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AERONAUTICAL ENGINEERING
CNC Technology
Numerical Control (NC) is a software-based machine tool control technique
developed at Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in early 1960s. It has now
evolved into a mature technology known as Computer Numerical Control (CNC).
Although major applications of CNC even today continue to be in machining, it finds
applications in other processes such as sheet metal working, non-traditional machining
and inspection. Robots and Rapid Prototyping machines are also CNC controlled. In
fact, any process that can be visualized as a sequence of motions and switching
functions can be controlled by CNC. These motions and switching functions are input
in the form of alphanumeric instructions. CNC is the basis of flexible automation
which helps industries cut down time-to-market and enables launch of even low
volume products. Unlimited muscle power, unmanned operation, independent axes
coordinated through software, simplified generic tooling even for the most complex
jobs and accurate construction are some of the salient features of CNC.
CNC Machining
Automats and Special Purpose Machines (SPMs) require special cams/ templates and
clutch settings for each part. Manufacture of these cams/ templates is costly and slow.
Furthermore, changing over from one part to the other on these machines also
consumes considerable time. The high cost and long time of these hard automated
machines to produce parts can be justified only in mass production. With the advent of
fast, rigid and accurate CNC machines and sophisticated CAM packages, generation
of NC programs and change over from one product to the other are easy and fast as it
does not require any mechanical change. These in conjunction with advanced cutting
tools have made High Speed Cutting (HSC) of hard materials a reality. Therefore,
CNC machining has become a standard means to produce dies and molds; tool makers
today require EDM only for producing inaccessible regions, sharp corners, tiny
features and desired surface quality. Intricate aerospace parts are realized through 5
axis CNC machining. Internet technology in a global village enables designing in one
place, NC programming and verification in another place and actual machining in yet
another place.
Advantages of CNC
Flexibility
Accuracy
Speed
Simplified fixturing and generic cutting tools
Storage of machining skill in NC programs
Less skilled operators will do
Less fatigue to the operators
G-codes
G-Code, or preparatory code or function, are functions in the Numerical control
programming language. The G-codes are the codes that position the tool and do the actual
work, as opposed to M-codes, that manages the machine; T for tool-related codes. S and
F are tool-Speed and tool-Feed, and finally D-codes for tool compensation. The
programming language of Numerical Control (NC) is sometimes informally called G-
code. But in actuality, G-codes are only a part of the NC-programming language that
controls NC and CNC machine tools.
A basic list of `G' operation codes is given below. These direct motion of the tool.
M-Codes
CNC PROGRAMMING
· The coordinates are almost exclusively cartesian and the origin is on the workpiece.
· For a lathe, the infeed/radial axis is the x-axis, the carriage/length axis is the z-axis.
There is no need for a y-axis because the tool moves in a plane through the rotational
center of the work. Coordinates on the work piece shown below are relative to the
work.
CNC lathe / CNC turning center
CNC lathes are rapidly replacing the older production lathes (multispindle, etc) due to
their ease of setting and operation. They are designed to use modern carbide tooling and
fully utilize modern processes. The part may be designed and the tool paths programmed
by the CAD/CAM process, and the resulting file uploaded to the machine, and once set
and trailed the machine will continue to turn out parts under the occasional supervision of
an operator.The machine is controlled electronically via a computer menu style interface;
the program may be modified and displayed at the machine, along with a simulated view
of the process. The setter/operator needs a high level of skill to perform the process,
however the knowledge base is broader compared to the older production machines
where intimate knowledge of each machine was considered essential. These machines are
often set and operated by the same person, where the operator will supervise a small
number of machines (cell).
EX NO :1
DATE:
CNC PROGRAM FOR FACING OPERATION
Aim:
To write the CNC program for the given operation using FANUC language
Requirement:
Pentium IV
FANUC programming software
Program:
Result:
Thus the program was written and executed successfully using FANUC
EX NO :
DATE:
CNC PROGRAM FOR TURNING OPERATION
Aim:
To write the CNC program for the given operation using FANUC language
Requirement:
Pentium IV
FANUC programming software
Program:
[BILLET X25 Z90;
G21;
G98;
G28 U0 W0;
G50 S1000;
G00 X26 Z1;
G00 X26 Z-3;
G00 X0 Z-3 F5;
G00 X0 Z1;
G00 X26 Z1;
G28 U0 W0;
M05;
M30;
Result:
Thus the program was written and executed successfully using FANUC
EX NO :
DATE:
CNC PROGRAM FOR BOX TURNING & FACING OPERATION
Aim:
To write the CNC program for the given operation using FANUC language
Requirement:
Pentium IV
FANUC programming software
Program:
[BILLET X25 Z90;
G21;
G98;
G28 U0 W0;
G50 S1000;
G00 X15 Z1;
G94 X0 Z-1 F5;
Z-2;
Z-3;
Z-4;
Z-5;
Z-6;
Z-7;
Z-8;
Z-9;
Z-10;
G90 X15 Z-50 F5;
X14 ;
X13 ;
X12 ;
X11 ;
X10 ;
G90 X10 Z-30 F5 ;
X9 ;
X8 ;
G28 U0 W0;
M05;
M30;
Result:
Thus the program was written and executed successfully using FANUC
EX NO :
DATE:
CNC PROGRAM FOR TAPER TURING OPERATION
Aim:
To write the CNC program for the given operation using FANUC language
Requirement:
Pentium IV
FANUC programming software
Program:
[BILLET X25 Z90;
G21;
G98;
G28 U0 W0;
G50 S1000;
G00 X25 Z0;
G90 X23 Z-39 F25;
X20 Z-34;
X18 Z-10;
X16 Z-10;
X14 Z-10;
X12 Z-10;
X10 Z-10 ;
G90 X10 Z-10 R-1 F25 ;
X10 R-2 ;
X10 R-3 ;
X10 R-4 ;
X10 R-5 ;
G00 X20 Z-15 ;
G00 X19 Z-22 R0.5 F25 ;
X18 R1 ;
X17 R1.5 ;
X16 R2 ;
X15 R2.5;
G00 X20 Z-22;
G90 X20 Z-29 R0.5 F25;
X20 R-1;
X20 R-1.5;
X20 R-2;
X20 R-2.5;
G28 U0 W0;
M05;
M30;
Result: Thus the program was written and executed successfully using FANUC
EX NO
DATE:
CNC PROGRAM FOR MULTIPLE TURNING
Aim:
To write the CNC program for the given operation using FANUC language
Requirement:
Pentium IV
FANUC programming software
Program:
[BILLET X26 Z70;
G21 G98;
G28 U0 W0;
G50 S2000;
M06 T01;
M03 S1000;
G00 X26 Z21;
G71 U0.5 R1;
G71 P100 Q200 U0.1 W0.1 F5;
N100 G01 X00;
Z00;
G03 X10 Z-5 R5;
G02 X10 Z-15;
G02 X20 Z-25 R10;
G01 X20 Z-40;
N200 G01 X20 Z-40;
M05;
G28 U0 W0;
M06 T08;
M03 S1000;
G00 X26 Z2;
G70 P100 Q200 F5;
M05;
G28 U0 W0;
M30;
Result:
Thus the program was written and executed successfully using FANUC
EX NO
DATE:
CNC PROGRAM FOR MULTIPLE GROOVING CYCLE
Aim:
To write the CNC program for the given operation using FANUC language
Requirement:
Pentium IV
FANUC programming software
Program:
[BILLET X40 Z55;
G21 G98;
G28 U0 W0;
G50 S2000;
M06 T01;
M03 S1200;
G00 X40 Z1;
G71 U0.5 R1;
G71 P100 Q200 U0.1 W0.1 F5;
N100 G01 X26;
Z00;
G00 X30 Z2;
G01 X30 Z-2;
G01 X30 Z-35;
G01 X40 Z-45;
N200 G01 X40 Z-45;
M05;
G28 U0 W0;
M06 T08;
M03 S1600;
G00 X30 Z1;
G70 P100 Q200 F5;
M05;
G28 U0 W0;
M06 T05;
M03 S1200;
G00 X30 Z-17;
G75 R1;
G75 X24 Z-30 P1000 Q1750 F10;
G00 X30 Z1;
M05;
G28 U0 W0;
M30;
Result: Thus the program was written and executed successfully using FANUC
EX NO :
DATE:
CNC PROGRAM FOR LINEAR &CIRCULAR
SLOTTING
Aim:
To write the CNC program for the given operation using FANUC language
Requirement:
Pentium IV
FANUC programming software
Program:
Result:
Thus the program was written and executed successfully using FANUC
EX NO :
DATE:
CNC PROGRAM FOR CIRCULAR POCKETING
Aim:
To write the CNC program for the given operation using FANUC language
Requirement:
Pentium IV
FANUC programming software
Program:
Result:
Thus the program was written and executed successfully using FANUC
PART –II
CAD PART
Solid Modeling
Solid modeling is the most complicated of the CAD technologies, because it
simulates an object internally and externally. Solid models can be sectioned (cut
open) to reveal their internal features, and they can be stress tested as if they
were physical entities in the real world.
A mathematical technique for representing solid objects. Unlike
wireframe and surface modeling, solid modeling systems ensure that all surfaces
meet properly and that the object is geometrically correct. Solid models allow for
interference checking, which tests to see if two or more objects occupy the same
space. Primary uses of solid modeling are for CAD, engineering analysis,
computer graphics and animation, rapid prototyping, medical testing, product
visualization and visualization of scientific research
CATIA is used by the automotive and aerospace industries for automobile and aircraft
product and tooling design. There are thousands of companies the world over using
CATIA. For every company that uses CATIA for product design, there are hundreds of
suppliers to those companies that also use CATIA. CATIA is found in a variety of
industries throughout the world. Some of these industries include; Aerospace, Appliances,
Architecture, Automotive, Construction, Consumer Goods, Electronics, Medical,
Furniture, Machinery, Mold and Die, and Shipbuilding.CATIA has played a major role in
NASA's design of the Space Shuttle. The military, working with private industry, uses
CATIA for the design of "jet-fighter" aircraft, aircraft carriers, helicopters, tanks and
various other forms of weaponry.
Experiment no: 1
To draw the design and modelling of rectangular plate with hole using the CATIA
package
Commands used:
Lines
Rectangle
Circle
Extrude
Pocketing
Edge Fillet
Tools required
CATIA package
Procedure
1) Open the software tool CATIA package.
2) Create the new file and save it in the directory
3) Set the units and limits for the display screen
4) Use the line command and draw as per the given dimensions
5) Draw the circle by the given dimensions
6) Mark the dimensions for the riveted job
7) Save the diagram in specified directory
Result
Thus the required drawing was designed and modeled as per the given dimension and
verified
Experiment no: 2
Aim:
To draw the design and modelling of spar components using the CATIA package
Commands used:
Lines
Circle
Extrude
Pocketing
Multicopy
Edge Fillet
Tools required
CATIA package
Procedure
1) Open the software tool CATIA package.
2) Create the new file and save it in the directory
3) Set the units and limits for the display screen
4) Use the line command and as per the given dimensions
5) Draw the spar assembly by the given dimensions
6) Mark the dimensions for the riveted job
7) Save the diagram in specified directory
Result
Thus the required drawing was designed and modeled as per the given dimension and
verified
Experiment no: 3
Commands used:
Dots
Spline
Coordinate points
Plane
Loft
Tools required
CATIA package
Procedure:
1. Open the CATIA package.
2. Create the new file and save it in the directory
3. Set the units and limits for the display screen
4. Use the line command and draw as per the given dimensions
5. Draw the drawing by the given dimensions
6. Mark the dimensions for the riveted job
7. Save the diagram in specified directory
Result
Thus the required drawing was designed and modeled as per the given dimension and
verified
Experiment no: 4
Aim:
To draw the Design and Modeling of cut section of wings using the CATIA
package
Commands used:
Spline
Coordinate points
Plane
Loft
Tools required
CATIA package
Procedure
1. Open the CATIA package.
2. Create the new file and save it in the directory
3. Set the units and limits for the display screen
4. Use the line command and draw the as per the given dimensions
5. Draw the diagram by the given dimensions
6. Mark the dimensions for the riveted job
7. Save the diagram in specified directory
Result
Thus the required drawing was designed and modeled as per the given dimension and
verified
Experiment no: 5
Aim:
To draw the Design and Modeling of machine components using the CATIA
package
Commands used:
Lines
Groove
Shaft
Plane
Pocketing
Translate
Tools required
CATIA package
Procedure
1. Open the CATIA package.
2. Create the new file and save it in the directory
3. Set the units and limits for the display screen
4. Use the line command and draw the as per the given dimensions
5. Draw the diagram using commands by the given dimensions
6. Mark the dimensions Save the diagram in specified directory
Result
Thus the required drawing was designed and modeled as per the given dimension and
verified
Experiment no: 6
Aim:
To draw the Design and Modeling of machine components (push pull rod) using the
CATIA package
Commands used:
Lines
Groove
Shaft
Plane
Pocketing
Translate
Tools required
CATIA package
Procedure
1. Open the software tool CATIA package.
2. Create the new file and save it in the directory
3. Set the units and limits for the display screen
4. Use the line command and draw the as per the given dimensions
5. Mark the dimensions for the riveted job
6. Save the diagram in specified directory
Result
Thus the required drawing was designed and modeled as per the given dimension and
verified
Experiment no: 7
Aim:
To design and analysis of truss using the CATIA package and ANSYS software
Commands used:
Lines
Arcs
Circle
Region
Hatching
Tools required
CATIA package and ANSYS software
Procedure
1. Open the software tool CATIA package.
2. Create the new file and save it in the directory
3. Set the units and limits for the display screen
4. Use the line command and draw as per the given dimensions
5. Mark the dimensions for the riveted job
6. Save the diagram in specified directory
7. conduct the structural analysis using ANSYS
Result
Thus the required drawing was designed and modeled and analyzed
Experiment no: 8
Aim:
To design analysis of beam distributed load the CATIA package and ANSYS software
Commands used:
Lines
Arcs
Circle
Region
Hatching
Tools required
CATIA package and ANSYS software
Procedure
1. Open the software tool CATIA package.
2. Create the new file and save it in the directory
3. Set the units and limits for the display screen
4. Use the line command and draw the as per the given dimensions
5. Mark the dimensions for the riveted job
6. Save the diagram in specified directory
7. conduct the structural analysis using ANSYS
Result
Thus the required drawing was designed and modeled and analyzed