: 3+1+1 ( )

:
Andrew S. Tanenbaum: “Computer Networks”,
4th edition, Prentice Hall
ISBN: 0-13-038488-7
 1
E ’ G H I
J K
G K
@ J „ J “ H
G M
G H J N
E , G
H G K J ,
K H K N
,
–
,M KH K
@A-2004/05
.A 2
 1.1 A O
P N Q H G
Q ,
K :
O G K (transmission technology)
T K (scale)
U O G K N H :
(broadast links) –
J G N .
@ , N ,
H N ,G .W
G K . I
, N G .W H
K , N G J ; ,
G
„ - – - “ (point-to-point links) –
G H Y
N .Z G N ,
M N .P ,
M ( ) K , N
@A-2004/05 I
.A . 3
 1.1 A O
W K Q J
K :
1 a a (Personal Area Network -
PAN) – a aK J ( .,
H K G K
G , , / )
2 a a (Local Area Network – LAN)
3 a a (Metropolitan Area
Network – MAN)
3 a 4 5 -
(Wide Area Network – WAN)
( ; internetwork;
internet) – Y H K
@A-2004/05 ^ J Q
.A N (worldwide)) 4
 1.1 A O

@A-2004/05
.A 5
 1.1.1 `
2 (LANs) –
KG
G G

E K G
:
< (size) – G
G ,N K (
N ) G K
1 > –
H K
N .a J ,H K 10 Mbps,
100 Mbps (megabits/sec), ’ 10 Gbps
(gigabits/sec)
? – J G
@A-2004/05
K K
.A 6
 1.1.1 `
c G :
3 (bus) – H , M I
J K G N .
H J K J K
O K K H M G K N
Q G M N
H M J
T^AdT:
Ethernet (IEEE 802.3) – G - G K
I J K
– M J
H ; M ,
( )
J H
1 (ring) – H „ K H “,
M G Y .E
K O K K H
T^AdT^:
IBM token ring (IEEE 802.5) – G K
, H K 4 16 Mbps („
@A-2004/05 “)
.A FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Inteface) – 7
 1.1.1 `

@A-2004/05
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 1.1.2 A
3 (MAN) –
H , G
T^AdT^:
@ H K –
K , H KH
^
IEEE 802.16 ( K K
H K ^
G H K )

@A-2004/05
.A 9
 1.1.2 A

@A-2004/05
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 1.1.3 A N
G G Q
N G G Q – ,

A N
(hosts) K K N I
( ) G
Host- K
(communication subnet; subnet),
, H , Q
^ , :
2 (transmission lines) – H
J , , , ...
Q (switching elements) –
J K (router – , )
K M K .@ G
J G K ,
@A-2004/05 KH K K M
.A G 11
 1.1.3 A N
G G Q

@A-2004/05
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 1.1.3 A N
G G Q
W K K
J , G
( G )
M I G ,
J , ’
K K H H ,
– store-and-forward ,
(packet-switching)
@ G G ,
(R ; cells)
c K I ( I ) ,
( )
@ G M G A, N
M G
B, C.
K ’ host, N
@A-2004/05
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 1.1.3 A N
G G Q

@A-2004/05
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 1.1.4 g K
a G G :
g K K K I (system
interconnection)
Bluetooth - K I
-
( ,G , , G , Q ,
N , , ...)
g K
IEEE 802.11 a/b/g – -
, H ,
H M N ( J
, . . peer-to-peer Q G J )–H K
54 Mbps
g K N G G Q
g K K H Q – G
J –H K 1 Mbps, G
Y H K J H
@A-2004/05 IEEE 802.16 ( . 1.1.2)
.A 15
 1.1.4 g K

@A-2004/05
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 1.1.5 (
)
T K , H ,
K N
gateway ( ; )
H KH O J ,
O , Q
A Y H K
( ;
internetwork; internet)
P (LANs),
Y H K
N G G Q (WAN)

@A-2004/05
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 1.2 A Q
Z I
K , M G K
stack (layers),
(levels), K G
g , ,
Q J ,
K
P H KH
G N Y
G , K

@A-2004/05
.A 18
 1.2.1 i O
W n N KG
n G N ,
J KG
n
d K
N H J ,O
, Y
E G J
Q J
G , ’ – G Y
5 - e
J
@ J Y n N
n G N (
KH K J )
@A-2004/05
.A 19
 1.2.1 i O
Y
5 G Q
J G N
G G
3 > (network
architecture) –

Stack (protocol stack) –

H
( K
)
@A-2004/05
.A 20
 1.2.1 i O

@A-2004/05
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 1.2.1 i O
T^AdT: A 5
A, G J( J ) K N
5, 4K
E 4 (header) J
Q G K 3
Z G Q J , . H ,N
4 G N M K I

g M G N G I K G ,
3G KH J – , M
K G . , 3 K K M
G 2
E 2 K G , 4 (trailer)
, G 1K Q K
P , G ,
, N K G
WjPc:
J 4- , , J
J „O K “, M G
K 4( G I J
SendToOtherSide GetFromOtherSide, , N ,
@A-2004/05 J ¾ Q ,
.A G ) 22
 1.2.1 i O

@A-2004/05
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 1.2.2 P
K
X – O K K Q J M
,H M G H ,
M M J
1 – I
J ,H G , .
Y 4 (error control) – M
G K J / J G N M G
.U , H
N M ,
1 H

Y (flow control) – O K
K H K M J H
A O K K ,
3 –
K H K ( K )
J J
Z ( ) – KH ( ), G
@A-2004/05 M K Y K N
.A 24
 1.3 T Q
1.3.1 OSI Q
International Standards Organization Open System
Interconnection Reference Model – ISO OSI Reference Model

@A-2004/05
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 1.3.1 OSI Q
\ - (Physical Layer) –
G K H
J
Tcg`dA^: E M K 1,
0, ns M H ,

,
,
K N
, ...

@A-2004/05
.A 26
 1.3.1 OSI Q
^ - (Data Link Layer) –
G Q H K
K G , ,M H
H G N
P M , K J
KH - (data frames)
.
,
N M
(acknowledgement frame)
@ K
I (broadcast networks)?
H K
(Medium Access Control Sublayer – MAC)
H
@A-2004/05
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 1.3.1 OSI Q
3 (Network Layer) – G
Q J I
J
Tcg`dA^: ( )
K N ,
K G N I ,
G (QoS – Quality of Service), H
K I O G

@A-2004/05
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 1.3.1 OSI Q
? (Transport Layer) – G
Q M J G ,G
KH J ,G
, G I
G G
P K H KG N
„ – “ (error-free point-to-point channel)
G H
H
a „
G “– G K N
J G N
N , K K G

@A-2004/05
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 1.3.1 OSI Q
^ (Session Layer) – K
J K N
Y
@ G , K I
K N I J , O K J
1 (Presentation Layer) –
G K
Q J
U Q I K

X (Application Layer) –
N K
H H J
HTTP (HyperText Transfer Protocol, K
@A-2004/05
, N , ...)
.A 30
 1.3.2 TCP/IP Q

@A-2004/05
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 1.3.2 TCP/IP Q

@A-2004/05
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 1.3.3 i H Q

OSI H
, OSI

TCP/IP

N
ZWacW, O H
!

@A-2004/05
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 2E
(Data Link Layer)
J K K

W G K I ,
Q J Y
N , . . N K
J , J ,
H J ( .
H , Q ,H K „
– “)

@A-2004/05
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 2.1 P K

E J Q Q J :
cH KH I J K Q Q

E I G N
T G I J , N H
H J
H K M
E G
N G H
(frames) K
E (header),
5 (payload) N , N ,G
, 4 (trailer)

@A-2004/05
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 2.1 P K

@A-2004/05
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 2.1.1 E K

J
H KH

^
Q K ,
K J
J

@A-2004/05
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 2.1.1 E K

@A-2004/05
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 2.1.1 E K

E K – H ,
KH K :
^ (unacknowledged
connectionless service) – K N M K
N N ,H K M K
( G )
T^AdT: M
^ , (acknowledged
connectionless service) –
– J Q J
,
T^AdT: H K
Y - (acknowledged
connection-oriented service) – K N N
J J (
J K H H K I
). E ,
G N

T^AdT: WAN K K
Q „ – “
@A-2004/05
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 2.1.1 E K

@A-2004/05
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 2.1.2 I (framing)
I I H
K J (character count)

@A-2004/05
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 2.1.2 I (framing)
I H -K J (flag
bytes) Q I (byte
stuffing)

@A-2004/05
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 2.1.2 I (framing)
I H -K J (flag bytes)
Q I (bit stuffing)
K K N H -K J
(01111110), 5 J
J , 0

@A-2004/05
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 2.1.2 I (framing)
I I
N K I Q K
T^AdT:
@ ,
H Q K H : 1 -> 10,
0 -> 01
@ H J 11 00
K K I

@A-2004/05
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 2.2.1 @ J G N
Hamming-
kar H K ,
N H ( J )
kam
H
G N k
(burst error)
ZWgd`dv@W:
, ,
H K
( H
Q
J G N
)

@A-2004/05
.A 45
 2.2.2 U J G N
1 (polynomial code) – K
CRC (Cyclic Redundancy Check)
( ) 110001 -> x5 + x4 + x0 ( )
^ M G
H . . -
(generator polynomial – G(x))
^ M (checksum)
, N H M H
G(x)
@ G M H , H
K N I G(x) – , G N
G N

@A-2004/05
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 2.3 d

protocol.h –
Q J
H K

@A-2004/05
.A 47
 2.3.1 Simplex H K G I
(Unrestricted Simplex Protocol)
J

^ M
,
G N
g Q
G
J
@ J
G N
N G H

yac ^zW!

@A-2004/05
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 2.3.2 Simplex „K “
(Simplex Stop-and-Wait Protocol)

^ M
M
,

@A-2004/05
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 2.3.3 Simplex K N
(Simplex Protocol for a Noisy Channel)
J

^ M G
H
N H

G
H
N
PAR – Positive
Acknowledgement with
Retransmission (ARQ –
Automatic Repeat reQuest)

@A-2004/05
.A 50
 2.4 „ K J “
(Sliding Windows Protocols)
J (full-duplex)
, N K
, K
G –
(piggybacking)
T H K J M G
H , N
@ G M H , K J
K J
@ G M H , G K J
T H K J G
H Q ( G
Q )
@ G M H , G ,
K J (K )K J
ZWgd`dv@W: K J G 1, K
G Q M (in order)

@A-2004/05
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 2.4 „ K J “
(Sliding Windows Protocols)

@A-2004/05
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 2.5 E
^
PPP (Point-to-Point Protocol) – O K
K I K
(router-to-router), K dial-up K I
^ (home user-to-ISP)
PPP H KH Q J :
3 G
KG
, K J G N
LCP (Link Control Protocol) – K I
, I , G I
, I G M
H
A O K K G I K
, K M
( K NCP – Network Control Protocol
K )
@A-2004/05
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 2.5 E
^

@A-2004/05
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 2.5 E
^
1Zd3QZ – J ( K
^ , N G
^ host):
1. @ G
2. c M G M
Q K J , M
LCP payload M PPP
, J G PPP
3. E M NCP K Q G I
.a , H IP –
n IP , G
H K n N , H J
H G G
4. H I IP , ^ host
M IP , host-
5. P H I
a) NCP J H IP

b) LCP J
c) @ N K ,
@A-2004/05 M J Q K
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 2.5 E
^

Flag – H -K J K (
byte stuffing)
Address=11111111 – K J
( H )
A K
Control=00000011 – ( I
I )
A K
Protocol – K 0
(IP, IPX, OSI CLNP, XNS), K 1
H K G I G (LCP, NCP)
Payload –
W G , length = 1500 bytes
Checksum – K (K J G N )
@A-2004/05
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 3 K

Tcg`dA: @
K I
(broadcast networks)?
N
H Y
(MAC – Medium
Access Control Sublayer),

MAC H
(LANs) – G
K (multiaccess channel, random
access channel), K I
J
@A-2004/05
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 3.1 U J

c :
1. 3
N K J G K .
M H G
~t K •€ ~t, N •
( K G I – arrival
rate)
2. Q
E J M

3. ^ (collisions)
W ,
, K G
K H .E J .
T , J ,
H

@A-2004/05
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 3.1 U J

4. )f
(continuous time)
K H

)
(slotted time)
G NK
(slot)
5. )^
(carrier sense)
H , J
„ N “ K Q
)g
(no carrier sense)
E J M H K„ N I “ –
J M H
@A-2004/05 N
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 3.2 K
3.2.1 ALOHA
h ALOHA (Pure ALOHA) – G K
K N I H J ,H K
I H (Norman Abramson,
University of Hawaii, 1970)
@ G J K M I , J
M H .T M ,M
H N .P N M G , M G N
K G H N .
W H N , M
M . I H
– , H (
H ).
W H K M I t,
K
2t (
O , , ,
)

@A-2004/05
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 3.2 K
3.2.1 ALOHA

@A-2004/05
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 3.2 K
3.2.1 ALOHA
ALOHA
(Slotted ALOHA) (Roberts,
1972)
, N
.d
O K J I H J
G
.
U
,
G

@A-2004/05
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 3.2.2 CSMA
CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access) –
J H (Kleinrock &
Tobagi, 1975)
ALOHA, K N
J K M I
K Q
1-persistent CSMA
E J H ,
K Q , H H .v M
H , J N M .W
, J
.
1-persistent, K N J M
1( G !), N M K H
H ( , G J H H
„ “, H H )

@A-2004/05
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 3.2.2 CSMA
nonpersistent CSMA
W K Q , J
I G K NN M
H H .P ,
H .
p-persistent CSMA
E
.W H , J M
p, q=1-p
.c J
’ H ,
G J M .
, , J
.

@A-2004/05
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 3.2.2 CSMA
CSMA/CD (CSMA with Collision
Detection) – CSMA I

v M , K N
M I , J 4
,
H ,
G J K
M I Y
v MAC
(
Ethernet)

@A-2004/05
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 3.2.2 CSMA
W H K I G
J ,
M G G .
J M G 2 ( G
K H G M K )!
ZW@`y„c@: N , J H
G G K , ’ K 2
H K H
U J J –O
G N H K M I .W N
H K K N M , G N
.
ZWgd`dv@W: N I G Q K
H K I ( .,
0- G K )
CSMA/CD half-duplex – K J
M ,H M
G M H , H M
M I
@A-2004/05
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 3.2.3 H K
(Collision-Free Protocols)
K M I
O –
(reservation protocols)
E N J ,
( 0 N-1)
-

@A-2004/05
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 3.2.4 G
K
Limited-Contention Protocols – J
G : G 0
0(
,G K M
), .
Adaptive Tree Walk Protocol –
K I H

@A-2004/05
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 3.2.5 H
H
WDMA (Wavelength Division
Multiple Access) –

, J K
K K J
K H ( . .
Q J )

@A-2004/05
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 3.2.6 K H K

MACA (Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance)

(Karn, 1990)
T^AdT:
E J A M 30-H RTS (Ready To Send)
J B,

E J B G CTS (Clear To Send) , ,

( RTS
)
CTS , J AK M I
ZWgd`dv@W:
E J J A, B, G
N RTS G M ,K CTS G
H AH K Q
E J J B, A, G
N CTS G M K
J , CTS

W B C RTS W, M .
a G N, B, C, H CTS , M
M
@A-2004/05
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 3.2.6 K H K

@A-2004/05
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 3.2.6 K H K

MACAW (MACA for Wireless)

(Bharghavan, 1994) – H I
MACA
E N
ACK (Acknowledgement)
E CSMA, J J
M RTS G G
J
W G J
, K
J
O K J
K Q J K K G N I
@A-2004/05 (congestion)
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 3.3 Ethernet
Metcalfe & Boggs (Xerox – Palo Alto Research
Center, 1976) –
– Ethernet
DEC, Intel & Xerox (1978) – DIX Ethernet
Standard
The Institute of Electrical and Electronics
Engineers – IEEE 802.3 (1983)
U G K
:
Token bus (802.4)
@A-2004/05 Token ring (802.5)
.A 73
 3.3.1 @ H I

H K H K Mbps (Megabits per second)

Base (Baseband) – G
( G -
G )
W H , G
(K 100m) N KH Base
T (twisted pair) – J
F (fiber optics) –
Z K Ethernet H
G . M H H K
repeater- („ “)
Repeater – H Q K :G ,G K ( G ),
G G
@A-2004/05 G IEEE 802.3 J Q J , Y H
J M 4 repeater-
.A 74
 3.3.1 @ H I

10Base5 10Base2 10Base-T

@A-2004/05
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 3.3.2 Manchester I
P K Ethernet H
I ( ., 0V K H 5V K H J )
Tcg`dA^:
P K Y H G
U G K 0 1 K G H I O K J
Y M
A M
G , , H
Manchester I ( K Ethernet)
E H -
g J
(+0.85V), K (-0.85V) ( H K H )
H - , N
O K J M
U Q J Manchester I ( 802.5 token ring)
g J

^ ,
@A-2004/05
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 3.3.2 Manchester I

@A-2004/05
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 3.3.3 Ethernet K
(MAC)

) DIX (DEC, Intel, Xerox) Ethernet

Preamble – H 8H ( 10101010) K O K J
M
Destination address – MAC
A H 1, G N G J –
multicast
W H 1, G N J -
broadcast
Source address – MAC M
Type – G K
Data – J 1500 H
Pad – 46 H , K I
K 64 H (
)
Checksum – CRC K ( J G N )
) IEEE 802.3
U H K 7H , Start of Frame
@A-2004/05 (10101011)
Type K Length, K
.A J H 78
 3.3.3 Ethernet K
(MAC)
Z N H K
?
E J W, , M
0
P G G (
- ), J BK
M I
v J BM K H I
G ,K N ,
M I G 48-H N
I J
2, M M I
H
W J H ,
M I K N G 2,
@A-2004/05 J M K N
.A 79
 3.3.3 Ethernet K
(MAC)

10 Mbps LAN ( K 10Base5)

A = 2500m (5 G 4 repeater- )
2 50 s
I H = 100 ns (1000/10 Mbps)
A K = 50 s/100ns =
500 H ( 512 H = 64 H )
@A-2004/05
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 3.3.4 Binary Exponential Backoff
G
,
2 (512 H -> 51.2 †s)
, J 0 1
H (
)
, J 0, 1, 2
3
N , i , KH H
Y 0 2i-1 ( M 1023)
16 , J M H
G
g G KG I
K KH , G
H KH G
J , K K N I
G G H J
@A-2004/05
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 3.3.5 @ Ethernet
(Switched Ethernet)
E I J , K
H M ,N K I

Switch ( )– M K
I 10Base-T host-
, H
E G K
K K J K
( K MAC-
)
E ( M )
, N full-duplex (
) H ( N N
CSMA/CD K )
E K H
(collision domain)
@A-2004/05
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 3.3.5 @ Ethernet
(Switched Ethernet)

g M switch- Ethernet
K ,
J
P J , K hub
( J )- M K I 10Base-T
host- , H Q K
(multi-port repeater)
T G hub- K
H ( , binary exponential backoff, …),
N Y switch- N H
@A-2004/05 G N G G
.A 83
 3.3.6 g K Ethernet (Fast Ethernet)
IEEE 802.3u (1995)
Z Q ,
Q , I H
100ns 10ns
E H K Ethernet hub- switch-
( H K )

@A-2004/05
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 3.3.6 g K Ethernet (Fast Ethernet)
100Base-T4
J = 25 MHz
„ J – K M I , G K I ,
J
v I 8B/6T (8 bits map to 6 trits)
, J
G (0, 1 2). E J ,
G 33=27 H , G 4H (24<27). E
I 4H 25- J ,
H H 100Mbps
100Base-TX
J = 125 MHz
U J – K M I , G K I
v I 4B/5B
E G 5 (
) K 32 K
H J . 16 K I 4-H G 0000,
0001, 0010, ..., 1111, K J .
E I 4H 5 , H
H 100MHz (125/5*4)
Full-duplex – J M H K 100 Mbps
H K 100Mbps
@A-2004/05 100Base-FX
.A U – (Full-duplex); 4B/5B 85
 3.3.7 Gigabit Ethernet

IEEE 802.3z (1998)

1000Base-SX, LX
v I 8B/10B
E H , 8, 10 H ,N K
1024 K H J
U K H J ( J O K J Y
M ):
P H J M 4
H
P H J M 6
6 J
1000Base-T
J = 125 MHz
„ J
v I
E J H (5 K )
– 00, 01, 10, 11, J K .4
@A-2004/05 J x2H x 125 MHz, K 1 Gbps
.A IEEE 802.3ae (2002) – 10Gbps ethernet 86
 3.3.8 IEEE 802.2:
Logical Link Control (LLC)
@ M
K I G N G I J
LLC (Logical Link Control) –G K Y
K IEEE 802 , H KH M Q Q

LLC G
P , LLC K G ,
M H (sequence numbers) H K
(acknowledgement numbers), H
IEEE 802 M
I Source Access Point Destination Access Point
J H ,K M
G , , Type DIX Ethernet
Z H ^ , O I LLC

@A-2004/05
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 3.4 @ J (switching)

U K H bridge
( ), H
c K I K
( N K
!)
Z N M ?
T K G K J J ,
K , ., G

M KG
H K KH I M
,K G I H M
,H K ‘ H (backbone)
K Y N H
G ,N K G K I
(round-trip delay)
U – J
, K G N J
g KH – H , Q G
@A-2004/05 , N G
.A 88
 3.4 @ J (switching)

@A-2004/05
.A 89
 3.4.1 I 802.x
802.y
T^AdT: bridge , N I
802.11 (H K ) 802.3 (Ethernet)

@A-2004/05
.A 90
 3.4.1 I 802.x
802.y
H :
E K Q

A Y H K K H K –
H Q , M
J
T K K
– KH I G ,
I J ,
( G
, Q !)
g KH – (802.11 802.16 H K
) J ,
(Ethernet)
@ G (Quality of Service) –
@A-2004/05 G ( ., constant bit rate 802.16),
.A (Ethernet) 91
 3.4.2 A Y H K I
(Local Internetworking)

v M G , bridge- M
5 (discard) M
(forward)
Z J , bridge- H
N K K Y
T^AdT: H B2, J W Y LAN 2,
H M ’N H K B2 „
H ’G K W“
P I , H K ,
bridge- G
@A-2004/05
K ,
.A
G 92
 3.4.2 A Y H K I
(Local Internetworking)

Backward learning ( - )– G K I
N K K
K M , K K K
N
T^AdT:
W B1, LAN2, G C, G N B1 K C
LAN2, N K N Q J H
E K C Y LAN1, M H ,
K C Y LAN2 M H Q
J K I :
1. W M Y , 5
(discard)
2. W M Y - ,
(forward)
@A-2004/05 3. W K ’ Y ,
.A , G (flooding) 93
 3.4.3 T KG
(Spanning Tree Bridges)

U H Y H K
bridge, M ( ), N
K G
Tcg`dA:
B1 F LAN1 ( K N ),
F1 LAN2
B2 F LAN1, F2 LAN2
, B1 F2 LAN2, F3 LAN1,
B2 F1 LAN2, F4 LAN1
@A-2004/05
‹ H !
.A 94
 3.4.3 T KG
(Spanning Tree Bridges)
Bridge- J Y H , J G
G H K
(loop-free topology)
P KH bridge M (root),
bridge
(spanning tree)
T K I
H ,a , H
G

@A-2004/05
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 3.4.4 Repeater, Hub, Bridge,
Switch, Router Gateway
T K K
Q J I
K I

@A-2004/05
.A 96
 3.4.4 Repeater, Hub, Bridge,
Switch, Router Gateway
Repeater – G K H – G
, K G (
KH , , K G )
Hub – H K G K –
G H K ,
( repeater M
(multiport repeater), H G K G )
ZWgd`dv@W: Hub- Q (collision domain)
Bridge – K M , N
K H
Switch – bridge ( K M N ),
K K I
a J , bridge- store-and-forward („K - - “),
switch- cut-through („ - K“) J , . .K
I 4N M G ,
M G

@A-2004/05
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 3.4.4 Repeater, Hub, Bridge,
Switch, Router Gateway
Router – G Q K G (header) K N G
(trailer) ,G K K G
KH K K M G
T^AdT: W KH K IP ,K G 32-
H IP
Transport gateway – K
K J -
Application gateway – G KH Q
J GQ
T^AdT: -mail gateway – Internet
SMS K H Q

@A-2004/05
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 4A
m - (Network Layer) – I
K ’ N ,K N
H H M
ZWgd`dv@W: P ,K
I
G J
A K Q M
G (end-to-end transmission)
A K
J , J :
KH K
KH ( KH G M
I J
)
H G K
N Y K

@A-2004/05
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 4.1.1 @ J

Store-and-forward („Z “)
i M H (
, point-to-point )
K ( ; store) ’ G
J , N (checksum)
, (forward)
@A-2004/05 , ’ G O
.A N 100
 4.1.2 E K

‹ :
E H H K O G

a H K N K H ,
G
A G I
H H K K
J ( LAN, WAN )
@ :
E H K J (connectionless service)
cH , KH K SEND PACKET
RECEIVE PACKET, H K I
, N
N ( K !)
@ J - (connection-oriented
service)
@A-2004/05 @ G H G J K G (QoS)
.A 101
 4.1.3 ^ J
H K J
( ) K G( = datagram)
E H ( K K
) H K N
X (routing algorithm) – G K H I
H K I

@A-2004/05
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 4.1.4 ^ J
J -
I J , KH (route; )
K N N K N H
– (virtual circuit)
E 5 K

@A-2004/05
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 4.2 W G K I
P G
c K I G K
I J H M G ,
KH
K N H –
-
W G
c K I G G
G , H
K H M
E K
G H Q J
, ,
G G
~a , K
H M , G
@A-2004/05
K K J
.A ,H , I 104
 4.2.1 E I
(Shortest Path Routing)
^ G Q J ,
N M , –
J ( )
KH Y , G
G Q (shortest path)
N , K J G Q
Q J , M
(bandwidth), K H M ,
I (queue length), J I .
Q ( 5 )
W G Dijkstra (1959)
E K ( K G ) G
K K
P , I K
cK H ( K °),
( K •)
K , H

c M G M K
, K I KH
@A-2004/05 K – KH
.A H 105
 4.2.1 E I
(Shortest Path Routing)

@A-2004/05
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 4.2.2 E I „ I “
(Flooding)
E N G M K K
, G
Z H H G
, K O K :
g (hop counter) –
, Q G H M H
P I – K
M G K H ( M
Y , G N Q )
E I (selective flooding) – G
M G K K ,
K K H

^ , I Y :
J
W J H H K J
g K
@ Q J K H G G K I
@A-2004/05 ( I G N KH ,H M
.A G KH !) 107
 4.2.3 U I
(Distance Vector Routing)
^K G K I ARPANET (
1979), K N Bellman-Ford (1957)
Ford-Fulkerson (1962)
E H ( )
K
N K K H

E H H K
Q J
E G K „ “
ZWgd`dv@W: H , G N
1; I
(delay), G K
M I J ECHO G
@A-2004/05 G M K , N H K
.A 108
 4.2.3 U I
(Distance Vector Routing)

@A-2004/05
.A 109
 4.2.4 U I H
(Link State Routing)

E G :
U G G

U G K I N (cost)

U M N ’

U G H G
U G
N , G I
, G
Dijkstra (K I
)
@A-2004/05
.A 110
 4.2.4 U I H
(Link State Routing)

c I I
P I , M
J HELLO point-to-point
T G H G
M Q
^ I H G H
A I N
P K I
I M I ECHO ( H
K I 2)
W K K H M , G N
G ECHO M H
I
, G ECHO
M I
@A-2004/05
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 4.2.4 U I H
(Link State Routing)

@ I Q J K
H

@A-2004/05
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 4.2.4 U I H
(Link State Routing)

U H I Q J K
H
c „ I “
(flooding)
E (Seq. – sequence
number) M I
@ G M Link State ,G
G H – ,
G N ,
G ( , Q )
E Age ( K )
,
I , J K Link
State KG H H G
( K Q )

@A-2004/05
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 4.2.4 U I H
(Link State Routing)

c I
v G H Q J K
H , G
G Q J
W G Dijkstra ,K
I
N

@A-2004/05
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 4.2.5 i O I
G , ,
, N G K
K G N
G , K N
G
Z G K , O O
– G N, G G
(clusters), ,K ,
.
T^AdT: @ H H Berkeley, California
g ?
T Berkeley K G
California, K G
Los Angeles
T Los Angeles H G H M
G N , H M K EWU
G New York
T New York H H G G
H M K N
K Y H M , ., E
@A-2004/05 P , G M A , H
.A G N g 115
 4.3 A
^
P ,^ HŽ
(subnetworks)
(Autonomous Systems)
P ‘ (backbones)
G M H K , K
( ), , ,
K K ,
^
c N G ^ J
– IP (Internet Protocol)
@ J ^ ?
a H K J G KH
( G 64 KB; H , M 1500 H ,
N H G H Ethernet )
E G ^ , H
Q G J
v I M G N ,
G G G
U G , , , , ,G
@A-2004/05 K (input stream) J
.A 116
 4.3.1 IP
m (header) IP G :
20 H (5 KH )
U G 40 H (10
KH )

@A-2004/05
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 4.3.1 IP
Version – K IP (IPv4, IPv6, …)
IHL – K G 32-H KH
( = 15 KH (60 H ))
Type of service – K J K

Total length – G , M G
K G J ( = 65.535 H )
Identification value – K host
G Y G Q G
( Q G G K
Q J )
DF – Don’t Fragment – H G Q G
G
MF – More Fragments – Q G ,
G , H 1
Fragment offset – K G Y
Q G ( G 8.192 Q G 8H )
Time to live – H G G
@A-2004/05 ( = 255 sec.)
.A 118
 4.3.1 IP
Protocol – N
H
G (TCP, UDP, …)
Headred checksum – K G
Source address, Destination address – M

Options – K J

@A-2004/05
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 4.3.2 IP
E host ^ 32-H (4-H )
IP , 4 H (0-255) K ,
G H :
H (network number)
H host- (host number)
ZWgd`dv@W: host Y , IP
K , IP H 5 (A, B, C, D, E),
Q J ICANN (Internet Corporation
for Assigned Names and Numbers) –
(classful addressing)

@A-2004/05
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 4.3.2 IP
E J IP :
0( )– , host
-1 ( ) – broadcast ( host-
)
127.xx.yy.zz – loopback ( )–
H H
G

@A-2004/05
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 4.3.2.1 (Subnets)
A K –
(K N H ), N
K
N
T^AdT: K , M
K Q J

@A-2004/05
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 4.3.2.1 (Subnets)
U H K K I host- , H K
K I
T^AdT: W KH K K B (14 H K H
+ 16 H K H host- ) K 35 Q ,6H H
K K I ( 26-2=62 ), 10
H K K I host- (210-2=1022 host- )
Z J I , G H
(subnet mask), G KG IP K
K I , K K I host-
@ ?
E 4 H (0-255) K
T^AdT: 255. 255. 252. 0
P IP H H K
K I
T^AdT: 130. 50. 4. 1 / 22 (22=16+6)
1: 10000010 00110010 000001|00 00000001 -> 130 . 50 . 4 . 1
2: 10000010 00110010 000010|00 00000001 -> 130 . 50 . 8 . 1
3: 10000010 00110010 000011|00 00000001 -> 130 . 50 . 12 . 1

@A-2004/05
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 4.3.2.1 (Subnets)
@ G J IP ?
W , H
IP :
( , 0) – G ,

( - , host) –
host-
v M G IP , N
H H K I
W K G , , G N
,
Q H
W K host (
), M N
W K ,
default , H J

@A-2004/05
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 4.3.2.1 (Subnets)
W , G N H IP
:
( - , , 0) –
G
( - , - , host) –
host-
a G N, - d
(Boolean AND) IP K
, J H
G K host- , , H
H H
T^AdT:
130.50.15.6 G G
c J AND 255.255.252.0 / 22
K 130.5.12.0 ( H .3)
U H H H K I , J
K K H K
@A-2004/05 H .3
.A 125
 4.3.2.2 g I
c . .
(Classless InterDomain Routing – CIDR) IP
J H K
G ,H K G
T^AdT: W H 2.000 ,
G N H 211=2.048
( M 2.048)
a H (IP
, K , K K )
v M G , K IP
N
a H K I G - - ,
M N M
K N H , J
Y I
@A-2004/05
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 4.3.2.2 g I
T^AdT:
P G I IP , M
194.24.0.0
P K Cambridge H 2048 ,
M 194.24.0.0 194.24.7.255, K
255.255.248.0
y K Oxford H 4096 , 194.24.16.0
194.24.31.255, K 255.255.240.0 (H
4096 K 4096)
y K Edinburgh H 1024 G H
H 194.24.8.0 – 194.24.11.255 255.255.252.0
a H K I N
Q J

@A-2004/05
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 4.3.2.2 g I
G 194. 24. 17. 4, H
Q :
11000010 00011000 00010001 00000100
c J AND K Cambridge
(11111111 11111111 11111000 00000000), K
11000010 00011000 00010000 00000000, N Y
(base address) K Cambridge
c J AND K Edinburgh
(11111111 11111111 11111100 00000000), K
11000010 00011000 00010000 00000000, N Y
(base address) K Edinburgh
c J AND K Oxford
(11111111 11111111 11110000 00000000), K
11000010 00011000 00010000 00000000, N Y
(base address) K Oxford –
194. 24. 16. 0
cU`y@W: K K
J H Oxford
@A-2004/05
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 4.3.3 ^

ICMP – Internet Control Message

Protocol

G . . ICMP ,
IP

@A-2004/05
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 4.3.3 ^

ARP – Address Resolution Protocol

@ IP
( . 48-H
Ethernet MAC )?

@A-2004/05
.A 130
 4.3.3 ^

Host1 M broadcast (
J ), N M : „„
192.31.65.5?“
H I broadcast , N
IP
E Host2 M G , N M
Ethernet MAC (d2) – , Host1 M
K 192.31.65.5 host-
Ethernet d2
ZWgd`dv@W: host-
Y G , G N N
M G ARP (proxy ARP),
M H G
Q Ethernet (d3)

@A-2004/05
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 4.3.3 ^

RARP – Reverse Address Resolution Protocol

^ K J N 48-
H Ethernet MAC , N M K IP

P J G . . RARP ,
H (RARP J
)
BOOTP – Bootstrap Protocol
P RARP, UDP

DHCP – Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol

N I BOOTP – K
I IP
P J M DHCP DISCOVER
broadcast
DHCP relay agent G G
@A-2004/05 DHCP , Y
.A G 132
 4.3.3 ^

@A-2004/05
.A 133
 4.3.4 OSPF – Interior Gateway
Routing Protocol
^ G G H ,
K G K J G K
I
Interior Gateway Protocol – G K I

Exterior Gateway Protocol – G K I Y

OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)

P K G K I
(IGP)
P K I H
(link state routing) – 1990 G
:
Open –
M –Q K , I
U G –H K G
G
I H K
c K H I (load balancing), M G H M
K ( H )
O O
@A-2004/05 cH KH K N H I Q J K
.A I 134
 4.3.5 BGP – Exterior Gateway
Routing Protocol
BGP (Border Gateway Protocol) – G K I Y

• K K , H KH
G I
, BGP K I
(distance vector routing)
ZWgd`dv@W: BGP
N , K

@A-2004/05
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 5a
m - H KH
Q K J
– J J
? (transport entity) –
O / Q
, K N G
K
g G ,
G , M
,
N G M H M H
N K ,H K
K K Q J
, K
@A-2004/05
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 5.1

d ( J - )

G K I TPDU,

@A-2004/05
.A 137
 5.1

T^AdT: d ( K N
J ) M
E K N LISTEN
cH , J H H ,
K N J G H ’
I
W J ,
G N K N CONNECT
a G H M

CONNECTION REQUEST TPDU

( J )
G I ,
M CONNECTION ACCEPTED TPDU K ,
N J
J , , K
SEND RECEIVE
@ G J M H ,
@A-2004/05 J H H
.A – DISCONNECT 138
 5.2 d

a
Y

a
– , G
G N , I

P , J
Q K ( M G ,
M KG H )
P ,Q K K J
J ( ,
H Q )

@A-2004/05
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 5.2.1 W I
@ G J
H
J G
J , . .
(
- ; end-point) – Transport
Service Access Point (TSAP)
@ ^ ,
Y (ports)
W G ,
Network Service Access
Points (NSAP)
Kaj Internet, IP
( )
T^AdT:
Server1 J Host2
K TSAP 1522
(LISTEN)
W J Host1
K CONNECT H I ,
J Q M G TSAP 1208
@A-2004/05 K TSAP 1522
N
.A 140
 5.2.1 W I
A N ,
J
J
G
J GK
TSAP
K
Process Server –
N
, G
H

Name Server
(Directory Server) –
J ,
J
G ,
G H TSAP
@A-2004/05 H
.A 141
 5.3 ^
: UDP
UDP (User Datagram Protocol) – ^ H K
J
UDP (8-H K G + J )

E ’N UDP H KH I Q IP ,
K I M J H
P H KH , G N ,
N G ( J )
UDP H - Q G J
@ M H I G –
H I G KG H , H
( H ( ) H
K H I )
T^AdT: J G UDP DNS
(Domain Name System)
W G H IP host, UDP
G host- , a DNS G UDP
@A-2004/05 IP host – K
.A 142
 5.4 ^
: TCP
TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) – H
K H KH H ,
G ,
(internetwork)
ZWgd`dv@W: c
K G , M, I ,
G , .
E N TCP TCP
,( J H H ,
J , kernel- )
TCP G Q M J
J G K I G
64KB ( 1460 H , J G H
Ethernet K IP TCP K G ), G
M IP G
g M IP G G M
H , TCP N H
G K ( H ),
@A-2004/05
.A
I G , . 143
 5.4.1 A TCP
TCP N M
- (end points), sockets
E socket Q ( ) IP
host- 16-H H port ( , TSAP)
@ J Q Q
socket- – (socket1, socket2)
H 1024 -
(well-known ports) K K

@A-2004/05
.A 144
 5.4.1 A TCP
E TCP J full duplex ( H M
) point-to-point ( )
E TCP J (byte
stream)
T^AdT: M K N 4 512 H TCP
, G H 4 512-H I ,
2 1024-H I , 1 2048-H ,
G

@A-2004/05
.A 145
 5.4.2 c N
TCP
E TCP J 32-H
(sequence number)
H 32-H H K I (acknowledgement)
K O K K J
TCP K J Q
– 20-H K G (+ J ) J
cG I K G G
E G , M G TCP K G , G H 65.515
H IP
E . . (MTU – maximum
transfer unit)
1500 H Ethernet
T K J (sliding windows)
@ G M M G , J
@ G G M G N , TCP M
G ( , H K J )
(acknowledgement number) H N G
W M G 0 G ,
M G M G
Tcg`dA^:
E G G
E G J ,N K
@A-2004/05 c G H K O
.A (K , H H ) 146
 5.4.3 Z G TCP
G

@A-2004/05
.A 147
 5.4.3 Z G TCP
G
Source Port, Destination Port – G Q
J
Sequence number, Acknowledgement Number – H
H K
g K G K H
U 32-H ,H M H J
TCP header length – K 32-H KH
TCP K G
u 1-H I :
URG – 1 Urgent pointer,
offset H , N
Y G J ( O K M
G – K (interrupt message))
ACK – 1K K H K
( 0, G , Acknowledgement number
G )
PSH (PUSHed data) – H 4 G
J J ,H K G H Q ( ,
J H Q K Q )
@A-2004/05
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 5.4.3 Z G TCP
G
RST (Reset) – I J
SYN – I J
SYN=1, ACK=0 – CONNECTION REQUEST (H I K I
J )
SYN=1, ACK=1 – CONNECTION ACCEPTED ( Q M I H I K
I J )
FIN – K M M J K M I
(K I J )
Window size – K H
M , M H (
K J G –
variable-size sliding windows)
Checksum – K
Options – H KH K J Q J I
J K G
T^AdT: host J Q J
J (payload) N Q M –
, 536 H ( ^ host
Q M TCP G 536+20=556 H )
@A-2004/05
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 5.4.4 I TCP
J
d ( , Host2)
G H I
K I J
( LISTEN ACCEPT)
U G ( , Host1)
K N CONNECT,
M G IP
,
TCP G (
J – ., password)
@ G G M G
N , TCP
J
K
Destination Field
W J ,
M G RST H ,
N H H I K
J
W J N
, G N
TCP G ,
K M G K
SYN G K
@A-2004/05 H
.A H 150
 5.4.5 Z I TCP
J
^ TCP J full-duplex, K
K K simplex
J K K
G
E TCP G
H FIN 1( M J K
M I )
v M G , J
K K
H , H 4 TCP G K K I
J ( FIN ACK
)
g TCP G 3,
ACK FIN G

@A-2004/05
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 5.4.6 @
1Zd3QZ: H Q
G 4096 H
W M 2048-
H G (1)
, G
G (2)
g M 2048
H H
H Q , M
G
K J 2048 H ,
M
H (2)
^ M M 2048
H (3), ,
G K J
0 (4)
@ G G
K J 0, M
H ( M
G J )
v J M
J H Q ,
G K J (5),
@A-2004/05 N M
.A M I (6) 152
 5.4.7 @
K G N I
Z
J K
Q K , . .

– K I
I
’
O
N (H )
J H :
J
A J

@A-2004/05
.A 153
 5.4.7 @
K G N I
E M K J – N G
, . . 4 (congestion
window)
dQ G K J :
N ( K H
J H Q )
N M ( K G
K J K G N I )
Slow start G
I J , M G J K
K J K G N I G
G G M G
W G H ,G
K J K G N I
T^AdT: G G 1024, 2048 4096 H
, G G 8192 H K timeout,
G K J K G N I 4096 H K
KH G K G N I

@A-2004/05
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 5.4.7 @
K G N I
@ ^ , H
–
(threshold) (64KB,
J )
v M timeout,
G
K J
K G N I , K J
G
G G
Slow start G
’
G I G –
,G
K J K G N I

W M
timeout, K J
K G N I M ’
G
@A-2004/05 G K J
.A 155
 5.4.8 TCP
a K (retransmission timer)
E J K M I G
W G H , K
W G , G
M
U G Jacobson
(1988)
a K (persistence timer)
A , M K J G 0
( M ), G Q J K
G K J KG H M
c M , M J
H I K H G
K J – 0, J
a K „ “ (keepalive timer)
W J G , M M
K G – K ,
J K
TIMED WAIT
K I J , H
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 6W J
E J
K H KH I

P , J
H K N
Q J I J :
DNS – Domain Name System
K J :
d N (e-mail)
World Wide Web (WWW)
A
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 6.1 DNS – Domain Name System
1Zyg2Q3: ^ G
host- G
(IP
), N K I
ASCII I , N I
N K
N
A KH –K ,
H O K I
N M
E N DNS I :
i O N I K
(domains)
E H H K J K
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 6.1 DNS – Domain Name System
@ Q J DNS?
Z IP , J
J H H ,
resolver ( 4 -),
M ’G
T K N M UDP
DNS , G
M IP K N ,
J
v G I IP ,
J TCP
J N , M
UDP
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 6.1.1 DNS I
@ J ,^ K M
200 (top-level domains),
G H host-
E J
(subdomains),
J
U H
• – com, edu, gov, int, mil, net, org, biz, info,
name, pro, aero, coop, museum
U – Q ISO 3166
Z I , H
K M H

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 6.1.1 DNS I

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 6.1.2 Z K
P
(resource records)
Z host, H K G IP

@ G K N DNS,
N G H K K K

E K 5 H :
Domain_name Time_to_live Class Type Value

:
dragor.uklo.edu.mk 86400 IN A 194.149.158.33
pelister.uklo.edu.mk 86400 IN A 194.149.158.129
uklo.edu.mk 86400 IN MX pelister.uklo.edu.mk

Type A = Address (IP host)

Type MX = Mail eXchange ( K N )
...
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 6.1.3 E I
a ,
(name server)
J DNS H K J
G J
P , I K

H , K :
d I , G
Q J K N
d M
I , G H Q J

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 6.1.3 E I

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 6.1.3 E I
T K N N I
I
W H G , I
M , G N
W Q J K H ,
I N I I
K , ., ’
K ( K N I – recursive query)
v K M host- G
N I , N (
– Time_to_live), H H
J

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 6.2 d N
6.2.1 W O
e-mail
Y - (user agents) – G
K J M
N
X (message transfer agents)
–G K N (system
daemons – J K N K
c Q J e-mail
^ (composition) – J I
G
1 (transfer) – I
J N N - ,
M I H I J
d (reporting) – N I M K

1 (displaying) – H K K
Q
Z (disposition) –
@A-2004/05 N
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 6.2.2
RFC 822
(ASCII e-mail)
E
:
y („ “;
envelope) – G
Q J
O
G K
I
(
N ,
,
H KH ,...)
m (header)
?
(message body)

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 6.2.2

MIME – Multipurpose
Internet Mail Extensions
M N I
K M I
I :
N K J
J (Q J ,
G , .)
N G
KH ( J , .)
N K J
H K KH ( ,
, .)
N
( K ,
, .)
5 I K G

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 6.2.3 I
6.2.3.1 SMTP
d N N M
TCP J 25 N
N
P K . . e-mail daemon G SMTP
(Simple Mail Transfer Protocol)
SMTP ASCII
I TCP J , M ( )
G N N ( )
E M , N M G
G K I ( G ,
H J J H )
(SMTP service ready)
@ N G Y (MAIL FROM) K G
(RCPT TO)
W N , N
(sender ok, recipient ok)
@ M (DATA)
E G (message accepted)
K e-mail , J H (QUIT;
@A-2004/05 closing connection)
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 6.2.3.1 SMTP

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 6.2.3.1 SMTP
v
M I ?
E-mail J ( . ., G )
G K I

WG K H
K username@xyz.com DNS H G
H MX K K xyz.com ( . 6.1.2)
v M G H mail
( DNS), G K I
H H G IP
v M H IP , G
aCP J SMTP
@A-2004/05 25 N
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 6.2.3.2 POP3
• J ^ . .
Internet Service Provider (ISP) , G ,
host- K ^ (on-line)
WG K I ISP N G Q M e-mail
K J G mailbox-

WG K I
G K I ISP N G e-
mail ISP , POP3
(Post Office Protocol Version 3; RFC 1939)

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 6.2.3.2 POP3
POP3 K G
J K I e-mail

E TCP
J G K
I
110 (POP3 server ready)
X – I
(
(USER) K (PASS))
? – I
mailbox-
(LIST), H I
(RETR) K I K
H N I (DELE)
X (Update) –
H N I K
H I
@A-2004/05 J (QUIT; POP3
.A server disconnecting) 173
 6.2.3.3 IMAP
IMAP (Internet Message Access
Protocol)
POP3, ,
M G K mailbox-
M H off-line
IMAP, ,
M ,
M mailbox-
H N
IMAP H KH O K K I
, ,N
H G K I
attachment
@A-2004/05 IMAP K 143
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 6.2.3.3 IMAP
E H POP3 IMAP

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 6.3 World Wide Web
A G World Wide Web
N ^ ,N :^
Q J > ,
World Wide Web ( N Web,
WWW) G
Q J
WWW K Q
K I , H I ,Q I
I Q J
/ O
WWW G
Q J ( ,G Q ,K , ...)
G Q Q
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 6.3 World Wide Web
a O G World Wide
Web Timothy Berners-Lee – 1989
G G H
O , M K
H Q K H
K (CERN – d H K Q K
,j , 1992)
U 1991 – J
Q J Hypertext ’91 San Antonio, Texas
WWW K O
K , HyperText Markup Language – HTML),
Q
( ) G
K

E N O , J
@A-2004/05 H K G I ,
.A M G , H , 177
 6.3 World Wide Web
K I Q J WWW
KH I . . 4
(home page) , H ,G
Q J K G K J
J
U N J G J
G J , K . .
Web- (Web- , Web site)
Z Web- ,
. .
(Uniform Resource Locator – URL),
K WWW
URL = + DNS N +`
J
: http://www.tfb.uklo.edu.mk/ti/default_mk.htm
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 6.3 World Wide Web
HTTP (HyperText Transport Protocol) – J
K I J WWW –
J Q J
M
H
E J ASCII
H I
T^AdT: GET filename HTTP/1.1

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 6.3 World Wide Web
U G :

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 6.3 World Wide Web
@ J WWW
Q J
- (browsers)
P , WWW H -H K ,
1992 G , P J
J K J
y K ^ G K
G Q -H K KG – Mosaic
(Q 1993 – K )
• Q -H K KG
K G H J ,H K
H N ,
Q J ,
H ^
P K KG : Microsoft Internet
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Explorer Netscape Navigator 181
 6.3.1 W O WWW

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 6.3.1.1 @
v G KH (
. http://www.tfb.uklo.edu.mk/ti/default_mk.htm)?
1. T KG G URL (G M N H
KH )
2. T KG H I DNS K IP
www.tfb.uklo.edu.mk
3. DNS G 194.149.158.35
4. T KG TCP J 80
194.149.158.35
5. T KG H I K
/ti/default_mk.html
6. www.tfb.uklo.edu.mk M
/ti/default_mk.html
7. TCP J H
8. T KG G
/ti/default_mk.html
@A-2004/05 9. T KG G K G
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 6.3.1.1 @
E Q J K
J (MIME type)
E J text/html
( G )
W G ,
KG G I :
Plug-in – KG G K H
G
N I K N KG ,
J G K
KG
X - 4 (helper application) –
G K KG
K N H J (application/pdf -> Adobe Acrobat
Reader, application/msword -> Microsoft Word)

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 6.3.1.2 E
„ G K :
1. z Q M aET J ( KG )
2. • Q M H
3. z K ( )
4. A M
5. z H TCP J
cH , Web- multithreaded (
M N – processing modules)
N H J

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 6.3.1.2 E
E ( N ) K
( K
H I ):
1. T K N I H Web- J
2. W Q J
3. @
4. @ Web- J
5. I N
6. K I H J
7. c I MIMd J
8. U K ( . I
Q , , .)
9. M I G
10. Z N I (server log)
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 6.3.2 E Web
Q , Web
- – K
H K
HTML (HyperText Markup Language) – K
I Web J ,G Q
G J
XML (eXtensible Markup Language) – G N Web

XSL (eXtensible Style Language) – G N

Q I K
XHTML (eXtended HTML) – HTML 4 Q
XML; Web K
H K Q KG

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 6.3.3 U Web
E ’ , , Web
G - (
,
)
a O K G I Web
J
CGI (Common Gateway Interface) – K
Q K Web
J G K N
K , (scripts), H N
K Perl, Q M K
J ( . Q ) G HTML
J G

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 6.3.3 U Web
HTML J H G
H G K N K G
J – K K N I
PHP (Hypertext Preprocessor) (open source)
JSP (Java Server Pages) – PHP, N
N G K Java
(Sun®)
ASP (Active Server Pages) – Microsoft® K PHP
JSP, K G I
Visual Basic Script

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 6.3.3 U Web
P K J Y
Web J

Z J , H HTML J H
G H K N N

a O K G I Web J

JavaScript – K ,
G K Java ( Java!)
Applets – Java G N
J K – JVM (Java Virtual Machine)
H G HTML J
KG JVM
ActiveX controls – G Pentium N
@A-2004/05 K K N O ( H K
.A Q H Java applets) 190