Adventist University of the Philippines

College of Education
Industrial Education
Basic Electronics 102 Theory of Amplifier
CBLM

In Partial Fulfillment to the

Requirements for the Subject in
Electronics 102 Theory of Amplifier

Submitted By:

Ryan P. Manga
Jimboy S. Debuyan
Lowell Faigao
Romil Bantang
Ferdinand Wasin
Exuperio Galopo
Roger Faigao
Romel O. Toribio
Ericson Casañare
Nolie Felipe

Submitted to:

Mr, Dano Roque

October 29, 2009

0
 Adventist University of the Philippines
College of Education
Industrial Education
Basic Electronics 102 Theory of Amplifier
CBLM

ASSEMBLING AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF 8 WATTS AMPLIFIER

Contents: Page
Foreword: …………………………………………. 1

Part 1 Parts and Function: ……………………………….. 3

Part 2 Schematic Diagram: …………………………….... 9
Part 3 PCB Layout: …………………………………….... 9
Part 4 ASSEMBLE: ……………………………………... 11
Part 5 Power Supply: …………………………………….. 12
Part 6 SCHIMATIC DIAGRAM AND WIRING OF THE 8 WATTS IC AMPLIFIER 16
Part 7 Troubleshooting: …………...……………………... 20
Part 8 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………… 25
REFERENCES: …………………………………… 26

Foreword:
Indeed, education has long been considered a major force for people
social change righting the wrongs of our society. The big role of
reading is one of the best teachers to a good reader. This behavior is
making a man to be knowledgeable in all aspect of life. Moreover, the
book discusses the ASSEMBLING AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF 8
WATTS AMPLIFIER.

At the end of this course the students will able to make their
own 8watts mono power amplifier and kwon how to repair his/her
project, especially in PCB layout, reading of simple schematic
diagram, and the most important is to assemble and finishing the
project.

This book helps as a guide to your questions regarding to finishing

your project.

1
ASSEMBLING AND TROUBLESHOOTING OF 8 WATTS AMPLIFIER

Objectives:
At the end of the course the students will be able to:
1. Understand what Amplifier is.
2. Value God creation and appreciate His masterpiece.
3. Learn to read and understand the simple schematic diagram.
4. Know how to troubleshoot the amplifier problem.
5. Know how to repair the problem about amplifier.
6. Apply the knowledge that learned.

Introduction to Amplifier
http://www.bakatronics.com/images/fk672.jpg

figure1.1
Amplifier (electronic equipment that increases strength of
signals passing through it
http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=amplifier)

Generally, an amplifier or simply amp, is any device that

changes, usually increases, the amplitude of a signal. The "signal" is

2
 usually voltage or current. ...
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier

A device that boosts the strength of an electronic signal. In a

cable system, amplifiers are spaced at regular intervals throughout
the system to keep signals picture-perfect regardless of how far you
live from the headend.
www.pcta.com/about/glossary.php

A device that strengthens the signal of an analog transmission.

As an analog signal moves further from its point of origin, it weakens
in strength ...
www.ossidian.com/glossary/a.html

Electronics that convert low level inputs to high level outputs.

www.empiremagnetics.com/glossary/glossary_a_e.htm

IC POWER AMP 8W MONO MYK- IC PA8M

8 Watts power amp IC OTL operation, powered with a 9- 12

volts supply can be used for small radios or such as application that
requires minimal amplification.

“Operation: A single IC plus a very few external components for

coupling and filtering comprise the whole amplifier circuit. The signal
which comes in trough R1 it fed to the input pin no. 6 of the amplifier
controlled by volume control by VR1 pin 10 delivers the output to the
speakers trough the output coupling capacitor C9 MIYAMA.”

By: Ryan P. Manga

Part 1

Parts and Function

By: Lowell Faigao

INTRODUCTION
This study is all about parts and function of an 8wts mono amplifier.

GOAL:
To know the different parts and each function that is needed in assembling an
8wts mono amplifier.

3
I.F.L:
Psalm139:14 I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made; your
works are wonderful, I know that full well.

BODY CONTENT:

Parts and Function

Parts list
Parts Value Pc. Schem. symbol
IC KIA7217AP 1

Electrolytic Capacitor 1000/16v 1

100/16v 4
10/16v 1
0.1/50v 1
cer/mylar 122(.0012) 1
180pf 2
resistor 1ohm 1
1k 1
5k 1
trimmer resistor 10k 1

heat sink 1
PCB MYK-ICPA8M 1
optional MYT-7M122 1
transformer
power supply MPS9/12 1

Function and Definition

4
  Integrated circuit (IC)

An integrated circuit (IC), sometimes called a chip or microchip, is a

semiconductor wafer on which thousands or millions of tiny resistors, capacitors, and
transistors are fabricated. An IC can function as an amplifier, oscillator, timer, counter,
computer memory, or microprocessor. A particular IC is categorized as either linear
(analog) or digital, depending on its intended application. (http://searchcio-
midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci213503,00.html)

 Capacitor

An electric circuit element used to store charge temporarily, consisting in general

of two metallic plates separated and insulated from each other by a dielectric. Also called
condenser.

Types of capacitor

Figure: 1.2

Figure: 1.3

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/capacitor

 Resistor
An electronic component that resists the flow of current in an electronic circuit.
Resistors are often made out of chunks of carbon or thin films of carbon or other resistive

5
materials. They can also be made of wires wound around a cylinder. The common resistor
is a two-wire package with a fixed resistance measured in ohms; however, different types
of resistors are adjustable by the circuit designer or the user.
http://dictionary.zdnet.com/definition/resistor.html

Types of Resistor

Figure: 1.4
Figure: 1.5
 Heat sink

6
 A heat sink (or heat sink) is an environment or object that absorbs and dissipates heat
from another object using thermal contact (either direct or radiant). Heat sinks are used in
a wide range of applications wherever efficient heat dissipation is required; major
examples include refrigeration, heat engines and cooling electronic devices.

 PCB
Stands for’ Printed Circuit Board. A PCB is a thin board made of fiberglass or a
similar material.
 Power supply
A power supply is a device or system that supplies electrical or other types of
energy to an output load or group of loads. The term is most commonly applied to
electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others

Assembling
1. Make a visual check of the P.C.Board to ensure no damage has happened in
transit. Continuity of the tracks can be checked with a multimeter or an
electronic Circuit Tester. Any breaks can be bridged with solder.
2. Turn the Board over, track down, and push the 10 pin I.C. socket into place.
3. Identify the resistors either by their colour bands, or with a multimeter. Bend the
legs to match their holes and assemble them. It is a good idea to solder
progressively as 4 or 5 components are mounted to the board. Resistor has no
polarity.
4. The 10K trim pot will fit the three holes in the board. Push the legs right down.
5. There are seven electrolytic capacitors, four 100/16v, 1000/16v, 10/16v, and
o.1/50v. On each body you will find an arrow pointing down one leg. This leg is
the -ve pole. From the drawing find the + and/or - signs and mount the capacitors
in their correct positions. Bend the legs on the back to hold them in place and
solder. The ceramic and Mylar capacitor has no polarity, so you can fix it into the
board in any position.

You are now ready to test your Amplifier. Connect a 12V power ssupply and plug the
jack into the output socket of your machine. Adjust the volume of your radio to a
comfortable level and use a small screwdriver to adjust the trimpot to get clean
undistorted sound from the speaker. Speakers work best in an airtight box
made of particle board or similar, and glued together. The hole for the speaker in the
front panel of the box should be a neat size to suit the speaker, and can be
covered with speaker cloth to give a neat finish. Your Library will likely have
information about Speaker Boxes that you can research before you design your box.

REFERENCES:

7
http://searchcio-
midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci213503,00.html
http://dictionary.zdnet.com/definition/resistor.html
http://cdselectronics.com/Kits/Mono%20Amp.htm
http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/capacitor

8
 SELF CHECK:
Instruction: multiple choice, write the correct letter only.

1. An electric circuit element used to store charge temporarily?

a. Resistor
b. Capacitor
c. IC
d. Diode
2. An environment or object that absorbs and dissipates heat from another object
using thermal contact (either direct or radiant)?

a. IC
b. Diode
c. Heatsink
d. Transformer

3. What is the schematic symbol of resistor?

a. b. c. d. none of the given.

4. An electronic component that resists the flow of current in an electronic circuit?

a. Capacitor
b. Resistor
c. Diode
d. Power supply

5. A device or system that supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output

load or group of loads?

a. Power supply
b. Diode
c. Capacitor
d. Resistor

9
Part 2 Schematic Diagram
By: Roger Faigao

Figure: 1.6

PCB LAYOUTING
Romil Bantang
Ferdinand Wasin

I. Objectives

1. To understand the theories and principle in PCB lay outing.

2. To know how to design on their own PCB.
3. To Enhancement the Creativity and entrepreneurial Skills.
4. To develop new skills in measuring and testing through PCB lay outing.

II. Integration on faith and learning

“Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do; do it with all thy might for there
is no work, nor device, nor knowledge, nor wisdom, in the grave; whither
thou goest.” Eccl. 9:10

III. Subject matter: PCB layouting

10
IV. Steps on how to layout.

PCB LAY OUTING

Figure: 1.7

1. Pray first before you start.

2. Prepare the thing you need especially the schematic diagram and PCB.
3. Consider the sizes of all components to minimize the extra space.
4. Draw a pattern in PCB and think where to locate the all components. Be creative in
Designing in PCB. It is easy to create or lay out in PCB especially when you memorize
the
Schematic diagram to follow the step by steps process.
5. Use pencil to draw in PCB and if it is final use pentel pen to mark the pattern.
6. Make sure that your connections are properly connected. Small mistakes can create big
problem or can destroy some components.
7. Put in a liquid chemical within five minutes or more to separate the foils which in
PCB
This is not mark.
8. Wait until it become dry and then put holes for the small parts.
9. After you put holes never scratch with sharp thing to avoid disconnections. Be careful
in
Cleaning the PCB.
10. Put sign in PCB if it is output and input, positive and negative, or 12 volts supply to
avoid Errors.

11
V. Evaluation

Self test.

Draw a complete PCB lay outing in a paper.

VI. References

http: //sound.westhost.com/projecto4.htm

http: //sound.westhost.com/power-suppplies.htm

Part 4
ASSEMBLING:
By: Exuperio Galopo

Goal:
Connect all parts properly.

Insert all components carefully following the parts placement guide on the PCB starting
from the smallest one onto the larger and son. Carefully observe proper placement of
parts specially the polarized ones. Soldered and cut the excess leads neatly to avoid
possible shorts that could cause failure in work. Install heatsink to the IC after all the rest
have been assembled.

I.F.L.
Romans 8:28
And we know that in all things God works for the good of those who love him,
who have been called according to his purpose.

References:
Bible Romans 8:28

12
Part 5 Power Supply for Amplifiers
By: Nolie Felipe

I. Objectives
After the lessons, the students will be able to:
A. Define the Power supply system and other term
B. Identify the materials used power supply
C. Demonstrate how the power supply works for amplifiers
D. Enjoy the art of power supply

II. Subject Matter: Power Supply for Amplifiers

III. Procedure

I strongly suggest that the reader has a look at the article on power supply design for
additional background and far more information than provided here.

A power supply suitable for use with the 60W amplifier presented in the preceding
project is perfectly simple, and no great skill is required to build (or design) one. There
are a few things one should be careful with, such as the routing of high current leads, but
these are easily accomplished.

The first thing to choose is a suitable transformer. I suggest tropical transformers rather
than the traditional "EI" laminated types because they radiate less magnetic flux and are
flatter, allowing them to be installed in slimmer cases. They do have some problems,
such as higher inrush current at switch on, which means that slow blow fuses must be
used.

For the 60W amplifier, a nominal (full load) supply of +/- 35V is required, so a 25-0-25
secondary is ideal - however, see Updates, below. The circuit for the supply is shown
below, and uses separate rectifiers, capacitors and fuses for each channel. Only the
transformer is shared, so channel interactions are minimized. A single ±35V supply (i.e.
using only a single bridge and set of filter capacitors) will work just as well in the
majority of cases.

13
 Figure 1.8- +/-35V Dual Power Supply

The 5A slow-blow fuse shown is suitable for a 300VA transformer, if a 120VA

transformer is used, this should be reduced to 2.5A (or 3A if 2.5A proves too hard to get).
If you are even a little bit concerned about the fuse rating, contact the transformer
manufacturer for the recommended value for the transformer you will use. The correct
fuse is critical to ensure safety from electrical failure, which could result in the equipment
becoming unsafe or causing a fire.

The capacitance used is not critical, but is somewhat dependent upon one's budget. I
suggest 10,000uF capacitors, but they are rather expensive so at a pinch 4,700uF caps
should be fine - especially in the arrangement shown.

When unloaded (or with only light load), the voltage will normally be somewhat higher
than 35 Volts. This is Ok, and should not cause distress to any amp. The voltage will fall
as more current is drawn, and may drop below 35V if a small transformer (or one with
unusually poor regulation) is used.

Two parts of this circuit are critical:

 Mains wiring must be cabled using approved 240V rated insulated cable, and all
terminations must be insulated to prevent accidental contact. The mains earth
must be securely fastened to the chassis, after scraping away any paint or other
coating which might prevent reliable contact.
 The centre-tap of the transformer and the ground points of each capacitor must be
connected to the main signal earth point via heavy duty copper wire, or
(preferably) a copper bus-bar. Large currents flow in this part of the circuit,
containing nasty current waveforms which are quite happy to invade your
amplifier. The supply voltages must be taken from the capacitors (not the bridge
rectifiers) to prevent unwanted hum and noise.

When wiring the bridge rectifiers to the transformer, connect exactly as shown to ensure
that ripple voltages (and currents) are in phase for each amp. If not, mysterious hum

14
signals may be injected into the amp's signal path from bypass capacitors and the like.
This is somewhat unlikely unless huge caps are used on the amp board(s) - not
recommended; by the way - but why take the risk?

Bridge rectifiers should be the big bolt-down 35A types (or something similar) to ensure
lowest possible losses (these will not require an additional heat sink - the chassis will
normally be quite sufficient). The transformer primary voltage will obviously be
determined by the supply voltage in your area (i.e. 120, 220 or 240) and be suited to the
local supply frequency. Note that all 50Hz transformers will work just fine at 60Hz, but
some 60Hz devices will overheat if used at 50Hz.

The transformer should be rated at a minimum of 120VA (Volt-Amps) for home use, but a
300VA transformer is recommended due to its superior regulation. Going beyond 300VA
will serve no useful purpose, other than to dim the lights as it is turned on.

Where it is possible, the signal and power ground should be the same (this prevents the
possibility of an electric shock hazard should the transformer develop a short circuit
between primary and secondary. Where this will give rise to ground loops and hum in
other equipment, use the method shown.

The resistor R1 (a 5W wire wound resistor is suggested) isolates the low-voltage high-
current ground loop circuit, and the diodes D1 & D2 provide a protective circuit in the
event of a major problem. These diodes need only be low voltage, but a current rating of
5A or greater is required. The 100nF capacitor (C1) acts as a short circuit to radio
frequency signals, effectively grounding them. This should be a device with very good
high frequency response, and a 'monolithic' ceramic is recommended.

Updates:

The transformer secondary voltage will probably need to be higher than described above.
I tested some stock and custom transformers I have, and found that unless the transformer
has extraordinarily good regulation, a nominal 28-0-28 secondary will be needed, more
with an average (i.e. poor) regulation unit. Also be careful when you test, since a
relatively small (10%) variation in the mains voltage makes a big difference to measured
output power - the secondary voltage also falls by 10%, so 60W becomes 48W if the
mains is 10% low.

You also need to remember that the output voltage of transformers is typically quoted at
full power with a resistive load. This means two things:

1. The no load voltage will be higher than expected

2. The loaded voltage will be lower than expected
The first point is true because there is no loading, so the output voltage must rise. The
second is more complex, but happens because the conventional rectifier circuit uses a
capacitor input filter (the rectifier feeds directly into the capacitor(s)). Since the diodes
only conduct at the peak of the waveform, the current is much higher, so the transformer

15
and supply line impedance will cause the peak voltage to fall, and the DC voltage cannot
exceed the peak output voltage (less two diodes forward voltage drops).

Power Supply Requirements

Somewhat surprisingly perhaps, the fundamental requirements of the final design are not
greatly influenced by the different loading presented by the two amp types described
above. The continuous rating of a Class-A amp means that you must design the supply for
a continuous (rather than transient) current, but since we are discussing properly
designed, quality power supplies, the final result will often be quite similar.

When a power supply is used with an amplifier, the basic things we need to know before
starting are as follows

Power output and minimum impedance, or ...

Peak / average current
Acceptable power supply ripple voltage
With only these three criteria, it is possible to design a suitable supply for almost any
amplifier. I shall not be describing high current regulators or capacitance multipliers in
this article - only the basic elements of the supply itself. These other devices are complete
designs in themselves, and rely on the rectifier/ filter combination to provide them with
DC of suitable voltage and current.

IV. Evaluation
Self-test:
1. Draw a schematic diagram of a complete power supply?

2. Indentify the parts of the power supply?

3. Enumerate the output voltage supply?

References:
http://sound.westhost.com/project04.htm
http://sound.westhost.com/power-supplies.htm

16
 ADVENTIST UNIVERSITY OF THE PHILIPPINES
COLLEGE OF EDUCATION
INDUSTRIAL EDUCATION

Basic information
Name: Debuyan, Jimboy S.
Course BSEIE
E-mail add jhem_slasher@yahoo.com

Course no. ELEC 132A

Course title Theory on video and television w/ shop mangnt.
Credit units 3 w/ lab & lec.
Schedule Sunday 8:00-12:00

Objectives

At the end of the class discussion student will be able to:

1. know the parts of 8 watts amp mono

2. know the step by step connection
3. learn how to read the schematic diagram
4. learn how to troubleshoot

IFL- Integration of faith and learning.

Whatsoever thy hand findeth to do; do it with thy might for there is no work,
nor device nor knowledge, nor wisdom and the grave whether do goest.

Ecc. 9:10

17
Part 6

SCHIMATIC DIAGRAM AND WIRING OF THE 8 WATTS IC

AMPLIFIER

SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM

Part list:

1. IC -----------------------KIA7217AP--------------------------------1-----
2. CAPACITOR
ELECT -----------------------1000/16 --------------------------------1-----
100/16 -------------------------------4----
10/16 -------------------------------1----
0.1/50 -------------------------------1----
3. CER/MYLAR -------------------122(.0012) -------------------------------1----
180PF -------------------------------2----

18
4. RESISTOR ----------------------1 OHM --------------------------------1-------
1K -------------------------------1-------
5K -------------------------------1-------
5. TRIMMWR RESISTOR -------10K -------------------------------1-------
6. HEATSINK ---------------------------------------------------------------------1
7. PCB ---------------------------MYK-ICPA8M----------------------------1
OPTIONAL
8. TRANSFORMER ---------------MYT-7M122------------------------------1
9. POWER SUPPLY ----------------MPS9/12 ---------------------------------1

OPERATION:

A single IC plus a very few external components for coupling and filtering
comprise the whole amplifier circuit. The signal which comes in through R1
is fed to the input. Pin 6 of the amplifier controlled by volume control VR1
Pin 10 delivers the output to the speakers through the output coupling
capacitor C9

19
WIRING DIAGRAM

TESTING:

1. 220 VOLTS

2. POWER SWICTH

3. TRANSFORMER

4. AMPLIFIER 8WATTS MONO

5. TAPE TUNER

6. SPEAKER

The project needs a 12-volts power supply of around 750mA or preferably

1a. Connect a speaker to the output (SP) terminals of around 10 Watts with
4-8 ohms impedance. Connect an audio signal maybe from a tape deck or
tuner to the input terminal. The volume can be varied through VR1. Initially
set VR1 to mid point and slowly increase as desired.

TROUBLESHOOTING

Failure to produce sound

1. Measure voltage at pin1 of IC1. You should be able to measure the

supply voltage of 12 volts at this point.
2. Measure voltage at pin10. it should be around half the voltage at pin
1. If no voltage is measured or if voltage almost equals that of pin 2,
this could indicate that the IC is defective, otherwise, check all
incorporating components.
3. IC is abnormally hot: Check C5 or C6 or probably the IC is defective.

20
 Adventist University of the Philippines

Theory in Electronics Amplifier Module

Part 7 Amplifier troubleshooting skills

Goal:
To guide the student the proper trouble shooting procedure, in order for them to
make easier, and learned to known the trouble shooting step by step to
prepare them as worker of God in the days to come.

Objectives:
1. To be able to known the proper trouble shooting procedure and learned
the value of work, to make them productive and creative worker of God.
2. To be able to detect replace the defective part,

3. To be able to gave them the solutions, and action.

IFL Integrated Faith and Learning:

“For God nothing shall be impossible”

Luke 1:37

Amplifier troubleshooting skills

We have talked about the basics of an amplifier and types of amplifiers in other
articles in this channel. Now we will proceed to take a look at the steps which are
necessary and the equipment required to fix the fault and help you troubleshoot
an amplifier which is not performing upto the mark. So here you go as follows.

To debug an amplifier for fault we need two things:

Choosing test equipment & Amplifier troubleshooting procedure

Choosing test equipment

Selection of test equipment depends on the application for which an amplifier is

being used.

21
Voltmeter/Multimeter

If we are mainly concern with the input and the amplified output voltage, and
distortion in signal is not our concern then multimeter is a decent choice.

Scope

If the amplifier belong to an area where distortion, and noise count e.g. CD
player, Computer monitor etc, then for debugging scope can be used. They also
allow you to observe input and output signal at same time.

Distortion meter

To troubleshoot a Hi-Fi stereo audio system distortion meter will be required. This
will help you to monitor the amount of noise and harmonics associated with audio
signal.

Frequency response

Frequency response should be check where frequency is also our concern, like
in case of frequency modulation and demodulation.

Troubleshooting guide step by step

Check the DC biasing voltage i.e. VBE and VCE.If these voltages differ from
nominal value then possible causes are:

Short resisters

Open resistors

Wire routing problem

Short or an open capacitor

Short across bypass and decoupling capacitor, causing to shift the DC level.

If Biasing dc voltage is OK then consider the circuit for ac operation.

If ac source is present but no voltage is appearing at base of transistor, then

possibly an open path between source and base. This could be due to open
coupling capacitor.

If the output of ac source Vo is missing then it is possibly due to open output

coupling capacitor.

22
Check for ac voltage on emitter W.R.T ground. Use oscilloscope to monitor the
signal. The reason is that scope also shows signal distortion. If there is any
voltage, it means bypass capacitor that ground the ac signal is not working. This
create voltage across Re,which appear as emitter voltage.

Some time in an audio system we hear hum and noise. This is due to
electromagnetic interference that induces a noise spike that travel to base, there
by amplify itself and appear as an unwanted signal at the output of amplifier. This
noise may also due to noise in power supply. It means that a filter capacitor of
power source is malfunctioning.

http://www.brighthub.com/engineering/electrical/articles/51296.aspx#ixzz0VDMus
CTh 

Troubleshooting the system

We have put together this trouble-shooting guide if you experience problems

after
installing the amplifier. Please keep in mind that the majority of problems incurred
are
caused by improper installation and not the equipment itself. In addition, there
are many
Components in the system that could cause various signal problems such as
inducted
electrical noise and engine noise.
Before you can properly address the problem, you must first find the component
that is
causing the problem. This will take patience and a process of elimination.

Symptom Solution

No output
Blown fuse Replace
Bad RCA cables Replace
+12 at power terminal Check connection
+12 remote terminal Check connection
Grounding point clean and tight Check ground with meter
Head unit fader not in center Set to center position
position
Low output
Check level adjust Re-adjust
Bad RCA cables Replace
+12 at power terminal Check connection

23
 +12 remote terminal Check connection
Improper level matching Re-adjust
Engine noise
Grounding point are clean and tight Check for ground with meter
Ground all component at same Ground at same point
point
Try different grounding point Change for better ground
Bad RCA cables Replace
Use high quality shielded RCA Reject inducted noise
cables
Red protection L.E.D. illuminated
Speaker short Check speaker connection for short circuit
Speaker grounding out Make sure speaker wires do not touch
Independence to low Check speaker independence
Overheating Check mounting location for adequate air
circulation
http://sound.westho

Self check:

True or False. Write letter T if the statement is true, F if the statement is

wrong.

__1. In trouble shooting Choosing test equipment is very important?

__ 2. If we are mainly concern with the input and the amplified output voltage,
and distortion in signal is not our concern then multimeter is a decent choice?

__ 3.To troubleshoot a Hi-Fi stereo audio system scope meter will be required?

__4. Frequency response should be check where frequency is also our concern,
like in case of frequency modulation and demodulation?

__5. . This noise may also due to noise in power supply. It means that a filter
capacitor of power source is malfunctioning.

Answer key:

1. T
2. T

3. F

4. T

24
 5. T

Multiple choice: Write the correct letter in the blank:

__6. if the problem is Bad RCA cables, what should we do?

a. check the cable b. replace c. all of the above

__7. if the +12 remote terminal not properly function, , what should we do?

a. replace b. Re-adjust c. Check connection

__8.if the symptom Low output what is the possible caused?

a. Bad RCA cables b. +12 at power terminal c. all of the above

__9 Improper level matching?

a. re-adjust b.replace c. . Check connection

__10. Red protection L.E.D. illuminated the problem is?

A. Speaker short b. Speaker grounding out c. all of the above

Answer key:

6. b

7.c

8. c

9. a

10. c

Prepared by:

Romel O. Toribio

Ericson Casañare

25
 Submitted to:

Mr, Dano Roque

Bibliography:

Amplifier (electronic equipment that increases strength of

signals passing through it.).

Amplifier “Generally, an amplifier or simply amp, is any device

that changes, usually increases, the amplitude of a signal. The "signal"
is usually voltage or current. wikkipedia”

Ceramics
Any of various hard, brittle, heat-resistant and corrosion-resistant materials made
by shaping and then firing a nonmetallic mineral, such as clay, at a high temperature.

Electrolytic Capacitor
(electrolytic condenser (a fixed capacitor consisting of two electrodes separated
by an electrolyte http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=electrolytic
%20capacitor).

I.C.
“Another name for a chip, an integrated circuit (IC) is a small
electronic device made out of a semiconductor material. The first
integrated circuit was developed in the 1950s by Jack Kilby of Texas
Instruments and Robert Noyce of Fairchild Semiconductor.”

“Integrated circuits are used for a variety of devices, including

microprocessors, audio and video equipment, and automobiles.
Integrated circuits are often classified by the number of transistors
and other electronic components they contain
http://www.webopedia.com/TERM/I/integrated_circuit_IC.html:”

Resistor is a two-terminal electronic component that produces a voltage across its

terminals that is proportional to the electric current through it in accordance with Ohm's
law:

V = IR
Heat Sink
A substance or device used to dissipate or absorb unwanted
heat, as from a manufacturing process (or, with lasers, from

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 reflected rays http://www.timbercon.com/Fiber-Optic-
Glossary/alphabet-process.html?keyword=H).

PCB

1. “(electronics) printed circuit board, also called electronics board

http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/PCB.”

Transformer
(an electrical device by which alternating current of one voltage is changed to
another voltage http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=transformer).

Power supply
“Is a reference to a source of electrical power. A device or system that
supplies electrical or other types of energy to an output load or group of loads is
called a power supply unit or PSU. The term is most commonly applied to
electrical energy supplies, less often to mechanical ones, and rarely to others
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power_supply.”

I.F.L.
Integration Faith and Learning it is the ability to integrate the real word of God
that is sharing the goodness of our Lord Jesus Christ.

REFERENCES:

Bible

Miyama

http://www.bakatronics.com/images/fk672.jpg

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amplifier

www.pcta.com/about/glossary.php

www.ossidian.com/glossary/a.html

www.empiremagnetics.com/glossary/glossary_a_e.htm

(http://searchcio-midmarket.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid183_gci213503,00.html)

http://dictionary.zdnet.com/definition/resistor.html

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http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/capacitor

http: //sound.westhost.com/projecto4.htm

http: //sound.westhost.com/power-suppplies.htm

http://wordnetweb.princeton.edu/perl/webwn?s=electrolytic%20capacitor).

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