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TLT – 6206
RADIO PROPAGATION IN
WIRELESS NETWORKS
Section 2
Propagation path loss prediction models
Contents
Introduction
General models
Models for cellular networks (base station to mobile station)
Empirical models
Physical models (including semi-empirical)
Deterministic models
Indoor models
Comparisons of models
TX RX
Feeder loss Lt Feeder loss Lr
Pti Pt Gt Gr
L
Pri Pr Lt Lr
hm = 1.5 m
Hb = 30 m
f = 900 MHz
Simple
Low computation time
Detailed description of the environment not needed
Suitable for macrocellular dimensioning
Disadvantages
Accuracy problems
Have to be tuned for different environments / areas / countries
where
L Path loss [dB]
A Constant (see table)
B Constant (see table)
f Frequency [MHz] (150 MHz f 2000 MHz)
hbs Base station effective antenna height [m] (30 m hbs 200 m)
hms Mobile station antenna height [m] (1 m hms 10 m)
d Distance between BS and MS [km] (1 km d 20 km)
C Propagation slope term
Cm Area type correction factor
Frequency range
Initial offset parameters,
Parameter 150-1500MHz 1500-2000MHz
A and B, are given as a
A 69.55 46.3
function of frequency.
B 26.16 33.9
1 k r
n2 n1 L L1 10n1 log10 r 10 n2 n1 log10 1
L r n1
1 r rb rb
n1 = 2
n2 = 4
rb = 100 m
L1 = 20 dB
h0 hm hb h0
LB 20 log10
3
548 d m 10 fc hm
5 2
2.03 6.67 f c 8.1 10 f c
dm
LOS-situation NLOS-situation
LLOS 42.6 26log10 d 20log10 f LNLOS LFS max 0, LMSD LRTS
K a 68.9 Kf 9
K d 18 K hB 18 log10 hB
54 hB 0
hB 0 18log10 1 hB hB 0
Ka 54 0.8 hB K hB
d 0.5 km 0 hB 0
hB 0
54 1.6 hB d
d 0.5 km
medium-sized cities
f
0.7 1 suburban centers
18 hB 0 925
Kf 4 with moderate tree density
Kd hB
18 15 hB 0 f
hB 1.5 1 metropolitan centers
925
2) Roof-top
diffraction +
reflected
wave
Street orientation
TX
10 0.354 0 35
K 2.5 0.075 35 35 55
4.0 0.114 55 55 90
Lex Ln 1 t Lke
where Lke accounts for single edge diffraction over final building
and Ln-1 for multiple diffraction over (n-1) buildings.
r1 = distance from
the first building [m]
is given in [rad]
e jx 2 2 1 2 1
Fs jx S x j C x
2j 2 2
and S(.) and C(.) are the Fresnel sine and cosine integrals.
Terrain profile
AB B
Ray tracing between two walls using image theory.
c
Building Height
b d c
Tx
d
b
Rx Right
Left propagation
0 propagation channel
Range
channel
Tx
0.09
0.08
0.07
0.06
Probability
0.05
0.04
0.03
0.02
0.01
0
-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30
Error [dB]
where LF is free space loss for total oath length (ri+re), Le is the
path loss through the external wall at normal incidence ( =0º), Lg is
the additional external wall loss incurred at grazing incidence
=90º), and
L1 nw Li
2
L2 ri 2 1 cos
where L3= ri and ri, Le, and Li are defined as in COST-231 LOS
model, and floor height gain Gfh is given by
nGn
G fh
hGn
where h is floor height above the outdoor reference height [m] (2
m) and n is floor number.