KERBING
KERB
-a line of stone or concrete forming an edge
between a pavement and roadways, so that
the pavement is some 15 cm above the level.
KERB PROFILE
 Half-battered
 Bull-nosed
 Splayed
 Square
PURPOSE:
 main purpose is to strengthen the
sides of a carriageway and to prevent
lateral spread of the pavement.
 form a wall which causes surface
water to run along the channel and
into the gullies.
 act as an elevated boundary line to
footways, so keeping pedestrians
above the road channel.
 act as demarcation line between road
and footway, thus being safety feature
to assist drivers.
 assist in preventing vehicles from
mounting the footway
 prevent encroachment of vegetation
on the road
TYPES OF KERBING
NATURAL STONE KERB
-usually quarried and dressed from granite or
sandstone. kerbs are supplied in random
lengths ranging from 500 mm t0 2 m having
widths of 100, 125 and 150 mm.
PRECAST CONCRETE KERB
-most present-day kerbs are hydraulically
pressed but some special kerbs may be
manufactured by vibrating the concrete. a
hydraulically pressed kerb has a pimpled
finish. the vibrated kerb has a smooth finish.
however. the pressed kerb is considered to be
a better product as it is stronger and has a
surface more resistant to abrasion.
Extruded kerbs
-Extruded kerb edging is commonly used on
long, straight roads such as motorways, dual
carriageways and highways. Using a laying
machine, the kerb is formed of concrete or
asphalt bonded to the existing asphalt
surface.
Quadrants and angles
- Quadrant and angle kerbs are manufactured
to complement straight and radius kerbs.
They come in a various of different angles
and sizes. Quadrant blocks, also known as a
‘cheese’, can be cut to create angles of less
than 90°.
SPECIAL KERBS
LIGHTWEIGHT PRECAST
CONCRETE KERBS
Lightweight kerbs are easier to handle, and so
there use has been encouraged for health and
safety reasons. Kerb lengths are usually 450
mm, and the profile has a frog (recess) which
reduces the weight of each unit. Haunch
concrete fills the frog so there is no loss of
performance when laid.
HIGH CONTAINMENT KERBS COMPARISON OF NATURAL STONE
KERB AND PRECAST CONCRETE
Also known as trief or titan kerbs, these are
KERB
bigger than normal kerbs, usually around 450
mm in height and can weigh nearly a quarter NATURAL STONE KERB
of a tonne. Their purpose is to prevent traffic
leaving the carriageway and are used on
dangerous curves, for pedestrian islands, and ADVANTAGES:
to protect footpaths or equipment.
 good resistance to impact and
abrasion
BUS STOP KERBS  a very long life when properly laid
These are specially designed kerbs used at  little need of maintenance when
bus stops to ease passenger access. They can properly laid
include a tactile feature such as a rumble strip
so that the bus driver is able to assess and  great resistance to weather effects
minimise the gap between kerb and bus door DISADVANTAGES:
without risk of making contact with the tyres
against the kerb.  are very expensive

KERB-DRAIN SYSTEMS  are difficult to lay (due to the backs

and underside being left rough)
These are hollowed-out with gaping inlets on
the face. Road surface water falls into the
internal ‘chamber’ or ‘pipe’ and is directed to PRECAST CONCRETE KERB
the storm water drainage system or a SUDS
facility. ADVANTAGES:

AESTHETIC KERBS  uniformity of size and shape. thus

being easier to lay
These are kerbs that are designed for
aesthetic and decorative purposes. For  less weight than the corresponding
example, they can be textured or feature natural stone kerb
exposed aggregate.  the advantage of cheapness compared
BLOCK PAVING KERBS with the stone kerb

These ‘small unit’ kerbs are manufactured to  many different profiles and radiused
conform with the scale and aesthetics of lengths to suit various road
block paving schemes. As well as being requirements
popular on private driveways and courtyards,
they are commonly found on cul-de-sacs and
feeder roads on residential estates.
DISADVANTAGES:
 are less durable than stone
 susceptible to frost damage
 spall easily if subjected to a sharp
blow
Kerbs Construction
For most purposes, the top of the kerb should
be 100 mm above the road surface. If kerbs
are placed too high it can induce ‘kerb Development of Footways
shyness’ which is where the width of the Following the demise of the Romans,
carriageway is effectively reduced. the present development of footways can be
traced back to Anglo-Saxon days. At that
Kerbs are typically laid on a concrete bed of
time, towns where few and transport between
at least 100 mm thickness in such a way that
them and the many villages was
they are joined with the pavement. The back
predominantly on foot, with pedestrians
of the kerbing should be haunched with
generally having a clear way. The increase
concrete to a thickness of at least 150 mm to
use of wheeled cart and horses from about
provide lateral support. Kerbs can then be
1550 progressively deposed the pedestrian
tapped down to the correct level. The joints
from the highway. About 1700, particularly
between kerbs are often not mortared but
in towns, a segregation began between
instead they are laid as tight to each other as
possible without risking the units spalling. carriageway and footways. At that time the
construction of both carriageways and
FOOTWAY or footpath also known as a footways consisted of broken stone although
sidewalk (American English) it appears that at an early date the footway
or pavement (British English) is a path along was raised above the carriageway
the side of a road.

Barrier Kerb
Designed to keep an errant vehicle on the
carriageway in the case of accident.
 o Also, children who walk to
school have been shown to
have better concentration

Benefits
 Transportation
o provide a safe path for people
to walk along that is separated
from the motorized traffic.
 Environment
All footways need to have three zones
o Sidewalks may have a small
effect on reducing vehicle
miles traveled and carbon
dioxide emissions.
 Health
o Since residents of
neighborhoods with
sidewalks are more likely to
walk, they tend to have lower
rates of cardiovascular
disease, obesity, and other
health issues related to
sedentary lifestyles
Typical Footway Constr These are effective immediately post-
construction, they are difficult to maintain

Cast Iron Drainage Channel

It is a more recent development which has
both a better water catching capability and is
easier to maintain

Beany Block

Drainage in Footways
Precast Drainage Channel
Paved Areas
 An uncovered, hard-surfaced area or
an area covered with a perforated
hard surface (such as "Grasscrete")
that is able to withstand vehicular
traffic or other heavy-impact uses.
 Also known as road surface
 Note: Graveled areas are not paved
areas.
Pavement
 A road surface or pavement is the
durable surface material laid down on
an area intended to sustain vehicular
or foot traffic, such as
a road or walkway.
 In the past, gravel
road surfaces, cobblestone and granit
e setts were extensively used, but
these surfaces have mostly been
replaced by asphalt or concrete laid
on a compacted base course. Road
surfaces are frequently marked to
guide traffic.
 Today, Permeable methods are
beginning to be used for low-impact
roadways and walkways.
Permeable paving
 is a method of paving vehicle and
pedestrian pathways that allows for
infiltration of fluids. In pavement
design the base is the top portion of
the roadway that pedestrians or
vehicles come into contact with.
5 Types of Asphalt Pavement
 Porous Asphalt. This type of asphalt
is used in parking lots to enable water
to drain through the pavement. This
pavement solution is cost-effective
and can last for more than twenty
years.
 Perpetual Pavement. Perpetual
pavement is a combination of asphalt
and the multi-layer paving design
process. They are durable and long-
lasting. Installation of perpetual
pavement is not time-consuming or
traffic-disrupting.
 Quiet Pavement. Paving roads with
asphalt significantly reduces the noise
inside and outside of homes and
businesses. Switching up the
pavement of a noisy road with stone-
matrix asphalt or open-grade friction
course mix has been proven to reduce
highway noise.
 Warm-Mix Asphalt. Warm-mix
asphalt is produced the same way that
hot-mix asphalt is, except it is 50-100
degrees Fahrenheit lower. Reducing
the temperature of the asphalt has a
few benefits. These include reducing
fuel consumption and the production
of greenhouse gases.
 Thin Overlays. Thin overlays
improve ride quality and reduce
pavement distress, noise levels, and
life-cycle costs. It is produced by
using warm-mix asphalt and recycled
materials.
PARKING
it is the act of stopping and
disengaging a vehicle and leaving it
unoccupied. Parking on one or both sides of
a road is often permitted, though sometimes
with restrictions.
Parking is one of the major problem created
by the increasing road traffic.
TYPES OF PARKING
 Angle Parking
Parking spaces that are at an acute
angle to the kerb or wall. In almost
all cases you drive in forwards and
reverse out.
 Perpendicular Parking
Is where the parking spaces are at 90
degrees to the wall or kerb.
 Parallel Parking
Is where you park your car parallel
to the wall or kerb. There’s a risk
that you will get too close to the kerb
and damage you alloy wheels, but
parallel parking is quiet easy once
you know when to turn the wheel.
EFFECTS OF PARKING
 CONGESTION
Takes considerable street space
leading to the lowering of the road
capacity.
 ACCIDENTS
Accidents careless maneuvering of
parking and unparking leads to
accidents which are referred to as
parking accidents.
 ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTON
they also case pollution to the
environment because stopping and
starting of vehicles while parking
and unparking results in noise and
fumes.
TYPES OF PARKING
 OFF STREET PARKING
Means parking your vehicle
anywhere but on the streets. These
are usually parking facilities like
garages and lots.
 ON STREET PARKING
They are also known as curb
facilities. Parking bays are provided
alongside the curb on one or both
sides of the street.
COMMON TYPES OF PARKING
 PARALLEL PARKING
Vehicles are parked
along the length of the
road. No backward
movements involved
while parking or
unparking the vehicle.
 Length available to
park N number of
vehicles L=N/5.9
 30 degree PARKING
Vehicles are parked at 30 degree
with respect to the road alignment.
More vehicles can be parked
compared to parallel parking. Better
maneuverability. Delay caused to the
traffic is minimum.
 45 degree PARKING
More number of vehicles can be
parked. Compared to parallel parking
and 30 degree paring, more number
of vhicles can be accommodated.
 Length of parking space
L=3.54N+1.77
 60 degree PARKING
Vehicles are parked at 60 degree to
the direction of the road. More
numbers of vehicle can be
accomodated.
 Length available for parking
N vehicles L=2.89N+2.16
 RIGHT ANGLE PARKING
Length available for parking
N vehicles L=25N
Hedging and Fencing
Hedge - a row of bushes or small trees
planted close together, especially when
forming a fence or boundary; hedgerow:
- a fence or boundary formed by a
dense row of shrubs or low trees
Main requirements for hedge:
- it must be long lived
- it is healthy, and not susceptible for
pest disease
- it is hardy (frost resistant)
- it must be capable of withstanding
cutting
- it should be close branching and
twiggy
- it is cheap to produce
Layout of Boundary Hedges strutted straining posts. It is then additionally
supported by driven intermediate posts to
- Hedges, which are planted to form the
which each horizontal wire should be stapled.
highway boundary, should be protected by a
fence. b. Strained wire fence – in this case
each horizontal strand is separately fixed, the
Why Hedging is important in Highway
plan wires being stretched between straining
Engineering?
posts and are carried straight by the straining
- Trees, hedges and ditches are an post to which they are stapled as well as to
important part of our rural landscape. They the intermediate posts. With the post and wire
are also a vital habitat for wildlife, provide a fencing,, the posts are usually round in
valuable windbreak in open countryside and, section.
in the case of ditches, help prevent flooding.
Chestnut Paling Fencing
- Trees and hedges in urban areas are
Cleft chestnut paling fencing is supplied in
equally important to 'soften' the streetscape,
rolls with the palings wired together near the
and to provide visual screening. Some trees
top, middle, and bottom.
are also effective for reducing pollution and
traffic noise. Fencing Posts
Fencing Other materials are used for fencing posts,
particularly precast concrete and steel. Using
Fence - a barrier, railing, or other
there other materials, slightly different types
upright structure, typically of wood or wire,
of fencing can be erected, but the main
enclosing an area of ground to mark a
principles of erection are similar.
boundary, control access, or prevent escape.
There are many types of fencing, but
the majority of the types are used in ancillary
works connected with roadworks, mainly
highway boundary fencing, are of a wooden
post variety. The more common types are as
follows:
Post And Rail Fencing
Either three or four rail fencing structures
may be erected using hardwood post and
softwood rails. Rails are nailed on the field
side of the posts to prevent livestock pushing
rails off the post.

Post And Wire Fencing

a. Woven wire fence – the wire is
supplied in large rolls and strained between