerance: ± 50%
> 2 mm Tolerance: ± 1 mm
1.3 Information about quality assurance

The CT system offers a software-based tool for quality assurance which fulfills
the requirements of IEC 61223-2-6 for constancy testing of imaging
performance in CT.
With this software tool, dose and imaging performance factors such as CTDI,
slice thickness, image noise, homogeneity and light marker accuracy, can be
tested. See SOMATOM Instructions for use.
For each test, the tool checks the following two criteria:
◾ the constancy of the system, i.e. whether the deviation of the currently
measured values from previously recorded reference values for this individual
system is within the tolerance for the constancy of a system.
◾ if the same testing methodology was used in the acceptance test: Whether
the measured values meet the nominal values specified for this type of
system within the specified tolerances.
To establish the reference values, the tests can be configured as a reference
measurement.
The tolerances for the tests consist of the tolerances related to the nominal
value and the tolerances related to the reference value.

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Relationship between reference measurement and actual measurement
(1) Nominal value(∙) and tolerance (↔) for reference measurement

(2) Reference value (ο) and tolerance (↔) for actual measurement
The upper arrow indicates the specified tolerance around the nominal value
(black dot) specified for the scanner type concerned. This tolerance is valid for
the initial constancy measurement (Constancy Reference) where the baseline
values for the individual system (black circle) are established and stored for
comparison with the succeeding constancy tests. The lower arrow indicates the
specific tolerance around the baseline value established in the Constancy
Reference measurement. This tolerance is valid for the periodical constancy
measurement (Constancy Normal). It indicates the allowed deviation from the
baseline value cut to the additional valid tolerances for the nominal value
indicated by the upper arrow.
New reference values must be recorded in the following situations:
◾ When a new CT scanner is brought into use
◾ After installation of a new software version, the reference test is required by
the manufacturer
◾ After changing any component relevant to image quality and dose (exchange
of tube, tube collimator or detector) or its accessories (detector module)
◾ Whenever changes in test equipment may cause a variation
After installation or relocation of the CT scanner or after major modifications
(other than normal maintenance or repair), a repetition of partial acceptance
testing according to IEC 61223-3-5 may be necessary.
The test tool offers a routine test plan according to the requirements of the
standard. In addition, constancy tests must be done in the following situations:
◾ Whenever malfunction is expected
◾ Immediately after the CT scanner has undergone maintenance that could
affect the performance parameter under test
◾ Whenever the constancy test fails, in order to confirm the test result
Reports for the quality tests with measured values and their tolerance range can
be extracted as pdf files for the configured language.
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The function “Quality Daily” is a subset of Constancy tests consisting of

“Homogeneity and Water value” and “Image Noise” only. The measured values
here are checked to be within the nominal tolerance only.
The test methods of the constancy tests are described below. Tests defined by
IEC 61223-2-6 as mandatory are marked in bold type. Other tests are not
selected as default or are only optionally available after configuration of the test
menu (service function).
1.3.1 Test methods for the constancy tests
Test Content
Slice thickness The tomographic section thickness is evaluated by measuring the width of the
image of an inclined aluminium ramp at the intersection of the ramp with the
slice. The width is defined as the Full Width at Half-Maximum (FWHM) of the
baseline corrected CT-value profile. The influence of the reconstruction kernel
and the influence of the cone angle on the measured width are taken into
account. The measurement is performed for two sets of scan parameters, repre-
senting a typical head mode and a typical body mode. The evaluation is per-
formed for at least both outer and one central slice. The measurement and eval-
uation is performed separately for system A and B.
Homogeneity and water value The measurement is performed for three sets of scan parameters, representing
a typical head mode, a typical body mode and a body dual-source mode. For the
dual-source mode the evaluation is performed separately for system A and B.
The water value and homogeneity is evaluated by measuring the mean CT num-
ber in five Regions Of Interest (ROI) in the image of a cylindrical water phantom
with diameter 20 cm. The ROI are located in the center and near the edge of the
water phantom at 12 o'clock, 3 o'clock, 6 o'clock and 9 o'clock. The water value
is the CT number of the central ROI, the homogeneity is the difference between
the outer ROI and the central ROI each.
Image noise The measurement is performed for three sets of scan parameters, representing
a typical head mode, a typical body mode and a body dual-source mode. For the
dual-source mode the evaluation is performed separately for system A and B.
The image noise is evaluated by measuring the standard deviation of CT num-
bers in a Region Of Interest (ROI) in the image of a cylindrical water phantom
with a diameter of 20 cm. The ROI is located in the phantom center. To suppress
any influences of image inhomogeneity or ring artifacts, the evaluation is per-
formed for the difference image of two succeeding scans.
Contrast scale Contrast scale is evaluated from the mean CT numbers in a central Region Of
Interest (ROI), measured from a scan of a cylindrical water phantom with a
20 cm diameter and a scan without a phantom. Attenuation coefficients of
0 cm-1 for air and 0.192 cm-1 for water are taken for the evaluation. Evaluation
is performed for two scans, representing a typical body-mode and a dual-
source-mode.
Low-contrast resolution The low-contrast resolution is tested for the A-system by visual asssessment of
low contrast rods of 5 mm diameter embedded in a plastic disc providing a con-
trast of approximately 6 HU.
An image with a 10 mm slice thickness, taken with a CTDIfreeAir of approximately
50 mGy, is evaluated.
*) CTDIair and CTDIw are alternative methods for the mandatory dose constancy test. Siemens offers CTDIair by
default; CTDIw can be configured.

Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
Test Content
High-Contrast-Resolution (MTF) The high-contrast resolution is determined by evaluating the image of a thin
tungsten wire placed in a plastic rod, centered in the scan plane and aligned
along the scanner axis. The point spread function is obtained from the images
of the wire and the Modulation Transfer Function (MTF) is calculated as the
Fourier transformation of the point spread function. The 50% and 10% values of
the MTF are evaluated.
The measurement is performed for four to five sets of scan parameters, repre-
senting a typical head mode, a typical body mode, a dual-source mode, the
sharpest mode without UHR comb and, if available, the sharpest mode with
UHR comb. For the dual-source mode the evaluation is performed separately for
system A and B.
CTDIw* The CTDIw is evaluated from the measured Dose-Length-Product (over 10 cm)
for three sets of scan parameters, representing a typical head mode, a typical
body mode and a dual-source mode. For the head mode, a 16 cm PMMA phan-
tom is used and for the body mode and dual-source mode, a 32 cm CTDI phan-
tom is used. The dose is measured in the central and upper borehole only, as
the differences of the four peripheral positions are known as small compared to
the tolerances.
The dual-source-mode is like the typical body mode, but with both tubes contri-
buting half of the dose each.
CTDIfree air* The CTDIfree air is evaluated from the measured Dose-Length-Product (over
10 cm) in a typical head mode, a typical body-mode (A-System) and a scan with
the typical body mode parameter in the B-system.
Tube voltage The tube voltage is measured with an internal voltage divider for scans with all
nominal tube voltages. The test is performed separately for system A and B.
Light marker For the test of the light markers, the system phantom is centered and aligned,
so that the lightmarkers hit the engraved notches on the phantom. From the
image of the phantom, scanned with narrow collimation, the congruence of the
engraved notches with the scan plane, as well as the saggital and coronal
planes, are tested.
Topogram position In the topogram image of the system phantom, the position of an tomogram
scan with narrow collimation is selected for the engraved notches in the phan-
tom. From the recorded tomogram image of the phantom, the congruence of
the engraved notches with the scan plane is inspected.
Table position The patient table is automatically moved forward and backward over 30 cm in
continuous movement and stepwise movement. After each series of move-
ments, the distance is measured with a ruler.
*) CTDIair and CTDIw are alternative methods for the mandatory dose constancy test. Siemens offers CTDIair by
default; CTDIw can be configured.
Test methods for the constancy tests
SOMATOM Drive 45
Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02

Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
Index
A causing deterministic radiation Conversion factor Ø32 to Ø16

effects 21 phantom 23, 24
Advanced extended FOV reconstruction 40
Dose profiles 26 Peripheral CTDI100
automatic exposure controls
Dosimetry and Imaging performance 5 Ratio of peripheral CTDI100 to
performance specification 28
displayed CTDIvol 23
E Phantoms and methods 6

B
Beam quality 28 ECG Gating 34
Q
exposure controls
quality assurance 42
C performance specification of
automatic 28
CARE Dose 4D 5, 29
Extended FOV reconstruction 40 R
CARE kV 5, 34
Radiation
Collimation types Stray radiation 19
G
Dose efficiency values 25
geometric efficiency Radiation effects
contrast 36 Dose levels causing deterministic
z-direction 25
Contrast radiation effects 21
CTDIvol low-contrast detectability (Ø32 radiation shields 35
H
phantom) 36
HD FOV 40 Ratio of peripheral CTDI100 to displayed
High-Contrast-Resolution 37
CTDIvol 23
Conversion factor High-Contrast-Resolution 37
Resolution
Conversion factor CTDIvol Ø32 to
High-Contrast-Resolution 37
Ø16 23, 24 I
CT conditions image noise 37
S
(CTDI100) typical (128-slice) 9
typical 8 Sensitivity profiles 38
L
CT number 36 Stray radiation 19
Leakage technique factors 28
CTDI 5
low-contrast detectability 36
tolerances 23 T
Low-contrast detectability
CTDI free air 19 tolerances for CTD 23
CTDIvol (Ø32 phantom) 36
CTDI100 Tomographic section thicknesses 40
dose factors for varying tube voltage Typical CT conditions of operation 8
M
and shaped filter (128-slice) 10
mGy/100 mAs (128-slice) 13 Methods and Phantoms 6
U
Ratio of peripheral CTDI100 to Minimum filtration 28
displayed CTDIvol 23 uniformity 37
Modulation Transfer Function 37
related dose factors 9, 9
MTF 37
Typical CT conditions of operation X
(128-slice) 9 X-CARE 34
N
CTDIvol
Conversion factor Ø32 to Ø16 Nominal tomographic section
Z
phantom 23, 24 thicknesses 40
z-direction
for topograms 24
geometric efficiency 25
low-contrast detectability (Ø32 O
phantom) 36
Ø16 phantom
Ratio of peripheral CTDI100 to
displayed CTDIvol 23
Ø16 23, 24
Ø32 phantom
D
Dose efficiency values Ø16 23, 24
for various collimation types 25 CTDIvol low-contrast detectability 36
dose factors Operation
related to CTDI100 9, 9 (CTDI100) Typical CT conditions (128-
Dose factors slice) 9
(CTDI100) for varying tube voltage and Typical CT conditions 8
shaped filter (128-slice) 10
for varying acquisition type (128- P
slice) 11
patient safety
for varying mAs 12
use of radiation shield 35
Dose levels
pediatric protocols
SOMATOM Drive 47
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Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
SOMATOM Drive 49
Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02

Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02
Federal law restricts this device to sale by or on the order of a physician
(21 CFR 801.109(b)(1)).
The original language of this document is English.
Manufacturer’s note:
This device bears a CE mark in accordance with the provisions of Council

Directive 93/42/EEC of June 14, 1993 concerning medical devices and
the Council Directive 2011/65/EU of June 08, 2011 on the restriction of
the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic
equipment.
The CE marking applies only to Medical Devices which have been put on
the market according to the above-mentioned EC Directives.
Unauthorized changes to this product are not covered by the CE mark

and the related Declaration of Conformity.
Siemens Healthcare Headquarters Legal Manufacturer

Siemens Healthcare GmbH Siemens Healthcare GmbH
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Phone: +49 9131 84-0
siemens.com/healthcare
Print No. C2-047.660.01.02.02 | © Siemens Healthcare GmbH, 2016 – 2016
www.siemens.com/healthcare

Somatom Drive: System Owner Manual - Dosimetry and Imaging Performance Report

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1 Dosimetry and imaging performance report 5

4 Dosimetry and imaging performance report | System Owner Manual

1 Dosimetry and imaging

1.1 Dose information

1.1.1 General information about dose indication

Further information regarding dose reduction functions is provided in the

1.1.2 Phantoms and methods

To ensure correct dose measurements, it is recommended that a dosimeter

6 Dosimetry and imaging performance report | System Owner Manual

 IEC 61267: 2005

LDP – measured Length-Dose-Product [mGy∙cm]

According to it's definition, CTDIw has to be derived from CTDI100 measured in

For spiral scanning

For axial scanning

For axial scanning without table feed

For scanning with periodic back and

1.1.3 Typical CT conditions of operation

8 Dosimetry and imaging performance report | System Owner Manual

Typical CT conditions of operation

1.1.4 CTDI100 for typical CT conditions of operation

Patient size Adult Adult Adult Adult Child

*) 0.33s full scan without pulsing

**) Average over several partial scans

CTDI100 for typical CT conditions of operation

 definition in IEC 60601-2-44). As typical modes may be spiral scans, the

1.1.5 Dose factors related to the CTDI100 for typical CT conditions of

The CTDI100 is influenced by the following selectable scan parameters:

Typical Head Typical Head Perfusion Typical Body

CTDI Phantom Ø 16 cm CTDI Phantom Ø 16 cm CTDI Phantom Ø 32cm

Shaped filter Shaped filter Shaped filter

Peripheral 0,16 0,19 n.a. 0,64 0,13 0,17

Peripheral 0,25 0,30 n.a. 1,00 0,21 0,28

Peripheral 0,38 0,44 n.a. 1,46 0,33 0,42

Peripheral 0,52 0,60 n.a. 1,99 0,45 0,59

Peripheral 0,70 0,80 n.a. 2,66 0,61 0,79

Peripheral 0,87 1,00 n.a. 3,32 0,78 1,00

Peripheral 1,06 1,21 n.a. 4,02 0,97 1,24

Peripheral 1,28 1,45 n.a. 4,80 1,18 1,50

Peripheral 0,10 0,11 n.a. 0,36 0,09 0,12

10 Dosimetry and imaging performance report | System Owner Manual

Typical Head Typical Head Perfusion Typical Body

CTDI Phantom Ø 16 cm CTDI Phantom Ø 16 cm CTDI Phantom Ø 32cm

Shaped filter Shaped filter Shaped filter

Peripheral 0,42 0,46 n.a. 1,53 0,42 0,52

Typical Cardiac Typical Pediatric Body

CTDI Phantom Ø 32 cm CTDI Phantom Ø 32cm

Shaped filter Shaped filter

Peripheral 0,28 n.a. 0,28 n.a.

Peripheral 0,47 n.a. 0,47 n.a.

Peripheral 0,72 n.a. 0,72 n.a.

Peripheral 1,00 n.a. 1,00 n.a.

Peripheral 1,35 n.a. 1,35 n.a.

Peripheral 1,71 n.a. 1,71 n.a.

Peripheral 2,13 n.a. 2,13 n.a.

Peripheral 2,59 n.a. 2,59 n.a.

Peripheral 0,20 n.a. 0,20 n.a.

Peripheral 0,93 n.a. 0,92 n.a.

Acquisition Collimation Typical Head

Typical Head Perfusion

Typical Pediatric Body

Dose factors for varying acquisition type

1.1.6 Overview of CTDI100 (mGy/100 mAs)