Tips on Designing to Eurocode 2

By
Er Thung Sek Kwang
Building & Construction Authority
 Overview
1. Scope of standards

2. EN 1990 – ultimate limit states, combination of

actions, factors of safety

3. SS EN 1992 Part 1-1 vs CP 65

4. Some errors in submissions

Scope of standards

CP 65
• Part 1 – Code of practice for design and construction

• Part 2 – Code of practice for special circumstances

EC 2
• Part 1-1: General rules and rules for buildings

• Part 1-2: Structural fire design

• Part 2: Bridges (supersedes BS 5400-2)

• Part 3: Liquid-retaining and containment structures (supersedes SS CP 73 /

BS 8007)
EN 1990 - Ultimate Limit States

• EN 1990 – Basis of structural design

• Ultimate Limit States (ULS) to be considered:

• Eurocode gives different combination for each of these ULS

• Only STR limit state considered in this presentation

• Under STR limit state – Eurocode defines 3 possible combinations of actions

• Expression (6.10)
• Expression (6.10a)
• Expression (6.10b)

• In S’pore (& in UK), designer may use (6.10) or the less favourable of (6.10a) or (6.10b)
EN 1990 - Combination of Actions
EN 1990 - Design Values of Actions

Ψ factor
EN 1990 - Ψ factors
EUROCODE 2

SS EN 1992 Part 1-1: General

rules and rules for buildings
Design Life

CP 65
• Design life not specifically stated in BS

EC 2
• Defined design life (Structural Class)
• 50 years (buildings) (S4)
• 120 years (Bridges, flyovers) (S5)

• Need to take additional measures if design life > 50 years (buildings)

• Cover
• Concrete specification, etc
Load Arrangements

CP 65

EC 2
• Load Set 1 – alt & adj span loaded
Load Arrangements

EC 2
• Load Set 2 – all span & alt span loaded
• Similar to CP 65

EC 2
• Load Set 3 - simplified arrangement for slabs conforming to certain conditions*
• Similar to CP 65

• One-way spanning; A>30m2; Qk / Gk does not exceed 1.25;

Qk does not exceed 5kN/m2;, exclude partition
Partial Factors of Safety – gravity loads

CP 65
• (1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk) + (1.0 Gk)

• 1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk

EC 2
• (1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk) + (1.35 Gk) + GIE

• 1.35 Gk + 1.5 Qk + GIE

Partial Factors of Safety – gravity & wind loads

CP 65

+ GIE
Stress-strain relationship of concrete

CP 65
• Design value of concrete compressive strength fcd

• fcd = = 0.45 fcu

• 0.67 allows the diff betwn bending strength & cube

strength

• gm partial factor for concrete = 1.5

EC 2
• Design value of concrete compressive strength fcd

• αcc=0.85 allows the diff betwn bending strength & cylinder

strength

• gc partial factor for concrete = 1.5

Properties of concrete

CP 65

• Max concrete grade = C60

• Density of concrete 24 kN/m3

• BC2 – use of high strength concrete to C100

.

EC 2

• Max strength class = C90/105

• Expressions in EC2 adjusted for strength class > C50/60

• Density of concrete 25 kN/m3

• EC2 - extended use to high strength concrete

Stress-strain relationship of reinforcement

CP 65

• Design value of yield strength fyd

fyd = = 0.87 fy

• gs is partial factor for steel = 1.15

EC 2

• Design value of yield strength fyd

• gs is partial factor for steel= 1.15

Stress-strain relationship of reinforcement

CP 65

ey = fy / (gs Es) = 0.002

EC 2
Properties of reinforcement

CP 65

• fy = 250N/mm2 and 460 N/mm2

• Plain & ribbed bars

EC 2

• fy = 400 to 600 N/mm2

• UK has adopted fy = 500 N/mm2 conforming to BS 4449: 2005

• Ribbed bar only; no provision for plain bar

Minimum Cover

CP 65
• Nominal cover - depth to all steel reinforcement

EC 2 • Cmon – nominal cover

• Cmin should satisfy requirements for:

• Transmission of bond forces
• Durability
• Fire resistance

• DC dev allowance for deviation from min cover

• 10 mm – norm
• 5mm – construction with quality assurance system
 EC2 - Nominal cover

durability as
bond = Φ
Cover for per BS 8500
durability
SS 544-1 Table A.4
10 mm
Recommended
5mm precast

Tables in Section 5 of
part 1-2

Nominal cover = Minimum cover + allowance for deviation

Minimum Cover - durability

CP 65
Minimum Cover - durability

EC2
Minimum Cover – fire resistance

CP 65
• Tabulated data (method 1)
• Min cover & dimensions

• Fire test (method 2)

• Fire engineering calculations

(method 3)

EC 2

• Similar requirements to CP 65

• Refer to SS EN 1992-1-2: Structural fire design

Stability and Imperfection

CP 65

• Considered as a notional horizontal load (NHL)

• Minimum wind load at ULS shall not be less than NHL

• NHL = 1.5% x (Characteristic dead load)

EC 2

• Considered as effects of geometric

imperfections

• Considered in all load

combination

• In addition to all lateral load

Shear Design

CP 65

• Uses ‘Truss Analogy’ with truss angle θ = 45°

• θ = 45°
• CP 65 compares shear stresses.
• The maximum shear stress is limited to 5 N/mm2 or 0.8√fcu, whichever is the lesser.
• The design shear force must be less than the sum of the shear resistance of concrete
plus shear links

EC 2

• Uses ‘The Variable Strut Inclination Method’ for shear design.

• θ varies 21.8°- 45°
• EC 2 compares shear forces.
• The maximum shear capacity of concrete VRd,max cannot be exceeded.
• Where the applied shear exceeds the min shear resistance of concrete VRd,c, the
shear reinforcement should be capable of resisting all the shear forces.
Flat slab – apportion of bending moments

CP 65

EC 2

60% - 80% 40% - 20%

50% - 70% 50% - 30%

• The distribution of moments given in CP 65 may be used.

Detailing

CP 65

• Rebar conforming to SS 2: Part 3: 1987

• Steel fabric conforming to SS 32: Part 2: 1985

EC 2

• Rebar conforming to SS 560, BS 4449: 2005

• Steel fabric conforming to SS 561, BS 4483: 2005

Detailing

CP 65

• Bar size is prefixed with ‘R’ or ‘T’

EC 2

• 3 types ductility – grade A, B & C

• Bar size is prefixed with ‘H’, ‘A’,

‘B’, ‘C’ or ‘X’ (e.g. H16, B12 etc)
Detailing of beams - comparison
Beams EC 2 CP 65

Mean axial
tensile str

Max size of agg 3.30

Detailing of slabs - comparison
Slabs EC 2 CP 65
Detailing for punching shear - comparison
Punching shear EC 2 Spacing – radial, CP 65
tangential

Area of shear reinf

Detailing for columns - comparison
Columns EC 2 Axial compression
CP 65
force

Spacing –
transverse reinf
Simplified detailing rules for continuous beam

CP 65 EC 2
Simplified detailing rules for simple beam

CP 65

EC 2
Summary

• Design based on cylinder strength (not cube strength)

• EC 2 does not have provisions for plain or mild steel reinforcement

• Geometric imperfection considered for all load combination

• Min cover – treated differently

• EC 2 has provisions for high strength concrete to C90/105

• EC 2 - uses ‘variable strut inclination’ method for assessment of shear capacity

• Punching shear – carried out at 2d away and for rect columns – perimeter is
rounded at the corners

• Anchorage & lap lengths – EC 2 has more complex treatment compared to the
simple tables in CP 65