21st CENTURY LITERATURE from the PHILIPPINES and the WORLD  also known as myths and legends

 used to explain certain events or phenomena in our ancestors’ lives that cannot be
explained by the limited practical kind of science they knew back then
PHILIPPINE PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE
 Philippines was framing with a rich tradition of oral literature. EXAMPLES:
o Myths and legends explain certain phenomena. 1. Mount Makiling
o Many of these tales were not preserved since paper was not yet invented. 2. Mount Arayat
3. Bernardo Carpio
ORAL LITERATURE 5. EPICS
 Stories have been passed on from one generation to another.  long-winded poems about a hero and his adventures and misadventures
 Surviving literary pieces are epics and folklores.  tells of a male hero with pleasing personalities and has superhuman capabilities

SURVIVING LITERARY PIECES from the PRE-COLONIAL LITERATURE: EXAMPLE:

1. PROVERBS 1. Hinilawod (Negros-Central Panay)
 Practical observations and philosophy of everyday life that are written
usually in a rhyming scheme.
 meant to entertain while teaching basic skills in surviving local life
 Salawikain in Filipino.

EXAMPLES: The Hinilawoad

1. Kung ano ang puno, siya ang bunga. (Whatever the tree, so is the fruit.)
2. Kung wlaang tiyaga, walang nilaga. (If you don’t persevere, you can expect no reward.) Characters:
1. Alunsina (Laun Sina – “The Married One”)
2. RIDDLES  goddess of the eastern sky
 More like proverbs but they demand an answer and are used to test the wits of
those who are listening to them. 2. Kaptan
 Bugtong in Filipino.  king of the gods
 Used in a battle of wits
 Have the characteristics of a flippant nature (referring to something laughable, but 3. Datu Paubari
the answer is more serious than expected)  a mortal
 whom Alunsina married
EXAMPLES:  mighty ruler of Halawod
1. Heto na si Kaka, bubuka-buka. (Here comes Kaka, walking with an open leg.)
2. Sa araw ay bungbong, sa gabi ay dahon. (Roll in the morning, leaf in the afternoon.) 4. Maklium-sa-t’wan
 god of the plains
3. FOLKSONGS  called the meeting of the council of gods
 Beautiful songs that are informal expressions of our ancestors’ experiences in life
5. Suklang Malayon
EXAMPLES:  goddess and guardian of happy homes
1. harana or serenade  sister of Alunsina
2. lullabies
3. harvests 6. Bangot-Banwa
4. funerals  high priest

7. Labaw Donggon
4. TALES  eldest of the triplets
 stories of origin for certain places, their names, and their creation
8. Angoy Ginbitinan  Brother of Labaw Donggon and Humadapnon
 wife od Labaw Donggon
23. Lubay-Lubyok Hanginon si Mahuyokhuyokan
9. Sikay Padalogdog  Wife od Humadapnon
 a giant with a hundred arms
24. Dumasig
10. Abyang Durunuun  The most powerful wrestler in Madya-as
 from Tarambang Burok
 second wife of Labaw Donggon 25. Balanakon
 sister of Sumpoy  A two-headed monster

11. Sumpoy 26. Uyutang

 the lord of the underworld  A bat-like monster with sharp poisonous claws

12. Malitong Yawa Sinagmaling Diwata

 from Gadlum
 young bride of Saragnayan
 third wife of Labaw Donggon

13. Saragnayan
 the lord of darkness

14. Aso Mangga

 Labaw Donggon’s son with Angoy Ginbitinan

15. Abyang Baranugon

 Labaw Donggon’s son with Abyang Baranugon

16. Humadapnon
 Brother of Labaw Donggon
 Wreaked revenge on all of Saragnayan’s kinship and followers

17. Buyong Matanayon of Mount Matiula

 Well-known for his skill in swordmanship

18. Piganun
 Seductive sorceress

19. Datu Umbaw Pinaumbaw

 Ruler of Piniling Tubig

20. Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bulawan

 Goddess of greed

21. Buyong Makabagting

 Aided Humadapnon in his quest for Burigadang Pada Sinaklang Bulawan

22. Dumalapdap
 Third brother of the triplets
  Catholics volunteer themselves to be actually nailed to the
cross

5. MORO-MORO or COMEDIA de CAPA y ESPADA

 A blood-and thunder melodrama depicting the conflict of
SPANISH COLONIAL PHILIPPINE LITERATURE Christians and Muslims
 About battles to the death and the proofs of faith
 Focus of literature changed.
 Focus on Christian faith. 6. CARILLO
 Philippine literature emulated Spanish influences (repetitive plots  A play that uses shadows as its main spectacle
and shadowy characters)  Created by animating pictures made from cardboard, which
 Show how welcoming the Filipino ancestors were are projected onto a white screen
 Helped shaped the literature that we have today in terms of faith,
value systems, societal norms, and life realizations 7. TIBAG
 The dramatic reenactment of St. Helena’s search for the
Holy Cross
KINDS OF SPANISH LITERATURE:
1. CORRIDO ST. HELENA
 a legendary religious narrative form that details the lives of  The mother of Constantine
saints or the history of a tradition  Influenced Constantine to be a great Christian leader
 Traveled to Syria to look for the relics of Jesus Christ’s cross
2. AWIT and fount it there
 a chivalric poem about a hero, usually about a saint
 sung and used in religious processions 8. DUPLO or KARAGATAN
 Native dramas that are connected to Catholic mourning
3. PASYON rituals and harvest celebrations
 a narrative poem about the life of Jesus Christ, from his
birth up to his death 9. ZARZUELA
 sung during the Lenten season  One of the most famous forms of entertainment in the
 used to be performed by women Spanish era
 presently performed by seasoned performers in church  Musical comedies or melodramas
 Deal with the elemental passions of human beings
4. CENAKULO  Follows a certain plot about either satirical to the society or
 a dramatization of the passion of Christ a begrudged life
 done during Lenten season
 highlights the sufferings and death of Jesus Christ
SPANISH COLONIAL LITERATURE
San Pedro Cutud Lenten Rites  Show how welcoming the Filipinos were to the Catholic faith
 a good example  Philippines is the third (3rd) largest Catholic nation in terms of
population, after Brazil and Mexico
  Helped shape the present literature, in terms of faith, values
system, societal norms, and realizations about life

MARIANG MAKILING
Retold by Jose Rizal in Northern Luzon MODULE 2: POETRY from the ARCHIPELAGO
A story about a famous mysterious maiden who once lived in the
POETRY
mountains of Rizal’s hometown  Probably the most sophisticated of the literary genres
 The chosen genre of many local writers
ILUSTRADO
 A Filipino student educated abroad HISTORY of FILIPINO POETRY
 Celebrated romanticism in 1900s
 Became formalist as time passed by
CHARACTERS:  emphasized more on the form and language than on the theme itself
1. MARIANG MAKILING  Modern poetry
 A guardian spirit  Writers are more adventurous.
 Disguised as a peasant girl
 Helped the poor and the sick ELEMENTS OF POETRY USED BY LOCAL WRITERS:
 Lent things to people 1. SENSES and IMAGES
 Used to describe the writer’s impression on their topic or object of writing
2. A hunter  Uses carefully chosen and phrased words to create an imagery that the reader can
see through his/her senses
 hunted Maria Makiling’s boar
 was given by Maria Makiling a salakot of ginger which CATEGORIES:
turned out to be a basket of gold a. visual imagery (see)
b. olfactory imagery (smell)
c. gustatory imagery (taste)
3. A young farmer
d. tactile imagery (feel)
 His farmer and livestock were untouched by calamities e. auditory (hear)
 Was arranged to marry a daughter of a wealthy family for
him to not to be recruited as a soldier 2. DICTION
 Fell in love with Maria Makiling but had to marry another  The denotative and connotative meaning of the words in the sentence, phrase,
paragraph, or poem
woman
3. RHYME SCHEME
 The way the author arranges words, meters, lines, and stanzas to create a coherent
sound when the poem is read out loud
 May be formal or informal

4. VOICE
 the person that talks to the reader

5. POINT of VIEW
 relates to how the poem is narrated or told
 first person, third person
6. STRUCTURE At Gabu where the ageless tides recurs
 The arrangement of words and lines (together or apart) All things forfeited are most loved and dear.
7. WORD ORDER
 Refers to either the natural or unnatural arrangement of words in a poem It is the sea pursues a habit of shores.

POETIC LICENSE
 A poet may use a word grammatically or ungrammatically.

CARLOS ANGELES
 Poet of “Gabu”
 Born on May 25, 1921 in Tacloban, Leyte
 Finished at University of the Philippines
 Works has been included in poetry anthologies in the US
 Member of many American-Filipino press club in US
 awards:
 Republic Cultural Heritage Award in Literature (1964) from his poetry
collection “Stun of Jewels”
 Don Carlos Palanca Memorial Award in Poetry (1964)

Gabu
Carlos Angeles

The battering restlessness of the sea

Insists a tidal fury upon the beach
At Gabu, and its pure consistency
Havocs the wasteland hard within its reach.

Brutal the day long bashing of its heart

Against the seascape where, for miles around,

Farther than sight itself, the rock-stones part

And drop into the elemental wound.

The waste of centuries is grey and dead

And neutral where the sea has beached its brine,
Where the spilt salt of its heart les spread
Among the dark habiliments of Time.

The vital splendor misses. For here, here