1.

Multiplexing Techniques to combine Analog Signals:

a) Frequency division multiplexing

b) Wavelength division multiplexing

Here Bandwidth will be shared.

Multiplexing Techniques to combine Digital Signals:

a) Time division multiplexing

-Synchronous Time division multiplexing
-Asynchronous Time division multiplexing
-Statistical Time division multiplexing

Here Time will be shared

2.

Analog Hierarchy:

Multiplexing is used achieve the efficiency. Various calls from different people are combined by using
Frequency division multiplexing from lower bandwidth lines to higher bandwidth lines.

12 Voice Channels each 4Khz  5 Groups each 48Khz (12*4khz for each group)

10 Super Group each 240Khz (5*48Khz each group) 

6 Master Group each 2400Khz (10*240Khz each group) 

1 Jumbo Group with14400Khz

3.

Digital Hierarchy:

Time division multiplexing is used by telephone companies through a hierarchy of signals is defined as
Digital Hierarchy

24 Voice Channels DS-0 each rate 64Kbps  DS-1 each 1.544Mbps (24*64Kbps +8Kbps for each DS-
1)

DS-2 each 6.312Mbps (4*1.544Mbps +136Kbps for each DS-2)

DS-3 each 44.376Mbps (7*6.312Mbps +192Kbps for each DS-3) 

DS-4 with 274.176Mbps (6*44.376Mbps +7920Kbps)

4.

Multilevel TDM Multiple Slot TDM Pulse-Stuffed TDM

Here lower rate lines are
multiplexed to make the line
aligned or similar or match the
other lines
Here Multiple slots are used for
high data rate lines to aligned
or similar or match the other
lower data rate lines
Here we use pulse stuffing to
make sure the synchronization
at both sender and receiver
end. In simple language, it is
defined as adding extra bits to
match the speed of the other
lines.

E.g. One line with rate 10kbps
and other two lines with rate
5kbps, the other two lines are
multiplexed to produce a rate
of 10Kbps
E.g. This is the exact opposite of
Multilevel TDM. Two lines with
rate 10kbps and other one lines
with rate 20kbps, the single
lines are multiplexed to
produce a rate of 10Kbps
E.g. If we have one line with
10kbps and other line with
9kbps, to make the other line to
10kbps, we must add 1kbps to
it to make both the lines equal

5.

Give data:

Voice Channel bandwidth=4Khz= 4*1000Hz=4000Hz

No. of channels= 10

Each voice channel guard band= 500Hz

Required Bandwidth=?

We know that for 10 channels, we require 9 guard bands

 4000*10+500*9
 40000+4500
 44500hz
 44500/1000
 44.5Khz
6.

Bus Topology is shared medium in which all the devices are connected on a single cable or line. This is
not efficient because the more devices we add, the more time each one must wait for transmission of
data. For example, if we have 20 hosts on the bus, even one host fails while sending data, none of the
other hosts cannot able to transmit data. If frame is corrupted during the transmission, the frame
might have lost or delivered to the wrong computer. In the latter case, error control mechanisms
which includes error detection and error correction are used to detect the error and discard the error.
Whenever error is detected, frames are retransmitted based on automatic repeat requests. The
different techniques used are Stop and wait, Go Back N automatic repeat request and selective repeat
automatic repeat request. With the help of these mechanisms the source will be informed

7.

A packet can send by using connectionless or connection protocols. When there is no process at
destination computer, the protocols have the extensive error checking capability to send the error
message back to source. Port address indicates what type of application should be used at
destination.

8.

TDM:

Given Data:

Source1=Analog 2Khz BW

Source2=Analog 4Khz BW

Source3=Analog 2Khz BW

Source4-11=Digital 7200bps =7.2Kbps

4 bits used for each Analog sample

We know that sampling rate = 2 * BW for each source it is 16 Khz and 4 bits used for each anaglg
sample which leads to 64 Kpbs and pulse stuffing is used to make each digital source from 7.2 kbps
to 8kbps. The total digital sources are 8 and which makes it 64kpbs and total TDM accounts to
128Kpbs from all the sources.
References:

1. https://www.quora.com/What-is-the-difference-between-pulse-amplitude-modulation-
PAM-and-pulse-code-modulation-PCM
2. http://learn-networking.com/featured/how-the-transport-layer-works
3. http://www.informit.com/articles/article.aspx?p=131034&seqNum=5
4. http://www.mcs.csueastbay.edu/~lertaul/CS4594CH3.pdf
5. https://www.slideshare.net/tameemyousaf/flow-error-control?next_slideshow=1
6. https://gradeup.co/flow-and-error-control-techniques-i-28750a29-ba8d-11e5-b537-
dcac2f2dd7d1
7. https://fossbytes.com/transport-layer-osi-model-functions/