Presentation On Protection - Siemens

Energy Automation
Power Grid India

02.11.2010
© Siemens AG 2008
Energy Sector
400 kV Parallel line Seoni-Khandwa
Incident on 16.12.2009 at 23:59:53
L1-E
16.12.2009
Line length: 351 km
400000 2000 nCT

nVT = nCT = Z sec = ⋅ Z pri = 0.55
110 1 nVT
Incident:
¾ 1st L1-E fault: L1-trip at 23:59:52,291 from M-1 on line-1, correct with POTT carrier receive in Z1B,
fault no. 237, acc. to binary records no trip from M-2/line-1
¾ 2nd L1-E fault after unsuccessful AR at Seoni S/S on 23:59:53,483 on line-1, breaker at
Khandwa S/S 3-pole open
¾ Unwanted 3pole trip of line-2 from M-1 at 300 ms after auto-reclosing, no trip from M-2/line-2
© Siemens AG 2008
Page 2 Nov-10 Energy Automation Energy Sector
Seoni-Khandwa Line 2, Seoni S/S
16.12.2009, 2nd L1-E fault after AR at 23:59:53,504
Incident:
125
• M-1 on line-2 tripped 3pole for an unexpected L3-E

100 pickup in Z1B/Z2, 300ms after pickup
75
Reason:
• The fault-impedance ZL1-E was far outside the polygon
X/Ohm(secondary)
50
and the apparent-impedance ZL3-E was very close to
ZL3-E the line angle in the 1st quadrant in zone Z2
25
• An impedance-loop-selection could not take place

0 with the current firmware version because ZL3-E was
the only impedance within the polygon
-25
Peculiarity:
-50 ZL1-E • Long parallel line with mutual coupling
-75 • High zero-sequence impedance
-125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

• Parallel line 3-pole open at one end results in mutual
R/Ohm(secondary) coupling effect
Z1E Z1BE Z2E
• High load approx. 1000 A on line-2
Z3E Z5E Z L1E*
Z L2E* Z L3E*
© Siemens AG 2008
Impedance calculation using
U- and I-phasors Principle
U = U ⋅ e jϕU = U ⋅ e jωtU
R Z
ϕU = ω ⋅ tU I = I ⋅ e jϕI = I ⋅ e jωtI X
ϕZ = ϕU − ϕ I
ϕI =ω⋅tI Z = Z ⋅ e jϕZ = Z ⋅ (cosϕZ + j ⋅ sinϕZ )

t =0
= R+ j⋅ X
U U ⋅ e jϕU U j (ϕU −ϕI ) U U

Z= = jϕ I
= ⋅ e = ⋅ cos(ϕU − ϕ I ) + j sin(ϕU − ϕI )
I I ⋅e I I I
R X
© Siemens AG 2008
Distance measurement fault loop formulas
IL1 RL + j XL
Relay IL2
location IL3
UL1 UL2 UL3
IE RE + j XE
Phase-to-Earth loop: U = I ⋅ (R + jX ) − I ⋅ (R + jX )
L1 L1 L L E E E
U L1 = (I L1 ⋅ RL − I E ⋅ RE ) + j(I L1 ⋅ X L − I E ⋅ X E )
⎛ R ⎞ ⎛ X ⎞
U L1 = RL ⋅ ⎜⎜ I L1 − E ⋅ I E ⎟⎟ + jX L ⎜⎜ I L1 − E ⋅ I E ⎟⎟
⎝ RL ⎠ ⎝ XL ⎠
Line and earth impedance are measured
Fault location result is obtained as RL + jXL without RE or XE component
Phase-to-Phase loop: U L1−L2 = (RL + jX L ) ⋅ (I L1 − I L2 )

Only the Line impedance is measured
© Siemens AG 2008
(Ph-E-loop) - influence of fault resistance with
setting RE/RL and XE/XL - Siemens method
ΙL
XL RL RF
R
1+ E
X RL
UPh-E ΙK RF
ΙE
XE RE
UPh - E = IL (RL + jX L ) - IE (RE + j X E )+ RF ⋅ IL ZL

ZPh-E
⎡U Ph − E ⎤
Im ⎢ ⎥
XPh-E = ⎣ I L ⎦ = XL
XE
1+
XL R
⎡U Ph − E ⎤
Re ⎢ ⎥
RPh-E = ⎣ IL ⎦ = RL +
RF No measuring error
RE R in the X-direction
1+ 1+ E
RL RL
with I E = − I L
© Siemens AG 2008
(Ph-E-loop) Influence of fault resistance with
separation of fault and line resistance - Not Siemens method
ΙL
XL RL
RF
UPh-E ΙK RF X
ΙE
XE RE
UPh-E = I L (RL + j XL ) - I E (RE + j XE )+ RF ⋅ I L ZL

ZPh-E
Im{U I }
X TypeC = = XL with I E = − I L
1+ Kx
R
RTypeC = Re{U / I } − X TypeC / tan(ϕ L ) ⋅ K r
RTypeC = RL + RF Note difference in fault resistance
coverage with same zone setting!
„Type C“ acc. to /1/
/1/ Steffen Kaiser, OMICRON electronics, 2004, Different Representations of the Earth Impedance Matching in Distance Protection Relays
© Siemens AG 2008
Different Representations of the Earth Impedance
Matching in Distance Protection Relays /1/
Digital distance protection relays use different algorithms
for calculating the line impedance to the fault location from
the current and voltage measurements. The calculated
impedances differ under certain circumstances as shown
in the following example.
A single-phase L1-ground fault is simulated in three
different distance protection relays (of type A, type B, and
type C). Each relay measures the following voltage and
current values:
UL1E = 20 V e j0°,
IL1 = – IE = 2 A e –j30°.
The line impedances calculated by the respective distance

protection relays are as follows:
Type A: X = 3.25 Ohm; R = 5.8 Ohm,
Type B: X = 3.33 Ohm; R = 6.2 Ohm,
Type C: X = 3.33 Ohm; R = 8.2 Ohm.
The different calculated impedance values are caused in

particular by the different representations of the earth
impedance matching.
The relays of type B reduce the arc resistance by the real factor 1/(1 + Kr)
The relays of type C measure the impedance without compensating for the arc resistance
/1/ Steffen Kaiser, OMICRON electronics, 2004, Different Representations of the Earth Impedance Matching in Distance Protection Relays
© Siemens AG 2008
Excercise with Omicron CMC (1)
Fault impedance R = 10 Ohm, X = 4 Ohm

XE RE
Setting: = 0.70 = 2 .0
XL RL
Currents and voltages for a „type C“ distance protection

(with resistance calculation acc. to „separation of line and
fault resistance“)
© Siemens AG 2008
Excercise with Omicron CMC (2)
Now: injection of the same fault quantities as before to a Siemens distance protection
• The same loop impedance as before results in only 3,76 Ohm in R direction for “Siemens-type”
measurement compared with 10 Ohm with “type C” measurement
• The X value is almost the same
7SA522 manual 11.2009, pages 88/89

© Siemens AG 2008
Essence of resistive reach
¾ Siemens relays reduce the fault resistance by the real factor 1/(1 + (RE/RL))
¾ With same settings the reach in R-direction is (1+(RE/RL))-times further than with “type C”-measurement
¾ The sensitivity of a Siemens distance protection is in R-direction higher than in a relay with “type C”-
measurement with the same setting
¾ If the relay is set with too high sensitivity in R-direction for the fault-impedance, it will see (“pull”) also the
unfaulty apparent impedances in the fault detection area
© Siemens AG 2008
Conventional relays: limiting of the starting
characteristic area for phase-selective fault detection
UL1 - UL2 impedance of
IL1 faulted loop:
L1 UL1
IL2 L2 ZL1-E U L1
ϕK IL1 =
IL3 L3 IL1 - K E · I E
IE
IE UL1 UL2 UL3 E impedance of
UL3 UL2
healthy loops:
distance relay U L2
ZL2-E =
X UL3 - UL1 IL2 - KE · IE
ZL3-E U L3
quadrilateral =
IL3 - KE · I E
ZL1-L2
ZL3-L1 U L1 - U L2
ZL1-L2 =
IL1 - IL2
MHO
ZL1-E
ZL2-L3 U L2 - U L3
=
IL2 - IL3
R
ZL3-E U L3 - U L1
ZL3-L1 =
ZL2-E IL3 - IL1
© Siemens AG 2008
Distance protection
Modern methods of phase selection
X
Intelligent phase selection:
Z
L1-L2 quadrilateral
Impedance comparison
Z
L3 - L1
Symmetrical component analysis
Z MHO
L1-E Load compensation
R
Pattern recognition
Z
L3-E G G
Z
L2-E
L1
I2 I0
G I1 G
I2
IF/3
L3 L2
I0
© Siemens AG 2008
Digital distance protection
Secure process of fault type decision
fault
Impedance comparison n=1

of fault loop impedances
?
Comparison of n=1
I2 and I0 components ?
comparison of Load
compensated currents
n=1
?
n=1
?
Multi-phase fault Single-phase
n = number of detected fault loops
© Siemens AG 2008
Impedance comparison
Earth loop elimination with „virtual impedance“
ZL-E loops outside

circle are eliminated
Calculation of virtual earth
loop impedances with
phase – earth voltage and
phase current:
Z L-E min
Z = Uph-e / Iph
Radius = ZL-E min * 1.5
Advantage is that earth current does not result in „small“ unfaulted loops.
Only the faulted loop is calculated with fault current
© Siemens AG 2008
Phase selection
Differentiating between single and double Ph-E fault
I 0 = 1 (I L1+ I L2 + I L3)
Sector A
3
g in
ar
I 2 = 1 ⎛⎜ I L1+a2 I L2 +a I L3⎞⎟
I0 m
3⎝ ⎠
I2 ≈ I0 : L -E or L -L -E fault
1 2 3
Sector C a ⋅ I0 a2 ⋅ I 0 Sector B
I 2 ≈ a2 I 0 : L2-E or L3-L1-E fault
I 2 ≈a I 0 : L -E or L -L -E fault
3 1 2
1-Ph-E fault:
After load compensation: Currents in the healthy phases are almost zero
Ph-Ph-E fault:
After load compensation: Currents in faulted phases have same amplitude and
show a phase difference of 120 to 180 degree dependent on earthing conditions
© Siemens AG 2008
Parallel line Seoni-Khandwa (1)
400000 2000
nVT = nCT =
110 1
n
Z sec = CT ⋅ Z pri = 0.55
nVT
Line length: 351 km
XE RE
Calculated: = 0.91 = 4.94
XL RL
Note (1):
If the calculation of RE/RL results to about 2.0 or more,
problems with un-faulted ground loops and high zone reach
in R direction may occur.
(7SA522 manual 11.2009, page 50)
1. Recommendation:
Reduction to 2 times the setting of XE/XL, but set not more than 2.0
XE RE
Setting: = 0.91 = 1.82
XL RL
© Siemens AG 2008
Resistance boundary conditions:

1. Max load current together with minimum operating voltage results in a “load impedance” which may not be smaller than
any set zone resistance (alternative, use the load encroachment / blinder settings). (7SA522 manual 11.2009, page 73-75)
2. The R setting should not be several times larger or smaller than the corresponding X setting (zone symmetry). This is in
particular valid for the underreaching zone 1 settings. In practice a range of between 0.8 to 2.5 times the X setting
provides good results for zone 1. (7SA522 manual 11.2009, pages 88-93)
3. In applications with parallel circuits (on same tower with significant zero sequence coupling) the R setting for the ground
loops (or load encroachment setting) must take into account the ground current that flows when the parallel line has a
single pole open condition. (7SA522 manual 11.2009, pages 73-75)
0.9 ⋅U N
Rload _ min =
3 ⋅ I Load _ Max
Assumption: I Load _ Max _ pri = 2000 A
0.9 ⋅U N 0.9 ⋅110 V

Rload _ min_ sec = = = 57,2 Ω
3 ⋅ I Load _ Max 3 ⋅1.0 A
If the application is not a double circuit (same

tower) this limit can also be used for the Ph-G
load resistance 2. Recommendation:
Usage of the Load Range
© Siemens AG 2008
On double circuit lines the zero sequence current that flows on the healthy line when the parallel line has a single
pole open condition must also be considered.
For this purpose the ratio of the zero sequence current to the steady state load current is required. Ideally a network
simulation should be used to determine what this ratio is when the parallel line is open single pole under maximum
load conditions. If this cannot be obtained from simulation, the following approximation may be used:
Ratio IE/IL during parallel line single pole open REmax_ setting = Rload _ min_ sec ⋅ k1 _ pole _ open
0,7 1
k1 _ pole _ open =
IE pole _ open ⎛ RE ⎞
0,6 1+ ⎜1 + ⎟
ILLoad _ Max ⎝ RL ⎠
0,5
In the above Equation the ratio IEpole_open/ILLoad_Max
0,4 max is given by the residual (earth) current that flows in
IE/IL the healthy line when the parallel line is single pole
0,3 min
open.
0,2 For this application the value of IE/IL= 0,38 therefore:
0,1
1
k1_ pole _ open = = 0.483
0 1 + 0.38 ⋅ (1 + 1.82)
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350
Line length [km] REmax_ setting = 57.2 ⋅ 0.483 = 27,63 Ω
3. Recommendation:
Consider reduced zone setting in R direction by taking “RF/(1+RE/RL)” into account
© Siemens AG 2008
Parallel line Seoni-Khandwa (4) – Non-directional zone
n = number of detected fault loops fault
Impedance comparison N Y
of fault loop impedances n=1
Comparison of N Y
I2 and I0 components n=1
comparison of Load N Y
compensated currents n=1
4. Recommendation:
Non-directional zone
Y
n=1
N
Multi-phase fault Single-phase fault
Zone Z5 is preferably set as a non-directional final stage. It should include all other zones and also
have sufficient reach in reverse direction. This ensures adequate pickup of the distance protection in
response to fault conditions and correct verification of the short-circuit loops even under unfavorable
conditions.
Even if you do not need a non-directional distance stage, you should set Z5 according to the above
aspects. Setting T5 to infinite prevents that this stage causes a trip.
© Siemens AG 2008
Settings on 16.12.2009 Identical zone settings with

recommendations1., 2., 4. but not 3.
125
125
100
100
75 75
X/Ohm(secondary)
X/Ohm(secondary)
50 50
25 25
0 0
-25
-25
-50
-50
-75
-75
-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100

-125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150
R/Ohm(secondary)
R/Ohm(secondary)
Z1E Z1BE Z2E
Z1E Z1BE Z2E
Z3E Z5E Z4E
Z3E Z5E Z L1E*
Z L1E* Z L2E* Z L3E*
Z L2E* Z L3E*
© Siemens AG 2008
400 kV line Gwalior-Agra1
Incident on 05.08.2010
Settings on 05.08.2010 Identical zone settings with

recommendations 1., 2., 4. but not 3.
30 30
20 20
X/Ohm(secondary)
X/Ohm(secondary)
10 10
0 0
-10 -10
-20 -20
-30 -30
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 -50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
R/Ohm(secondary) R/Ohm(secondary)
Z1E Z1BE Z2E Z1E Z1BE Z2E
Z3E Z5E Z L1E* Z3E Z4E Z5E
Z L2E* Z L3E* Z L1E* Z L2E* Z L3E*
V4.62, fault no. 73, feeder 004_7SA522;

400kV/110, 1000A/1, 800 A load, 129km, RE/RL=7;
incident: L2-E fault reverse, unwanted trip L1 with L1-E in Z1
© Siemens AG 2008
400 kV Bina(PG)-Gwalior
L1E (R-ph) reverse fault on 16.01.2010
50
Settings on 16.01.2010 50 Identical zone settings with
recommendations 1., 2., 4. but not 3.
40
40
30
ZL1-E- 1pole open 30
X/Ohm(secondary)
20 ZL1-E- 1pole open
X/Ohm(secondary)
20
10 10
ZL3-E
0 0
ZL3-E
-10 -10
ZL1-E- fault
-20
ZL1-E- fault -20
-30
-30
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
R/Ohm(secondary) R/Ohm(secondary)
Z1E Z1BE Z1E Z1BE

Z2E Z3E Z2E Z3E
Z4E Z5E Z4E Z5E
Z L1E* Z L2E* Z L1E* Z L2E*
Z L3E* Z L3E*
Bina-Gwalior, feeder in DIGSI: Gwalior, fault no. 464 on 16.1.2010 at 6:09:17, only fault record
available no logs; 400kV/110, 1000/1, 1600A load, 235km, RE/RL=7;
incident: L1-E fault reverse, unwanted trip L3 with Z(L3-E) in Z1 © Siemens AG 2008

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Energy Automation

Power Grid India

400000 2000 nCT

• M-1 on line-2 tripped 3pole for an unexpected L3-E

• An impedance-loop-selection could not take place

-125 -100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100 125 150

ϕI =ω⋅tI Z = Z ⋅ e jϕZ = Z ⋅ (cosϕZ + j ⋅ sinϕZ )

U U ⋅ e jϕU U j (ϕU −ϕI ) U U

UL1 UL2 UL3

Phase-to-Phase loop: U L1−L2 = (RL + jX L ) ⋅ (I L1 − I L2 )

UPh - E = IL (RL + jX L ) - IE (RE + j X E )+ RF ⋅ IL ZL

UPh-E = I L (RL + j XL ) - I E (RE + j XE )+ RF ⋅ I L ZL

The line impedances calculated by the respective distance

The different calculated impedance values are caused in

Fault impedance R = 10 Ohm, X = 4 Ohm

Currents and voltages for a „type C“ distance protection

7SA522 manual 11.2009, pages 88/89

Impedance comparison n=1

Multi-phase fault Single-phase

n = number of detected fault loops

ZL-E loops outside

Radius = ZL-E min * 1.5

I 2 ≈ a2 I 0 : L2-E or L3-L1-E fault

Line length: 351 km

Resistance boundary conditions:

Assumption: I Load _ Max _ pri = 2000 A

0.9 ⋅U N 0.9 ⋅110 V

If the application is not a double circuit (same

0,2 For this application the value of IE/IL= 0,38 therefore:

n = number of detected fault loops fault

Settings on 16.12.2009 Identical zone settings with

-100 -75 -50 -25 0 25 50 75 100

Settings on 05.08.2010 Identical zone settings with

V4.62, fault no. 73, feeder 004_7SA522;

-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40

Z1E Z1BE Z1E Z1BE

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