CHAPTER-1

Historical Background (Prelims)

1. The Company Rule (1773-1858) – East India Company

 Regulating Act of 1773 : Foundation of central administration ; Governor-General of

Bengal- Lord Warren Hastings ; introduced Court of directors; Supreme Court of Calcutta
 Pitt’s India Act of 1784 : Introduced Board of Control ; British Govt. was given control
over Company’s affairs & its administration in India i.e. India’s affairs
 Charter Act of 1833 : Governor-General of Bengal was replaced by Governor General of
India ; separated commercial & political functions
 Charter Act of 1853 : separated legislative & executive functions of Governor General’s
Council ; Macaulay Committee- introduced open competition for civil servants
2. The Crown Rule (1858-1947) – “Sepoy Mutiny”

 Government of India Act of 1858 : abolishment of East India Company (Company Rule)
and transfer of powers to British Crown ; created Secretary of State of India ; Reaffirmed
open competition; Act for the good Govt. of India
 Indian Councils Act of 1861 : introduction to representative institutions ; legislative
devolution ; Portfolio System; Process of decentralization began; issue ordinances
 Indian Councils Act of 1892 : introduced concept of ‘elections’ but the word wasn’t used
 Indian Councils Act of 1909 : Morley-Minto Reforms – separate electorate; Lord Minto-
Father of Communal electorate ; legalized communalism
 Government of India Act of 1919 : Introduction of (partially) responsible Govt. to India
; Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms- introduced “bicameralism”(i.e. division of central
legislature in 2 houses) & “Dyarchy”(dual govt. or division of subjects delegated to the
provinces in 2 categories-transferred & reserved subjects); Central public Service
commission was established
 Government of India Act 1935 : All-India Federation ; division of powers b/w Centre &
units in 3 lists: Federal List, Provincial List and Concurrent List ; Residuary powers given
to Viceroy ; Provincial autonomy; Introduction of responsible Govts. in provinces ;
abolishment of Dyarchy in provinces ; Adoption of Dyarchy at Centre; established RBI &
Federal Court
 Indian Independence Act of 1947 : Mountbatten Plan (India-Pak partition) ; End of
British Rule in India
 CHAPTER-2
Making of the Constitution

1. The Constituent Assembly:

 Cripps Proposal – “August Offer” of 1940 by Sir Stafford Cripps agreed to Jawaharlal’s
request of formation of a Constituent Assembly to frame Constitution of India based on
adult franchise BUT it was rejected by Muslim League which demanded 2 separate
Constituent Assemblies for India & Pakistan

 Cabinet Mission Plan – It rejected Muslim League’s idea of 2 separate Constituent

Assemblies & put forth a new scheme that satisfied them. Hence Constituent Assembly was
constituted in Nov. 1946. Its features were:
 Total strength= 389 i.e. 296(British Provinces) + 93(Princely states)
 296(British Provinces)= 292(from 11 Governors’ Provinces) + 4(from 4 Chief
Commissioners’ Provinces)
 Constituent Assembly was partly elected (British Provinces) & partly nominated (Princely
States)
 It was not based on adult franchise but limited franchise.
 Members of The Constituent Assembly of India were INDIRECTLY elected by Provincial
Assemblies in 1946
Thus, Members of Constituent assembly which drafted the Constitution of India were partly
elected by the Legislative Assemblies of various provinces, partly nominated princely states
 &indirectly elected by members of Provincial Assemblies who were elected on limited
franchise.

 The 1st session of Constituent assembly of India was held in Dec 9, 1946. Muslim League
boycotted it ; Dr. Sachchidayananda Sinha was elected as temporary President of Assembly
(French practice); Dr. Rajendra Prasad was elected as president & 2 vice-presidents were
H.C. Mukherjee & V.T. Krishnamachari.

 Objectives Resolution – by Jawaharlal Nehru, laid fundamentals & philosophy of

constitutional structure; Resolution was moved on Dec 1946 & adopted on Jan 1947.

 Independence Act 1947 –

 Princely states joined Constituent Assembly
 Acceptance of Mountbatten Plan 1947- so Muslim League joined
 3 changes :
I. Assembly was made a fully sovereign body & could frame, abrogate or alter
any law in Constitution
II. It became a legislative body; Assembly became 1st Parliament of India
(Dominion Legislature); Constituent body Chairman-Rajendra Prasad;
Legislative body Chairman-G V Mavlankar.
III. Muslim League members hailing from Pak. Withdrew from assembly ;
New Total Strength= 299 i.e. 229(British Provinces) + 70(Princely States)

 It worked through several committees (Major & Minor)

 Members of the Constituent assembly were (refer book)

 Drafting Committee – Set up on Aug 1947 with 7 members(refer book)

 1st Draft- Feb 1948
 2nd Draft- Oct 1948
 Final Draft- Nov 1948
Motion was declared as passed in Nov 1949 by Rajendra Prasad & constitution as adopted on
this date contained a Preamble, 395 articles & 8 schedules.

 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar – Father of the Constitution ; Chief Architect of the Constitution ;
“Modern Manu”
2. Constitution of India:

 The Constitution of India was adopted on Jan 26, 1949 and was effective on 1950.
 Jan 26 – a special date bec. “Purna Swaraj” was gained on this date in 1930.
3. Composition of the Constituent Assembly of India (Mains oriented-less likely to come)
 CHAPTER-3
Salient Features of the Constitution

 Features of the Constitution :

1. Lengthiest written Constitution: Constitution of India has

 Preamble
 25 parts
 465 Articles
 12 Schedules (9th, 10th, 11th & 12th Schedules were added by Constitution
Amendment Acts)
2. Drawn from various sources:
 Structural Part – from
o Government of India Act,1935 – Federal scheme; Office of governor; PSC;
Judiciary; Emergency provisions

 Philosophical Part – from

o U.S.A – Fundamental Rights
o Ireland – DPSP

 Political Part – from

o U.K. – Parliamentary/ Cabinet system of Govt.; Relations b/w executive &
legislature

 Other provisions – from

o German (Weimar) – Emergency Provisions
o Australia – Concurrent List in Union-State Relations
o Canada – India as a Union of States with greater powers to the Union; concept of
Indian Federation
o Russia (USSR) – Fundamental duties; Preamble (social, economic & political
justice)
o South Africa – Amendment of Constitution; election of members of Rajya Sabha
o Japan – Procedure established by law
o France – Preamble (liberty, equality & fraternity)

4. Blend of Rigidity & Flexibility:

 i. Rigid Constitution: doesn’t require special procedure for amendment. Eg. American
Constitution
ii. Flexible Constitution: can be amended by law. Eg. British Constitution. There are 2 types
of amendments:
I. Special majority of parliament & a majority of total membership of each House
II. Special majority of parliament with ratification by half of the total States
5. Federal System with Unitary Bias:
 Federal nature of Indian Constitution is bec. of distribution of powers b/w Centre & the
States
 Borrowed from Canadian Constitution
 Term ‘Federation’ has not been used in Constitution. However, Article 1 describes India as a
“Union of States”.
i. Federal features:
 division of powers
 independent judiciary
 written Constitution
 rigid Constitution
 2 Govts.
 supremacy of Constitution
 Bicameral legislature
ii. Non-Federal/ Unitary features
 separation of powers
 integrated judiciary
 single Constitution
 flexible Constitution
 strong Centre
 All-India services
 single citizenship
 appointment of State Governor by Centre
 Emergency provisions

 Sayings on Federalism:
1. K.C Wheare – “Indian Constitution established a unitary state with subsidiary federal
features rather than federal state with subsidiary unitary features.”
He also stated it as “federal in form but unitary in spirit” or “quasi-federal” bec. It gives
more powers to Central Govt. than to the state Govts.
2. Ivor Jennings – “a federation with a centralizing tendency”
3. Morris Jones – “bargaining federalism”
4. Granville Austin – “co-operative federalism”
5. Parliamentary form of Government: There are 2 types of Govts.

I. Presidential system:
 Based on the doctrine of separation of powers b/w the 2 organs.
 Eg. American Presidential System
II. Parliamentary system:
 It is also known as ‘Westminster’ model of Govt.
 Based on principle of cooperation & coordination b/w executive & legislative
organs.
 Eg. British Parliamentary system
 Features of Parliamentary Govt. are :
a. Nominal & Real Executives (i.e. de jure & de facto executives)
b. Independent judiciary
c. Majority party rule
d. Collective responsibility of executive to legislature
e. Membership of ministers in legislature
f. Leadership of PM or CM
g. Dissolution of Lower House/ Lok Sabha or Assembly

 Difference b/w Indian Parliamentary system & British Parliamentary system :

Indian Parliamentary system British Parliamentary system
1. Not a sovereign body like British Sovereign body
Parliament
2. Elected Head (Republic) Hereditary Head (Monarchy)

6. Synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty & Judicial Supremacy:

 Doctrine of Parliamentary Sovereignty – British Parliament

 Doctrine of Judicial Supremacy – American Supreme Court
 Difference b/w Indian Judicial Review & American Judicial Review :
Indian Judicial Review American Judicial Review
1. Scope of judicial review power of SC is Scope of judicial review power is
narrower. broader.
2. Procedure established by law Due process of law
3. SC is the federal court Federal laws are enforced by federal
judiciary & state laws enforced by state
judiciary.

 India has adopted a synthesis of Parliamentary Sovereignty (British) & Judicial Supremacy
(America) :
 a) Judicial Supremacy (India) – SC can declare parliamentary laws as unconstitutional
through its power of judicial supremacy.
b) Parliamentary Sovereignty (India) – Parliament can amend major portion of
Constitution through its constituent power.
7. Integrated & Independent Judiciary:

 Supreme Court : “Guarantor of Fundamental Rights” & “Guardian of the Constitution”

 High Court : Consists of subordinate courts like district courts & other lower courts
8. Fundamental Rights:

 Part III of Constitution – 6 Fundamental Rights :

i. Right to Equality (Articles 14-18)
ii. Right to Freedom (Articles19-22)
iii. Right against Exploitation (Articles 23-24)
iv. Right to Freedom of Religion (Articles 25-28)
v. Cultural & Educational Rights (Articles 29-30)
vi. Right to Constitutional Remedies (Article 32)

 Purpose of its inclusion is to promote political democracy

 They are enforceable in court of law i.e. they are justiciable. Supreme Court can issue
following writs for restoration of its rights:
 Habeas corpus
 Mandamus
 Prohibition
 Certiorari
 Quo warranto
 These rights can be suspended during national emergency, except Articles 20 & 21 (Right to
Freedom)
 These rights are not absolute (reasonable restrictions)
 They are not sacrosanct (can be repealed by Parliament through constitutional amendment)
9. Directive Principles of State Policy:
 Part IV of Constitution – called “novel feature” by B.R. Ambedkar
 3 broad categories :
1. Socialistic
2. Gandhian
3. Liberal-intellectual
 Purpose of inclusion of DPSP is to establish social & economic democracy
 Ideal of “welfare state”
 its provisions aren’t enforceable by any court i.e. they are non-justiciable
 It is fundamental for the governance of the country
 Borrowed from Irish Constitution
 Minerva Mills Case (1980), SC held “the Indian Constitution is founded on the bedrock of
balance b/w Fundamental Rights & Directive Principles”.
10. Fundamental Duties:

 It was added by 42nd Constitutional Amendment Act & wasn’t originally a part of
constitution.
 Part IV-A of Constitution – Article 51-A specifies 11 Fundamental Duties
 It was incorporated on recommendation of Swaran Singh Committee
 It contains a provisions like:
 to uphold & protect the Sovereignty, Unity & Integrity of India
 to respect the Constitution, national flag & national anthem
 promote the spirit of common brotherhood amongst all the people
 preserve the rich heritage of our composite culture
11. A Secular State:

 It doesn’t uphold any particular religion as the official religion of the Indian State.
 Term “secular” was added to Preamble by 42nd Amendment Act, 1976.
 Articles (14–16, 25–30 & 44)
12. Universal Adult Franchise:

 It is the basis of elections to Lok Sabha & State Legislative Assemblies.

13. Single Citizenship:

 Indian Constitution is federal & has a dual polity (Centre & State) & provides for single
citizenship.
 In USA, a citizen is not only a citizen of USA but also a citizen of the particular state to which
he belongs.
14. Independent Bodies:

 They are known as the bulworks of democratic system of Govt. These are:
a) Election Commission
b) Comptroller & Auditor-General of India
c) UPSC
d) SPSC
15. Emergency Provisions:

 Emergency provisions enables the President to meet extraordinary situation.

 3 types of emergencies:
 i. National Emergency (Article – 352)
ii. State Emergency (Article – 356 & 365)
iii. Financial Emergency (Article – 360)
16. Three-Tier Government:

 73rd & 74th Amendment acts added a third-tier of Govt. – Local Govt.
 73rd Amendment Act – Added Part IX i.e Panchayats
 74th Amendment Act – Added Part IX-A & Schedule 12 i.e Municipalities (Urban Local Govt.)
17. Co-operative Societies:

 97th Amendment Act, 2011 – gave constitutional status to co-operative societies

 Criticism of Constitution:
a) Borrowed Constitution
b) Carbon copy of 1935 Act
c) Un-Indian / Anti-Indian
d) Un-Gandhian Constitution
e) Elephantine Size
f) Paradise of Lawyers

 SCHEDULES:
 First Schedule – Lists the names of states & specifies their territories
 Second Schedule – Provisions as to the Speaker & Deputy Speaker of State Legislative
Assemblies
 Third Schedule – Forms of affirmations
 Fourth Schedule – It allocates seats in the Council of States/ Upper House/ Rajya sabha
 Fifth & Sixth Schedule – are made in order to protect the interests of Scheduled Tribes (STs)
 Fifth Schedule – Administration & control of scheduled areas & scheduled tribes
 Sixth Schedule – Administration of tribal areas in states of Assam, Meghalaya, Tripura &
Mizoram
 Ninth Schedule – was added by First Amendment; Validation of certain acts
 Tenth Schedule – Disqualification on grounds of defection; Anti-defection Law
 Twelfth Schedule – Powers, authority & responsibilities of municipalities

 PARTS:
 Part IX – of the Indian Constitution contains provisions for Panchayats & was inserted by
73rd Constitutional Amendment Act,1992
 Part IX-A – of the Indian Constitution contains provisions for municipalities & was inserted
by 74rd Constitutional Amendment Act,1992 ; Article 243-W envisages 3 types of
municipalities- Municipal Council, Municipal Corporation & Nagar Panchayat (Confirm it)
 MAINS:
Q. Indicate the provisions of Indian Constitution relating to Secularism. (3)
Q. Describe the non-federal features of the Council of States. (20)
Q. Write any 4 fundamental duties prescribed in the Constitution of India? (3)
Q. What is a Constitution? What are the main sources of the Indian Constitution? (15)
Q. Though the federal principle is dominant in our Constitution & that principle is one of its
basic features, but it is equally true that federalism under the Indian Constitution leans in
favour of a strong Centre, a feature that militates against the concept of strong federalism.
Discuss. (12 ½)
Q. “The Indian Constitution is federal in form but unitary in spirit”. Discuss. (Long ans. Ques.)
Q. What is ‘Sovereignty of Parliament’? Is Indian Parliament a sovereign body? (Short ans.
Ques.)
Q. Is the Constitution of India flexible or rigid? (V. short answer ques.)
Q. What are the protections afforded to Scheduled tribes in the Fifth Schedule of the Indian
Constitution? (2)

CHAPTER-4
Preamble of the Constitution

 Significance of 26th day of 1949

 Right to Equality is granted by 5 articles – Articles (14-18)
 DPSP has a provision which encourages equal pay for equal work for both men & women
 ‘Economic Justice’ as one of the objectives of Indian Constitution has been provided in
the Preamble & DPSP
 Words “socialist”, “secular”& “integrity” were added to Preamble by 42 nd amendment.

 MAINS:
Q. What is the significance of a Preamble to a constitution? Bring out the philosophy of the Indian
polity as enshrined in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. (15)
Q. Explain the ideals contained in the Preamble of the Indian Constitution. (Short ans. Question)
Q. Discuss how the Constitution of India provides equal rights. (15)
 CHAPTER-5
Union and its territory

 Article 1: India, that is Bharat is a ‘Union of States’ rather than a ‘Federation of States’
 3 categories of territory of India:
i. Territories of the states: Distribution of powers with the Centre
ii. Union Territories: Directly administered by Central Govt.
iii. Acquired territories by GoI: Directly administered by Central Govt.
 India can also acquire foreign territories: through modes recognized by international law:
a) Cession
b) Occupation
c) Conquest or
d) Subjugation
E.g. India acquired foreign territories such as:
1) Dadra & Nagar Haveli
2) Goa
3) Daman &Diu
4) Puducherry
5) Sikkim

 Article 2: Admission/Establishment of new states

 Article 3: Formation/Changes to existing states. It authorizes Parliament to:
a) Form a new state by separation of territory from any state; uniting 2 or more states
(or part of states); uniting a territory with a part of any state
b) Increase/ diminish area of any state
c) Alter boundaries/ name of any state
Subject to 2 conditions:
i. A bill contemplating above changes can be introduced in Parliament only
with prior recommendation of the President.
ii. Before President recommends the bill to Parliament, it has to refer the same
to state legislature concerned for its views.
However, President/ Parliament isn’t bound by views of the state legislature & may
either accept/reject them.
In case of a Union Territory, no reference needs to be made to the concerned
legislature.
 Article 4: Declares that laws made for admission/establishment of new states (Article 2) &
Formation of new states & alteration of boundaries/names of existing states (Article 3)
cannot be considered as Constitutional Amendments under Article 368.
These laws can be passed by a simple majority & ordinary legislative process.

 Berubari Union (West Bengal): Decision of Central Govt. to cede a part of territory known as
Berubari Union to Pakistan created a controversy if power of Parliament to diminish area of
a state (Article 3) also include the power to cede Indian Territory to a foreign country.
Decision: Supreme Court held that Article 3 doesn’t cover cession of Indian territory to a
foreign country & it can be ceded only by Article 368.

 100th Constitutional Amendment Act, 2015: India transferred 111 enclaves to Bangladesh
while Bangladesh transferred 51 enclaves t India. It modified provisions relating to
territories of 4 states in First Schedule of Constitution:
i. Assam
ii. West Bengal
iii. Meghalaya &
iv. Tripura

 INDIA-BANGLADESH HISTORY:
 Radcliffe Award, 1947: India-East-Pakistan land boundary of approx. 4096.7km was
determined.
 Bagge Award, 1950: Was formed to resolve the disputes under Radcliffe Award.
 Nehru-Non Agreement, 1958: Was formed to resolve the disputes under Bagge
Award for division of Berubari Union. This was challenged before SC.
 9th Constitutional Amendment Act, 1960: This act was passed by Parliament to
comply with SC’s opinion. But it couldn’t be notified in respect of territories in
former East Pak (present Bangladesh).
 Land Boundary Agreement: Agreement b/w India & Bangladesh concerning land
boundary & related matters.

 INTEGRATION OF PRINCELY STATES:

 At the time of Independence: India comprised 2 political units:

i. British Provinces – under direct rule of British Govt.
ii. Princely States – under rule of native princes s. to British Crown
  Indian Independence Act, 1947: It created 2 independent dominions; India & Pakistan. It
gave 3 options to princely states:
a) Joining India
b) Joining Pakistan
c) Remain Independent
Result: Out of 552 princely states, 549 joined India & 3 refused to join India (Hyderabad,
Junagarh & Kashmir). But soon they were also integrated –
 Hyderabad – Police Action
 Junagarh – Referendum
 Kashmir – Instrument of Accession

 4-fold classification of states, 1950:

a) Part A – Governor’s Provinces (9)
b) Part B – Princely states with legislatures (9)
c) Part C – Chief Commissioner’s Provinces (10)
d) Part D – Centrally administered (only 1, Andaman & Nicobar Islands)

 Dhar Commission:
Linguistic Provinces Commission, June 1948: Headed by SK Dhar, commission
was formed by GoI to examine the feasibility of reorganization of states on
linguistic basis.
Suggestion: Reorganization of states on basis of administrative convenience than
linguistic factor.

 JVP Committee:
Linguistic Provinces Commission, Dec 1948: Now headed by Jawaharlal Nehru,
Vallabhai Patel & Pattabhi Sitaramayya.
Suggestion: Rejected language based reorganization of states.

 RESULT: In 1953, 1st linguistic state Andhra was created by separating Telugu speaking areas
from Madras.

 Fazl Ali Commission:

States Reorganization Commission, 1953: Headed by Fazl Ali & 2 other members
was formed to re-examine the linguistic based reorganization of states.
Suggestion: In 1955,
a) It accepted language as a basis of reorganization of states.
b) But it rejected the theory of ‘one language-one state’.
c) Abolition of 4-fold classification of states.
 d) Creation of 16 states & 3 Centrally administered territories.

States Reorganization Act, 1956: 7th Constitutional Amendment Act

Suggestion:
a) Distinction between Part A & Part B states was done away with.
b) Part C states were abolished.
c) Creation of 14 states & 6 Union Territories.
d) Established new states of:
1) KERALA -Travancore(Cochin state) + Malabar district (Madras) + Kasargode
of S.canara (Dakshina Kannada)
2) ANDHRA PRADESH - Telugu speaking areas of Hyderabad + Andhra state
3) MADHYA PRADESH - Madya Bharat State + Vindhya Pradesh + Bhopal state
4) BOMBAY - Saurashtra state + Kutch state
5) MYSORE - merging Coorg state
6) PUNJAB - Patiala + East Punjab states union(Pepsu)
7) RAJASTHAN - merging Ajmer
8) LACADIVE, MINICOY & AMINDIVI ISLANDS- formation of a new Union
Territory detached from Madras state

 New States & Union Territories created after 1956:

i. 1956 – ANDHRA PRADESH

Andhra state Act, 1953- formed the 1st linguistic state of Andhra by taking out Telugu
speaking areas from Madras state (now Tamil Nadu). Its capital was Kurnool & its high
court was at Guntur.
States Reorganization Act, 1956- Merged Telugu speaking areas of Hyderabad state
with Andhra.
Andhra Pradesh- The states reorganization act, 1956 created state of Andhra Pradesh
& its capital was shifted to Hyderabad.

ii. 1960 – MAHARASHTRA & GUJARAT

Bombay was divided into 2 separate states;
Maharashtra- Marathi speaking
Gujarat- Gujarati speaking (15th state)

iii. 1961 – DADRA & NAGAR HAVELI

Portuguese ruled this territory until its liberation in 1954.
Dadra & Nagar Haveli- was converted into a Union Territory by 10th Constitutional
Amendment Act.
 iv. 1962 – PUDUCHERRY
Consisted of French establishments known as Puducherry, Karaikal & Yanam. It was
administered as an ‘acquired territory’ till 1962.
Puducherry- It was made a Union territory by 14th Constitutional Amendment Act.

v. 1963 – NAGALAND
Till 1961, it was under the control of governor of Assam. But there was a hostile
movement by Nagas.
Nagaland- was formed by taking Naga Hills & Tuensang area out of the Assam state.
(16th state)

vi. 1966 – HARYANA, CHANDIGARH & PUNJAB

‘State of Punjab’ was bifurcated to create Haryana & Chandigarh.
Haryana- Hindi speaking areas (17th state)
Chandigarh- was made a Union Territory
Punjab- On recommendation of ‘Shah Commission’ in 1966, Punjabi speaking areas
were constituted into unilingual state of ‘Punjab’.

vii. 1969 - FACT

By 22nd Constitutional Amendment Act, Meghalaya was created as an ‘autonomous/
sub-state’ within the state of Assam. It had its own legislature & council of ministers.

viii. 1971 – HIMACHAL PRADESH

Hill areas of ‘State of Punjab’ were merged with adjoining UT of Himachal Pradesh.
Himachal Pradesh- It was given the status of a state (18th state)

ix. 1972 – MANIPUR,TRIPURA,MEGHALAYA,UT MIZORAM & UT ARUNACHAL PRADESH

Manipur- From a Union territory, it became a state. (19th state)
Tripura- From a Union territory, it became a state. (20th state)
Meghalaya- From a Sub-state, it became a state. (21st state)
Earlier known as NEFA (North-East Frontier Agency), 2 union territories were created
out of it namely:
UT Mizoram- It was formed out of territories of Assam.
UT Arunachal Pradesh- It was formed out of territories of Assam.

x. 1975 – SIKKIM
Till 1947- Sikkim was an Indian princely state ruled by Chogyal.
1947- After lapse of British, it became a ‘protectorate’ of India, whereby GoI took
responsibility of its defence, external affairs & communications.
1974- 35th Constitutional Amendment Act was passed & it was made an ‘associate
state’ of Indian Union. Article 2A & Schedule 10 were inserted for this purpose.
 Sikkim- In 1975, a referendum voted for abolishment of Chogyal. By 36th
Constitutional Amendment Act, Sikkim became a full-fledged state of India. This led
to amendment of Schedules 4 & 5, inserted Article 371-F for special provisions related
to administration, repealed Article 2A & Schedule 10. (22nd state)

xi. 1987 – MIZORAM, ARUNACHAL PRADESH, GOA & UT DAMAN & DIU

Mizoram- Mizoram became a state from UT by signing a memorandum of settlement

i.e. Mizoram Peace Accord,1986 between Central Government & Mizo National Front,
ending 20yrs of insurgency. (23rd state)
Arunachal Pradesh- It became a state from a UT. (24th state)
1961- India acquired Goa, Daman, Diu from Portuguese by Police Action.
1962- They were made UTs by 12th Constitutional Amendment Act.
Thus, Daman & Diu were separated from Goa by the 56th Constitutional Amendment
Act.
Goa- In 1987, it became a state from a UT by separating territory of Goa from UT of
Daman & Diu. (25th state)
Daman & Diu- It was made a separate UT. Diu is an island in the Gulf of Khambat.

xii. 2000 – CHHATTISGARH, JHARKHAND & UTTARAKHAND

Chhattisgarh- It was created out of state of Madhya Pradesh. (26th state)
Jharkhand- It was created out of state of Bihar. (27th state)
Uttarakhand- It was created out of state of Uttar Pradesh. (28th state)

xiii. 2014 – TELANGANA

Andhra Pradesh Reorganisation Act, 2014- It bifurcated Andhra Pradesh into 2 states,
namely, AP (residuary) & Telangana. Hyderabad is made the joint capital for both
states for 10yrs, after which AP should establish its own separate capital. AP High
Court is renamed as Hyderabad High Court & is made common for both states till AP
sets up its own High Court.

Telangana- Carved out of territories of Andhra Pradesh in 2014. (29th state)

 Change of Names:

 1950 – United Provinces was renamed Uttar Pradesh

 1969 – Madras was renamed Tamil Nadu
 1973 – Mysore was renamed Karnataka
 1973 – Laccadive, Minicoy & Amindivi Islands was renamed Lakshadweep
  1992 – UT of Delhi was renamed National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi by 69th
Constitutional Amendment Act, 1991
 2006 – Uttaranchal was renamed Uttarakhand
 2006 – Pondicherry was renamed Puducherry
 2011 – Orissa was renamed Odisha

 The Treaty of Yandabu/ Yandabu Accord – brought peace after the First Anglo Burmese War.
It was signed on February 24, 1826. Treaty was signed between East India Company and King
of Ava (Ava was capital of Burma). As per this treaty: Assam, Manipur, Arakan, Taninthai
were ceded to British.
 State of Bilaspur – Himachal Pradesh

 MAINS:
Q. How are the new states formed in India? Why are the demands of separate states like those
of Vidarbha, Telangana etc. not been considered by the Govt. recently? (20)
Q. What are the constitutional provisions with respect to reorganization of states? (Short ans.
Ques.)