IWCF Drilling Well Control Syllabus

International Well Control Forum
IWCF Drilling Well Control Syllabus

Level 3 and 4
July 2017
Version 8.0
IWCF Drilling Well Control Syllabus Level 3 and 4
Contents
Guidance Notes............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5
1.2. Who takes the Drilling Well Control training course? ..................................................................................................................................... 5
1.3. How long is the training course? ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.4. How many candidates can a Centre have on a training course? .................................................................................................................... 5
1.5. When can a candidate move on from Level 2 to Level 3 and then to Level 4? .............................................................................................. 5
2. The Level 2, 3 and 4 syllabi explained .............................................................................................................................................................. 6
2.1. Testing understanding ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
2.2. Learning objectives ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 6
2.3. Learning outcomes ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
2.4. Syllabus division ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
2.5. Coding................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7
2.6. Importance Levels .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 8
2.7. Assessment method .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9
OVERVIEW ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 9
Well control incidents ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Well control training and assessment ...................................................................................................................................................................... 9
INTRODUCTION TO WELL CONTROL ................................................................................................................................................................... 10
Hydrostatic Pressure ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 10
Formation pressure ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
Fracture pressure .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 11
Primary well control ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 12
Secondary Well Control ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 13
Secondary Well Control Equipment ....................................................................................................................................................................... 13
BARRIERS ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Barrier concept ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 14
Barrier management .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 16
RISK MANAGEMENT ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 17
Well Control and Emergency Drills ........................................................................................................................................................................ 17
CAUSES OF KICKS ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
General ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 19
Loss of Hydrostatic Pressure ................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 2 of 98
Printed copies are UNCONTROLLED: It is the user’s responsibility to verify printed material against the controlled document
Hydrostatic Effect .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

Gas cutting ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 22
Lost circulation ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 22
Swab and surge effects ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 24
Tripping ................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 25
KICK WARNING SIGNS AND KICK INDICATORS ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Kick warning signs and first actions ....................................................................................................................................................................... 29
Kick Indicators ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 30
Shallow gas ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 31
CIRCULATING SYSTEM .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Definition and principles......................................................................................................................................................................................... 34
Slow Circulation Rates (SCRs) .............................................................................................................................................................................. 36
Fracture Pressure and MAASP.............................................................................................................................................................................. 37
INFLUX CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOUR .................................................................................................................................................... 39
Principles ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 39
Influx behaviour ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 41
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 44
General Principles ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 44
Procedure .............................................................................................................................................................................................................. 46
Hang off................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 47
Wireline Operations ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 48
Interpretations ....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 49
Observations ......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 50
Influx Migration ...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 51
WELL CONTROL METHODS ................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Principles ............................................................................................................................................................................................................... 52
Kill Method Principles ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 52
Choke Line Friction................................................................................................................................................................................................ 54
Driller’s Method and wait and weight method......................................................................................................................................................... 55
Kill Sheet Calculations (Pre-tour) ........................................................................................................................................................................... 57
Perform Kill Sheet Calculations (Post kick) ............................................................................................................................................................ 62
Volumetric Methods ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 64
Lubricate and Bleed method .................................................................................................................................................................................. 65
Stripping ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 66
WELL CONTROL DURING CASING AND CEMENTING ......................................................................................................................................... 67

Running and Pulling Casing and Liner ................................................................................................................................................................... 67

Cementing Casing and Liner ................................................................................................................................................................................. 69
Shut-in procedures when running casing ............................................................................................................................................................... 71
WELL CONTROL MANAGEMENT ........................................................................................................................................................................... 72
Well Control Drills .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 72
CONTINGENCY PLANNING .................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Recognition of Problems and First Actions ............................................................................................................................................................ 73
Pressure Gauge Failure......................................................................................................................................................................................... 73
Mud/Gas Separators (MGS) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 74
BOP Failure ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 74
Hydrate Formation ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 75
Lost circulation during a well control event ............................................................................................................................................................ 76
WELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT .................................................................................................................................................................................. 76
BLOWOUT PREVENTERS (BOPs) .......................................................................................................................................................................... 76
BOP Stack Configuration ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 76
Ram Type Preventers............................................................................................................................................................................................ 78
Blind/Shear Ram Preventers ................................................................................................................................................................................. 80
Annular Preventers ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 82
Side Outlet Valves ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 83
Connections .......................................................................................................................................................................................................... 83
Diverters ................................................................................................................................................................................................................ 84
ASSOCIATED WELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT ........................................................................................................................................................ 85
Inside BOPS (IBOPs) and Drill Pipe Safety Valves (DPSVs) ................................................................................................................................. 85
CHOKE MANIFOLDS AND CHOKES ....................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Routing of Lines .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 86
Manual and Remote Chokes ................................................................................................................................................................................. 87
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 87
Mud Gas Separators (MGS) .................................................................................................................................................................................. 87
Vacuum Degasser ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 88
TESTING .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 88
BOP and Equipment Testing ................................................................................................................................................................................. 88
Inflow Testing ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 92
BOP CONTROL SYSTEMS ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 93
BOP Control Systems............................................................................................................................................................................................ 93
Subsea BOP Control Systems ............................................................................................................................................................................... 96

Guidance Notes
1.1. Introduction
The new syllabi will:

1) Meet the International Association of Oil and Gas Producers (IOGP) recommendations for enhancements to well control training, examination
and certification as highlighted in Report 476, issued August 2016
2) Allow IWCF to continuously deliver the highest standards of well control training and assessment.
1.2. Who takes the Drilling Well Control training course?
We recommend personnel in the following positions should attend the appropriate level of training and assessment:
Level 2: Operation Team personnel - well-site based position whose action or inaction could directly influence well control assurance.
Level 3: Equipment Operator - has to perform an action to prevent or respond to well control accident.
Level 4: Supervisor - specifies and has oversight that correct actions are carried out.
1.3. How long is the training course?
The level 2 Drilling Well control training course must be a minimum 20 hours, excluding examination time.
The level 3 and level 4 Drilling Well Control training courses must be a minimum of 32 hours, excluding examination time.
1.4. How many candidates can a Centre have on a training course?
A course can have a maximum of 15 candidates on a training course (depending on room size/facilities/Assessors).
1.5. When can a candidate move on from Level 2 to Level 3 and then to Level 4?
Level 2 Drilling training courses should be run as a separate course.
Level 3 Drilling training courses may be partly combined with the Level 4 Drilling course.

If there is a syllabus learning outcome at Level 2, but not at levels 3 and/or 4, this indicates that IWCF believes Level 3 and 4 candidates should
already have thorough knowledge of this syllabus category.
If there is a syllabus learning outcome for Level 3 but not at Level 4, this indicates IWCF believes all Level 4 candidates should already have thorough
knowledge of this syllabus category.
If Level 3 and Level 4 Drilling Well Control training courses are partially combined, Level 3 candidates should spend time on training to improve
detection and immediate response skills while the Level 4 candidates are taught advanced well control operations.
IWCF recommends a minimum three-month period to build further industry experience and competence before the candidate moves onto the next
level. It is unacceptable for a Level 3 candidate to be enrolled on a Level 4 course at the same time.
2. The Level 2, 3 and 4 syllabi explained
2.1. Testing understanding
IWCF expects candidates’ knowledge and understanding of basic drilling well control to be developed so that they can competently perform their
assigned well control duties. It is insufficient for any candidate on any level of the course to be coached to pass the assessment.
The quality of teaching must evolve to ensure learning objectives are met. Training must be taught in line with the stipulated syllabus and it will not be
sufficient to base training on “test-similar” or “test-identical” exam questions to help personnel pass the written exam”. (IOGP Report 476).
2.2. Learning objectives
The learning objectives in the syllabus are based on the content (subject matter) the instructor must teach to meet the requirements of this level. The
use of the wording “learning objective” is in line with the IOGP Report 476 and is a broad overview statement of what the student will be taught during
the course.
Example:
‘During the course, the student will gain an understanding of: Standard Well control methods’.

2.3. Learning outcomes
Learning outcomes have been developed for each of the learning objectives contained in the syllabus. The outcome indicates how each learning
objective will be fulfilled with a detailed description of the skills a student must have at the end of the course. These learning outcomes are the basis
for assessment questions.
Example:
‘By the end of the course, the student will be able to: Define and list kill and control methods.’
2.4. Syllabus division
The written test syllabus is divided into two compulsory sections:

- Principles and Procedures
- Equipment.
2.5. Coding
Principles and procedures

Surface Subsea
Overview DR-SF-PNP-01 DR-SS-PNP-01
Introduction to well DR-SF-PNP-02 DR-SS-PNP-02
control
Barriers DR-SF-PNP-03 DR-SS-PNP-03
Risk management DR-SF-PNP-04 DR-SS-PNP-04
Causes of kicks DR-SF-PNP-05 DR-SS-PNP-05
Kick warning signs and DR-SF-PNP-06 DR-SS-PNP-06
kick indicators
Circulating system DR-SF-PNP-07 DR-SS-PNP-07
Influx characteristics and DR-SF-PNP-08 DR-SS-PNP-08
behaviour
Shut-in procedures DR-SF-PNP-09 DR-SS-PNP-09
Well control methods DR-SF-PNP-10 DR-SS-PNP-10

Well control during DR-SF-PNP-11 DR-SS-PNP-11

casing and cementing
Well control DR-SF-PNP-12 DR-SS-PNP-12
management
Contingency planning DR-SF-PNP-13 DR-SS-PNP-13
Well Control Equipment

Surface Subsea
Blow Out Preventers DR-SF-EQP-01 DR-SS-EQP-01
(BOPs)
Associated well control DR-SF-EQP-02 DR-SS-EQP-02
equipment
Choke manifolds and DR-SF-EQP-03 DR-SS-EQP-03
Chokes
Auxiliary equipment DR-SF-EQP-04 DR-SS-EQP-04
Testing DR-SF-EQP-05 DR-SS-EQP-05

BOP control systems DR-SF-EQP-06 DR-SS-EQP-06
2.6. Importance Levels
All learning outcomes have an ‘importance’ level which is displayed in the far-right column of the syllabus. The importance is based on the criticality
factor - the potential risk of a candidate not holding the knowledge. The levels shown below are based on the potential risk of the candidate not
having the knowledge:
Importance Level of risk Explanation

10 Critical Could lead to catastrophic damage to life, limb,
environment, industry.
5 Major Major risk factor.
4 Serious Key knowledge – could lead to risk to life, limb and the
environment.
3 Moderate Necessary knowledge.
2 Minor Underpinning knowledge.
1 Foundation Foundation knowledge.

2.7. Assessment method
The Level 2 course Drilling well control course is based on:

- Written assessments.
The Level 3 and Level 4 Drilling Well control courses are based on:
- Written assessments
- A practical assessment.
PRINCIPLES AND PROCEDURES
OVERVIEW
Well Control Incidents
DR-SF-PNP-01.01.01
Identify the potential impact of a well Assess the potential impact of a well
control incident on: control incident on:
- Personnel - Personnel
A01.01
- Employment - Employment
The impact of a well control incident. 5 5
- Assets - Assets
- Environment - Environment
- Operations - Operations
Reputation. - Reputation.
Well Control Training and Assessment

DR-SF-PNP-01.02.01
Explain "why are we here?" including:

Explain "why are we here?" including:
- Capability to apply well control
- Capability to apply well control
skills
skills
A02.01
The need for well control training and - Trust of stakeholders

- Trust of stakeholders 4 4
assessment. - Responsibility to colleagues
- Responsibility to colleagues
- Reduce the severity of impact
- Reduce the severity of impact
of a well control event
of a well control event.
- Regulatory requirements.

Level 3 Level 4 Importance
Previous
category
category
Learning objective. During this course the Learning outcome. By the end of Learning outcome. By the end of
New student will gain an understanding of: this course the student will be able this course the student will be able
to: to: L3 L4
INTRODUCTION TO WELL CONTROL

Hydrostatic Pressure
DR-SF-PNP-02.01.01
Explain the factors that affect Explain the factors that affect
B01.01
Factors that affect hydrostatic pressure. hydrostatic pressure and complete hydrostatic pressure and complete 10 10
calculations. calculations.
Complete hydrostatic and gradient Complete hydrostatic and gradient

calculations including, but not limited calculations including, but not limited
to: to:
- Given a fluid density, calculate - Given a fluid density, calculate
a pressure gradient a pressure gradient
DR-SF-PNP-02.01.02
- Given a pressure gradient, - Given a pressure gradient,

calculate a fluid density calculate a fluid density
- Given a fluid density and True - Given a fluid density and True
IB01.03
Hydrostatic pressure calculations. Vertical Depth (TVD), Vertical Depth (TVD), 10 10

calculate a pressure calculate a pressure
- Given a pressure and a TVD, - Given a pressure and a TVD,
calculate a fluid density calculate a fluid density
- Given a pressure and a fluid - Given a pressure and a fluid
density, calculate a TVD density, calculate a TVD
- Given two or more fluid - Given two or more fluid
densities and vertical densities and vertical
intervals, calculate a pressure. intervals, calculate a pressure.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Formation Pressure
Explain the mechanisms that can
Describe subnormal/normal/abnormal
DR-SF-PNP-02.02.01
cause formation pore pressure

formation pore pressures.
changes:
- Depletion
Explain how abnormal formation pore
IB02.01
- Injection
Formation pore pressure. pressure is caused: 4 4
- Diagenesis.
- Under compaction
- Faulting
From a given sub-subsurface
- Salt domes
prognosis, calculate the formation
- Aquifers.
pore pressure.
DR-SF-PNP-02.02.02
Identify from a sub-surface prognosis Assess from a given sub-surface

Formation pore pressure as the lower limit of
NEW
the required mud weight with trip prognosis the minimum useable mud 5 5
the mud weight window.
margin. weight with trip margin.
Fracture Pressure
DR-SF-PNP-02.03.01
B03.01
Explain fracture pressure and its Explain the mechanisms that cause
Fracture pressure. 5 4
effects. fracture pressure changes.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-02.03.02
to: to: L3 L4
Identify from a sub-surface Assess from a given sub-surface

prognosis, the maximum allowable prognosis, the maximum allowable
Fracture pressure as the upper limit of the mud
NEW
mud weight, maximum allowable mud weight, maximum allowable 5 5

weight window.
surface pressure and the potential for surface pressure and the potential for
losses. losses.
Describe how increasing water depth

DR-SS-PNP-02.03.03
can affect formation fracture pressure

and assess possible solutions, for
SSH01.09
Describe how increasing water depth example:

The effects of water depth on formation
can affect formation fracture - The casing design 3 3
fracture pressure.
pressure. - The drilling fluid density as
low as possible
- Monitor annulus pressure
while drilling.
Primary Well Control

DR-SF-PNP-02.04.02
Explain how hydrostatic pressure and Explain how hydrostatic pressure and
NEW
Factors that can influence primary well control. formation pore pressure can formation pore pressure can 5 5
influence primary well control. influence primary well control.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-02.04.03
to: to: L3 L4
Assess a given situation, and explain

Explain the impact of uncertain pore
B04.03
Pore and fracture pressure estimation and the the impact of uncertain pore and
and fracture pressures on 5 5
potential impact on primary well control. fracture pressures on maintaining
maintaining primary well control.
primary well control.
Secondary Well Control

DR-SF-PNP-02.05.01
Explain the actions required to

B05.01
Outline the actions to achieve and

Secondary well control. monitor and maintain secondary well 5 5
maintain secondary well control.
control.
Secondary Well Control Equipment

DR-SF-PNP-02.06.01
Explain the requirements for

Outline the requirements for
B06.01
Appropriate secondary well control equipment appropriate secondary well control

secondary well control equipment in 10 5
selection. equipment in maintaining the barrier
maintaining the barrier envelope.
envelope.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
BARRIERS
Barrier Concept
DR-SF-PNP-03.01.04
Identify what elements can form a

EQE01.02
Identify what elements can form a well barrier envelope during drilling,
The well barrier elements in well operations. 5 5
well barrier envelope during drilling. completion, workover and
abandonment operations.
Compare mechanical and hydrostatic Compare mechanical and hydrostatic

barriers. barriers.
Hydrostatic barriers: Hydrostatic barriers:

- The density can be - The density can be
DR-SF-PNP-03.01.05
maintained (ability to maintained (ability to

circulate) circulate)
- Can be monitored (for losses, - Can be monitored (for losses,
The principles of different well barrier element gains or pressure). gains or pressure).
NEW
5 5
types.
Mechanical Barriers: Mechanical Barriers:
- If possible, will be pressure - If possible, pressure tested in
tested in the direction of flow the direction of flow from the
from the well. well.
- If they cannot be pressure - If they cannot be pressure
tested from the direction of tested from the direction of
flow from the well, they must flow from the well, they must
be risk assessed and verified. be risk assessed and verified.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-03.01.06
to: to: L3 L4
Assess from a given well situation,

From a given well diagram, identify the primary and secondary well
Barrier terminology – ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’
NEW
the ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ barrier barrier elements during drilling, 4 4

barrier elements.
elements. completion, workover and
abandonment operations.
DR-SF-PNP-03.01.07
Describe the processes that are used Assess the processes that are used
to verify a well barrier element: to verify a well barrier element:
NEW
Verification of well barrier elements. - Confirm that it has operated - Confirm that it has operated 4 5
correctly correctly
- Continually monitor for leaks. - Continually monitor for leaks.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Barrier Management
DR-SF-PNP- 03.02.01
Identify the reference sources for

barrier test criteria including:
Identify the reference sources for
- The well
barrier test criteria including:
programme/operations
NEW
The criteria to test barrier elements. - The well 4 5

manuals
programme/operations
- Industry standards
manuals.
- Technical specifications from
equipment manufacturers.
DR-SF-PNP-03.02.02
Describe the key elements of a test Describe the key elements of a test
EQE01.05
document: document:
Documentation for well barrier tests. - Testing procedure - Testing procedure 3 4
- Signature of the well owner - Signature of the well owner
- Accurate records. - Accurate records.
DR-SF-PNP- 03.02.03
Explain the correct action to take Explain the correct action to take
The correct action to take when a well barrier when a well barrier element fails: when a well barrier element fails:
EQE01.06
5 5
element test fails. - During testing - During testing
- In service during operations. - In service during operations.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP- 03.02.04
to: to: L3 L4
Identify suitable methods of

monitoring, for example:
How to verify the continued integrity of the well
NEW
- Monitor annulus pressures 5

barrier envelope.
- Casing wear through ditch
magnets.
RISK MANAGEMENT
Well Control and Emergency Drills
DR-SF-PNP-04.01.01
Explain how to use risk management Explain how to use risk management
D01.01
to reduce the probability of a kick and to reduce the probability of a kick and
Risk management. 5 5
minimise the potential influx volume minimise the potential influx volume
in a well control event. in a well control event.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-04.01.02
to: to: L3 L4
For a given scenario, assess the

Identify when a MOC process is
D01.02
requirement for a change, and outline

The Management of Change (MOC) process. required to change a well control 5 5
the MOC process to deliver that
procedure.
change.
DR-SF-PNP-04.01.03
From a given scenario, identify the From a given scenario, demonstrate

primary factors to be verified as in the primary factors to be verified as in
M01.01
The importance of checklists for operations place and functional by means of place and functional by means of
4 4
with well control implications. checklist: checklist:
- Equipment - Equipment
- Procedures. - Procedures.
DR-SF-PNP-04.01.04
Explain the purpose of well control

drills:
Explain how often well control drills
- To reach expected
D02.01
should be carried out and outline the

The need for well control drills. competency 5 10
documentation required to prove
- To maintain competency
competency.
- To check that the required
equipment is ready.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-04.01.05
to: to: L3 L4
Identify the checks required before Explain the checks required before
placing non-shearables in the BOP: placing non-shearables and non-
- Identify non-shearables sealables in the BOP.
E06.09
The management of non-shearable and non-

- Identify non-sealables 10 10
sealable tubulars through the BOP.
- Flow check Identify the non-shearables and non-
- Identify methods to assure sealables and outline actions to
well closure. minimise the risk.
CAUSES OF KICKS
General
DR-SF-PNP-05.01.01
Describe situations which can cause

E01.01
The causes of kicks. hydrostatic pressure to be less than 5

formation pore pressure.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Loss of Hydrostatic Pressure

Explain what can happen if the hole Explain what can happen if the hole
is not kept full. is not kept full.
DR-SF-PNP-05.02.01
From given data, calculate loss of From given data, calculate loss of
hydrostatic head. hydrostatic head.
E03.01
The consequences of failing to keep the hole

5 5
full.
Calculate the fluid loss before going Calculate the fluid loss before going
underbalance: underbalance:
- Height lost - Height lost
- Barrels lost - Barrels lost
- Tubulars pulled (dry or wet). Tubulars pulled (dry or wet).
DR-SF-PNP-05.02.02
Explain the possible causes of a

reduction in fluid density:
From a given situation, assess
E03.02
- Adding water to the fluid

Factors that affect fluid density. possible causes of fluid density 5 5
system
reduction, and the checks required.
- Use of centrifuges
- Gas-cut drilling fluid.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-05.02.03
to: to: L3 L4
List the operations that can reduce Explain how some operations reduce
hydrostatic head, for example (but hydrostatic head, for example (but
not limited to): not limited to):
E03.04
- Cement setting - Cement setting

Operations which can reduce hydrostatic head. 4 4
- Temperature effects on well - Temperature effects on well
bore fluids bore fluids
- Settling of weighting material - Settling of weighting material
- Swabbing. - Swabbing.
Hydrostatic Effect
DR-SS-PNP-05.03.01
Explain and calculate the effect on

SSE03.05
Explain the effect on well control

The effect of fluid properties in the riser, well control operations of different
operations of different fluids in the 4 5
booster, choke, and kill lines. fluids in the riser, booster, choke and
riser, booster, choke and kill lines.
kill lines.
DR-SS-PNP-05.03.02
SSE03.07
The effect of riser margin on bottom hole From given well data, calculate the From given well data, calculate the
4 4
pressure. required riser margin. required riser margin.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Gas Cutting
DR-SF-PNP-05.04.01
Describe the effects of gas cut mud

on hydrostatic pressure.
For a given situation, assess the
E03.10
Gas cutting of drilling fluid. Explain what actions to take: significance of the gas cutting and 4 4
- Alert the supervisor to trend explain what actions to take.
changes
- Use the vacuum degasser.
DR-SF-PNP-05.04.02
Differentiate between the three Analyse a given situation and explain

causes of gas cutting: what actions to take for:
NEW
The causes of gas cutting. - Background gas - Background gas 4 5

- Connection gas - Connection gas
- Trip gas. - Trip gas.
Lost Circulation
DR-SF-PNP-05.05.01
Identify how losses are recognised:

E04.01
The methods to recognise losses. - The pit levels 5

- The rate of returns.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-05.05.02
to: to: L3 L4
Explain the causes of lost circulation

and how to prevent them.
E04.03
The potential causes of lost circulation. Identify the causes of lost circulation. 5 5
Explain the well control implications
of losses.
DR-SF-PNP-05.05.03
Explain actions to take when losses

are identified:
- Stop drilling or tripping
E04.02
The actions to take in the event of losses - Start the flow check For a given situation, assess and
5 5
during normal operations. - Alert the supervisor explain the course of action to take.
- Establish the rate and source
of losses
- Prepare to fill the hole.
DR-SS-PNP-05.05.04
For a given situation, assess and

Explain possible actions to take to
explain what actions should be taken
prevent riser collapse:
SSE03.06
to prevent riser collapse:

The possible consequences of losses on riser - Riser fill methods
- Riser fill methods 5 5
integrity. - Isolate the riser from well.
- Isolate riser from well
Outline riser limitations.
Identify the riser limitations.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Swab and Surge Effects

Explain the causes of swabbing and From a given situation, assess the
DR-SF-PNP-05.06.01
surging: causes of swabbing and surging:

- Well and pipe/BHA geometry - Well and pipe/BHA geometry
- Measured depth (including - Measured depth (including
E05.01
horizontal) horizontal)
The causes of swabbing and surging. 5 4
- Fluid characteristics - Fluid characteristics
- Hole conditions and formation - Hole conditions and formation
properties properties
- Running and pulling speeds - Running and pulling speeds
- Bit/stabiliser balling. - Bit/stabiliser balling.
Assess a given situation and explain
possible actions to minimise
DR-SF-PNP-05.06.02
Explain the consequences of

swabbing and surging:
swabbing and surging.
- Use appropriate running and
pulling speeds
E05.02
Describe the actions to take to

The consequences of swabbing and surging. - Identify gains and losses 5 5
minimise swabbing and surging:
- Optimise fluid properties
- Use appropriate running and
- Optimise the hole conditions
pulling speeds
- BHA optimisation
- Identify gains and losses.
- Consider circulating during
pipe movement.
DR-SS-PNP-05.06.03
SSE05.03
Downhole swabbing and surging from the Explain the risks of swabbing and Explain the risks of swabbing and
4 4
vessel motion on floating rigs. surging due to vessel motion. surging due to vessel motion.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Tripping
Identify operational elements for
DR-SF-PNP-05.07.01
tripping:
For a given scenario, assess the
- Prepare the hole
appropriate trip management
- Optimise fluid properties
procedure, for example:
- Flow check
NEW
The tripping process. - Direct Supervisory oversight 4 4

- Pump a slug (POOH)
- Check tripping
- Pull out of hole/run in hole.
- Swabbing behaviour
- Monitor displacement using
- Wet/Dry Trip.
trip sheet and trip tank (POOH
and RIH).
DR-SF-PNP-05.07.02
Explain the primary risks encountered Assess the primary risks encountered
during tripping: during tripping:
Pulling out of hole: Pulling out of hole:

NEW
The risks associated with tripping. 3 3

- Swabbing. - Swabbing.
Running in hole Running in hole

- Surging. - Surging.
DR-SF-PNP-05.07.03
Describe the purpose and key

elements of a trip tank:
E06.01/E06.03
- Size
- Sensitive instrumentation
The use of a trip tank and trip sheet. 4
- Use of pump.
Describe the purpose and key

elements of a trip sheet.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-05.07.04
to: to: L3 L4
Identify gain/loss trends from trip

sheet data.
Analyse a given situation and
Actions to take when there are deviations from Outline the actions to take: determine the response to take if the
NEW
5 5
predicted trip tank volumes. - Stop tripping trip sheet indicates a deviation from
- Communicate to the the expected fluid volume change.
supervisor
- Flow check.
DR-SF-PNP-05.07.05
Demonstrate the actions to take Justify the actions to take when an

when an influx is identified: influx is identified:
IE06.03
The actions to take after trip sheet evaluation - Flow check - Flow check
10 10
shows an influx. - Run (or strip) back to bottom - Run (or strip) back to bottom
- Circulate the influx out - Circulate the influx out
through the chokes. through the chokes.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Explain the process of pumping a

‘slug’ and its intended result.
From given data, calculate the

required slug size and pit gain due to Explain the process of pumping a
pumping the slug. ‘slug’ and its intended result.
Describe the reason for having a trip From given data, calculate the
DR-SF-PNP-05.07.06
margin: required slug size and pit gain due to

- To maintain BHP greater than pumping the slug.
formation pressure while
IE06.01
Common tripping practices. pulling out of hole. Using given data, calculate the 4 4
required trip margin.
Explain the process of pumping out
of the hole: Explain the principles of pumping out
- Keep the hole full of hole:
- Ensure the flow rate is - Keep the hole full
sufficient to overcome the - Maintain BHP greater than
effects of swabbing. formation pressure.
- Ensure the pump output is
sufficient to fill the increasing
space below the bit as the bit
moves up.
DR-SF-PNP-05.07.07
Identify factors that might cause an Explain factors that might cause an
influx in the tubulars: influx in the tubulars:
E06.06
- No float valves in the string - No float valves in the string

An influx in the tubulars. 4 5
- Closure of the BOP before - Closure of the BOP before
closing the Drill Pipe Safety closing the Drill Pipe Safety
Valve (DPSV). Valve (DPSV).

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Assess the risk of swabbing an influx

into a horizontal section and explain
Explain why swabbing may be more the influx identification.
likely in a horizontal well and how to
DR-SF-PNP-05.07.08
deal with it. Explain why swabbing may be more

likely in a horizontal well and how to
From well geometry and influx deal with it.
E06.07
location, identify the impact to bottom

A swabbed influx in a horizontal well. 4 5
hole pressure. From well geometry and influx
location, identify the impact to bottom
Explain the procedures and hole pressure.
precautions required when running
the bit back to bottom to circulate out Explain the procedures and
the influx. precautions required when running
the bit back to bottom to circulate out
the influx.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
KICK WARNING SIGNS AND KICK INDICATORS

Kick Warning Signs and First Actions
Identify kick warning signs including:
- Rate of penetration changes
- Cuttings size and shape
- Drilling fluid temperature
increase
- Changes in gas trends at the
DR-SF-PNP-06.01.01
shakers
- Increase in torque and drag
- A change in d-exponent.
F02.01
Kick warning signs while drilling and/or - Rate of penetration changes. From a given situation, verify and
5 5
circulating. - Cuttings size and shape assess the kick warning signs.
- Downhole tool data.
Drilling fluid property changes, for

example density/pH/viscosity/
chlorides/temperature
- Background gas.
- Connection gas
- Trip Gas
- Increase in torque and drag.
DR-SF-PNP-06.01.02
Recognise warning signs when From a given situation, interpret

F04.01
tripping: relevant warning signs when tripping:

Kick warning signs when tripping. 5 5
- Swabbing - Swabbing
- Increased drag. - Increased drag.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Demonstrate how to flow check the

DR-SF-PNP-06.01.03
well to evaluate the warning signs

- Stop Drilling
- Space out the drill string for
Assess the warning signs, decide
Actions to take after recognising a kick warning the BOP
NEW
what action is required, and 5 5

sign. - Stop the pumps
communicate with the team.
- Monitor the well for flow on
the trip tank.
- Communicate with the
supervisor.
Kick Indicators
Define what a kick indicator is: Define what a kick indicator is:
- Increase in flow - Increase in flow
- Increase in tank volume. - Increase in tank volume.
DR-SF-PNP-06.02.01
Describe why detecting a kick early is Justify the importance of detecting a

important: kick early:
F03.01
Kick indicators and the importance of early - Minimise the kick volume - Minimise the kick volume
10 10
kick detection. - Minimise pressures on the - Minimise pressures on the
well well
- Minimise the chances of - Minimise the chances of
losses. losses.
From well data, identify when a kick From well data, identify when a kick
may be in progress. may be in progress.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-06.02.02
to: to: L3 L4
Differentiate between normal well Differentiate between normal well

The interpretation of well flow-back (for
NEW
behaviour and potential kick behaviour and potential kick 10 10

example: ‘finger-printing’ and trend analysis).
indicators. indicators.
DR-SS-PNP-06.02.03
From a given situation, assess

Explain the problems associated with
SSF03.02
possible problems associated with

The effect of rig motion on detecting kick monitoring the well on a floating rig.
monitoring the well on a floating rig: 10 10
indicators. - Vessel motion
- Vessel motion
- Crane operations.
- Crane operations.
Shallow Gas
DR-SF-PNP-06.03.01
Explain why secondary well control

cannot be used in the event of a Explain why it is necessary to begin
F10.01
Shallow Gas shallow gas flow: dynamic kill (tertiary well control) 4 3
- Formation breakdown operations as quickly as possible.
- Equipment availability.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Explain the consequences of shallow From a given situation, assess the

gas: consequences of shallow gas:
- Gas around the rig leading to - Gas around the rig leading to
DR-SF-PNP-06.03.02
explosion risk and possible explosion risk and possible

H2S H2S
- Equipment failure due to rapid - Equipment failure due to rapid
NEW
The consequences of shallow gas kicks. abrasive flow abrasive flow 3 3

- Possible broaching of gas to - Possible broaching of gas to
the surface outside the well the surface outside the well
- High noise levels making it - High noise levels making it
difficult to communicate difficult to communicate
- The situation can develop - The situation can develop
very rapidly. very rapidly.
Explain the critical factors when Assess the critical factors when
drilling top hole with the risk of drilling top hole with the risk of
DR-SF-PNP-06.03.03
shallow gas: shallow gas:

- Keeping the hole full - Keeping the hole full
- Controlled penetration rate - Controlled penetration rate
F10.02
Prevention of shallow gas kicks. - Drilling fluid density - Drilling fluid density 4 4
- Trip speed - Trip speed
- Pump out of hole - Pump out of hole
- Pump rate - Pump rate
- Hole diameter - Hole diameter
- Kill fluid. - Kill fluid.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
For a given scenario, identify the

DR-SF-PNP-06.03.04
operational requirements (procedures

For a given scenario identify the
and equipment) in shallow gas areas:
operational requirements (procedures
- Large flow rate capacity
The requirements for operations in a shallow and equipment) in shallow gas areas:
NEW
- Large fluid volume 3 4

gas zone. - Suspend well operations,
- Riser-less
- Keep pumping
- Use the appropriate diverter
- Activate the diverter.
system (reference API RP
64).
Describe the step-by-step procedure

Describe the step-by-step procedure for rig personnel when a shallow gas
for rig personnel when a shallow gas kick is in progress:
DR-SF-PNP-06.03.05
kick is in progress: - With the diverter closed and

- With the diverter closed and operations suspended, switch
operations suspended, switch to pumping kill mud
F10.04
to pumping kill mud - Keep the hole full

Managing shallow gas flow. 10 10
- Keep the hole full - If you run out of kill mud,
- If you run out of kill mud, pump drilling mud
pump drilling mud - If you run out of drilling mud,
- If you run out of drilling mud, pump water
pump water - Be prepared to pump cement
- Be prepared to pump cement. - Consider evacuation of non-
essential personnel.

Previous
category
category
DR-SS-PNP-06.03.06
to: to: L3 L4
For a given scenario, justify the

Explain the principles of drilling top
decision to drill top hole without a
SSF10.05
hole without a riser:

Implications of drilling top hole with or without riser:
- no gas directly to the rig 3 3
a riser. - no gas directly to the rig
- move off quickly
- move off quickly
- avoid collapse of the riser.
- avoid collapse of riser.
Describe the methods to identify a Assess the methods to identify a

DR-SS-PNP-06.03.07
shallow gas kick shallow gas kick:

- Monitor the well by Visual - Monitor the well by Visual
(ROV) and sonar (ROV) and sonar
SSF10.06
The methods to identify and minimise the - Surface visual (bubble watch). - Surface visual (bubble watch).
10 10
impact of a shallow gas kick.
Describe the methods to minimise the Assess the methods to minimise the
impact: impact:
- Anchors - Anchors
- Rig move. - Rig move.
CIRCULATING SYSTEM
Definition and Principles
DR-SF-PNP-07.01.05
Describe the potential problems with

the loss of barite, for example:
- Barite sag
NEW
The use of barite. - Solid removal equipment. 2 3
Calculate the barite weight required to

increase the fluid density.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-07.01.07
to: to: L3 L4
G01.04
Bottom hole circulating pressure and Given well data, calculate dynamic Given well data, calculate dynamic
4 4
Equivalent Circulating Density (ECD). BHP and ECD. BHP and ECD.
DR-SF-PNP-07.01.08
G01.05
The relationship between pump pressure and Given well data, calculate dynamic Given well data, calculate dynamic
3 4
pump speed. BHP and ECD. BHP and ECD.
DR-SF-PNP-07.01.09
From given data, interpret and Explain and calculate how changes in
G01.06
The relationship between pump pressure and

calculate how changes in drilling fluid drilling fluid density can affect 4 4
drilling fluid density.
density can affect pressures. pressures.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Slow Circulation Rates (SCRs)
Describe when you should take and

repeat SCRs.
DR-SF-PNP-07.02.02
Outline why they are measured at the Assess when you should take and
remote choke panel. repeat SCRs.
G01.03
The process of taking Slow Circulation Rates

2 2
(SCRs). Demonstrate the procedure and Explain why they are measured at the
appropriate equipment line-up for remote choke panel.
taking slow circulating rates:
- Minimum of two pumps and
two pump rates.
DR-SF-PNP-07.02.03
Assess the choice of slow circulation

rates because of the limitations of:
- Surface equipment
G02.02
The factors that influence selection of slow

- Personnel (operating the 2
circulating rates.
equipment)
- Well bore conditions
- Well bore geometry.
DR-SS-PNP-07.02.05
Demonstrate the processes to record Evaluate the processes to record

SSG02.05
How to establish choke line friction when using pressure losses at slow circulating pressure losses at slow circulating
3 3
a subsea BOP. rates to calculate choke line friction rates to calculate choke line friction
and its effect on BHP. and its effect on BHP.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Fracture Pressure and MAASP

DR-SF-PNP-07.03.03
Explain the reasons why a LOT is

The purpose of a Leak Off Test (LOT), and the carried out.
H01.02
Explain the differences between a

difference between a LOT and a Formation 3 3
LOT and a FIT.
Integrity Test (FIT). Differentiate between the objectives
of a LOT and a FIT.
Identify the requirements to complete Outline the requirements to complete

DR-SF-PNP-07.03.04
a LOT or FIT: a LOT or FIT:

- Hole conditions - Hole conditions
- Mud weight - Mud weight
H01.03
- Line up - Line up
How to perform a LOT or a FIT. 5 5
- Instrumentation - Instrumentation
- Pump rates - Pump rates
- Hesitation or Continuous - Hesitation or Continuous
- Volumes pumped and - Volumes pumped and
returned. returned.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-07.03.05
to: to: L3 L4
H01.04
The pressure versus volume graph from the Analyse a LOT/FIT graph to select From a LOT/FIT graph, identify the
4 4
LOT or FIT data. MAASP. key information to select MAASP.
DR-SF-PNP-07.03.06
H01.05
From a set of LOT/FIT data, select From a set of LOT/FIT data, calculate
How to select MAASP from LOT/FIT results. 4 5
the MAASP. the MAASP.
DR-SF-PNP-07.03.07
Indicate when MAASP is going to

change: for example:
Indicate when MAASP will change:
H01.06
- Weak zone below the shoe

When and why MAASP must be recalculated. - When there is a change in 4 4
- Losses
hydrostatic pressure.
- Change in hydrostatic
pressure.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-07.03.08
to: to: L3 L4
For a given scenario, identify the

H01.08
The principles of kick margin/tolerance/intensity

factors affecting kick tolerance and 5
and how it is applied to well operations.
their impact on well operations.
INFLUX CHARACTERISTICS AND BEHAVIOUR

Principles
From well observation, estimate the

Identify the different types of influx
DR-SF-PNP-08.01.01
different types of influx fluids;

fluids;
- Gas (hydrocarbon, H2S, CO2)
- Gas (hydrocarbon, H2S, CO2)
- Oil
- Oil
I01.01
The different types of influx and the hazards - Water

- Water 4 4
they present. - Combination of gas, oil and
- Combination of gas, oil and
water.
water.
Outline the key hazards of these
Outline the key hazards of these
types of influx.
types of influx.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-08.01.02
to: to: L3 L4
Describe the changes which can take For a given scenario, assess what
I01.02
How an influx can change as it is circulated up

place as different types of influx are changes can take place as different 5 5
a well.
circulated. types of influx are circulated.
DR-SF-PNP-08.01.03
Calculate pressure and volume at Calculate pressure and volume at

I01.03
The importance and use of the gas laws. given well envelope locations given well envelope locations 4 5
(excluding temperature element). (including temperature element).
DR-SF-PNP-08.01.04
Differentiate between what can

happen if an influx migrates:
Describe what can happen if an influx - in an open well
I02.04
migrates: - in a shut-in well.

Influx migration. 3 4
- in an open well
- in a shut-in well. From given data, calculate gas
migration rates, pressures and
volumes

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Influx Behaviour
DR-SF-PNP-08.02.01
From a given scenario, assess how

an influx can change the properties
of the primary fluid barrier:
The effects of influx fluids on the primary fluid
NEW
- The density 3
barrier.
- The rheology (viscosity, pH,
chlorides)
- The solubility.
DR-SF-PNP-08.02.02
Explain how a gas influx will behave

as it is circulated up a well in water
I02.01
The behaviour of a hydrocarbon gas influx based and oil based drilling fluids, and
3
when circulated. the possible effects on:
- Volumes
- Pressures.
DR-SF-PNP-08.02.03
From a given scenario, assess the

The solubility of hydrocarbon, carbon dioxide Recognise the wellbore conditions
wellbore conditions under which
I02.02
and hydrogen sulphide gases when mixed under which formation gases will
formation gases will come out of 3 4
under downhole conditions with water based come out of solution, from water
solution, from water based and/or oil
or (pseudo) oil based drilling fluid. based and/or oil based drilling fluid.
based drilling fluid.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
For different drilling fluid types, For different drilling fluid types,
DR-SF-PNP-08.02.04
describe how dissolved gas will predict how dissolved gas will behave
behave under specific shut-in under specific downhole conditions.
The behaviour of dissolved gas in different conditions.
I02.03
drilling fluid types when circulating the influx to From a given scenario, estimate how
3 4
surface including the effects of temperature Explain how and when dissolved gas and when dissolved gas will break-
and pressure. will break-out of the drilling fluid if the out of the drilling fluid if the influx is
influx is circulated to surface circulated to surface.
List the possible consequences. Explain the possible consequences.

DR-SF-PNP-08.02.05
From a given scenario, predict the

possible effects of influx phase
List the possible effects of gas change (gas or liquid) under
I02.04
The impact of downhole conditions on the

compressibility under downhole downhole conditions: 3 4
hydrocarbon gas state (gas or liquid influx).
conditions. - Breakout
- Temperature
- Pressure.
DR-SF-PNP-08.02.06
Demonstrate the actions required to Outline the actions required to

mitigate the potential impacts of gas mitigate the potential impacts of gas
I02.05
The actions required to mitigate the effects of break out: break-out:

3 4
gas break out. - Shut-in the well - Shut-in the well
- Circulate bottom up through - Circulate bottom up through
the chokes. the chokes.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
In highly deviated kick scenarios,

predict when a gas influx will not
Recognise how a gas influx behaves
DR-SF-PNP-08.02.07
behave according to the ideal gas

in a horizontal well:
law:
- Limited migration
- Limited migration
- Limited initial differential
I02.06
The behaviour of a gas influx as it circulated - Limited initial differential

pressures (SICP, and SIDPP) 3 5
from a horizontal well. pressures (SICP, and SIDPP)
- Sweeping the horizontal
- Annular velocity sufficient to
section
remove gas from horizontal
- Influx expansion when in the
section.
vertical section.
- Expansion of influx when in
the vertical section.
Define the effects of gas influx phase

Describe the effects of gas expansion change or breakout in a subsea riser
DR-SS-PNP-08.02.08
in a subsea riser: above the BOPs:

- The potential problems at - The potential problems at
SSE03.11
surface surface
The effects of gas expansion in the riser. - The potential impact on BHP. - The potential impact on 5 10
bottom hole pressure (BHP)
Outline the appropriate actions to
take if gas expansion in the subsea Describe the appropriate actions to
riser is identified. take if gas expansion in the subsea
riser is identified.

Previous
category
category
DR-SS-PNP-08.02.09
to: to: L3 L4
Justify and verify the appropriate

Demonstrate the actions to take with
actions to take with gas expansion in
gas expansion in the riser:
the riser:
The actions to take with gas expansion in the - Close the diverter
NEW
- Close the diverter 10 10

riser. - Close BOP, secure and
- Close BOP, secure and
monitor
monitor
Fill the riser with drilling fluid.
Fill the riser with drilling fluid.
SHUT-IN PROCEDURES
General Principles
DR-SF-PNP-09.01.01
Recognise a potential primary barrier

Recognise a potential primary barrier
failure and describe the immediate
failure.
implementation of one or more
J01.01
A suitable shut-in procedure if a primary secondary barrier elements to rectify

Demonstrate hard shut-in procedures 5 5
barrier fails. the situation, which procedure is:
after a kick is detected for:
- Known by rig crew
- Drilling
- Possible to implement
- Tripping.
- Regularly practised.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-09.01.02
to: to: L3 L4
Demonstrate the correct line-up of

stand pipe and choke manifold
IJ01.02
The correct equipment line-up before drilling

before: 5
or tripping.
- Drilling
- Tripping.
Demonstrate the correct course of Describe the correct course of action

DR-SF-PNP-09.01.03
action to prevent gas reaching the to prevent gas reaching the rotary
rotary table (Reference API RP 64): table (Reference API RP 64):
- With vent lines open, activate - With vent lines open, activate
EQA06.02
The actions to prevent gas reaching the rotary the diverter the diverter
5 5
table. - Close the upwind vent line if - Close the upwind vent line if
required required
- Keep the hole full. - Keep the hole full
- Monitor for vent line erosion, - Monitor for vent line erosion,
and subsurface leaks. and subsurface leaks.
DR-SF-PNP-09.01.04
Demonstrate how to monitor the well

after it is shut-in:
IJ01.04
Monitoring the well after it is shut-in. Interpret shut-in well data. 5 5

- Monitor well for flow
- Record well pressures at
regular intervals.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Describe the course of action to take:

- Activate diverter
DR-SS-PNP-09.01.05
Demonstrate the course of action to

- Close the BOP
take:
- Keep the riser full
- Activate diverter
- Monitor slip joint, vent line
The actions to take with gas in the riser above - Close the BOP
NEW
erosion, and post bubble 10 10

the BOPs. - Keep the riser full
watch.
- Monitor slip joint, vent line
erosion, and post bubble
Assess the risks involved in having
watch.
the diverter system tied into the Mud
Gas Separator (MGS).
Procedure
Demonstrate the key steps shut-in a Explain the key steps shut-in a well,
DR-SF-PNP-09.02.01
well, using the hard shut-in method: using the hard shut-in method:
- Drilling on bottom - Drilling on bottom
- Tripping in/out of the hole - Tripping in/out of the hole
J02.01
The steps to secure a well using the hard - Running - Running

10 10
shut-in method. casing/liner/tubing/completion casing/liner/tubing/completion
s s
- Cementing - Cementing
- Wireline operations - Wireline operations
- Running completion. - Running completion.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Confirm the well is shut-in by: Confirm the well is shut-in by:
- Feedback from the BOP - Feedback from the BOP
closure panels closure panels
- Monitor for unplanned flow - Monitor for unplanned flow
DR-SF-PNP-09.02.02
- Monitor for unplanned - Monitor for unplanned

pressure pressure
- Verify correct functions - Verify correct functions
J02.02
How to confirm if well closure is successful

operated operated. 10 10
and the actions to take if not.
- Monitor on trip tank. - Monitor on trip tank.
- Use of flow meters. - Use of flow meters.
Demonstrate the action to take if the Demonstrate the action to take if the
well has not been successfully shut- well has not been successfully shut-
in: in:
- Activate a second well barrier. - Activate a second well barrier.
Hang Off
Demonstrate the process to hang off Outline the process to hang off the
the string (with the well secured): string (with the well secured):
- Space out the tool joint(s) in - Space out the tool joint(s) in
DR-SS-PNP-09.03.01
the BOP the BOP (allowing for tidal

(allowing for tidal range) range)
- Close an appropriate ram - Close an appropriate ram
When and how to hang off the string in a well
NEW
(reference API RP 59) (reference API RP 59) 10 5

control situation.
- Land off the tool joint on the - Land off the tool joint on the
ram ram
- Confirm weight on the ram - Confirm weight on the ram
- Check ram seal (by bleeding - Check ram seal (by bleeding
pressure between closed pressure between closed
preventers). preventers).

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Wireline Operations
DR-SF-PNP-09.04.01
Calculate the effect of wireline Assess the potential effect of wireline

J03.01
The effect of wireline and wireline tool

movement on BHP (open or cased and wireline tool movement on BHP 5 5
movement on the bottom hole pressure.
hole). (open or cased hole).
DR-SF-PNP-09.04.02
Demonstrate the procedure to shut-in Outline the procedure to shut-in the

J03.02
How to shut-in the well during wireline

the well using wireline pressure well using wireline pressure control 10 5
operations.
control equipment. equipment.
DR-SF-PNP-09.04.03
Identify limitations of conventional Assess from a given scenario, the

well control equipment during wireline limitations of conventional well control
operations: equipment during wireline operations:
J03.03
The limitations of conventional well control

- Annulars - Annulars 4 5
equipment during wireline operations.
- Shear rams - Shear rams
- Non-shearables across the - Non-shearables across the
BOP. BOP.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Interpretations
DR-SF-PNP-09.05.01
Explain why it is important to record

shut-in well pressures.
From a recorded data list, determine
J04.01
Recording shut-in well pressures. stabilised pressures to complete kill 5 10

From a list, recognise stabilised
sheet calculations.
pressures to complete kill sheet
calculations.
From given well and/or kick data, From given well and/or kick data,
interpret any differences between interpret any differences between
SIDPP and SICP such as: SIDPP and SICP such as:
DR-SF-PNP-09.05.02
- Influx density - Influx density

- Influx height - Influx height
The possible differences between shut-in Drill - Annulus fluid composition - Annulus fluid composition
J04.02
Pipe Pressure (SIDPP) and shut-in Casing (cuttings loading, varying fluid (cuttings loading, varying fluid 3 5
Pressure (SICP) gauge readings. densities) densities)
- Position of the bit and or pipe - Position of the bit and or pipe
- Influx in the drill string - Influx in the drill string
- Blockage in the annulus - Blockage in the annulus
- Inaccuracy of the gauges - Inaccuracy of the gauges
- Well deviation. - Well deviation.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-09.05.03
to: to: L3 L4
From given well data, identify trapped

pressure and take action for:
J04.03
- Well supercharging
How to identify trapped pressure. 3
- Unexpected pressure caused
by injection
- Incorrect shut-in procedure.
Observations
DR-SF-PNP-09.06.01
For a given scenario, demonstrate For a given scenario, explain the

J05.01
The SIDPP with a float valve in the drill string. how to identify the SIDPP with a float method to obtain SIDPP when a float 5 5
valve installed. valve is installed.
DR-SF-PNP-09.06.02
Explain the limitations of pressures For a given scenario, assess the

gauges: limitations of pressure gauges:
J05.02
The limitations of pressure gauges and how

- Scale - Scale 3 4
they should be read.
- Accuracy - Accuracy
- Gauge calibration. - Gauge calibration.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-09.06.03
to: to: L3 L4
Explain the reasons for varying Justify the reasons for using
J05.03
The use of dedicated gauges for SIDPP and

pressure readings from several nominated gauges to read SIDPP 4 5
SICP.
gauges in different locations. and SCIP.
Influx Migration
DR-SF-PNP-09.07.01
From well data, interpret when an For a given scenario, decide the most
J06.03
The actions to take when an influx migrates in

influx migrates in a closed well and appropriate actions to take when an 3 5
a closed well.
outline the actions to take. influx is migrating in a closed well.
DR-SF-PNP-09.07.02
Outline how to bleed off the correct

Recognise the fluid volume to be bled
amount of fluid volume required to
J06.04
How to control BHP when an influx is off and demonstrate how to return
maintain BHP and confirm the 5 5
migrating. SIDPP to original shut-in stabilised
volume is as expected by using
value.
calculations.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
WELL CONTROL METHODS

Principles
DR-SF-PNP-10.01.01
For a given scenario, assess and

K01.01
Define and list kill and control

Standard well control methods. select the most appropriate kill 5 5
methods.
method.
DR-SF-PNP-10.01.02
Assess and select the appropriate

action to take when the primary fluid
barrier cannot be maintained, for
For a given scenario, outline the
K01.02
The difference between controlling and killing a example:

situations in which a well should be 5 4
well. - Insufficient weighting material
killed or controlled.
- Fluid mixing equipment failure
- Unable to circulate
- Well intervention rig-up.
Kill Method Principles

DR-SF-PNP-10.03.01
Describe the effects of different kill Define an appropriate kill pump rate,
pump rates considering: considering:
- Formation strength - Formation strength
K02.01
- Annular friction loss - Annular friction loss

The selection of kill pump rate. 3 4
- Choke operator reaction time - Choke operator reaction time
- Pump rate limitations - Pump rate limitations
- Well geometry - Well geometry
- MGS capabilities. - MGS capabilities.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-10.03.02
to: to: L3 L4
From a given scenario, assess the

From a given scenario, select the kill
K02.02
The appropriate kill methods with the bit on most appropriate kill method which
method which would result in the 3 5
bottom. results in the lowest casing shoe
lowest casing shoe pressure.
pressure.
DR-SF-PNP-10.03.03
From a given a scenario, From a given scenario, assess and

K02.03
The appropriate course of action to take when demonstrate the safest course of select the most appropriate course of
3 5
not on bottom. action to be followed while not on action (control and kill) when not on
bottom. bottom.
DR-SF-PNP-10.03.04
Demonstrate how to maintain Demonstrate how to maintain

K02.04
Maintaining constant BHP when starting and constant BHP when bringing the constant BHP when bringing the
5 5
stopping circulation. pump up to kill speed and shutting pump up to kill speed and shutting
the pump down. the pump down.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-10.03.05
to: to: L3 L4
Demonstrate the actions to reduce Explain the actions to reduce

How to reduce well annular pressure if
K02.05
pressure at the well weak point (for pressure at the well weak point (for
MAASP (at the well weak point) is 4 5
example, during start-up of pumps, example, during start-up of pumps,
approached.
circulation during kill operation). circulation during kill operation).
DR-SF-PNP-10.03.06
From a given scenario, demonstrate From a given scenario, demonstrate

K02.06
Maintaining constant BHP when changing

how to change pump speed while how to change pump speed while 5 5
pump speed.
maintaining constant BHP. maintaining constant BHP.
Choke Line Friction

DR-SS-PNP-10.04.01
Demonstrate how to maintain

Demonstrate how to bring the pumps
SSK02.07
constant BHP when bringing the

The effect of Choke Line Friction (CLF) on up to kill speed while maintaining
pump up to kill speed and shutting 5 5
BHP when starting and stopping circulation. constant BHP, considering the effect
the pump down considering the effect
of CLF.
of CLF.

Previous
category
category
DR-SS-PNP-10.04.02
to: to: L3 L4
Demonstrate how to change pump

SSK02.08
Demonstrate how to maintain

The effect of CLF on BHP when changing speed and/or shut down a kill
constant BHP when changing pump 5 5
pump speed. operation while maintaining constant
speed, considering the effect of CLF.
BHP, considering the effect of CLF.
DR-SS-PNP-10.04.03
Identify the possible changes to the

SSK02.09
circulating systems and factors to Assess the possible changes that can
The measures to mitigate the impact of CLF. reduce CLF: be made to the circulating systems 3 5
- Pump rate and factors to reduce CLF.
- Use of kill and choke line.
Driller’s Method and Wait and Weight Method

DR-SF-PNP-10.06.01
Demonstrate the role of the Driller

K01.02
Explain how the Driller’s Method is

The Driller’s Method of well kill operations. when carrying out the Driller’s 5 10
carried out.
Method.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-10.06.02
to: to: L3 L4
Demonstrate the role of the Driller

IK01.02
The Wait and Weight Method of well kill Explain how the Wait and Weight
when carrying out the Wait and 5 10
operations. Method is carried out.
Weight Method.
DR-SF-PNP-10.06.03
Outline the advantages and From a given scenario, assess the

K03.02
The advantages and disadvantages of the disadvantages of Driller’s Method and advantages and disadvantages of the
4 5
Driller's and Wait and Weight Methods. the Wait and Weight Method to two methods and decide which
regain primary control. method to use.
DR-SS-PNP-10.06.04
SSK03.03
Demonstrate how to safely displace Outline the procedure to safely

The actions required to establish kill mud
the riser and associated lines to kill displace the riser and associated 4 10
weight in the riser and associated lines.
fluid weight. lines to kill fluid weight.

Previous
category
category
DR-SS-PNP-10.06.05
to: to: L3 L4
Estimate the volume and pressure of

SSK03.05
gas trapped in or beneath the BOP.

The actions required to identify and safely Demonstrate how to remove gas
4 10
remove gas trapped in or beneath the BOP. trapped in the BOP
Outline the procedure to safely
remove the trapped gas.
Kill Sheet Calculations (Pre-tour)

DR-SF-PNP-10.07.01
Outline a dedicated and agreed upon

plan owned by the well
K04.01
The requirements for a kill sheet within a well

operator/concession owner that is 5
control plan.
routinely updated with current hole
data.
DR-SF-PNP-10.07.02
K04.02
The requirement for an accurately completed Complete a pre-tour kill sheet based Complete a pre-tour kill sheet based
10 10
pre-tour Surface BOP kill sheet. on well and installation data. on well and installation data.

Previous
category
category
DR-SS-PNP-10.07.03
to: to: L3 L4
SSK04.03
The requirement for an accurately completed Complete a pre-tour kill sheet based Complete a pre-tour kill sheet based
10 10
pre-tour Subsea BOP kill sheet. on well and installation data. on well and installation data.
DR-SF-PNP-10.07.04
K04.05
Bottom Hole Pressure (BHP). Calculate BHP. Calculate BHP. 10 10

DR-SF-PNP-10.07.05
Fracture and leak-off pressure. Calculate maximum allowable mud Calculate Maximum Allowable mud
K04.06
weight using surface leak-off weight using surface leak-off 10 10

Maximum allowable mud weight. pressure data. pressure data.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-10.07.06
to: to: L3 L4
K04.16
Maximum Allowable Annulus Surface Pressure

Calculate MAASP. Calculate MAASP. 10 10
(MAASP).
DR-SF-PNP-10.07.07
K04.08
Calculate bottoms-up time for normal Calculate bottoms-up time for normal
Bottoms-up time for normal drilling. 10 10
drilling. drilling.
DR-SF-PNP-10.07.08
K04.09
Total circulating time, including surface Calculate total circulating time, Calculate total circulating time,
10 10
equipment. including surface equipment. including surface equipment.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-10.07.09
to: to: L3 L4
K04.10
Surface to bit time. Calculate surface to bit time. Calculate surface to bit time. 10 10
DR-SF-PNP-10.07.10
K04.11
Bit to shoe time. Calculate bit to shoe time. Calculate bit to shoe time. 10 10
DR-SF-PNP-10.07.11
K04.12
Bottom up strokes Calculate bottom up strokes. Calculate bottom up strokes 10 10

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-10.07.12
to: to: L3 L4
K04.13
Surface to bit strokes Calculate surface to bit strokes. Calculate surface to bit strokes 10 10
DR-SF-PNP-10.07.13
K04.14
Bit to shoe strokes Calculate bit to shoe strokes. Calculate bit to shoe strokes 10 10
DR-SF-PNP-10.07.14
K04.15
Total circulating strokes, including surface Calculate total circulating strokes, Calculate total circulating strokes,
10 10
equipment. including surface equipment. including surface equipment.

Previous
category
category
DR-SS-PNP-10.07.15
to: to: L3 L4
SSK04.20
Calculate the volume required to Calculate the volume required to

The volume required to displace the riser. 10 10
displace the riser. displace the riser.
Perform Kill Sheet Calculations (Post kick)

DR-SF-PNP-10.08.01
K04.04
Formation pressure. Calculate formation pressure. Calculate formation pressure. 10 10

DR-SF-PNP-10.08.02
K04.07
Kill fluid density. Calculate kill fluid density. Calculate kill fluid density. 5 10

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-10.08.03
to: to: L3 L4
K04.17
Initial Circulating Pressure (ICP). Calculate ICP. Calculate ICP. 5 10

DR-SF-PNP-10.08.04
K04.18
Final Circulating Pressure (FCP). Calculate FCP. Calculate FCP. 5 10

DR-SF-PNP-10.08.05
K04.19
Pressure drop per step. Calculate pressure drop per step. Calculate pressure drop per step. 5 10

Previous
category
category
DR-SS-PNP-10.08.06
to: to: L3 L4
SSK04.21
Calculate the dynamic casing Calculate the dynamic casing

Dynamic casing pressure. 5 10
pressure. pressure.
DR-SS-PNP-10.08.07
SSK04.22
Dynamic MAASP. Calculate the dynamic MAASP. Calculate the dynamic MAASP. 5 10
Volumetric Methods
Explain the key elements of the
DR-SF-PNP-10.09.01
volumetric process:
Describe the volumetric process: - Influx expansion/migration
- Controlled migration of the - Maintaining BHP safety
The principles of the volumetric process
K05.01
influx to the surface margin

(Volumetric Method followed by the Lubricate 3 5
- Lubricate and Bleed Method - Monitoring bleed off volumes
and Bleed).
to evacuate influx from the - Monitoring surface pressures
well. - Lubricate and Bleed Method
to evacuate influx from the
well.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-10.09.02
to: to: L3 L4
Describe the role of the Driller when Outline the procedure for the
K05.02
The procedure required for controlling a well

carrying out the Volumetric Method to Volumetric Method to bring the influx 4 5
with the Volumetric Method.
bring influx to the choke. to the choke.
DR-SF-PNP-10.09.03
K05.03
When the Volumetric Method is the Outline the situations when the Explain the situations when the
3 5
appropriate well control method. Volumetric Method should be applied. Volumetric Method should be applied.
Lubricate and Bleed Method
Explain the key elements of the

DR-SF-PNP-10.10.01
Lubricate and Bleed Method:

- Establish the safety margin
The principles of the Lubricate and Bleed Describe the Lubricate and Bleed - Lubricate fluid into the well
NEW
3 5
Method. Method. - Bleed off the equivalent
hydrostatic pressure of the
lubricated fluid
- Repeat the process.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-10.10.02
to: to: L3 L4
Describe the role of the Driller when

Outline the procedure for the
carrying out the Lubricate and Bleed
K05.04
The procedure required for controlling a well Lubricate and Bleed Method to
Method to evacuate the influx from 4 5
with the Lubricate and Bleed Method. remove influx from the well while
the well while preventing further
preventing further inflow.
inflow.
DR-SF-PNP-10.10.03
Outline the circumstances when the Explain the circumstances when the
K05.05
When the Lubricate and Bleed Method is the

Lubricate and Bleed Method should Lubricate and Bleed Method should 3 5
appropriate well control technique.
be applied. be applied.
Stripping
Explain the key elements of stripping
procedures:
DR-SF-PNP-10.11.01
- BOP devices used (external

and internal)
Define the principles, and outline - BOP closing pressures
K06.01
The principles of stripping when stripping is appropriate. - Appropriate fluid monitoring 5 5

tanks
- Appropriate surface line
configuration
- Stripping bottles
- Stripping sheet.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-10.11.02
to: to: L3 L4
Demonstrate stripping procedures: From a given well scenario,

K06.02
The procedure required to safely strip into a determine/demonstrate the most

- Annular stripping 5 5
well. appropriate procedure to strip into the
- Ram to ram stripping.
well.
DR-SF-PNP-10.11.03
Identify the limitations or Explain the limitations or

K06.03
The factors which limit or complicate the ability

complications that may affect the complications that may affect the 4 5
to strip in the hole.
ability to strip in the hole. ability to strip in the hole.
WELL CONTROL DURING CASING AND CEMENTING

Running and Pulling Casing and Liner
DR-SF-PNP-11.01.01
Identify the factors that increase the From a given scenario, assess the
The factors that increase risk of swabbing and
L01.01
chance of swabbing and surging increased chance of swabbing and

surging when tripping large diameter tubulars 4 5
when pulling and running large surging when pulling and running
(reduced annular clearance).
diameter tubulars. large diameter tubulars.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-11.01.02
to: to: L3 L4
Mitigations to minimise swab and surge For a given scenario, justify the
L01.02
Identify actions that mitigate surge

pressure when tripping large diameter tubulars actions and equipment selection that 4 4
and swab pressures.
(reduced annular clearance). mitigate surge and swab pressures.
DR-SF-PNP-11.01.03
Assess the capabilities and

limitations (risks) of self-filling float
Identify the capabilities and systems, including the failure to
L01.03
limitations (risks) of self-filling float convert in the event of a well control

The limitations of self-filling float systems. 4 4
systems, including the failure to incident.
convert.
Calculate the effects on BHP if the
casing float(s) fails
DR-SF-PNP-11.01.04
L01.05
How returns are monitored when tripping large Demonstrate how to correctly monitor Demonstrate how to correctly monitor
5 5
diameter tubulars (reduced annular clearance). returns. returns.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-11.01.05
to: to: L3 L4
Calculate open and closed end Calculate open and closed end
L01.06
The calculation of displacements when tripping

displacements when pulling and displacements when pulling and 5 5
casing liner (large diameter tubulars).
running large diameter tubulars. running large diameter tubulars.
DR-SF-PNP-11.01.06
For a given situation, assess the

Identify the actions to take if there are
actions to take if there are losses
losses when pulling and running large
when pulling and running large
L01.07
Mitigating actions if losses occur when tripping diameter tubulars:

diameter tubulars: 4 4
casing liner (large diameter tubulars). - Minor losses
- Minor losses
- Major losses
- Major losses
- Total losses.
- Total losses.
Cementing Casing and Liner

DR-SF-PNP-11.02.01
For a given scenario, predict changes For a given scenario, predict the
L02.01
The changes to BHP during a cementing in BHP during cementation: changes in BHP during cementation:
3 4
operation. - Placement - Placement
- The setting process. - The setting process.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Identify the criteria for effective

cementation:
- Immediate
- Life of well.
Identify the potential problems related
to ineffective cementation:
Explain the factors that affect the
- Immediate
quality and effectiveness of cement
- Life of well.
DR-SF-PNP-11.02.02
placement to achieve a reliable

primary barrier:
Explain the factors that affect the
- Verification of cement location
L02.02
The importance of a successful cementing job quality of cement placement:

- Expected pressure profile to 4 5
and the risk of primary barrier failure. - Expected pressure profile
maintain BHP greater than
- Expected returns
pore pressure and less than
- Correct weight and quantity
fracture pressure
- Expected setting time
- Expected returns
- Plugs bump at expected
- Correct weight and quantity
volume
- Expected setting time
- No back flow.
- Plugs bump at expected
volume
- No back flow
- Verification of cement seal.
For a given scenario, predict events

DR-SF-PNP-11.02.03
that could result in formation fluid

entering the casing or casing annuli
The events during the life of the well that
L02.03
during the life of the well:

could allow formation fluids to enter the casing 3
- Incorrect placement
or casing annuli.
- Incorrect pressure testing
- Trapped pressure
- Cement degradation.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-PNP-11.02.04
to: to: L3 L4
Demonstrate the actions to safely Explain and verify the actions to

L02.04
The actions to take if a well starts to flow

shut-in the well during a cementing safely shut-in the well during a 10 5
during a cementing operation.
operation. cementing operation.
Shut-in Procedures When Running Casing

DR-SF-PNP-11.03.01
Explain and verify the actions to

L03.01
The steps to shut-in a well when running Demonstrate the actions to safely
safely shut-in the well when running 10 5
casing. shut-in the well when running casing.
casing.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
WELL CONTROL MANAGEMENT

Well Control Drills
Demonstrate the method and steps
required to successfully complete
well control drills:
Outline the method and demonstrate - Pit drill
DR-SF-PNP-12.01.01
steps required for well control drills: - BOP drill

- Pit drill - On bottom drill
M02.01
The concept and implementation of well - Trip drill - Trip pipe drill
10 10
control drills as specified by API standards. - Strip drill - BHA drill
- Choke drill - Out of hole drill
- Diverter drill - Choke drill
- Accumulator test. - Hang off drill (subsea)
- Stripping drill
- Diverter drill
- Accumulator test.
Identify MAASP limits: Identify MAASP limits:
- Pre-calculated value - Pre-calculated value
- Position of influx - Position of influx
- Position of well weak point. - Position of well weak point.
DR-SF-PNP-12.01.02
Identify when MAASP has been Identify when MAASP has been
exceeded: exceeded:
M02.02
Indications that MAASP is exceeded during a

- Deviation of annulus pressure - Deviation of annulus 3 4
well control operation.
(followed by the drill pipe pressure (followed by the drill
pressure) below expected pipe pressure) below
values expected values
- The unplanned closure of the - The unplanned closure of the
choke to maintain drill pipe choke to maintain drill pipe
pressure. pressure.
- Decrease in well returns. - Decrease in well returns.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
CONTINGENCY PLANNING
Recognition of Problems and First Actions
Identify deviations from expected Identify deviations from expected

DR-SF-PNP-13.01.01
values on critical gauges and drill values on critical gauges and drill
pipe pressure: pipe pressure:
N01.01
Indications of downhole or surface problems - Annulus pressure - Annulus pressure

4 5
that can arise during well control operations. - Pit level indicators - Pit level indicators
- Pump rate. - Pump rate.
Demonstrate the appropriate actions Demonstrate the appropriate actions
to take. to take.
Pressure Gauge Failure

DR-SF-PNP-13.02.01
Recognise gauge malfunctions: Recognise gauge malfunctions:

- Lack of sensitivity - Lack of sensitivity
N02.01
How to detect when gauges are - Comparison with alternative - Comparison with alternative
3 3
malfunctioning. gauges gauges
- Deviation from expected - Deviation from expected
pressure. pressure.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Mud/Gas Separators (MGS)

Demonstrate how to re-establish safe
Demonstrate how to re-establish safe
operating pressures within the MGS:
operating pressures within the MGS:
- Make well safe with a
- Make well safe with a
DR-SF-PNP-13.03.01
controlled shut-down
controlled shut-down
- If required, use the bleed
- If required, use the bleed
The actions to take when operating limits are down line to relieve MGS
N03.01
being reached or have been reached in a down line to relieve MGS 4 5

pressure.
MGS. pressure.
- If lost, re-establish the mud
- If lost, re-establish the mud
seal.
seal.
- Continue well kill operation
- Continue well kill operation
with a reduced circulating
with a reduced circulating
rate.
rate.
BOP Failure
DR-SF-PNP-13.04.01
Assess the potential consequences

Identify well control equipment leaks
N04.01
Leak identification and responses to well of the actions taken to secure the well
and demonstrate the actions to 10 10
control equipment failure. once a barrier envelope has been
secure the well.
compromised.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Hydrate Formation
DR-SF-PNP-13.05.01
N05.01
What hydrates are and the conditions likely to Define hydrates and describe the From a given situation, predict
3 4
lead to their formation. conditions that lead to their formation. hydrate formation.
Identify how and where to minimise

the formation of hydrates:
- Glycol injection
DR-SF-PNP-13.05.02
Identify how to minimise the - Increase temperature at

formation of hydrates: hydrate location
N05.01
- Glycol injection - Change the pressure regime.

Hydrate prevention and removal. 3 4
- Increase temperature at the
hydrate location The procedure to remove them:
- Change the pressure regime. - The use of Methanol
- Increase temperature at the
hydrate location
- Change pressure regime.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Lost Circulation During a Well Control Event

Recognise the indications of lost
circulation during a well control event:
- Pit level predictions
DR-SF-PNP-13.06.01
- Annulus pressure predictions

Recognise the indications of lost
- Relevance of influx above the
circulation during a well control event:
weak point.
N06.01
Monitoring and managing losses during a well - Pit level predictions

4 5
control event. - Annulus pressure predictions Outline appropriate actions to take
- Relevance of influx above the such as:
weak point.
- Use a reduced kill speed
- Reduce the choke line friction
- Consider using the Volumetric
Method.
WELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT

BLOWOUT PREVENTERS (BOPs)
BOP Stack Configuration
IEQA01.01/EQA01.01
DR-SF-EQP-01.01.01
BOP function, configuration and the well From given diagrams/data, identify From given diagrams/data, identify
4 5
control operations that can be carried out. operations that can be carried out. operations that can be carried out.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-EQP-01.01.02
to: to: L3 L4
Analyse the BOP stack rating

EQA01.02
Analyse the BOP stack rating requirements according to the

The overall pressure rating requirements of a
according to the different components expected well pressures and rated 4 3
BOP stack.
and their rated working pressures. working pressure of the BOP
components.
DR-SS-EQP-01.01.03
SSEQA01.03
The configuration of the Marine Riser, Lower From given diagrams/information, From given diagrams/information,
Marine Riser Package (LMRP) and subsea identify the operations that can be identify the operations that can be 4 5
BOP. carried out. carried out.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Ram Type Preventers

Using given data, define the operating Using given data, analyse the
limits of BOP ram type equipment, operating limits of BOP ram type
including: equipment, including:
- Different types (fixed, variable, - Different types (fixed, variable,
blind, casing, shear) blind, casing, shear)
DR-SF-EQP-01.02.02
- Sealing/non-sealing - Sealing/non-sealing
- Maximum sealable or - Maximum sealable or
EQA02.01
The operational limits associated with shearable diameter shearable diameter

5 5
particular BOP ram equipment. - Well bore pressure assist - Well bore pressure assist
- Closing ratio - Closing ratio
- Locking - Locking
- Direction of pressure - Direction of pressure
- Hang off - Hang off
- Space out - Space out
- Stripping - Stripping
- Pressure testing. - Pressure testing.
DR-SF-EQP-01.02.03
From a given ongoing operational

From a given ongoing operational
EQA01.02
When the ram equipment must be changed for scenario, assess and explain which
scenario, select which ram equipment
specific operations to ensure closure and/or ram equipment must be changed to 5 5
must be changed to ensure well
shear capability. ensure well closure and/or shear
closure and/or shear capability.
capability.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-EQP-01.02.04
to: to: L3 L4
Demonstrate the use of ram locks, Explain the operation of BOP ram
SSEQA02.02
indicate when and how the ram locks locks, indicating when and how the
The function and operating principles of ram
should be used by understanding the ram locks should be used by 4 5
locks.
locking mechanism in use (reference understanding the locking mechanism
to API RP 53). in use (reference to API RP 53).

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Blind/Shear Ram Preventers

Describe the operating principles
Describe the operating principles according to:
according to: - The forces
- The forces - The types of blind/shear rams
- The types of blind/shear rams - The diameter, weight and
DR-SF-EQP-01.03.01
- The diameter, weight and metallurgy of tubulars

metallurgy of tubulars - Capabilities of shear rams in
EQA02.01
- Capabilities of shear rams in relation to pipe, tool joint,

The operating principles of BOP blind/shear
relation to pipe, tool joint, wireline, low force 5 5
equipment.
wireline, low force - Requirements for shear test,
- Requirements for shear test, pipe tension, operating
pipe tension, operating pressure
pressure - Limited number of closure
Posting of space out cycles
instructions (reference API Posting of space out
STD 53). instructions (reference API
STD 53).

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Demonstrate the operating procedure Outline the operating procedure for

for shearing tubulars through the shearing tubulars through the BOP:
BOP: - Space out string
- Space out string - Centralise the pipe by closing
- Centralise the pipe by closing the pipe ram below the shear
DR-SF-EQP-01.03.02
the pipe ram below the shear ram

ram - Hang off and reduce tension
- Hang off and reduce tension (subsea)
NEW
Shear ram operational procedures. 10 10

(subsea) - Open bypass valve to deliver
- Open bypass valve to deliver full accumulator pressure
full accumulator pressure - Operate the shear rams
- Operate the shear rams - Verify that the string is
- Verify that the string is sheared
sheared - Ensure and verify well
- Ensure and verify well closure.
closure.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Annular Preventers
Describe the capabilities and Assess the capabilities and limitations

DR-SF-EQP-01.04.01
limitations of annular preventer of annular preventer’s operating

operating performance for different performance for different applications
EQA03.01
applications based on: based on:

The operating principles of annular preventers. 4 4
- The size of tubular - The size of tubular
- No pipe - No pipe
- Wireline - Wireline
- Element type. - Element type.
DR-SF-EQP-01.04.02
EQA03.02
Identify the indicators of annular Identify the indicators of annular

The deterioration and failure of annular
deterioration/failure and outline the deterioration/failure and outline the 5 4
preventers in service.
corrective actions to take. corrective actions to take.
DR-SF-EQP-01.04.03
From given manufacturer and well From given manufacturer and well
bore pressure data, select and adjust bore pressure data, select and adjust
EQA03.03
The application of the annular manufacturer the annular closing pressure. the annular closing pressure.
4 5
data and well bore pressure.
Identify the appropriate timing for the Identify the appropriate timing for the
adjustment during well operations. adjustment during well operations.

Previous
category
category
DR-SS-EQP-01.04.04
to: to: L3 L4
Describe how sea water hydrostatic For a given scenario, predict how sea
SSEQA03.04
and hydrostatic pressure of the water hydrostatic and hydrostatic

How hydrostatic pressure can affect annular drilling fluid in the riser can affect pressure of the drilling fluid in the
2 2
preventers. annular capabilities. riser can affect annular capabilities.
Outline the mitigation measures. Outline the mitigation measures.
Side Outlet Valves

DR-SF-EQP-01.05.01
From a piping layout diagram, From a piping layout diagram, explain

EQA04.01
indicate the position of the manual the size and the position of the
The optimal location and size of side outlet
and hydraulically operated side outlet manual and hydraulically operated 3 3
valves on a BOP stack.
valves and explain why they are side outlet valves and explain why
positioned that way. they are positioned that way.
Connections
DR-SF-EQP-01.06.01
From a given diagram or description, From given diagrams and

EQA05.01
The importance of correct gasket selection identify the correct and incorrect descriptions, identify the correct and
4 5
and make up procedures. make up of gaskets for specific types incorrect make up of gaskets for
of connections. specific types of connections.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Diverters
DR-SF-EQP-01.07.01
Compare the capabilities and

List the capabilities and limitations of
limitations of the two main types of
the two main types of diverter:
NEW
The two most common types of diverter. diverter: 4 4

- Conventional annular
- Conventional annular
- Insert type diverter.
- Insert type diverter.
For a given scenario, assess key

Identify key components, and how
components, and how and when they
DR-SF-EQP-01.07.02
and when they should be used:

should be used:
- Large bore pipe
- Large bore pipe
EQA06.01
- Geometry and position of vent

The principles of diverter operations (reference - Geometry and position of vent
line 5 5
API RP 64). line
- Wind direction
- Wind direction
- Purpose of locking
- Purpose of locking
mechanisms
mechanisms
- Top hole.
- Top hole.
DR-SF-EQP-01.07.03
SSEQA06.03
From a specific layout, list the From a specific layout, list the
The operating mechanisms of common types sequence of opening and closing the sequence of opening and closing the
5 5
of diverters used (reference API RP 64). different elements and operating different elements and operating
principles. principles.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
ASSOCIATED WELL CONTROL EQUIPMENT

Inside BOPS (IBOPs) and Drill Pipe Safety Valves (DPSVs)
For a given scenario, justify the use of
Differentiate between:
an appropriate safety valve:
- The Drill Pipe Safety Valve
DR-SF-EQP-02.01.01
- The Drill Pipe Safety Valve

(DPSV)
(DPSV)
- Inside Blow out preventer
EQB01.01
- Inside Blow out preventer

(IBOP)
The different types of safety valves. (IBOP) 4 5
- Drop-in back pressure valve.
- Drop-in back pressure valve.
- Float valves and flapper
- Float valves and flapper
valves
valves
- Top drive or Kelly mounted
- Top drive or Kelly mounted
safety valve.
safety valve.
DR-SF-EQP-02.01.02
EQB01.03
Describe the use of the IBOP in a well Assess the impact of the IBOP in a
The application of the IBOP. 5 5
control event. well control event.
DR-SF-EQP-02.01.03
EQB01.04
The capabilities and limitations of using Describe the use of the float/flapper Assess the impact of using
3 4
float/flapper valves in the string. valves in the string. float/flapper valves in the string.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
For a given scenario, justify and

DR-SF-EQP-02.01.04
demonstrate the appropriate course

Describe and demonstrate the of action to secure the string while
EQB01.05
procedure used for installation, running tubulars:

DPSV installation during tubular running
closure and verification of sealing for 5 4
operations. - Differential fill up equipment
a DPSV during tubular running
operations. - Top drive mounted tubular fill
up equipment
- Back flow through the string.
CHOKE MANIFOLDS AND CHOKES

Routing of Lines
DR-SF-EQP-03.01.01
From a diagram of the piping system, From a simple diagram of the piping
EQC01.01
The alternative circulating routes to the well for the standpipe and choke system for the standpipe and choke
and through the choke manifold during well 4 5
manifolds, indicate possible valve manifolds, indicate the possible valve
control operations.
status for a specific circulating path. status for a specific circulating path.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Manual and Remote Chokes

Outline the operating principles and
DR-SF-EQP-03.02.01
the safety critical inspections

required:
- Function check (for example
EQC02.01
For a given scenario, interpret the

The operating principles and limitations of at shift handover)
operating principles and the safety 2 5
adjustable chokes (reference API STD 53). - Cleanliness check (for
critical inspections required.
example flushing lines during
an SCR)
- Planned maintenance
routines.
AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT
Mud Gas Separators (MGS)
DR-SF-EQP-04.01.01
Recognise the operational limitations

of the MGS. For a given situation, interpret the
EQD01.01
The operating principles and limitations of a critical operating limits and determine
From given data, calculate the 4 4
Mud Gas Separator (MGS). the actions to take in order to prevent
pressure that there is gas 'blow- the loss of the liquid seal.
through'.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Vacuum Degasser
DR-SF-EQP-04.02.01
EQD02.01
Outline the principles, operational Explain the principles, operational

The operating principles and the role of a
considerations and limitations of the considerations, and limitations of the 3 4
vacuum degasser.
vacuum degasser. vacuum degasser.
TESTING
BOP and Equipment Testing
Schedule and validate successful
Identify the criteria for a successful
DR-SF-EQP-05.01.01
pressure testing:
pressure test:
- Direction of pressure applied:
- Direction of pressure applied
- Volume to be pumped
EQF01.01
The importance of the procedures for - Volume to be pumped

- Instrumentation
maintaining and testing BOP stack and choke - Instrumentation 5 5
- Test fluids
and kill manifolds (reference API standards). - Test fluids
- Test duration
- Test duration
- Test records
- Safe pressure bleed off and
- Safe pressure bleed off and
monitored flow returns.
monitored flow returns.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Explain the frequency of testing:

DR-SF-EQP-05.01.02
- Before installation
- On installation
- During well operations.
The required frequency and test values of
NEW
BOPs and well control equipment during well 5

Define the relevant test values
operations (reference API STD 53).
applied during well operations:
- On installation
DR-SF-EQP-05.01.03
From given BOP and choke/stand

For a given scenario, justify an
EQF01.02
pipe diagrams, indicate the

Monitoring the non-pressured side of the appropriate line-up to monitor for flow
appropriate line-up to monitor for flow 5 5
barrier being tested. or pressure build up when performing
or pressure build up when performing
specific pressure tests.
specific pressure tests.
DR-SS-EQP-05.01.04
For a given scenario, explain the use

EQF01.03
of inverted test rams in a subsea

The inverted test ram in a subsea BOP stack. 3
BOP stack and outline the limitations
of inverted test rams.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-EQP-05.01.05
to: to: L3 L4
EQF01.04
The pressure test requirements for DPSVs and Define the pressure test requirements Explain the pressure test procedures
5 5
IBOPs. for DPSVs and IBOPs. for DPSVs and IBOPs.
Explain the frequency of testing:

DR-SF-EQP-05.01.06
- On installation
- During well operations
The required frequency and test values for
NEW
3
DPSVs and IBOPs (reference API standards). Define the relevant test values
- On installation
DR-SF-EQP-05.01.07
EQF01.05
Identify correct closing pressures and Verify correct operating pressures

The required BOP operating pressures and
and closing times for given BOP type 3 4
closing times (reference API standards). duration for given BOP type and size.
and size.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-EQP-05.01.08
to: to: L3 L4
EQF01.06
From data provided, define the rating From data provided, calculate the
Pressure and strength ratings for equipment
of the equipment to use in the test rating of the equipment to use in the 3 4
used to test well control equipment.
process. test process.
DR-SF-EQP-05.01.09
Describe the function test

Explain the function test requirements
requirements for BOP, valves and
EQF01.07
for BOP, valves and manifolds:

The function test requirements for BOP, valves manifolds:
- Before installation 5 5
and manifolds (reference API STD 53). - Before installation
- On installation
- On installation
Schedule and validate a successful

DR-SF-EQP-05.01.10
Identify the criteria for a successful diverter test:

diverter test: - Direction of pressure applied
- Direction of pressure applied - Venting or flow
The correct procedures to test diverter
NEW
- Venting or flow - Volume to be pumped 5 5

systems (reference API standards).
- Volume to be pumped - Instrumentation
- Instrumentation - Test fluids
- Test fluids. - Test duration
- Test records.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Explain the frequency of diverter

testing:
DR-SF-EQP-05.01.11
- On installation
The frequency and test values required for
NEW
5
diverter systems (reference API standards).
Define the relevant test values
- On installation
Inflow Testing
DR-SF-EQP-05.02.01
Identify why inflow tests are carried Explain why inflow tests are carried
out: out:
EQF02.02
- Test barriers in direction of - Test barriers in direction of

The principles of inflow testing. flow flow 5 5
- When you cannot apply - When you cannot apply
positive pressure upstream of positive pressure upstream of
the barrier. the barrier.
DR-SF-EQP-05.02.02
Determine possible leak paths and

their effect.
EQF02.03
Factors to be considered during an inflow test. 5

From given pressure profiles,
recognise thermal expansion and/or
flow.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-EQP-05.02.03
to: to: L3 L4
Recognise the indications that an Verify that an inflow test has failed
inflow test has failed and explain the and explain the immediate actions to
EQF02.04
immediate actions to take: be taken:

Mitigations to minimise the kick size if the test
- Monitor - Monitor 5 5
should fail.
- Identify - Identify
- Course of action to regain - Course of action to regain
primary well control. primary well control.
DR-SF-EQP-05.02.04
Demonstrate the appropriate steps for

Verify the appropriate steps for an
an inflow test and the line-up
EQF02.05
inflow test and the line-up required:

The procedures required for an effective inflow required:
- Monitor 5 5
test. - Monitor
- Record
- Record
- Document approval.
- Document approval.
BOP CONTROL SYSTEMS

BOP Control Systems
DR-SF-EQP-06.01.02
EQG01.02
Demonstrate and verify the operating Explain and verify the operating
The general operating principles of the
sequence used on the remote-control sequence used on the remote-control 5 5
remote-control panel.
panel to operate the BOPs. panel to operate the BOPs.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-EQP-06.01.03
to: to: L3 L4
Define the normal operating

EQG01.03
The normal operating pressures and stored Define the normal operating
pressures and calculate the required
volumes contained in the BOP control system pressures and the stored volumes 5 5
stored volumes contained in the BOP
(reference API spec 16D). contained in the BOP control system.
control system.
DR-SF-EQP-06.01.04
Define the normal operating

The normal operating pressures and stored pressures and stored volumes
NEW
volumes contained in the diverter control 5 5

contained in the diverter control
system (reference API spec 16D).
system.
DR-SF-EQP-06.01.05
Verify the results of an accumulator

EQG01.04
The purpose and criteria for a successful drawdown test.

Define the procedure for an
accumulator drawdown test (reference API 4 4
accumulator drawdown test. Outline the actions to take if the
STD 53).
accumulator drawdown test fails.

Previous
category
category
DR-SF-EQP-06.01.06
to: to: L3 L4
EQG01.06
Demonstrate the checks required to Verify if a given function has

How to confirm if a specific function has
confirm if a given function has 10 10
successfully operated. successfully occurred.
successfully occurred.
Diagnose the cause of a malfunction: Diagnose the cause of a malfunction:

DR-SF-EQP-06.01.07
- Leaking surface hoses - Leaking surface hoses

- Malfunctioning manipulator - Malfunctioning manipulator
EQG01.07
valve valve
Possible functional problems during - Pressure regulator failure
- Pressure regulator failure 5 10
BOP/Diverter operations. - Reservoir fluid levels.
- Reservoir fluid levels.
Demonstrate immediate alternative Demonstrate immediate alternative

actions to take actions to take.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Subsea BOP Control Systems

DR-SS-EQP-06.02.01
From a diagram or description, From a diagram or description,

SSEQG01.09
outline the sequence of operation of a explain the operating principles of a

BOP control system: BOP control system:
The general operating principles of subsea
- Pods - Pods 5 5
BOP control systems.
- SPMs - SPMs
- Shuttle valves - Shuttle valves
- Electro-hydraulic interface. - Electro-hydraulic interface.
DR-SS-EQP-06.02.02
SSEQG01.11
Explain the operating sequence used

The general operating principles of the remote- Describe the operating principles of
on the remote-control panel to 5 5
control panel with a subsea installed BOP. the remote-control panel.
operate the subsea installed BOPs.
DR-SS-EQP-06.02.03
Demonstrate the checks required to

How to confirm if a specific function has Verify if a given function has
NEW
confirm that a given function has 10 10

successfully operated on a subsea BOP. successfully occurred.
successfully occurred.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Recognise the cause of a

Diagnose the cause of a malfunction:
malfunction:
DR-SS-EQP-06.02.04
- Leaking power hose

- Leaking power hose
- Leaking signal line
- Leaking signal line
- Malfunctioning SPM valve
- Malfunctioning SPM valve
Functional problems during operations of a - Shuttle valve
NEW
- Shuttle valve 5 5
subsea installed BOP. - Malfunctioning manipulator
- Malfunctioning manipulator
valve.
valve.
Demonstrate immediate alternative
Demonstrate immediate alternative
actions
actions.
DR-SS-EQP-06.02.05
Explain why accumulator bottles

SSEQG01.12
should be suitably pre-charged and

Explain why accumulator bottles mounted on the BOP.
The purpose of having accumulator bottles at
should be suitably pre-charged and 2 3
the subsea BOP.
mounted on the BOP. Calculate the required pre-charge for
accumulator bottles mounted on a
subsea BOP.

Previous
category
category
to: to: L3 L4
Explain the requirement for

Identify the requirement for
secondary control systems:
secondary control systems:
- ROV intervention
- ROV intervention
DR-SS-EQP-06.02.06
- Acoustic control system.

- Acoustic control system.
SSEQG01.13
Explain the requirement for

The secondary closure systems and Identify the requirement for
emergency systems:
emergency device that are installed on the emergency systems: 4 5
- ‘Dead man’ system
subsea BOP stack (reference to API STD 53). - ‘Dead man’ system
- Auto-shear
- Auto-shear
- Emergency Disconnect
- Emergency Disconnect
Systems/Sequence (EDS).
Systems/Sequence (EDS).
Outline when they would be used and
Outline when they would be used.
frequency of testing.


IWCF Drilling Well Control Syllabus - Level 2

Încărcat de

Informații document

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

IWCF Drilling Well Control Syllabus - Level 2

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

International Well Control Forum

Hydrostatic Effect .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 21

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 3 of 98

Running and Pulling Casing and Liner ................................................................................................................................................................... 67

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 4 of 98

The new syllabi will:

1.2. Who takes the Drilling Well Control training course?

1.3. How long is the training course?

1.4. How many candidates can a Centre have on a training course?

Level 2 Drilling training courses should be run as a separate course.

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 5 of 98

2. The Level 2, 3 and 4 syllabi explained

2.1. Testing understanding

2.2. Learning objectives

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 6 of 98

2.3. Learning outcomes

2.4. Syllabus division

The written test syllabus is divided into two compulsory sections:

Principles and procedures

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 7 of 98

Well control during DR-SF-PNP-11 DR-SS-PNP-11

Well Control Equipment

Testing DR-SF-EQP-05 DR-SS-EQP-05

2.6. Importance Levels

Importance Level of risk Explanation

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 8 of 98

2.7. Assessment method

The Level 2 course Drilling well control course is based on:

Well Control Training and Assessment

Explain "why are we here?" including:

The need for well control training and - Trust of stakeholders

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 9 of 98

INTRODUCTION TO WELL CONTROL

Complete hydrostatic and gradient Complete hydrostatic and gradient

- Given a pressure gradient, - Given a pressure gradient,

Hydrostatic pressure calculations. Vertical Depth (TVD), Vertical Depth (TVD), 10 10

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 10 of 98

cause formation pore pressure

Identify from a sub-surface prognosis Assess from a given sub-surface

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 11 of 98

Identify from a sub-surface Assess from a given sub-surface

mud weight, maximum allowable mud weight, maximum allowable 5 5

Describe how increasing water depth

can affect formation fracture pressure

Describe how increasing water depth example:

Primary Well Control

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 12 of 98

Assess a given situation, and explain

Secondary Well Control

Explain the actions required to

Outline the actions to achieve and

Secondary Well Control Equipment

Explain the requirements for

Appropriate secondary well control equipment appropriate secondary well control

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 13 of 98

Identify what elements can form a

Compare mechanical and hydrostatic Compare mechanical and hydrostatic

Hydrostatic barriers: Hydrostatic barriers:

maintained (ability to maintained (ability to

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 14 of 98

Assess from a given well situation,

the ‘primary’ and ‘secondary’ barrier barrier elements during drilling, 4 4

July 2017 TF-0020 Version 8.0 Page 15 of 98