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Corrosion - 1

Degradation of a metal by chemical or Electro-chemical means


An ion is a charged particle, and can be positive or negative, a single atom or a group of atoms,
known as a molecule.
An Electrolyte is a substance, which will conduct a current and be broken down by it,
Oxide in Mill scale Wustite, Magnetite and Haematite
Galvanic List, Electro Motive forces series or the Electro-Chemical series

Graphite + 0.25 v
Silver - 0.1 v
Nickel 200 - 0.15 v
Copper - 0.35 v
Mill Scale - 0.4 v
Mild Steel - 0.7 v
Aluminium Alloys - 0.9 v
Zinc - 1.0 v
Magnesium - 1.6 v

Surface preparation - 2
a) Dry Abrasive Blast Cleaning
b) Water Blasting
c) Hand and Power Tool Cleaning
d) Flame Cleaning
e) Pickling
f) Vapour Degreasing
g) Weathering

A mix of shot and grit results in a more uniform profile.


The grit cuts the profile The shot, being unable to enter the troughs controls the peak height and so
Greatly reduces the number of ‘rogue peaks
By measuring – using gauges with and without replica tape.
By assessing – using surface comparators

Adhesion is: - The force required separating two surfaces in touch.

Molecular Interference.

Rough and uneven blasted surface and wet paint locks, Analogy Velcro. Physical.

Molecular Attraction.

Negatively charged particles attracted to positive areas, and vice versa. Analogy Magnet (sometimes
called Ionic Bonding). Chemical.

Hackle – A small surface lamination, which stands upright like a needle after blasting.
Approximately ≤ 13 mm. Easily removed.

Lamination (slivers) – Appears to be a longitudinal ‘crack’, one lip curling back, any laminations
found must be referred to engineer for ultrasonic check.
1 mm = 1000 um
1 thou = 25.4 um
25.4 mm = 1 inch
2.54 cm = 1 inch

Properties of an abrasive
Size of the particles, Hardness of the material, Density of the material, Shape of the particle

Use of the comparators; BS 7079 Pt C


There are three methods, which can be employed to assess the roughness characteristics of blast
cleaned steel.
1 Naked Eye
2 Visual Aid, not exceeding 7x magnification
3 Tactile

A Steel surface largely covered with adherent mill scale with little if any rust.

B Steel surface, which has begun to rust and from which the mill scale has begun
to flake.
C Steel surface on which the mill scale has rusted away or from which it can be
scraped, but with slight pitting visible under normal vision.

D Steel surface on which the mill scale has rusted away and on which general
pitting is visible under normal vision.
Sa 1 Light Blast Cleaning. When viewed without magnification, the surface shall be
free from visible oil grease and dirt and from poorly adhering mill scale, rust,
paint coatings and foreign matter.

Sa 2 Thorough Blast Cleaning. When viewed without magnification, the surface shall
be free from visible oil grease, dirt, and most of the mill scale, rust, paint
coatings and foreign matter. Any residual contamination shall be firmly
adhering.

Sa 21/2 Very Thorough Blast Cleaning. When viewed without magnification, the surface
shall be free from visible oil grease and dirt and from mill scale, rust, paint
coatings and foreign matter. Any remaining traces of contamination shall show
only as slight stains in the form of spots or stripes.

Sa 3 Blast Cleaning to Visually Clean Steel. When viewed without magnification the
surface shall be free from visible oil grease and dirt, and shall be free from mill
scale, rust, paint coatings and foreign matter. It shall have a uniform metallic
colour.

Pickling is a general term relating to the chemical removal of oxides (rust), from a metal substrate.
Pickiling and passivation
Oil or grease needs to be removed by using a suitable solvent
Immerse in a bath of Sulphuric Acid, 5 – 10% concentration at a temperature of 65 – 70oc. Time can
vary from 5 to 25 minutes depending on degree of contamination
Rinse using clean warm water to remove the layer of soluble salts formed
Immerse in a bath of phosphoric/chromic acid, 2% solution at 80oc for approximately one to two
minutes with iron filing (0.5%)
Rinse in clean water, and check for pH values

Compressors
Every 10C raise in temperature the airs capacity to hold water doubles.
Every 1-psi drop in pressure results in an efficiency drop of 11/2%. 80 psi blasting pressure
results in 70% efficiency.
¼" nozzle will need 103 cfm to maintain 100 psi,
½" nozzle will need 413 cfm.

Wheel abrators

Advantages;

The quality can be controlled


Efficient use of abrasives.
More operator safety
More productive
Disadvantages;
Access to bolt pockets, gussets and stiffeners etc.

High pressure water blasting up to 30 000 psi (water jetting)


This system will remove soluble contamination and mill scale at the higher-pressure ranges but will
not cut a profile; the head must be near to the surface, within 25 to 35 mm
High pressure water plus abrasive injection 20,000 psi
This system will remove Marine growths e.g. barnacles, and it us often used in dry-docks on ship
hulls. Because of the abrasives a profile is cut using this method.
Low pressure water plus abrasive injection
Uses normal blasting pressures of 100 psi. But with water as a propellant rather than air.
The abrasive content is semi-soluble e.g. Sodium Bicarbonate crystals, talc, chalk,
Ideal for use on non- ferrous metals and G. R. P.

St2 – Thorough hand and power tool cleaning.

When viewed without magnification the surface shall be free from visible oil, grease and dirt and
from poorly adhering mill scale rust, paint coating and foreign matter.

St3 – Very thorough hand and power tool cleaning.


As for St2 but the surface shall be treated much more thoroughly to give a metallic sheen arising
from the metallic substrate.

There are no wires brushing grades for Rust Grade A as the mill scale is much harder than the
bristles on the brushes, which are of non sparking alloys such as phosphor bronze and beryllium
bronze.
Surface contamination and test - 3

Soluble iron salts

N3 Watman filter paper is soaked in 5-10% solution of potassium ferricyanide and distilled water
and let dry the colour shall be lime green
The distilled water shall be sprayed the blasted area leave few second allow the water to dissolve
with salt
The test paper is applied on the sprayed area the paper will drew the solution on capillary action
If salt in present the paper colour will be blue spots on the lime green background

Soluble chloride test


N3 Wat man filter paper is soaked in 2% solution of silver nitrate with distilled water
The paper strip is pressed on the test area for 20 seconds then washed in distilled water
The reaction between silver nitrate and chloride salt produced silver chloride
Then the strips is dipped in photographic developer, the chloride show as black/brown

Mill scale detection


Spray fine mist of copper sulphate solution on the blasted area, mill scale will visible on black colour

Dust on substrate

Piece of self adhesive tape stick on the blasted area and then snatched off, and then place on white
paper the dust and finings are easily visible

Moisture on substrate

Sprinkle chalk powder or talc on the blasted surface and then lightly blow away, powder will stick if
moisture present

Detect the oil and grease

Spray the solvent on the suspected area and pressing the wat man paper strips on the sprayed area
Take the paper away the solvent will evaporate and the grease will be shown inDarker appearance

Paints and basic technology- 4

Binder properties

1. Ease of application (flow properties or viscosity).


2. Adhesion to the substrate.
3. Resistance to abrasion.
4. Resistance to chemical attack according to environment.
5. Cohesive strength, its ability to hold together as a film.
6. Dielectric strength.
7. Ability to resist the passage of water.
Ability to change from a liquid as applied, into a solid to provide the above properties

Polymerisation; is the “joining together of a string or structure of repeated units”.


Long oil paint – more than 60% oil to resin, elastic, slower drying properties suitable for domestic
applications, decorative materials.

Medium oil paint – between 45 – 60% oil to resin.

Short oil paints – less than 45% oil to resin, faster drying material, suitable for steelwork. More
brittle with shorter over coating time.

Linseed oil and tung oil used to be referred to as rapid drying oils

Solid particles within the vehicle dissolves it is known as a dye

Rust inhibitive pigments are added into primers to protect the steel substrate by passivation.

Typical materials in the category are: -

a) Red lead *
b) Calcium plumbate *
c) Coal tar *
d) Zinc chromate *
e) Zinc phosphate
f) Barium metaborate
g) Zinc phosphosilicate

Opaque pigments are inert particles with excellent light scattering properties in order to give
covering power, (opacity) and colour.

1. Carbon Black
2. Compound of Cobalt Blue
3. Compound of Chromium Greens, Yellows and Oranges
4. Compound of Iron Browns, Reds and Yellows
5. Compound of Calcium Reds and Yellows
6. Titanium Dioxide White

Extender pigments
Clays e.g. Kaolin, China clay
Chalk Calcium carbonate
Talcum Magnesium silicate
Slate flour Aluminium silicate
Laminar pigments
Plate like pigments such as MIO (Micaceous Iron Oxide), Aluminium Flake, Glass Flake, Mica and
Graphite, provide excellent barriers
High resistance to water permeability
Glass Flake as a laminar pigment is usually for abrasion resistance,
Aluminium Flake and MIO have good ultra violet A and ultra violet B reflectance properties,
Flash point
In minimum temperature the solvent vapours are flammable if a source of ignition is introduced.”
The higher flash point, the safer the solvent
Anti settling agent
An anti settling agent is an aid to shelf life. It is a thixotrope, a thickener, which also allows a higher
film thickness.
Thixotropic paints are jelly paints, non- drip, and if stirred change to normal liquid consistency.
When left they slowly revert to thixotropic consistency.
bentones and waxes, I.e. stop settlement.
Plasticiser
A plasticiser basically gives paint flexibility, reduces brittleness,
Castor Oil, Coconut Oil and some Palm Oils fall into this category.

Driers
Also known as oxidants, these are heavy metal salts, rich in oxygen, which are added to the paint
during manufacture.
Common salts are, manganese and zirconium e.g. cobalt naphthanate.
Acids producing the salts are Octoic Acid and Naphthanic Acid

Anti skinning agents


Anti skinning agents are also known as anti oxidants. These are added to oxidising paints to retard
the formation of a skin on the surface of the paint.
E.g. Methyl Ethyl Ketoxime.

Solution and dispersion - 5

Solution
Solvent is a liquid, which will dissolve another material, liquid or solid.
Solute is the material dissolved by the solvent.
Solution is the resulting liquid. Salt and water, sugar and water are solutions; a binder and
Solvent are also a solution.

Dispersions

Dispersion can be a solid or liquid is surrounded by a liquid, where there is no solubility.

Suspension
Solid particles are dispersed with in liquid, e.g. pigment and extenders are dispersed within a
liquid,

Emulsion
An emulsion is a liquid dispersed in another liquid, when there is no solubility

Drying and curing of paint films- 6

Solvent Evaporation
The drying mechanise is solvent evaporation

Non-convertible reversible
The coatings are dry by solvent evaporation only. No chemical changes take place while
drying, after curing the paint would be softened or damaged if it contact with its own solvent
Acrylics, Vinyls, Chlorinated Rubber, Asphalt and
Coal Tars and Cellulosic Resins.

Oxidation
The dry first by solvent evaporation and then by oxidation
Convertible or non-reversible
Convertible or non reversible paints under go chemical changes upon drying. After drying the
paint cannot be softened or damaged if it contact with its own solvent
Natural oil , resins, epoxy, and urethane
Chemical curing
Chemical curing paints need curing agents to get drying
Chemically curing paints are convertible or non – reversible
The second material, the activator, is supplied in a can, hence the term 2 packs or Multi Component
Liquid.

Induction time
The length of time paint has to stand after mixing and before application
An exothermic reaction. Giving off heat, the container will warm up
An endothermic reaction. Taking in heat, the container will cool forming condensation

Pot life
The period of time after mixing in which the paint must be used

Amides – Epoxy curing agents, usually quote seven days to full cross-linking at 20 oC.

Amines – Epoxy curing agents, three days to full cross-linking at 20oc


Coalescence means to physically join together.
Polymerisation; is the “joining together of a string or structure of repeated units
Coalescence
Dry initially by water evaporation and physically join together
Eg emulsions

Paint system - 7
Primer
Low volume solid materials
Provides excellent adhesion and also provides a key
Passivation layer
Mid-coats
Mainly barrier coats
Primers to prevent further water passing into the film
Mid-coats also build up the film thickness
Finishing coats
Mainly aesthetic
Colour and appearance
Gloss finish the surface must be perfectly smooth, removal of dust and dirt, and natural drainage or
shedding of water
Solar reflective properties
Non-ferrous substrates such as Wash or Mordant primers
Moisture Tolerant Systems
This system is used in above ground gas pipe lines, due to the gas temperature the out side of the
pipe will always damp and wet,

Application
After Surface preparation if excess water in the surface shall be swabbed off and then brush
application of moisture curing polyurethane or high solid epoxy on blasted surface
The more moisture there is presents in the atmosphere, the faster the cure. The criteria with this type
of material is not high RH, 100% is no problem, but low humidity. Some manufacturers state 35% as
minimum RH criteria.

Powder coating materials


Powder coatings are solvent free materials powder shall be applied on preheated substrate at 240oc
melts it undergoes a chemical reaction in approximately three minutes

Thermosetting

Thermosetting means the material will cure with the application of heat
Convertible or non-reversible.

Powders are electro statically sprayed onto a preheated substrate, approximately 245oc.
As soon as the powder hits the heated steel, it melts, undergoes a chemical cure and is fully cross-
linked in approximately three minutes.

Thermoplastic
Thermoplastic materials soften with the application of heat,
Are linear polymer and therefore reversible or non-convertible.
Polyethylene and Polypropalene being examples of these materials.
Usually flame sprayed as repair systems on existing thermoplastic coatings

Sacrificial coatings

This classification of materials sacrifices itself to protect the underlying substrate.The sacrificial
component must be less noble (more electronegative) than the substrate.
In this situation the zinc works as a barrier coat initially and undergoes atmospheric corrosion itself
forming corrosion products such as Zinc Sulphates and Zinc Carbonates.
In order to hold the high concentration of zinc particles together, a very strong binder is required.
This is usually an organic epoxy.
High temperature coatings
Inorganic binders such as Ethyl or Methyl Silicates are zinc pigmented but are primarily designed for
high temperature service and need sealers such as aluminium or carbon pigmented silicones.

Water borne coatings - 8


Water borne coatings
a) Alkyds
b) Epoxies
c) Polyesters
d) Polyurethane
e) Vinyl’s
f) Acrylics
g) Silicones
60% VS paint using a hydrocarbon solvent will release 400 cc of solvent into the atmosphere for
every one litre of paint
Advantages
1 Water is of a suitably low viscosity for any application method, brush, roller or spray.
2 Water is recyclable cheap, abundant, non-toxic and non-flammable.
3 Water is not harmful to environment, the ozone layer or to mankind.
4 Water can be applied over any existing binder type with impunity.
5 In good conditions several coats can be applied in one working day.
Disadvantages
1 Water usually needs a small amount of a co-solvent for modification.
2 In periods of high humidity drying will be retarded.
3 Needs controlled storage conditions, in low temperatures certain components may come out
of solution.
4 Not as versatile as HC’s for application windows.
Paint manufacture- 9
Paint manufacture
1 Premixing
2 Dispersion or grinding or milling
3 The letdown process
Dispersion or grinding
Ball mill
Attritor mill
High speed disperser
Colloid mill
The sand mill
Triple roll mills
Single roll mills
Ball mill
Ball mill is a horizontal steel drum approximately 1m dia x 1.5 m long the mill is filled with 50% of
various type of balls having 1” to 1.5”Steel balls for darker colour and flint for light colour
The mill base is added up to cover the balls approximately 50 % of the drum
The hatch is sealed off then starts drum rotating so that the balls cascade down and do not stick the
drum walls due to centrifugal forces
Then the shear force applied to the mill base so that the balls cascade between balls to balls and
vessel walls
Attritor mill
Attritor mill is vertical version of ball mill more efficient and also static; the paddle drive the balls,
mill base is circulating through pump bottom to top it gives dispersion
High speed disperser
It is like large food mixer with a flat toothed impeller blade at end of the shaft
Dispersion achieved due to the extreme turbulence occur in high speed blade rotation
Colloid mill
Colloid mill or high speed stone mill using stone grinding discs containing carborundum having
10” wheel top stone is stationary and the lower stone is rotating fast at 3600Rpm gravity fed low
viscosity slurry fed enter the centre of top of stone and its passed between two disc due to centrifugal
force
The dispersion achieved due to extreme turbulence and shear force
The sand mill
Sand mill or bead mill or pearl mill is suited for long production for popular colour the mill base
pumped under pressure through the vessels, the mill is partially filled with sand and grinding
mediums The abrasive discs are fixed with a shaft in middle of the mill; Dispersion achieved the
shaft rotation and shear, after dispersion the paint let go to the outlet through the fine screen the
grinding medium will retain the vessel

Triple roll mills


Three rollers made from chilled steel or granite, run parallel to each other, and each one rotates at a
different speed, and each contact face passes in the opposite direction to the adjacent roller. The gap
between them, the nip, can be adjusted. These machines need a thick paste like mill base to operate
efficiently. The mill base is fed into the nip between rollers one and two and the final product is
taken from roller three by means of a scraper bar
Single roll mills
This system utilises a single chilled steel roller. Mill base is gravity fed from a hopper into a small
gap between a longitudinal bar and the rotating oscillating roller. The material is thus subjected to
shear and dispersion. The bar can be adjusted to control the gap by screws or hydraulic pressure
along the length of the bar. There are two types of bars which can be operated, a single roll refining
bar and a recessed bar. The final product is removed by scraper bar.

Testing of paint and properties - 10

Determination of volatile, non volatile


Flash point determination
Paint density
Hegman grind gauge
Viscosity
Viscosity
Resistance to flow is called viscosity
Type of viscosity meters
Rotational
Flow viscometers
Rotational,
Dynamic viscosity,
kinematic viscosity,
Dynamic viscosity - Rotothinner viscometer
Rotothinner viscometer is flat circular plate having 4 holes the circular plate is connected with a
shaft the can is having 250ml of paint is sited with magnetic spring cone shaped base
The rotating disc is entered to the paint the frictional force between paint molecule and paint can will
start rotate when the two things equalise the can will stop rotation at the time reading shall be taken,
the unit is Newton –second/square metre

Kinematic viscosity - kerbs stomer visometer

When weight added will cause the paddle start rotating inside the paint, more weight added the
paddle speed will increasing
Add more weight until the paddle rotate 200Rpm speed note the reading
Viscosity unit is poise or centi -poise

Flow viscometers

Ford No 4 , Iso, Din , zahn and frikmer cups

Zahn and frikmar viscometer is using for hot fluids

Flow cups
Place the finger over the nozzle orifice and fill the paint up to brim, scrap the excess paint in to the
overflow rim by using scale
Start the stopwatch the same time remove finger from the orifice , the paint run continual stream at
first distinctive break or start drip stop the watch and note down the time
Units of viscosity
For dynamic viscosity is, Newton-second per square metre (N.s/m2)
Although on many machines the poise is still used (cgs. unit).
Poise has ten subdivisions called centi-poise.
Water has a viscosity of approximately one centi-poise.
One poise is equal to one dyne second per cm2.
Volatile and non volatile test
Weight the clean watch glass and stir rod add 2 gm of paint re weight, place the watch glass in hot
air oven stir the volatile drive away
Weight the dry paint with watch glass and stir rod, Deduct from the initial weight, a simple
calculation give us volatile and Non volatile Ratio
Flash point (closed able cup)
Place the thermometer, solvent, agitator, Spark electrode in the water bath as shown the figure
Gently heat the water which will turn heat up the solvent,
Every 0.5 Dec rise the temperature activate the high frequency spark
The flash point reached blue flame flashes over the solvent, this temperature is called flash point of
the solvent
Density cup
Weight the clean empty cup and lid cover on sensitivity scale, fill the paint up to brim allow
entrapped air bubbles burst place the lid on the top
Wipe of any Excess paint from the vent and weight
Deduct the weight of the cup from the final weight and divide by 100
Hegman grind gauge or fineness gauge
The Hegman Grind Gauge is a stainless steel block approximately 17.5cm x 6.5cm x 1.4cm and is
highly polished
Two grooves are precision ground tapering from 100 um deep to zero along the total length of the
gauge, 10um increment scale is engraved along the length of the groove
Paint is added to the deepest point of the scale and drawn along to totally fill the groove using a
specially profiled scraper bar. Within three seconds the scale should be placed so that the eye looks
almost parallel along the groove,
To observe a point along the groove where, within a 3mm band, five to ten aggregates break through
the surface of the paint.

Paint film thickness -11

Paint film thickness


Wet film thickness
Dry film thickness
Volume of solids
Wet film thickness
Eccentric wheel, comp gauge
Dry film thickness
Test panels
Calculations
Destructive gauges
Non destructive gauges
Destructive gauges
PIG, Paint inspector gauge
Non destructive gauges
Electronic,
It will work in Electro Magnetic Induction and Eddy Current.
The Electro Magnetic Induction is suitable for Ferro-magnetic substrates
Eddy Current is suitable for non Ferro-magnetic substrates.
Modern electronic gauges are sometimes supplied with probes suitable for both situations, and the
gauges automatically change function according to the fitted probe.
Both types are for measuring non-Ferro magnetic coatings. Accuracy  ½ %.

Magnetic
Tinsley Pencil or Pull of Gauge
The Magnetic Horseshoe gauge (suitable for hot surfaces)
Banana gauge

Mechanical test for paint films -12

Mechanical properties of paint film


Abrasion resistance - Taber Rotary Abraser.
Discs painted with the material to be tested are rotated under special abrading wheels
Hardness of a film - Buchholz Indentor, Sward Hardness Rocker, Koenig Albert
A pendulum with two spherical fulcra is free to swing on a plate painted with the material under test.
The number of swings is counted electronically. (If the fulcra penetrate the surface, more resistance
will reduce the number of swings
Flexibility -Conical mandrel
Painted panels are passing through with smallest conical mandrel with out cracked or bent
Impact resistance -Tubular impact testers
The painted panel is fixed under the Tube tester the weight is released and falls onto the sample,
which is then assessed for damage, two types of test can be done, direct impact and indirect impact.
Direct being onto the painted side of the sample and indirect on the non-painted side.

Accelerated testing
Humidity cabin, salt spray cabin, water soak test, temperature cycling, Prohesion testing

Drying and curing test of paint films -13


Ballotini test,
Tiny glass balls dropped on the test panel surface the time in hours are written the test panels, the last
grain of ballotini sticking in to the surface is recorded as the drying time

BK drying recorders,
It gives stage wise drying detail like solvent evaporation, surface drying time, final drying time ,
motor driven needles are fixed on the painted glass panels, when the paint wet the needle penetrate
through the glass after solvent evaporation the needle will cut the paint, after drying the scratch is
not visible based on this we will able to know the correct time was taken each stages

Mechanical thumb test, B-Pencil scratch test


Mechanical scratch test, Gold leaf test, Thumbnail test

Opacity - Pfund Cryptometers


Through type,
A wooden block with a tapered sunken trough in the middle, the bottom of which is formed by
chequered black and white glass squares. Paint is added at the deep end and scraped along to fill the
trough. Looking perpendicular onto the trough, find the point where the underlying square can just
no longer be seen scale running along the groove will indicate the depth of the groove at that point,
and is recorded as a wet film thickness
Black and white fused plates,
Hiding power charts and micrometer adjustable film applicator
Degree of Gloss
Light source directs a beam of light onto the surface under test, and a photo electric cell, set at the
same angle, collects the reflected light and quantifies it and converts it digitally into a percentage of
the incident light.

Adhesion test of paint films -14


Adhesion test
V’ cut test,
Cross cut (cross hatch test),
Cut through the paint using six horizontal and six vertical cuts approximately 2 mm spaces giving a
25-squared grid. Special profile cutters can be used. Apply an agreed tape to the area rub smoothly
onto the hatched area and then snatch off. The resulting areas shall be compared with code diagrams
BS 3900 Pt E6.

Dolly test
Clean the surface to be checked, rough with medium emery paper, mix the regular araldite and stick
the dolly to the surface for 24 hrs at 25 Deg C Cut araldite around the dolly with the help of special
cutter, attach pull of instrument and apply pull of force to detach the dolly from the surface reading
shall be note The detached surface shall be interpret

Hydraulic adhesion test equipment,


Same principle as stated above
Adhesion failure
Primer to substrate failure
Surface contamination like dirt, oil, grease Lack of profile and adequate surface preparation,
Inter-coat adhesion (between films)
Recommended over-coating limits not followed, Surface contamination like dirt
Cohesive failure (within a paint film)
Solvent entrapment, incorrect ratio mix of a two pack, lack of proper polymerisation

Holidays and pinholes


Wet sponge pinhole detector, less than or equal to 300 um the 9v, 300 – 500 um 90v or 67½v

The negative terminal is connected to bare steel on the structure to be tested.


The positive terminal is connected to a hand stick with a sponge on the end.
To use the detector the sponge electrode is wetted in water with a tiny amount of detergent/washing
up liquid added, and squeezed out to remove excess water. The sponge is traversed methodically
over the area. On a vertical surface it is better to work upwards. On contact with a pinhole a high-
pitched bleep indicates, the exact position of which is located by using a corner of the sponge. The
position shall be marked for repair.
High voltage holiday detector, above 500 um
Same principle as stated above

Specified coating conditions-15

Coating condition
Relative Humidity,
The amount of water vapour in the air expressed as a Percentage of the amount of water vapour,
which could be in the air at that same temperature
Dew Point,
This is the temperature at which water vapour in the air will condense
Every 11oc drop in temperature results in the airs capacity to hold water halving

Whirling Hygrometer, Aspirated Hygrometer or Psychrometer,


Two thermometers are mounted in a plastic frame, fitted with a handle so that the frame can be
rotated through the Air One of the thermometer is fitted with a wick around the bulb The wick passes
through a hole in the end of small container having distilled water or clean rainwater i.e. de-ionised
water. The water is drawn by capillary Action all along the wick out the area this is referred to as the
wet bulb and the second thermometer is the dry bulb.

Hygrometer should be rotated quickly about a horizontal axis in front of the operator at a speed of
4m/sec for 30 – 40 seconds as fast as possible and then first read wet bulb and than dry bulb
This operation should be repeated until the readings should be within 0.2oc, the wet bulb and dry
bulb temperatures recorded and then determine the RH and DP from scales

Thermometer, pyrometer
To measure the steel substrate temperature
Paint application -16
Brush application, Roller application, and Spray application
Spray application
Conventional spray.
Suction feed
Paint container is underneath the gun, paint is drawn up by venturi principle to the gun
Gravity feed
The paint container is above the gun and paint feeds to the gun by gravity
Remote pressure pot
Air from a compressor is fed into the top of the pot and the paint is forced out through a line to the
gun when the trigger is operated, the paint exits in a continual stream.

Airless spray.

Conventional Airless
Slow application due to fluid delivery.
Excellent application rates.
Low air pressure 40 – 75 PSI
Can need 100 PSI to operate the pump.
Delivery pressures greater than 6000 PSI,
Delivery pressure greater than 20 PSI dependant on pump ratio.

Need special paint containers.


Uses manufacturer’s containers.
Guns can be unwieldy, two lines to supply Single line supplies pressurised paint.
the gun.
Basic equipment needs very little
Needs more maintenance due to high
maintenance.
pressure and moving parts.
Equipment needs flushing well to remove all
Easier to clean after use. traces of paint. Expensive replacement.

Airless spray

Airless spray the paint is pressurised by hydraulic pumps OR compressed air pump in
Of two pistons on a common shaft For instance, if an air driven piston has a surface area of 35
Square inches and is exposed to a pressure of 100 psi, a piston at the other end of the shaft with a
surface area of one square inch will exert a pressure of 3500 psi.As the piston is driven down to
pressurise the paint, the one-way valve at the paint inlet is forced to close position and the paint out
port is opened. When the piston reached the bottom of its stroke, the air circuit reverses and forces
the piston back upwards. This happens the outlet port is closed and the inlet port opens to refill the
cylinder with paint. At the top of the stroke the air circuit reverses again and drives the piston down
again.

The outlet pressure can be adjusted by reducing the inlet pressure from the compressor.
These systems are called airless because air is not used for atomization.
Atomization occurs by forcing the paint at extremely high pressure, usually 2000 to 2500 psi through
a very small aperture, 12 to 23 thou diameter, into a volume of air offering a resistance to the paint
flow. As the air and paint meet, the paint atomies.
Most tips used on airless spray equipment have a facility for reversing the flow of paint through the
tip type of airless spray tip exists with an adjustable aperture size, called a Titan Tip.
Pigments and extenders, especially MIO and metallic pigments can be quite abrasive and the tips are
subject to wear
Some are sleeved with tungsten carbide to give a loner life.

Paint Type Tip Size Pressure PSI


Chlorinated Rubber 13 – 21 thou" 2400
High Build Epoxy 17 – 23 thou" 3000
Zinc Rich Epoxy 17 – 23 thou" 2800

Metal coatings -17

Galvanising
The components are acid cleaned washed and fluxed, then totally immersed in a vessel containing
molten zinc at approximately 450oc average thickness of approximately 100 um
Sheradising
After cleaning the components are tumbled in the powdered zinc, impact fuses the zinc onto the
components and in effect, “cold welds” the powder onto the metal.

Calorising
Component is dip it into molten aluminium at a temperature of 625oc or also be done by
immersing a component in a mix of fine sand and aluminium powder and heating.

Electro-plating
Current is released from an item into a metal salt solution through to a cathode, the metal salts ionise
and deposit the metal ions on the cathode bar

Hot metal spraying


Zinc and aluminium are the most commonly used metals for spraying. They are both below steel on
the galvanic list and so will provide cathodic protection to the steel, and both metals have a
reasonable low melting point.
Aluminium is better for acidic environments, zinc is better for alkaline environments

Hot metal spraying


Powder system
Electric arc system
Wire and pistol system
Anodising
Powder system

Powdered metal is fed into a heat source (usually butane or propane and pure oxygen burning) and
propelled onto the substrate

Electric arc system


As in a welding process the metal (to be sprayed) acts as an electrode in a circuit and the electrode
melts. The molten metal is atomised and blown onto the component by means of a heated air jet.
This system gives fine grain finish
Wire and pistol system
The metal wire, of a very high degree of purity, greater than 99.5%, is driven through a gun by
means of two knurled wheels powered by compressed air. As the wire, 3mm – 5mm passes through
to the front of the gun it passes through a ring of burners, with the flames focused about 35mm from
the exit point the flames melt the wire and droplets of metal are propelled to the steel by the
combustion gasses and compressed air
The coating is usually applied at a thickness of 100 – 125mm and is about 85% to 95% density of the
original wire

Anodising;
A treatment for aluminium, anodising is an electrolytic method of coating which results in the
formation of a dense oxide. The component is immersed in a weak acid bath and oxidation is
induced electrically
Painting faults-18

Bittiness
The presence of particles of gel flocculated material
Bleeding
Diffusion of a soluble coloured substance. Discolouration
Blistering
Formation of dome shaped projections
Bloom
Loss of gloss and dulling of colour.
Chalking
Powdery layer on the surface
Cissing
Coating material reduced Leaving holidays in the film.
Cracking
Usually as a result of ageing
Hair cracking
Fine cracks
Checking
Fine Cracks on the finish coat not penetrate top coat
Crocodiling/alligatoring
Producing a pattern resembling the hide of a crocodile
Mud cracking
Network of deep cracks
Cratering
Formation of small bowl shaped depressions
Curtaining/sagging
Coat having a thick lower edge
Run
Narrow downward movement of a coat
Dry spray
Production of a rough or slightly bitty film
Efflorescence
Salt crystal on the substrate shall shown Whitish crystalline formation
Flaking
Lifting of the coating materials
Flocculation
Development of loosely cohesive pigment
Grinning through
Inadequate hiding power of the coating material.
Holidays
Insufficient thickness or complete absence of coating on random areas
Lifting
Swelling or separation from the substrate
Orange peel
Uniform pock marked appearance
Pinholing
Minute holes in the film
Ropiness
Brush marks
Saponification – the formation of soap by the reaction of a fatty acid Easter and an alkali

Health and safety -19


Maximum Exposure Limit (MEL).
The maximum concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a reference period, to which
employees may be exposed by inhalation under any circumstances and is specified, together with the
appropriate reference period, in Schedule one of COSHH.”
Occupations Exposure Standard (OES).
The concentration of an airborne substance, averaged over a reference period, at which, according to
current knowledge, there is no evidence that it is likely to be injurious to employees if they are
exposed to inhalation, day after day, to that concentration, and which is specified in a list approved
by HSE
OEL examples of some solvents
Solvent Name OEL in ppm
Alcohol’s Methanol 200
Ethanol 1000
Ethers Ethyl Ether 400
Isopropyl Ether 250
Esters Methyl Acetate 200
Ethyl Acetate 400
Ketones Acetone 750
Methyl Ethyl Ketone 200
Aromatics Xylene 100
Toluene 50
Aliphatics White Spirit 100
Hexane 500
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons 1.1.1 Trichloroethane 350 ab
Trichloroethylene 100 ac
a = MEL
b = Maximum short term exposure 450.
c = Maximum short term exposure 150.

long term exposure limits are averaged over an eight hour reference period and short term exposures
over ten minute reference periods.
Symbol
Toxic or Very Toxic
Black symbol of skull and crossbones on an orange square with the words Toxic or Very Toxic
printed below
Harmful or Irritant
Black diagonal cross on an orange square with the words Harmful or Irritant printed below.

corrosive
Black symbol showing a tilted test-tube dripping onto a hand with a chunk out, adjacent to a test
tube dripping onto a stone flag. Orange background with the word corrosive printed below.
Dräger tube and Dräger bellows

Painting related Tests


Salt and contamination Test on substrate
Soluble iron salts
Soluble chloride test
Mill scale detection
Dust on substrate
Moisture on substrate
Detect the oil and grease
Profile test
Surface profile needle gauge
Dial micrometer with replica tape
Paint tests
Volatile and non volatile
Flash point determination
Density cup
Hegman grind gauge
Dynamic Viscosity
Kinematic viscosity
Ford No4, ISO, DIN, Zahn and frikmer flow cups
Film thickness measurements
DFT, Test panels, calculations, destructive,( PIG paint inspector gauge )
Non destructive gauges (Electronic - Electro magnetic induction, eddy current)
Magnetic – Tinsley pencil gauge, horseshoe, banana gauge
WFT, Eccentric wheel, comp gauge
V.S
Mechanical properties of paint film
Abrasion resistance - Taber Rotary Abraser.
Hardness of a film - Buchholz Indentor, Sward Hardness Rocker, Koenig Albert
Flexibility -Conical mandrel
Impact resistance -Tubular impact testers
Accelerated testing
Humidity cabin, salt spray cabin, water soak test, temperature cycling, Prohesion testing
Drying and curing test
Ballotini test, BK drying recorders, Mechanical thumb test, B-Pencil scratch test
Mechanical scratch test, Gold leaf test, Thumbnail test
Opacity
Pfund Cryptometers, - Through type, Black and white fused plates, Hiding power charts and
micrometer adjustable film applicator
Degree of Gloss
Gloss is a measure of reflectivity
Adhesion test
V’ cut test, Cross cut (cross hatch test), Dolly test, and Hydraulic adhesion test equipment,
Holidays and pinholes
Wet sponge pinhole detector, less than or equal to 300 um the 9v, 300 – 500 um 90v or 67½v
High voltage holiday detector, above 500 um
Coating condition
Relative Humidity, Dew Point, Whirling Hygrometer, Aspirated Hygrometer or Psychrometer,
thermometer, pyrometer
SPA1 - NEW AND MAINTENANCE PAINTING FOR LONG TERM
SPA2 - NEW AND MAINTENANCE PAINTING FOR INDOOR USE ORSHORT TERM
PROTECTION

SPA3 - PAINTING OF METAL SURFACES FOR HOT DUTIES


TEMPERATURES FROM 100 0C TO 149 0C (TABLE SPA3a
TEMPERATURES FROM 150 0C TO 340 0C (TABLE SPA3b
TEMPERATURES ABOVE 340 0C (TABLE SPA3c)
SPA4 - PAINTING OF DAMP FERROUS SURFACES
SPA5 - MAINTENANCE PAINTING OF LOW PRESSURE GASHOLDERS
SPA6 - PAINTING OF NON-FERROUS SURFACES
SPA1 - NEW AND MAINTENANCE PAINTING FOR LONG TERM
Preparation of surfaces
Sa 2 ½ quality and have a profile within the range of 30 m and 75 m

TABLE SPA1a - Operations chart for use with clauses 13 and 15 for uncoated or unsuitably
Coated surfaces

Operation Subject of Comments Relevant clauses in PA10


number operation
Section 2 Section 3
1 Mask areas 5.7
2 Blast clean BS 7079 Sa 2½ quality; 5.9.2 13.2
maximum profile 75 um
3 Clean all surfaces Immediately prior to primer 5.9.6
application
4 Apply primer Dry film thickness dependent 7 and 8 15.4
upon system (see Table
SPA1e)
5 Apply micaceous Dry film thickness 75 um 7 and 8 15.5
iron oxide minimum 15.6

TABLE SPA1b - Operations chart for use with clauses 14 and 15 surfaces with limited coating
damage

Operation Subject of Comments Relevant clauses in PA10


number operation
Section 2 Section 3
1 Mask areas 5.7
2 Mechanically wire BS 7079 St3 quality as 5.9.4 14.2
brush and feather minimum 14.3
edges
3 Clean all surfaces Immediately prior to primer 5.9.6
application
4 Apply primer Dry film thickness dependent 7 and 8 15.4
upon system (see Table
SPA1e)
5 Apply micaceous Dry film thickness 75 um 7 and 8 15.5
iron oxide minimum 15.6
TABLE SPA1c - Operations chart for final coatings

Operation Subject of Comments Relevant clauses in PA10


number operation
Section 2 Section 3
1 Clean all surfaces 5.9.6 16.1
16.2
2 Apply undercoat Dry film thickness dependent 7 and 8 16.3
upon system (see Table
SPA1e)
3 Apply finish Dry film thickness dependent 7 and 8 16.4
upon system (see Table
SPA1e)

TABLE SPA1d - Operations chart for maintenance painting

Operation Subject of Comments Relevant clauses in PA10


number operation
Section 2 Section 3
1 Mask areas 5.7
2 Surface preparation Key existing paint system if 17.2.1
of existing paint required
system
3 Surface preparation Blast cleaning or wire 5.9 17.2.2
of areas of exposed brushing as specified
substrate or where
paint is to be
removed
4 Clean all surfaces Immediately prior to painting 5.9.6
5 Spot primer
Overlapping existing paint at
6 Spot micaceous 7 17.3.1
least 100 mm
iron oxide
7 Apply undercoat Overall or to areas spot
7 17.3.2
8 Apply finish painted above, as specified

TABLE SPA1e - Preferred systems

Stage Compliant solvent-based Minimum dry film


thickness (um)
1 High build epoxy aluminium primer 75
2 Epoxy Micaceous iron oxide 75
3 High build epoxy undercoat 75
4 Epoxy or polyester acrylic finish 40
Stage Water-borne acrylic Minimum dry film
thickness (um)
1 Primer 50
2 Micaceous iron oxide 75
3 Undercoat 50
4 Finish coat 50

TABLE SPA2a - Operation chart for new painting

Operation Subject of Comments Relevant clauses in


number operation PA10
Section 2 Section 3
1 Mask off 5.7 19.1
2 Remove all 19.2
3 deposits BS 7079,St3 as a minimum 5.9.4 19.3
4 Wire brush 5.9.6
5 Clean areas Minimum dry film thickness 7 20.2
6 Apply primer 45 um 7 20.3
Apply micaceous Minimum dry film thickness
iron oxide 50 um*

7** Apply undercoat Minimum dry film thickness 7 20.4


8** Apply finish 45 um* 7 20.4
Minimum dry film thickness
25 um*
* These values to be determined by means of a wet film thickness gauge as specified in
clause 8.
** Operations 7 and8 are to be carried out if a decorative finish is required.

TABLE SPA2b - Operation chart for maintenance painting

Operation Subject of Comments Relevant clauses in


number operation PA10
Section 2 Section 3
1 Mask off 5.7 19.1
2 Remove all 19.2
3 deposits BS 7079,St3 as a minimum 5.9.4 19.3
4 Wire brush 5.9.6
5 Clean areas Minimum dry film thickness 45 7 20.2
6* Spot prime um 7 20.3
Spot micaceous Minimum dry film thickness 50
iron oxide um**

7 Apply undercoat Minimum dry film thickness 45 7 21.3


8 Apply finish um** 7 21.3
Minimum dry film thickness 25
um**
9 Apply full coat of Minimum dry film thickness 50 7 21.3
micaceous iron um**
oxide
* On completion of operation 6, if decorative finish is required, operations 7 and 8 only
are to be carried out.
Alternatively, operation 9 may be carried out on completion of operation 6, if a
decorative finish is not required.

** These values to be determined by means of a wet film thickness gauge as specified in


clause 8..

TABLE SPA3a - Operations chart for hot duty surfaces from 100 0 C to 149 0 C

Operation Subject of Comments Relevant clauses in PA10


number operation
Section 2 Section 3
1 Mask 5.7 23.1.1
2 Remove surface 23.1.2
contamination
3 Blast clean BS7079 Sa 2½ quality; 5.9.2 23.1.3
maximum profile 75 um
4 Apply primer Dry film thickness depends 23.2.1
upon primer used
5 Apply additional Dry film thickness depends 23.2.2
coats of primer upon primer used

TABLE SPA3b - Operations chart for hot duty surfaces from 150 0 C to 340 0 C

Operatio Subject of Comments Relevant clauses in PA10


n number operation
Section 2 Section 3
1 Mask 5.7 24.1.1
2 Remove surface 24.1.2
contamination
3 Blast clean BS7079 Sa 3 quality; 5.9.2 24.1.3
maximum profile 75 um
4 Apply system System to be chosen from the 24.2.2
list of options below

Operatio Subject of Comments Relevant clauses in PA10


n number operation
Section 2 Section 3
a Thermally sprayed In accordance with BS 2569: 24.2.1
aluminium Part 2 and/or BS EN 22063
b Inorganic zinc Apply in accordance with 24.2.2
silicate manufacturers’ instructions
c Polysiloxane Apply in accordance with 24.2.2
inorganic coating manufacturers’ instructions

TABLE SPA3c - Operations chart for hot duty surfaces operating above 340 0 C

Operation Subject of Comments Relevant clauses in PA10


number operation
Section 2 Section 3
1 Mask 5.7 24.1.1
2 Remove surface 24.1.2
contamination
3 Blast clean BS7079 Sa 3 quality; 5.9.2 24.1.3
maximum profile 75 um
4 Apply thermally In accordance with BS 2569: 25.2.1
sprayed aluminium Part 2 and/or BS EN 22063

NOTE – Thermally sprayed aluminium is the preferred system and will provide the longest
service life.
Alternative coating systems to thermally sprayed aluminium are:
4a i) Inorganic zinc Apply in accordance with 25.2.2
silicate manufacturers’ instructions
ii) Apply sealer Apply in accordance with 25.2.4
manufacturers’ instructions.
Not required for polysiloxane
coatings
iii) Apply heat to cure In accordance with 25.2.4
sealer manufacturers’ instructions.
Check plant operating
conditions
4b Polysiloxane Apply in accordance with 25.2.2
inorganic coating manufacturers’ instructions
TABLE SPA4a - Operation chart for painting damp metal surfaces

Operation Subject of Period before next Comments Relevant clauses in


number operation operation PA10
Minimum Maximu Section 2 Section
m 3
1 Remove all 5.9.6 27.1
surface
contamination,
etc.
2 Blast clean 4h BS 7079 Sa 5.9.2 27.2
2½ quality
3 Wash To remove all 27.3
grit and dust
4 Remove Surface shall 27.4
droplets and not be wet
standing water
5 Apply system In accordance with To be applied 7 28.2
manufacturers’ by brushing
instructions

TABLE SPA6a - Non-ferrous surfaces - surface preparation

Non-ferrous surfaces Surface preparation Comments


Preferred First option
option
New galvanizing Sweep Hand abrading The preferred and first
abrasive blast options eliminate the need
for an ‘Etch’ primer. An
‘Etch’ primer (T-wash)
shall be used where these
options are impractical
Weathered Stiff bristle - Weathered surface provides
galvanizing brushing its own key
Previously painted Sweep Hand abrading -
galvanizing abrasive blast
Aluminium Sweep Hand abrading Thin gauge aluminium
abrasive blast should not be blast cleaned
and should be treated with
an etch primer prior to the
application of intermediate
and finish coats.
Chlorinated hydrocarbon
solvent shall not be used
Stainless steel Sweep - Only aluminium oxide
abrasive blast should be used as the
blasting medium
Pre-painted cladding Sweep Hand abrading -
(‘Plastisol’ cladding abrasive blast
or equivalent)
Glass reinforced Sweep Hand abrading -
plastics abrasive blast
Fusion bonded Sweep Hand abrading -
epoxy abrasive blast
Multi component Sweep Hand abrading -
liquids abrasive blast
Concrete In accordance - Surface abrasion may not
with the be required for new
Manufacturers’ concrete. Old paint should
recommendati be removed if required
ons using scrabblers

TABLE SPA6b - Non-ferrous surfaces - Paint systems

Non-ferrous surfaces Groups of paint systems Comments


G1 G2 G3
New galvanizing Water- Epoxy Alkyd or -
borne high build modified
acrylic alkyd
Weathered Water- Epoxy Alkyd or Any damaged
galvanizing borne high build modified galvanizing shall be
acrylic alkyd repaired with zinc
rich epoxy
Previously painted Water- Epoxy Alkyd or -
galvanizing borne high build modified
acrylic alkyd
Aluminium Water- Epoxy Alkyd or -
borne high build modified
acrylic alkyd
Stainless steel Water- Epoxy - -
borne high build
acrylic
Pre-painted cladding Water- Moisture Alkyd or Any damaged areas
(‘Plastisol’ cladding borne cured modified where the steel
or equivalent) acrylic urethane alkyd substrate is exposed,
should be repaired in
accordance with
SPA1
Glass reinforced Water- Moisture Alkyd or -
plastics borne cured modified
acrylic urethane alkyd
Fusion bonded Water- Moisture Alkyd or -
epoxy borne cured modified
acrylic urethane alkyd
Multi component Water- Moisture Alkyd or -
liquids borne cured modified
acrylic urethane alkyd
Concrete Water- Moisture Alkyd or For new concrete a
borne cured modified sealer coat may be
acrylic urethane alkyd required

TABLE SPA6c - Non-ferrous surfaces - Paint systems - Initial coat

Non-ferrous surfaces Options


G1 G2 G3
New galvanizing Water-borne Pigmented high Alkyd or modified
acrylic micaceous build epoxy (65 alkyd (40 um
iron oxide (65 um um minimum) minimum)
minimum)
Weathered Water-borne Pigmented high Alkyd or modified
galvanizing acrylic micaceous build epoxy (65 alkyd (40 um
iron oxide (65 um um minimum) minimum)
minimum)
Previously painted Water-borne Pigmented high Alkyd or modified
galvanizing acrylic micaceous build epoxy (65 alkyd (40 um
iron oxide (65 um um minimum) minimum)
minimum)
Aluminium Water-borne Pigmented high Alkyd or modified
acrylic micaceous build epoxy (65 alkyd (40 um
iron oxide (65 um um minimum) minimum)
minimum)
Stainless steel Water-borne Chloride free -
acrylic micaceous epoxy high build
iron oxide (45 um (65 um minimum)
minimum)
Pre-painted cladding Water-borne Compatible Compatible alkyd
(plastisol cladding) acrylic micaceous moisture cured or modified alkyd
iron oxide (45 um urethane (25 um (40 um minimum)
minimum) minimum)
Glass reinforced Water-borne Compatible Compatible alkyd
plastics acrylic micaceous moisture cured or modified alkyd
iron oxide (45 um urethane (25 um (40 um minimum)
minimum) minimum)
Fusion bonded Water-borne Compatible Compatible alkyd
epoxy acrylic micaceous moisture cured or modified alkyd
iron oxide (45 um urethane (25 um (40 um minimum)
minimum) minimum)
Multi component Water-borne Compatible Compatible alkyd
liquids acrylic micaceous moisture cured or modified alkyd
iron oxide (45 um urethane (25 um (40 um minimum)
minimum) minimum)
Concrete Walls
Floors {Single pack Moisture cured Compatible alkyd
} urethane sealer or modified alkyd
{water-borne (40 um minimum)
acrylic} {primer
(30 um }
{minimum)
}

IS-8501-1 Photographs
Rust grade – A,B,C,D
Blast grade – ASa2.5,ASa3, BSa1, BSa2, BSa2.5,BSa3, CSa1, CSa2, CSa2.5,
CSa3, DSa1,DSa2,DSa2.5,DSa3
Hand and power tool cleaning – BSt2, BSt3, CSt2, CSt3, DSt2
Flame cleaning - Af1, Bf1, Cf1, Df1

Codes and regulations


SI 1657 states that any mineral used as an abrasive must release less than 1% free silica
COSHH REGS does not allow the use of sand containing silica for dry blasting
Sizing of abrasives BS 2451
7079 pt E Partial size distribution
Assessing a profile BS 7079 Pt c & ISO 8503
Rest grades BS 7079 pt A ISO 8501, SS 05 59 00
Safety to 1GE SR 21
Hand and power tool cleaning. 7079 Pt A, ISO 8501, SS 05 59 00
CPVC is defined in BS 2015
BS 3900, Methods of test for paints
Determination of volatile, non volatile BS 3900 part B2
BS 3900 part A9, using a closed Abel cup
Viscosity is, Newton-second per square metre (N.s/m2), centi-poise, stoke
Procedure for calibration to BS 3900 PT C5 (now ISO 2808).
Flexibility BS 3900 E1
BS 4800 colour system
COSHH regulations, substances hazardous to health
Guidance note EH 40 (occupational exposure limits
BS 410 - Specification for test sieves.
BS 2015 - Glossary of paints and related terms.
BS 2569 Pt 2 - Specification for sprayed metal coatings.
BS 3900 - Methods of test for paints.
BS 4800 - Schedule of paint colour’s for building purposes.
BS 5252 - Framework for colour co-ordination for building purposes.
BS 5493 - Code of practice for protective coating of iron and steel structures.
BS 7079 - Preparation of steel substrates before application of paints and
related products.
BS 7079 Group A - Visual assessment of surface cleanliness.
BS 7079 Group B - Methods of assessment of surface cleanliness.
BS 7079 Group C - Surface roughness characteristics of blast cleaned steel substrates.
BS 7079 Group D - Methods for surface preparation.
ISO 8501 - Group “A” as above.
ISO 8502 - Group “B” as above.
ISO 8503 - Group “C” as above.
ISO 8504 - Group “D” as above.
SIS 055900 - Pictorial surface preparation standards for painting steel surfaces.
B6C PS PA 5 - Notes for guidance, painting inspection.
B6C PS PA 7 - Stove paint finishing.
B6C PS PA 8 - Internal coating for steel small bore pipe.
B6C PS PA 9 - Paint properties and performance requirements.
B6C PS PA 10 - New and maintenance painting at works and site for above ground
pipeline and plant installations.
1GE SR 21 - Code of practice for safety during blast cleaning operations.
B6C PS PWC1 - Acoustic cladding
B6C PS PWC2 - Thermal insulation of above ground pipe work and equipment.

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