Ch#11

Q.11.1How do you distinguish between temperature and heat? give

examples?

Ans:
Heat is the total kinetic energy of molecules of a body. But temperature is the
average kinetic energy of the molecules of a body. If we dip a red hot iron ball in the sea
,heat will flow from the ball to water (from high to low temperature),although the
amount of heat possessed by the ball is very small as compared to the greater amount of
heat contained by the sea.

Q.11.2Why earth is not in the thermal equilibrium with the sun?

Ans.
The earth is not in thermal equilibrium with the sun because while the earth is
being warmed by the absorbed energy it is also loosing heat in various ways .Which
includes conduction, convection and radiation.

Q.11.3 Is temperature is the macroscopic concept?

Ans.
Yes, temperature is the macroscopic quantity.

Q.11.4 It is observed that when………….. then rises.Explain

Ans.
When mercury in glass thermometer is put in a flame ,the glass bulb expands. so
the column of mercury descends. but no sooner the heat reaches the mercury in the bulb
,it expands; and the expansion is grater than the glass bulb. so now, the mercury rises in
the column.

Q.11.5 Is it correct that unit for specific heat capacity is m2s-2 C-1
Ans.Yes it is correct .because c=ΔQ / mΔT

The SI unit of c = J/ kg C = N.m/kg C = kg m/ s2 m/kg C

And which is equal to m2s-2 C-1

Q.11.6 what is standard temperature?

Ans.
The standard temperature is ice point, i.e. 273 K

Q.11.7 When a block with a hole…….. make it small ?

Ans.
Thermal expansion of homogeneous substances causes increase in all directions
with the same linear thermal expansion co-efficient. This increase in all directions
causes an effective magnification of an object. so the hole will expand outward.

Q.11.8 A thermometer ….. Something else?

Ans.
 This thermometer will record the temperature of the surrounding.

Q.11.9 Will one kilogram……..explain.

Ans.
Yes, one kilogram of hydrogen will contain more atoms than one kilogram of
lead,because hydrogen atoms are much more lighter than lead atoms.

Q.11.10 The Pressure…….. Why ?

Ans.T
his is so because the hydrogen molecules are lighter than oxygen
molecules.Molecular speed is inversely proportional to the molecular mass.Hence
hydrogen will leak more quickly than oxygen.

Q.11.11 What are some factors that affect the efficiency of auto mobile
engines.
Ans. It depends upon (i) Temperature of hot reservoir (ii) temperature of cold reservoir
(iii) Heat losses

Q.11.12 What happens ……. Of the room?

Ans. Heat is removed from the room by air conditioner but heat is released on the other
side. Thus, the room cannot be cooled by running a air conditioner in the middle of the
room.

Q.11.13 When a sealed….. of the coffee.

Ans.(a) The temperature of the coffee increases due to shaking
(b) Th internal energy of coffee increases.
 Ch#12

Repulsion is sure test of electrification, explain.

Ans.As we know that the two same charges if come closer they repel each other. for
example +ve repel +ve charge and -ve repel -ve charge .and No two bodies which have no
charge will never repel each other .Therefore repulsion is sure test of electrification.

Q.12.2 Will a solid sphere hold a larger electric charge than a hollow sphere of the
same diameter ?Where does the charge resides in each case?
Ans.A solid metal sphere will hold the same amount of charge as is hold by a hollow sphere
of same diameter.Becaus in Both the cases the charge always resides on the suface so that
the hollow and solid sphere have the same surface area.

Q.12.3 Explain why it is so much easier to reove an electron from an atom of large
atomic mass than is to remove a proton?
Ans.When an atom has large atomic mass so that it will have more orbits which means
grater the distance from the nucleas where the proton is present to attaract it.Now if the
electron of large atomic mass is remove so that there is weaker force of attaraction with
proton therefore it is easy to remove.

Q.12.4 Why it is not crrect to say that the potential diffrence is work done in moving a
unit positive charge b/w the points concerned.
Ans.The potential diffrernce is the increase in electric potential energy per unit charge.and
as we know that the poteial energy is raised when a unit positive chrge is moved against the
electric field.so it is not correct to say that.

Q.12.5 Why is it logical to say thet the potential of an earth connected object is
zero.what can be said about charge on earth?
Ans.The earth is taken to be at zero potential.When a charged body is connected to the
earth,electron flow will take place such that the cherge of the body is neutralized.As earth is
a good conductor(netral body).So that we can say that it is a sink for the electron,electrons
flows to earth grately without changing its potential.

Q.12.6 Can an electric potential exists at a point where electric field is zero.Can the
potential be zero at a place where electric intesity is zero,Give examples
Ans.Electric potential can exists where the elctric feld is zero.Because the charge resides
on the surface ,inside the body the field line cancels each other so that there is no electric
intesity and neverthless it do have a potetial difference.
For example :-The point in the middle of the two equal but opposite chrges.But still the
electric intesity is towards negetive charge.
Both the potential and intsities are zero for a point at infinity.

Q.12.7 An air capacitor is charged to a certain potential difference it is then immersed

in oil what happen to it’s a)charge b)Potential and c) capacitance
Ans.The dielectric constant Єr of the oil is grater than that of air.Whan an air capacitor is
immersed in oil then
a)Its charge remain constant b)PD b/w the plates decreases c)the Capacitance increase
 Q.12.8 Two unlike capacitors of different potentials and charges are joined in
parallel.whathappens to their pD?How are their charges distributed ?Is the energy of
system affected?
Ans.(i)The potential difference will remain same.(ii) The charge is distributed (iii)The energy
of the system decrease

Q.12.9. Four similar capacitors are connected in series and joined to 36 volt battery
.The mid point of the group is earthened.What is the potential of the terminal of the
group?
Ans.If two similar capacitors are connected in series joined to a 36 V battery and if mid point
is connected to earth then there is no transfer of charges.Hence the potential difference will
remain same because the mid point is b/w the oppositely charged plates of C2 and
C3

Q.12.10.A point charge is placed at the centre of spherical Gaussian surface. Is the
Flux Changed?(i)If the guassian surface is replaced by the cube of the same
volume(ii) If the sphere is replaced by a cube of 1/10 of this volume.(iii)If the charge is
moved from from the centre in the sphere(iv)If the charge is moved outside
the sphere(v) If a second chrge is placed inside the sphere.
Ans.(i) No .(ii) No .(iii) No .(iv) Yes .(v) Yes

Q.12.11. Four capacitors each of 2µF connected in suh a way that the total
capacitance is also 2µF .Show what will be the combination.?
Ans. The capacitors should be joined in combinations
(i) Two pairs of parallel combination

Q.12.12. A capacitor is charged by a battery .the battery is disconnected and a slab of

somedielectric is slipped b/w the plates.Describe what happen to the
charge,Potential difference,capacitance and energy stored?
Ans. The dielectric constant Єr of the slab is grater than that of air.
.(i)The potential difference decreases.(ii) The charge remain same (iii)The capacitance
increases(iv) The energy stored will decrease

Q.12.13 Answer the questions if the battery is not disconnected.

Ans. The dielectric constant Єr of the slab is grater than that of air.
.(i)The potential difference Remains constant.(ii) The charge Increases (iii)The capacitance
increases(iv) The energy stored will increase

Q.12.14 A capacitor is connected across a battery.Why does each plate receives a

charge of same magnitude?will it be true if plates are of different sizes?
Ans. Because the electrons move from the –ve terminal to the +ve terminal because the –
ve terminal is at the high potential and +ve is at low potential.The charges always move
from the high to low potential.The same will be the process if the plates are of different
sizes.
 Ch#13

Q.13.1 Electrons leave a dry cell and flow through a lamp back to cell. Which terminal
,the +ve or –ve,is the one which electrons leave the cell?In which direction is the
conventional current?
Ans.Electrons leave the negative terminal of the cell and move towards the positive
terminal. and the conventional current moves from positive to negative.

Q.13.2 Both PD and emf are measured in volts.What is the difference b/w these
concepts.
Ans.P.D is the work done per unit charge across a resistor in circuit. emf is the total P.D
across the external and internal resistance.i.e. E = V + IR

Q.13.3 Can you construct two wires of same length,one of copper and one of iron
,that would have the same resistance at same temperature?
Ans. Yes.Resistivity is proportional to the cross sectional area. The resistivity of iron is 7
times higher then that of copper.Hence the iron wire must be 7 times thicker than the
copper wire to have same resistance at same temperature.

Q.13.4. Why does the resistance of conductor rises with rise in temperature?
Ans.Due to the increase in temperature ,The amplitude of the vibration atoms in the lattice
increases,Which increases the probability of the collision of the atoms with electrons.So the
resistance increases

Q.13.5. Why is heat produced in a conductor due to flow of electric current?

Ans.When the electrons collides with the atoms of the lattice it losses some of its energy
there that is converted into Heat energy.

Q.13.6 When a metal object is heated both its dimension and resistivity increases. Is
the increase in resistivity likely to be consequence of the increase in length?
Ans.The Resistivity is equal to RA/L .The increase in resistivty of conductor due to heat is
the consequence of increase in resistance,and not a consequence of increase in length.
Q.13.7 It is sometimes said that electrical appliance uses up electricity.What does
such actually use in its operation?
Ans.A electrical appliance,in it operation,uses the kinetic energy carried by the moving
electrons and not their quantity of charge.

Q.13.8 Do bends in a wire affect its resistance?

Ans. No .The resistance depends on the Length, Area and temperature as well as the
nature of material.

Q.13.9 Resistance of 10Ω, 30Ω and 40Ω are connected in series.If the current in
10Ω resistance is 0.1 A ,What is the current in other resistances?
Ans.The flow of current is always same when they are connected in series so same current
will flow from all resistances.

Q.13.10 Ten resistance of different values are connected parallel.If P.D across one of
them is 5V ,What is the P.D Across nine resistances?
Ans.The Potential difference is always same when they are connected Parallel so same
P.D Will be there from the remaining 9 resistances.

Q.13.11 For a given pd V,how will be the heat developed in resistor depand on its
resistance R?Will the heat be developed at higher rate in larger or smaller R?
Ans. The heat developed due to power dissipation is H=(V2/R) x t
So smaller the resistance larger the heat
Q.13.12 Is there any electric field inside a conductor carrying an electric current?
Ans.Yes,It is in the direction of current.

Q.13.13 How does the current flowing in a conductor depend on the number of
mobile charges per unit length ,on their average velocity and on the charged per
carrier?
Ans.Since I= q / t=Ne / t .If L’ is the number of charges per unit length.then
N’=N/L so N=N’ L now I=N’Le/t or we can write as I=N’ev
N’ is the number of charges per unit length , e is Charge per carrier and v is the average
velocity.
Q.13.14 Numerical(Solve it Yourself)

Q.13.15. Numerical(Solve it Yourself)

Q13.16 Can terminal voltage of a battery be zero?

Ans. When a battery is short-circuited Now the internal resistance of conductor makes
terminal voltage zero .R=0 then V=0
Ch#14
What is flux density and how is it related with the number of lines of induction expressed in
Weber?
Ans. Magnetic flux density B is the magnetic flux per unit area (B=φ/A).and its unit of flux density is
Weber per meter square or Tesla (T).The number of magnetic line of forces passes through surface
is also known as magnetic flux density. Each line is known as Weber.

Q.14.2 Charged particles fired in vacuum tube hit a fluorescent screen. Will it be possible to
know whether they are positive or negative?
Ans. Yes it is possible .it can be found by applying magnetic field perpendicular to the motion of
particle and then the deflection can be observed. The positive charge in an inward filed will deflect
upward.

Q.14.3 Beams of electron……………………is doubled?

Ans. The radius of circular path of particle in a magnetic field is r=mv/qb. Which shows that is
directly related to the mass but deflection is inversely related to the mass>so the electron is lighter
and will be deflected more. and if the velocity is doubled the radius will be doubled.

Q.14.4 A circular loop of wire hangs………. Earth’s magnetic field?

Ans. The front face of the coil turns in the direction of geographic North Pole.(Left hand Rule)

Q.14.5 Imagine that the room in…………………..magnetic origin?

Ans. The direction of current in the loop, as viewed from the above will be clock wise.(left hand rule)

Q.14.6 Two identical loops…….machine generates?

Ans. The copper and aluminum has different conductivities, they show different behavior in the
induction. Copper having the higher conductivity will have the large e m f.
The electric generator does not generate electricity it is already present in the conducting coil.
They convert mechanical energy in to electrical energy.

Q.14.8 Derive the general equation…….. in a magnetic field?

Ans. As we know that
F=q(v x B)
Work done= W=F.L =q(v x B).L
Now V=W/q =q(V x B).L /q=(v x B).L

Or V= - vBL sinθ b/c (cos 180=-1)

Q.14.9 What is the mechanism of ………………..loss reduced?

Ans. The electromagnetic induction is the responsible for the transfer of energy. It works on the
principle of mutual induction.(Explain the process of mutual induction)
Ch#15

What is the function of concave pole pieces and the coaxial soft-iron cylinder in moving coil
galvanometer?
Ans. The function of concave pole pieces is to make the magnetic field radial and it also makes the
field stronger.

Q.2 Why is it necessary to have some form of controlling couple in Moving coil
galvanometer?
Ans.Yes it is necessary to make the cylinder back to its original position that is why we use the
spring connected to that soft-iron cylinder and also there is a reason that the controlling torque must
be equal to the deflecting torque.

Q.3 What is meant by Sensitivity of galvanometer? Write Factors? How the sensitivity of
galvanometer is increased?
Ans.A galvanometer is sensitive when it gives large deflection foe the small current. It depends on
c(Couple per twist),N(number of turns),A(area) and B(magnetic field)
The sensitivity is increased by the use of concave pole pieces and soft-iron cylinder.

Q.4 Which galvanometer usually has grater sensitivity, Aluminium pointer scale type or lamp
and scale type? Why?
Ans.Lamp and pointer type has the larger sensitivity nearly equal to 10-5 A/div (it means that it will
produce 100000 div when current of 1 ampere is passes through it)

Q.6 Why is it necessary for an ammeter to have zero or negligibly small resistance?
Ans.Because if we use the larger resistance it can alter the current which is being measured so w
have to use the resistance of zero ohms or a negligibly small resistance.
Q.7 What necessary condition must a voltage measuring device satisfy?
Ans.The voltage measuring device must have very large resistance so that it can not draw any
current from the circuit to which it is connected parallel .It can be really helpful for the measurement
of potential difference.

Q.8 Why must an ammeter be connected to a circuit in series and voltmeter in parallel?
Ans.As we know that the current remains same in series with the circuit so to measure it correctly we
have to connect the ammeter in series while the Voltage remains same parallel with the circuit so to
measure it correctly we have to connect the voltmeter parallel to it.

Q.9 An ammeter and a voltmeter of just suitable ranges are to be used by circuit. What might
happen if their positions are interchanged?
Ans.There will be two different effects or that .First if the ammeter is connected parallel its coil will be
burnt because it has small resistance and the current will be heavy.
While if the voltmeter is connected in series it will give the wrong reading because of its high
resistance it will alter the current.

Q.10 The terminals of ammeter are usually made of thick and bare wire while those of
voltmeters are quite thin and well insulated. Explain Why?
Ans. For ammeter we need small resistance so its coil are usually thick and bare metal while to
avoid sparking the voltmeter should have high resistance is its coil is very thin and insulated.

Q.11 Why is a potentiometer considered one of the most accurate voltage measuring device?
Ans.Because it can measure the potential difference accurately with out drawing any current from
the circuit.

Q.12 Describe a circuit that gives a continuously varying potential difference b/w zero and a
certain maximum value.
Ans.The arrangement as shown in the figure is known as Potential divider by using this arrangement
we can vary the potential difference by moving the pointer.

Q14 In a balanced wheat stone bridge, will the balance be affected if the positions of the cell
and the galvanometer are interchanged?
Ans.No effect because the principle of bridge is to connect the two ends with a battery and the
remaining two with the galvanometer.

Q.15 In a slide wire bride, is it absolutely necessary to have the bridge wire one meter long?
Ans.No it can be of any size.

Q.16 A Post office box is compact wheat stone bridge. Then why is it so named?
Ans.Because it was first used for the fault finding purpose in the Post office and for telegraph
problems.

Q.17 Which is the more accurate instrument a meter bridge or a P.O Box?
Ans.P.O Box is more accurate because the higher the ratio arm grater will be the accuracy.
Ch#16
Q.16.1 Under what circumstances does a charge radiate electromagnetic wave?
Ans.The Static charge will produce an electric field around it while the moving charge will produce a
magnetic field around it so to produce both filed that is electromagnetic field the charges should be
accelerated.

Q.16.2 In an electromagnetic wave, what is the relationship, if any b/w the variations in the
magnetic and electric fields?
Ans. Yes there is a big relationship between the electric and magnetic field because they propagates
at right angles in electromagnetic waves and to the direction of propagation.

Q.16.3 A radio transmitter has a vertical antenna. does it matter whether the receiving
antenna is vertical or horizontal?
Ans.The receiving antenna should be vertical because in this position it will receive more radiation
as it does in the horizontal position, because it increases the area to receive the waves.

Q.16.4 Explain why are light waves able to travel through vacuum, whereas sound waves
cannot?
Ans.Light waves are electromagnetic in nature having wavelength (400nm to 760 nm),sound waves
produce when the particles of any medium are disturbed .In vacuum there is no medium no particles
so they will not propagates from the vacuum and light will.

Q.16.5 Explain the condition under which radiation of electromagnetic waves takes place
from certain source.
Ans. transmitting antenna is coupled with an alternating source of potential called Oscillator,
Charges Like electrons are accelerated up and down to the antenna. This will fluctuates the electric
flux, which generates the magnetic flux, This will produce the E.M waves.

Q.16.6 Can a diode be used for amplifying a weak signal?

Ans.No diode is not used for the amplification but a special type of diode named “Tunnel Diode” is
used as an amplifier.

Q.16.7 Are radio waves a form of light?

Ans. As the radio waves and light waves are electromagnetic in nature so we can say that it is a
form of light but they has lower frequency than that of light so they are not visible.

Q.16.8 Can electromagnetic wave be propagated through a piped vacuum.

Ans.Yes it can travel through a piped vacuum because the electromagnetic waves don’t require any
medium for their propagation.

Q.16.9 Why does a semi conductor acts as an insulator at O K and why does its conductivity
rises with the temperature? Or Discuss the effect of temperature on semi conductors.
Ans.In semi-conductor at OK the valence band is completely filled and conduction band is empty.
Therefore it behaves like a perfect insulator. But at room temperature the electrons gain energy and
move through the forbidden gap to the conduction band so we can say that there conductivity
increases with the temperature.

Q.16.10 Explain the role of forbidden band in solids.

Ans.It can be classified in to three roles
In conductors there is no forbidden gap because the valence band and conduction band overlaps
each other. In insulator there is large forbidden gap because the valence band and conduction band
are separated from each other. In semi conductors there is small forbidden gap because the valence
band and conduction band are at small distance.

Q.16.11 Why is light not seen in an ordinary diode but LED emits light?
Ans. As the silicon is opaque to light the energy is radiated only in the form of heat and when we use
gallium arsenide phosphate crystal it emits small amount of heat and larger amount of Photon so in
LED we see the light.

.
Ch#17
Q.17.8 Why Compton Effect not observable with visible light?
Ans. In Compton effect ,x rays of wave length =1 Ao equivalent to energy=140 ev , were directed on
the graphite block, where binding energies of bounded electrons are =100 ev .If visible light is used it
possesses low frequency and these photons have energies =0.1 ev, this energy is too small to be
given to loosely bound electrons to get them scattered.

Q.17.9 What phenomenon……………..related quantitatively?

Evidences for wave Evidences for matter Ans.
Phenomenon phenomenon
Interference of light Black body radiation
Diffraction of light Photo electric effect
Polarization of light Compton effect
Optical Doppler’s effect x ray production
Prod. Of electromagnetic waves
Q.17.10 In what way the
……. and protons?
Ans.
Characteristics of particles of matter Characteristics of light (photons)
1.Non zero rest mass 1.Zero rest mass
2. They possess inertia 2.They consists of energy packets
3. Speed is always less than speed of 3. They travel with the speed of light
light
4. They may be charged or uncharged 4. They are always neutral
5.They are guided by matter waves 5. No relation with the matter waves
6.E=1/2 mv 2
6. E= hν

Q.17.11 In the photo electric effect the energy……..Explain.

Ans. When radiation strikes a metal surface, it deposits its entire energy on some electron in the
absorbing surface>if energy of the photon (E= hν) exceeds the energy expend by the electron in
work against the force binding it to the surface (φ) it will emitted with some energy. K.e < hν

Q.17.13 with the help of ………. Of an atom.

Ans. A/c to de broglie hypothesis, an electron moving around nucleus is pictured as a kind of wave
packet. An electron can circle a nucleus indefinitely without radiating energy provided that its orbit
contains an integral number of de broglie wavelength.
Ch#18
The bohr theory of hydrogen atom is based upon many assumptions. Do any of these
assumption contradict classical physics?
Ans: The assumption in bohr’s theory that an electron moving around the nucleus in a certain orbit
does not radiate energy is contrary to the classical physics.

Q.2 Why does the hydrogen gas produced in laboratory not glow and emit radiations?
Ans: A spectrum is given by the light emitted from an incandescent gas or vapors. For example
electric discharge through a gas or hydrogen filled discharge tube

Q.3 Why are the energy levels of the hydrogen atom less than zero?
Ans:The energy levels of hydrogen are negative. This shows that an electron must do that amount of
work to escape from electron or to over come the binding energy of that orbit.

Q.4 If hydrogen gas is bombarded by electrons of energy 13.6 eV, would you expected to
observe all the lines of hydrogen spectrum?
Ans:the Hydrogen will get ionized because 13.6 is the energy of ground state and is equal to the
ionization energy. As such no spectral lines will observed.

Q.5 Hydrogen gas at room temperature absorbs light of wave length equal to the lines in the
Lyman series but not those of Ballmer series. Explain
Ans: Hydrogen gas at room temperature contains electron in the ground state so the energy it will
absorbed must be equal to the difference of energy in the first orbit and excited state .so the
radiations are related to the Lyman (n=1)

Q.6 How are X-ray different from the visible radiations?

Ans: Because They
* Are Penetrating *Cause ionization in Gases * Can eject photo electrons from
metals * Produce fluorescence * Can damage living tissues

Q.7 What property of X-ray makes them so useful in seeing otherwise invisible internal
structures?
Ans:In solids atoms are arranged in a manner. which has distance in the order of X-rays. Hence
crystal is used as transmission grating to produce diffraction of X rays. This crystallography helps us
to locate the internal structure.

Q.8 Explain the difference between laser light and incandescent lamp(or bulb).

Laser light Incandescent light

Highly monochromatic Mixture of several wavelengths
Coherent Waves It is not coherent
It consists of parallel waves It is emitted in all directions
Due to stimulated emission Due to spontaneous emission

Q.9 Name some applications of laser.

Ans: 1-Three dimensional images of objects obtained by using laser in a process called
Holography.2- As a surgical tool for welding detached retina.3- To perform precesion survey and
length measurements 4-As potential energy source for inducing nuclear fusion reaction.5-For
telephone communication along optical fibers.6-For cutting the metals
Ch#19
Q.2 Do α, β and γ rays came from the same element .Why do we find all three in many
radioactive elements?
Ans: A radioactive element either emits α-particles or β-Particles ,but never both. Gamma
radiations are the companion of alpha or beta. So the radioactive sample is the mixture of
radioactive elements so we can have all three in many.

Q.3 It is more difficult to start a fusion reaction that fission. Why?

Ans:In fission there in no extra work done to overcome the repulsive force between two
protons as in the nuclear fusion so that is why it is difficult to produce he nuclear fusion

Q.4 Is it possible that fusion of two small nuclei may occur without collision at
extremely high energy?
Ans:No .Two nuclei must collide with sufficient kinetic energy to penetrate their mutual
columb barrir and coming with in the range of nuclear forces.

Q.6 What are benefits and risks of nuclear reactors? Which reactor is relatively
better from the point of safety?
Ans:
Benefits Risk
Produce Electricity Leakage of radioisotopes
Nuclear fuels Hazards for workers
Produce radioisotopes Damages the environment
Clean burning Limited supply of raw materials

Q.7 Both fission and fusion apparently produce energy. How can you reconcile this
with the law of conservation of energy?
Ans: In fission of U-235 with thermal neutrons, the loss of mass (0.2153u) is converted into
energy producing about 200 Mev per fission
In Fusion, four protons may be combined to produce one helium nucleus and two
positrons. here the loss of mass(0.027 u)is converted into energy producing about
26Mev.Thus in both the cases the mass-energy remains conserved

Q.8 When a photon disappears in producing an electron and positron, is the energy
of a photon equivalent to that of particles produced? Explain.
Ans:No,the energy of photon is always grater than the rest mass energy of electron –
positron pair(1.02Mev) The remaining energy is carried by the particles as their K.E.

Q.10 Why do most moderators used in nuclear reactors are light atoms
like 1H1, 1H2 or 6C12 to slow down the neutrons instead of using heavier atoms?
Ans:Fast moving neutrons can be stopped when they make elastic collision with stationary
particles of the same mass. Since mass of protons, deuteron and graphite nucleus is
comparable with the mass of neutrons, hence they slowed down.

Q.11 Can conventional fission reactors ever explode like a bomb does? Why?
Ans:In nuclear reactor ,a fission explosion is not possible, because the amount of fuel is of
sub critical mass and it can shut off control rods in emergency. Also liquid poison can be
inserted directly in to moderator if other safety devices fail.
Q.12 In a LMFBR why would you expect the radioactivity of sodium coolant to
increase with the life time of the reactor.

Ans:Yes,Because sodium can captures neutrons: 11Na23+ 0n1 ----------->

11 Na24 + γ
Here Na 24 is radioactive with half life of 15H

Ch#20
.20.1 Explain how would you test whether the radiation from a radioactive source are γ, β, α
Particles?
Ans. If the radiations are allowed to pass from a magnetic field then the radiations can be identified
because of the deflection the α and β particles changes their path and γ rays pass went un
deflected.

Q.20.2 A particle produces more ionization is less penetrating. Why?

Ans. Due to the ionization the particle losses some part of energy. so it will have small penetrating
power so we can say that the grater ionization the more will be loss of energy and less will be
penetrating power..

Q.20.3 It is said that α or β Particles carries an atom with out colliding with electrons. How
can each do so?
Ans. As we know tat the charge on α particle is positive while β has the negative charge. Therefore
the α particle ionizes the atom by attraction and β particle ionizes by repulsion.

Q.20.4 In how many ways γ rays produce ionization of the atoms?

Ans. (i) It may lose only a part of energy in a collision (Compton effect)
(ii) It may lose all energy in colliding with the electron (Photoelectric Effect)
(iii) It may be stopped by a heavy nucleus giving rise to the pair production

Q.20.5 In what way a neutron produces ionization of an atom?

Ans. It can ionize by colliding with a substance containing a large number of hydrogen atoms and
knocks out a proton.

Q.20.6 Name different electromagnetic radiations which are capable of producing ionization
of atoms. By what process do they ionize?
Ans. (i) Ultraviolet rays (ii) Gamma rays and (iii) X- rays .These rays can interact with the material in
elastically and remove electron from it.

Q.20.7 Why is lead better shield against γ, β, α particles than an equal thickness of water
column?
Ans. As we know that the alpha and beta particles have high ionization power so they losses more
energy in water than lead so water can be used for the protection against the alpha and beta
particles. But gamma rays has more penetrating power so lead (which has the more electrons than
water) is used.

Q.20.8 Lead is heavier than water. Yet what is more effective shield against neutrons?
Ans. If we want to stop a neutron it must collide with the nucleus of same size. When the neutron
collides with the water nucleus it stops or slows down but when it collides with the nucleus of lead it
bounces back with the same speed .so Water is the better shield.

Q.20.9 In an X ray photograph bones show up very clearly while the fleshy part shows very
faintly. Why?
Ans. Because the X-rays can stop by the bones but can penetrate through flesh.

Q.20.10 In a cloud chamber photograph, the path of an α –particle is thick and continuous
line where that of β -particle is a thin and broken line. Why?
Ans. α –particle is more ionizing than the β –particle so it will have a clear photograph in the
chamber.

Q.20.11 Why do γ-rays not give a line-track in the cloud chamber photograph?
Ans. As gamma rays don’t produces ionization directly, But it collides with the atom and eject out the
electrons or beta particle from it .This beta particle also have its own track. therefore their will be
many lines.

Q.20.12 A neutron can produce little ionization. is there any sure chance of getting a cloud
chamber track for it or a count in the Geiger counter?
Ans. It can ionize by colliding with a substance containing a large number of hydrogen atoms and
knocks out a proton. so there will be no such track on the Wilson cloud chamber and similarly it is
not detected by G.M tube.

Q.20.13 A cloud chamber track of an α -particle sometimes shows an abrupt bend

accompanied by small branched track. Why?
Ans. When alpha particle collides with the nucleus, the recoil nucleus will give the abrupt change in
the track.

Q.20.16 Which of the rays----α, β, or γ would you advise for the treatment of: (i) Skin cancer
(ii) The cancer flesh just under the skin (iii) A cancer deep inside the skin .Give reasons.
Ans. (i) For the treatment of skin cancer we use alpha particles .B/c their penetration is small
(ii) For the treatment of cancer flesh just under the skin we use Beta particles .B/c their penetration
is Medium.
(iii) For the treatment of cancer deep inside the skin we use gamma rays. B/c their penetration is
very high.

Q.20.17 Two isotopes are available one of long half life and one of shorter half life, Which
isotope is advisable for the treatment of patients why?
Ans. The isotope of shorter half life must be used so if some amount remains in the body must
decay quickly.

Q.20.18 Why are many artificial radioisotopes are rare in nature?

Ans. The decay of these isotopes depends on their half life .All artificial isotopes has small half life.

Q.20.19 Can radiocarbon dating be used to measure the age of stone walls of ancient
civilization?
Ans. No, radiocarbon dating is not used foe the measure of the age of stone walls. It is used only for
the organic remains. While for stone wall uranium must be used.

talhaphysicsacademy.blogspot.com