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K M K
x nx K M K M n
f X x I0,1,K ,n x
K
Hypergeometric n n
M M M M M 1
n
e x
Poisson fX x I x
x ! 0,1,K
Continuous Distributions
1
fX x I x
b a a,b ab b a
2
Uniform
x a
FX x I x I b , x 2 12
b 1 a,b
1 1 x 2
Normal fX x exp 2
2 2
100 1 % Confidence Interval Estimators for the Population Mean of a Normal Distribution
Case 2: 2 is unknown S S
X t 2 v n 1 , X t 2 v n 1
(and the sample size n 30 ) n n
Case 3: 2 is unknown S S
X z 2 , X z 2
(and the sample size n 30 ) n n
ˆ
P z
Pˆ 1 Pˆ
,
ˆ z
P
Pˆ 1 Pˆ
2
n
2
n
100 1 % Confidence Interval Estimators for the Population Variance
n 1 S 2 n 1 S 2
2 , 2
v n 1
1 2 v n 1
2
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100 1 % Confidence Interval Estimators for X Y
X Y z 2
n1 n2
, X Y z 2
n1 n2
known
1 1 1
Case 2: X2 and Y2 are
n1 n2
X Y t 2 v n1 n2 2 SP2 , X Y t 2 v n1 n2 2 SP2
1
n1 n2
unknown but X2 Y2 2
n1 1 SX2 n2 1 SY2
where SP2
n1 n2 2
SX2 SY2
X Y t 2 v
SX2 SY2
n
n
, X Y t 2 v
n
n
1 2 1 2
SD S
D t 2 v n 1 , D t 2 v n 1 D
n n
Pˆ1 1 Pˆ1
Pˆ2 1 Pˆ2
Pˆ1 1 Pˆ1 Pˆ2 1 Pˆ2
ˆ ˆ
P1 P2 z 2 n1
n2
ˆ ˆ
, P1 P2 z 2 n1
n2
100 1 % Confidence Interval Estimators for the Ratio of Two Standard Deviations, X2 Y2
SX2 SX2
,
SY F 2 v1 n1 1,v 2 n2 1 SY F1 2 v1 n1 1,v 2 n2 1
2 2
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Hypothesis Tests for the Population Mean
Null Hypothesis Ho Alternative Hypothesis Ha Test Statistic Region of Rejection
Case 1: is known
2
0 z z
X 0
0 Z z z
0
0 n z z 2
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Tests of Hypotheses for the Difference of Means Based on Two Independent Samples
Alternative
Null Hypothesis Ho Test Statistic Region of Rejection
Hypothesis Ha
Case 1: X2 and Y2 are known X y d0
Z
X Y d 0
z z
X y d0 X y d0 X2 Y2 z z
z z 2
X y d0 n1 n2
unknown but 2
2 2
1 1
t t v n1 n2 2
X Y
X y d0 SP2
X y d0 n1 n2
X y d0 t t v n1 n2 2
X y d0 where t t 2 v n1 n2 2
n1 1 S 2
n2 1 S
2
SP2 X Y
n1 n2 2
T
X Y d 0
where
S X2 SY2
2
S X SY
2 2
n1 n2
n1
n2
v 2 2
S X2 SY2
n1 n
2
1n 1 n 2 1
Case 4: X2 and Y2 are
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Tests of Hypotheses for the Difference between Two Proportions
Null Hypothesis Alternative Hypothesis Region of
Test Statistic
Ho Ha Rejection
Pˆ1 Pˆ2
Z
1 1
p1 p2 0
Pˆ 1 Pˆ
1
n n2
z z
p1 p2 0 p1 p2 0 z z
p1 p2 0 X Y z z 2
where Pˆ , X and Y are the number of
n1 n2
successes
The random variable X, The random variable does not where Oi is the observed
follows the hypothesized follow the hypothesized frequency of cases in the i th 2 2 v
distribution distribution category
Ei is the expected number of
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Chi-Square Test for Independence
Alternative
Null Hypothesis Ho Test Statistic Region of Rejection
Hypothesis Ha
r c Oij2
The random variables, 2 n
X and Y are not Eij
2 2 v r 1 c 1
i 1 j 1
X and Y, are
independent where r is the number of rows and c is the
independent
number of columns
For a 2 2 Contingency Table
2
The random variables, n
X and Y are not n ad bc
X and Y, are 2 2 2 v 1
2
independent
independent
a b c d a c b d
n X i X i n Yi Yi
i 1 i 1 i 1
i 1
Tests of Hypotheses for
b t v n 2 S
1 2 b1 , b1 t 2 v n 2 Sb1
MSE
where Sb1 2
n
Xi
X i2 i 1
n
i 1 n
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100 1 % Confidence Interval Estimate for 0
b 0 t 2 v n 2 Sb0 , b0 t 2 v n 2 Sb0
2
n
MSE X i
where Sb0 i 1
2
n
n
n X i2 X i
i 1 i 1
Tests for Regression Coefficients
Null Hypothesis Ho Alternative Hypothesis Ha Test Statistic Region of Rejection
b1
1 0 1 0 t t t 2 v n 2
Sb1
b0
0 0 0 0 t t t 2 v n 2
Sb0
k 2
SSB ni x i x
SSB MSB
Between Treatment Groups k 1 MSB F
i 1 k 1 MSW
k ni
SSW xij x i .
2 SSW
Within Treatment Groups N k MSW
i 1 j 1 N k
k ni 2
Total N 1 SST x ij x
i 1 j 1
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