Progress in Aerospace Sciences ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

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Progress in Aerospace Sciences

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/paerosci

Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded

materials and structures
Ankit Gupta, Mohammad Talha n
School of Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Mandi, Himachal Pradesh 175005, India

art ic l e i nf o a b s t r a c t

Article history: In this article, an extensive review related to the structural response of the functionally graded materials
Received 26 May 2015 (FGMs) and structures have been presented. These are high technology materials developed by a group
Received in revised form scientist in the late 1980's in Japan. The emphasis has been made here, to present the structural char-
1 July 2015
acteristics of FGMs plates/shells under thermo-electro-mechanical loadings under various boundary and
Accepted 20 July 2015
environmental conditions. This paper also provides an overview of different fabrication procedures and
the future research directions which is required to implement these materials in the design and analysis
Keywords: appropriately. The expected outcome of present review can be treated as milestone for future studies in
Functionally graded materials the area of high technology materials and structures, and would be definitely advantageous for the re-
Structural characteristics
searchers, scientists, and designers working in this field.
Thermo-electro-mechanical loading
& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
High technology materials

Contents

1. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
2. Processing techniques of functionally graded materials (FGM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.1. Vapor deposition technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.2. Powder metallurgy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
2.3. Centrifugal casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
2.4. Solid freeform fabrication method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3. Application. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.1. Aerospace. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
3.2. Biomedical application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
3.3. Optoelectronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4
4. Gradation of material properties of FGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.1. Exponential law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
4.2. Power law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
5. Effective material properties (homogenization) of FGMs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.1. MORI–Tanaka scheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
5.2. Voigt model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
6. Structural kinematics of FGM plates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7. Research studies available on functionally graded material . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7.1. Vibration and dynamic response of FGM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
7.2. Bending and stability analysis of FG plates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
8. Conclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

n
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: talha@iitmandi.ac.in (M. Talha).

http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.07.001
0376-0421/& 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Please cite this article as: A. Gupta, M. Talha, Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and
structures, Progress in Aerospace Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.07.001i
2 A. Gupta, M. Talha / Progress in Aerospace Sciences ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
Nomenclature
FGMs functionally graded materials
VDT vapor deposition technique
PM powder metallurgy
CVD chemical vapor deposition
PVD physical vapor deposition
CS centrifugal casting
SFFM solid freeform fabrication method
P(z) Effective material properties
Pt material properties at top surface
Pb material properties at bottom surface
Vf volume fraction
h thickness of the plate
n volume fraction exponent
1. Introduction
Great performance achievements are already well in hand for
the class of materials called composites, in which one type of hybrid
material is functionally graded materials (FGMs). In the last of 20th
century, virtually every facet of the familiar world, from bicycle to
spacecraft, clothing to construction, would be intensely changed by
new class of materials. High performance materials like FGMs also
make possible some of the century's most astonishing technological
achievements in the field of biomedical, optoelectronics, spacecraft,
chemical, mechanical, and other engineering applications.
Functionally graded materials (FGMs) are high performance, mi-
croscopically inhomogeneous materials with engineered gradients of
composition and structure with specific properties in the preferred
orientation [1,2]. Continuous changes in their microstructure, FGMs
make a distinction from other traditional composite materials which
fail through a process called delamination in the extreme mechanical
and thermal loadings [3,4]. The desired mechanical properties of FGMs
i.e. Young's modulus, shear modulus, Poisson's ratio, and material
density can be obtained in a preferred direction through the variation
of volume fractions of the constituent materials spatially. Fig. 1 shows
the variation of material properties in conventional composite and
FGMs. This high technology material provides excellent heat and
corrosion resistance capability, and being able to withstand ultra-high
temperature gradients [2,3]. The very common available FGMs are
ceramic–metal composites, where the ceramic part has good thermal
and corrosion resistance capability and metallic part provides superior
fracture toughness and weldability [5]. A continuously graded micro-
structure with metal/ceramic constituents is represented in Fig. 2.
Gururaja et al. [6] and Howard [7] have found that the FGM can
act as an interface layer to connect two incompatible material to
enhance the bond strength, remove stress concentration, provide
multifunctionality, ability to control deformation, dynamic re-
sponse, wear, corrosion, etc. During the last three decades re-
searchers have regularly demonstrated that FGMs helps to de-
crease in the magnitude of the peak thermal stresses [8–12],
eliminates the stress concentrations at the interface layers and free
edges in laminated composites [13–15]. FGM also improves the
fracture toughness of brittle ceramics by the introduction of a
metallic phase that deforms plastically [16,17].
2. Processing techniques of functionally graded materials
(FGM)
There are several different physical and chemical methods avail-
able for the fabrication of FGMs depending on type of materials,
Please cite this article as: A. Gupta, M. Talha, Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and
structures, Progress in Aerospace Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.07.001i
CLPT classical plate theory
FSDT first order shear deformation theory
SSDT second order shear deformation theory
TSDT third order shear deformation theory
HSDT higher-order shear deformable theory
MLPG meshless local Petrov–Galerkin
IHZZT inverse hyperbolic zigzag theory
FOPT first-order perturbation technique
u,v,w displacement field variables
u0,v0 in-plane displacement of the point on reference plane
w0 transverse displacements of the point on reference
plane
θx,θyφxφy rotations of the normal to the plate's middle surface
PDEs partial differential equations
NURBS non-uniform rational basis spline
DOF degree of Freedom
application and accessible amenities. The processing methods of
FGMs can be classified into two broad categories based on con-
structive processing and mass transport [18,19]. In the first category,
the FGM is constructed layer by-layer starting with an apposite dis-
tribution in which the gradients are literally constructed in space. The
advantage of this technique is to fabricate unrestricted number of
gradients. Meanwhile in the second category the gradients within a
components are depend on natural transport phenomenon such as
the flow of fluid, the diffusion of atomic species, or heat conduction.
However advances in automation technology during the last two
decades have proffer constitutive gradation processes technologically
and economically feasible. The existing and most updated techniques
for fabrication of FGMs is given in details and the overview of pro-
cessing processes is shown in Table 1.
2.1. Vapor deposition technique
There are various types of vapor deposition techniques (VDT)
available which includes, sputter deposition, chemical vapor de-
position (CVD) and physical vapor deposition (PVD), plasma en-
hanced chemical vapor deposition etc. In vapor deposition method
the materials in a vapor state are condensed through condensa-
tion, chemical reaction, or conversion to form a solid material
[18,19]. These processes are used to form coatings to change the
mechanical, electrical, thermal, optical, corrosion resistance, and
wear properties of the substrates. These vapor deposition methods
are used to deposit functionally graded surface coatings that give
excellent microstructure for thin surface coating. Vapor deposition
technique are energy intensive but produce poisonous gases as
their by-products [20].
2.2. Powder metallurgy
Powder metallurgy (PM) technique is used to produce func-
tionally graded material [1,21,22] through four basic steps namely:
powder preparation, weighing and mixing of powder according to
the pre-designed spatial distribution, stacking and ramming of the
premixed-powders (forming operations) and finally compacting
and forming a solid mass of material (sintering) [23]. Several
techniques have been employed for preparation of powder such as
through chemical reactions, electrolytic deposition, grinding, pul-
verization, atomization, centrifugal disintegration, solid-state re-
duction etc. Powder processing method is focused on the precision
in weighing amounts and the dispersion of the mixed powders
which influence the structure properties. The forming operation is
 A. Gupta, M. Talha / Progress in Aerospace Sciences ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
the compaction of powders into a geometric form and pressing is
usually performed at room temperature. The strength of the
pressed, un-sintered part depends on compactability [23]. Sintered
part formed as a mass without the appearance of particle struc-
ture. Some porosity can encounter which can be reduced through
the secondary operations.
2.3. Centrifugal casting
In centrifugal casting (CS) method the gravitational force is
used through spinning of the mold to produce functionally graded
material. This method is exclusively adapted for the production of
cylindrical parts [19]. The molten metal is poured into a spinning
mold and the spinning continued until the metal solidifies. The
principal advantage of the centrifugal casting method is it im-
proves the density of the metal, increases the actual mechanical
properties of the casting by 10–15% and provides a uniform me-
tallurgical structure [24]. The compositional gradient is primarily
achieved by the difference in the centrifugal force produced by the
difference in density between the molten metal and solid particles
[25–28]. It is evident from the literature that there is limit to
which type of gradient can be produced because the gradient is
formed through natural process (centrifugal force and density
difference).
2.4. Solid freeform fabrication method
Solid freeform fabrication method (SFFM) is one of the leading
technologies for producing physical objects directly from the
computer generated information of the parts. The fabrication of
functionally gradient materials is the most remarkable application
of this method because this method thoroughly represents varying
material distribution in the geometry and its ability to control the
internal composition of components [29,30]. Solid freeform is an
additive manufacturing process that overture lots of advantages
that include: higher speed of production, less energy intensive,
maximum material utilization, ability to produce complex shapes
and design [29]. Laser based processes is mostly employed SFF
method in fabrication of functionally graded materials [31].
Fig. 1. Variation of properties in conventional composite and FGMs.
Please cite this article as: A. Gupta, M. Talha, Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and
structures, Progress in Aerospace Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.07.001i
3
3. Application
The interest for applications of FGMs exhibits due to their su-
perior features than those of traditional composite materials. After
more than 30 years of research, applications of FGMs are deliver-
ing in both expected and unexpected ways to benefit the society.
Most benefits of these materials depend on the fact that it can be
tailored according to the requirements, thus greatly extends the
well-used toolkits of materials science. Initially FGMs are used in
aerospace but during the last decades, researchers shows its ap-
plication in other fields, like industrial materials, optoelectronics,
biomaterials, and energy materials as depicted in Fig. 3. FGMs offer
great promise in severe operating and loading conditions.
3.1. Aerospace
As discussed above that the functionally graded materials are a
class of composites that have continuous variation of material
properties from one surface to another. This virtue of gradation in
properties of the material causes in the reduction in thermal
stresses, residual stresses, and stress concentrations [32,33]. Be-
cause the properties change as a smooth function throughout the
thickness of a material, FGMs can provide designers with custo-
mized material response and exceptional performance in thermal
environments. For example, the Space Shuttle utilizes ceramic tiles
as thermal protection from heat generated during reentry into the
Earth's atmosphere. However, these tiles are laminated to the
shuttle's superstructure and are prone to cracking and de-bonding
at the superstructure/tile interface due to sudden change between
thermal expansion coefficients. In other words, the ceramic tile
expands a different amount than the substructure it is protecting.
The difference in expansion causes stress concentrations at the
interface of the tile and superstructure which results in cracking or
de-bonding [34,35]. Fig. 4 shows the stress concentrations found
in conventional thermal protection panels at the tile/super-
structure interface [35]. It also demonstrates how an FGM reacts
against those stress concentrations by gradually changing material
properties through the thickness of the material.
An FGM consists of ceramic on the outer surface and metal on
the inner surface eliminates the abrupt transition between coef-
ficients of thermal expansion, offers thermal/corrosion protection,
and provides load carrying capability.
4 A. Gupta, M. Talha / Progress in Aerospace Sciences ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Fig. 2. Gradation of microstructure with metal–ceramic constituents (i) smoothly graded microstructure (ii) enlarged view and (ii) ceramic–metal FGM [5].

3.2. Biomedical application case of dental implant, FGM is usually composed of a mixture of
titanium and bioactive hydroxyapatite/collagen (HAP/Col) [39–41].
FGMs are getting attention for biomedical applications parti- In the literature, several authors have suggested different material
cularly in dental implant, knee replacement and hip joint re- for dental implantation like Ti/HA [42–44], TiN/HA [45], Ti/SiO2
placement. Dental implants can be functionally graded to craft an [46], HA/ZrO2 [47], Porous FGM [48–51] etc. which are generally in
optimized mechanical behavior and achieve the intended bio- use now a days. Tawakol [52,53] and Tawakol and Bondok [54]
compatibility and osseointegration improvement [36–38]. In the suggested regarding the knee replacement, that the stress dis-
tribution in the tibia tray can be reduced considerably when
benchmark material like CoCrMo and Ti alloy is replaced by FGMs.
Table 1 Bahraminasab et al. [55,56] investigated advantages of FGMs over
Overview of processing processes [6,24]. other material like titanium alloys, stainless steel or cobalt chro-
Sr no. Process Variability Versatility Type of Versatility in
mium molybdenum (CoCrMo) and concluded that using FGMs
of transition in phase FGM component results reduction in stress developed in the neighboring part of
function content geometry tibia tray. FGMs is also using in the artificial hip joint replacement
[57–59]. Jassir et al. [59] suggested that using FGMs instead of
1. Powder stacking Very good Very good Bulk Moderate
CoCrMo and Ti alloy results reduction in stress in bone cement and
2. Sheet lamination Very good Very good Bulk Moderate
3. Wet powder Very good Very good Bulk Moderate stem which is the main parts of total hip replacement.
spraying
4. Slurry dipping Very good Very good Coating Good 3.3. Optoelectronics
5. Jet solidification Very good Very good Bulk Very good
6. PVD, CVD Very good Very good Coating Moderate
7. GMFC process Very good Moderate Bulk Good In the literature some of possible applications of functionally
8. Filteration/slip Very good Very good Bulk Good graded material for optoelectronic devices, such as p–i–n diodes,
casting hetero-junction photodetectors and lasers are available [60,61].
9. Laser cladding Very good Very good Bulk, Very good
The theoretical investigation demonstrates that devices with FGM
coating
10. Thermal spraying Very good Very good Bulk, Good active region would have superior characteristics compared with
coating orthodox constructions. For example, the modulation of refractive
11. Sedimentation Good Very good Bulk Poor index can be obtained in such components through the change in
12. Diffusion Moderate Very good Join Good
material composition. Another possibility is to apply concept of
bulk
13. Directed Moderate Moderate Bulk Poor
gradation in semiconductor active devices. In semiconductors the
solidification material function can describe energetic band-gap, refractive in-
14. Electrochemical Moderate Good Bulk Good dex, carrier concentration, carrier mobility, diffusion length, built-
gradation in electric field and other property which influence the parameters
15. Foaming of Moderate Good Bulk Good
polmyer
of optoelectronic devices. Functionally graded materials are per-
spective materials for modern optoelectronic devices, such as low

Please cite this article as: A. Gupta, M. Talha, Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and
structures, Progress in Aerospace Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.07.001i
 A. Gupta, M. Talha / Progress in Aerospace Sciences ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
threshold current edge lasers (GRINSCH) [62–64] and tuneable
photodetectors. Graded layers can be also used as buffers in het-
eroepitaxy of nitrides. In future it is expected to have some more
application in this particular field in realistic manner.
Other areas of application are: cutting tool insert coating, au-
tomobile engine components like (SiC–SiC) combustion chambers,
(AlSiC), engine cylinder liners, (SiCw/Al-alloy), nuclear reactor
components, turbine blade, heat exchanger, tribology, sensors, fire
retardant doors, high-efficient photodetector and solar cells,
pressure vessels, fuel tanks, cutting tool inserts, wind turbine
blades, firefighting air bottles, MRI scanner cryogenic tubes, X-ray
tables, racing car brakes, (SiCp/AI-alloy) etc. [65–67]. The list is
endless and more application is springing up as the processing
technology, cost of production and properties of FGM improve
[68].
4. Gradation of material properties of FGM
In the literature, many researchers have adopted several
Fig. 3. Applications of FGM in various fields.
Fig. 4. Thermal protection of conventional material and FGM [35].
Please cite this article as: A. Gupta, M. Talha, Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and
structures, Progress in Aerospace Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.07.001i
5
methodologies to obtain the gradation in properties of FGM. Al-
though researchers considered that the Young's moduli can follow
the power-law functions, exponential functions or sigmoid func-
tions in the thickness direction.
4.1. Exponential law
This law is generally adopted by the researches when they deal
with the fracture mechanics problems [69,70]. According to this
law the material property in P(z) in a specific direction is given by
( h1 )(ln )(z+ h2 )
P (z ) = Pt e
Pb
Pt (1)
4.2. Power law
It is observed from the open literature that this particular
power law behavior is well recognized among the researchers [71].
If FGM plate of uniform thickness ‘h’ is used for the analysis then
according to this law, the material properties P(z) in a specific
direction (along ‘z’) can be determined by
P (z ) = (Pt − P b ) Vf + P b (2)
It is noteworthy that material properties are dependent on the
volume fraction ‘Vf’ of FGM which follows the power law as
Vf = (z/h + 1/2)n (3)
where 'n' is the volume fraction exponent. Suffix ‘t’ and ‘b’ re-
presents the top and bottom surface of the plate respectively. The
power law exponent ‘n’ can vary from ‘0’ to ‘1’ which show the
transition of material from fully ceramic to fully metal phase,
respectively.
Power-law function and exponential function are generally
used to describe the gradation of material properties of FGMs but
in both power-law and exponential functions, the stress con-
centrations appear in one of the interfaces in which the material is
continuous but rapidly changing. To overcome this problem,
Chung and Chi [72] suggested another law called Sigmoid law,
which is the combination of two power-law functions. This law in
not independent law, it has two symmetric FGM layers with
power-law distribution. Chi and Chung [73,74] also proposed that
the use of a sigmoid law the stress intensity factors of a cracked
body can be reduced up to certain extend. According to this law,
the two power law functions are defined by
6 A. Gupta, M. Talha / Progress in Aerospace Sciences ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

⎛ h − z ⎞p follow a simple power law as

h
f1 (z ) = 1 − (0. 5) ⎜ 2 h ⎟ 0 ≤ z ≤ ⎛ 2Z + h ⎞n
⎜ ⎟ 2
⎝ 2 ⎠ (4) Vm = ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 2h ⎠ (11)

where ‘n’ is the volume fraction index and takes only positive
⎛ h + z ⎞p values then different effective properties can be given as
h
f2 (z ) = 1 − (0. 5) ⎜ 2 h ⎟ − ≤z≤0
⎜ ⎟ 2 ⎛ 2Z + h ⎞n
⎝ 2 ⎠ (5) Ef (Z , T )=[Eb (T ) − Et (T )] ⎜ ⎟ + Et (T )
⎝ 2h ⎠ (14)

5. Effective material properties (homogenization) of FGMs ⎛ 2Z + h ⎞n

αf (Z , T )=[α b (T ) − αt (T )] ⎜ ⎟ + αt (T )
⎝ 2h ⎠ (15)
The effective properties of macroscopic homogeneous compo-
site materials can be derived from the microscopic heterogeneous
material structures using homogenization techniques. Several ⎛ 2Z + h ⎞n
models like rules of mixture (Voigt Scheme), Hashin–Shtrikman Kf (Z , T )=[Kb (T ) − Kt (T )] ⎜ ⎟ + Kt (T )
⎝ 2h ⎠ (16)
type bounds, Mori–Tanaka type models, and self-consistent
schemes are available in literature for determination of the bounds
of the effective properties [75]. Voigt scheme and Mori–Tanaka
⎛ 2Z + h ⎞n
schemes are generally adopted in analysis of functionally graded νf (Z , T )=[ν b (T ) − νt (T )] ⎜ ⎟ + νt (T )
material plate and structure by the researchers. ⎝ 2h ⎠ (17)

Shen et al. [78] compared the frequencies of simply supported

5.1. MORI–Tanaka scheme functionally graded Si/SUS304 square plate with different values of
volume fraction index in thermal environment using Mori–Tanaka
Mori and Tanaka [76] formulated a method to calculate the and Voigt models. They found that the difference of frequencies
average internal stress in the matrix of a material which has been based on these two models varies from 0.3% to 0.98% which is very
again reformulated by Benveniste [77] for the application in less. Huang et al. [81] also compared Mori–Tanaka and Voigt
composite material. Such method works well for composites with
models through the vibration analysis of cantilever square plate of
discontinuous particulate phase regions of the graded micro-
Al/Al2O3 plate.They also observed that the maximum difference in
structure. According to the Mori–Tanaka scheme [78], the effective
natural frequencies using both the model is approximately 6%
Young's modulus Ef and Poisson's ratio νf can be expressed by
when width to thickness ration is taken as 5. It is well known that
9Kf G f Voigt model is simple as comparison to Mori–Tanaka and it also
Ef =
3Kf + G f (6) takes less computation time. So in the light of above discussion, it
can be observed that the Voigt model is acceptable to predict the
overall response of FGM plate and structure.
9Kf − 2G f
νf =
6Kf + 2G f ) (7)
6. Structural kinematics of FGM plates
The thermal expansion coefficient αf and thermal conductivity
Kf may be expressed by
The analysis of composite structures is one of the most pro-
1
−
1 mising research fields of the last decades. Accurate structural and
αf (Z , T ) − αc (T ) Kf (Z , T ) K c (T )
= 1 1
dynamic analyses are required to design various structural parts of
αm (T ) − αc (T ) −
Km (T ) K c (T ) (8) aerospace, mechanical, naval as well as civil constructions to find
the behavior of the structural response in real time. Various plate
theories have been developed by the researchers to analyze the
Kf (Z , T ) − Kc (T ) Vm (Z ) composite plates and shells. The classical plate theory and shear
= K ( T ) − K (T )
Km (T ) − Kc (T ) 1 + [1 − Vm (Z ) ] m 3K (T )c deformation plate theories are well-known categorization of plate
c (9)
theories. Transverse shear stress components are neglected in the
classical plate theory [82,83], where it is included in the shear
5.2. Voigt model deformation theories [84–99]. Fig. 5 shows the analysis of FGM
structures reported in the literature. Various theories developed
Voigt model has been adopted in most analyses of FGM by the researchers are provided in Table 2 in order to provide a
structures [79]. The advantage of Voigt method is that it is easy to glimpse of some existing plate/shell theories. Moreover, the
calculate and can be considered as the upper and lower bounds for available theories are endless, and are not provided for the sake of
the effective elastic properties of a heterogeneous material [80]. conciseness.
The effective material properties Pf, like Young's modulus Ef,
Poisson' ratio νf , thermal expansion coefficient αf, and thermal
conductivity Kf may be expressed as [78] 7. Research studies available on functionally graded material
Pf = Pt Vc + P b Vm (10)
7.1. Vibration and dynamic response of FGM
where Pt and Pb denoted the temperature-dependent proper-
ties of the top and bottom surfaces of the plate, respectively. Vm An ample number of studies on the free and forced vibration
and Vc and are the metal and ceramic volume fractions which can for FGM plates with or without initial thermal and/or mechanical
be expressed by Vc þVm ¼ 1. If volume fraction Vm is assumed to be in-plane loads have been reported in the literature during the last

Please cite this article as: A. Gupta, M. Talha, Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and
structures, Progress in Aerospace Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.07.001i
 A. Gupta, M. Talha / Progress in Aerospace Sciences ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
Fig. 5. Recent english language refereed journal publications related to FGMs. Data
collected from web based information service.
decades. Cheng and Kitipornchai [100] used classical plate theory
(CPT) and first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT), to in-
vestigate the buckling and vibration behavior of FGM plates via
analogy with membrane vibrations. Ng et al. [101] have in-
vestigated the parametric resonance of plates using Hamilton
principle. He et al. [102] reported the finite element formulation
based on thin plate theory to control the shape and vibration of
FGM plate with integrated piezoelectric sensors and actuators
under mechanical load. Three-dimensional vibration analyses for
FGM rectangular plates were developed by Reddy and Cheng [103]
using an asymptotic formulation and transfer matrix method. Yang
and Shen [104] studied the dynamic response of FGMs Plate sub-
jected to impulsive lateral loads combined with initial in-plane
actions in a thermal environment. Kim [105] used Rayleigh–Ritz
method based on the third-order shear deformation plate theory
to investigate the vibration characteristics of initially stressed FG
rectangular plates in thermal environment.
Ferreira et al. [106] employed meshless methods to investigate
natural frequencies of functionally graded plates. The free vibra-
tion of FGM plates with different boundary conditions are reported
by Roque et al. [107] who utilized the multiquadric radial basis
function method and HSDT. Li et al. [108] used the three-dimen-
sional elasticity theory along with the Ritz method to generate the
natural frequencies of temperature-dependent FG rectangular
plates. Natarajan et al. [109] investigated the linear free flexural
vibration of cracked FG plates under severe thermal environment.
Higher-order shear and normal deformable plate theory to analyze
the vibrations characteristics of functionally graded rectangular
plates on an elastic foundation has been given by Sheikholeslami
and Saidi [110]. Small and large amplitude vibration analyses of
functionally graded plate resting on Pasternak type elastic foun-
dation in thermal environment using Voigt and Mori–Tanaka
schemes based on higher order theory was carried out by Shen
and Wang [78].
Thai and Vo [111] showed a new sinusoidal shear deformation
theory for bending, buckling and vibration of functionally graded
plates. Neves et al. [112] used meshless technique and higher order
shear deformation theory to investigate static, free vibration and
buckling analyses of isotropic and sandwich functionally graded
plates. Thai et al. [113] used a new first-order shear deformation
theory to study the free vibration, bending and buckling of sand-
wich plate with homogenous core and functionally graded face-
sheets under various boundary conditions.
Cheng and Batra [114] used Reddy's third order plate theory to
investigate the dynamic response of functionally gradient isotropic
Please cite this article as: A. Gupta, M. Talha, Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and
structures, Progress in Aerospace Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.07.001i
7
plate under uniform in-plane hydrostatic loading. Author carried
out comparative study of different theories like CLPT, FSDT and
HSDT to perform dynamic analysis of simple supported plate with
the consideration of rotary inertia.
Yang and Shen [115] investigate the dynamic response of pre-
stressed FGM plates subjected to impulsive lateral loading with
different boundary conditions. Young's modulus of FGM plate is
assumed to be temperature-dependent, and graded in the thick-
ness direction according to a simple power law distribution in
terms of the volume fractions of the constituents. Effects of dif-
ferent parameter like constituent volume fraction index, founda-
tion stiffness, plate aspect ratio, the shape and duration of im-
pulsive load, on the dynamic response of FGM plates are in-
vestigated. In the continuation author investigated [116] the in-
fluence of same parameters on initially stressed functionally gra-
ded plates in thermal environment using different boundary
conditions.
Shen [117] used higher order shear deformation shell theory to
investigate the vibration response of shear deformable FGM cy-
lindrical shell embedded by Pasternak foundation elastic medium.
Voigt and Mori–Tanaka schemes are used to determine the effec-
tive material properties. Author found that the vibration response
is greatly influenced by the different shell theories and solution
methodologies adopted to have the solution but it is least affected
by the different micromechanics models (Voigt and Mori–Tanaka)
used.
Vel and Batra [118] formulated the exact solution of the dy-
namic analysis of functionally graded material and validated with
the available theories for the effective implementation of for-
mulated solution in thick as well as thin FGM plate. They have
found the compatibility of exact solution with the existing theories
(CLPT, FSDT and TSDT) through the comparison in exact natural
frequencies, displacements and stresses.
Sundararajan et al. [119] investigated the effect of various
parameters like gradient index, temperature, thickness and aspect
ratios, and skew angle on the dynamic characteristic of FGM plate
under thermal environment. Lagrange's equation of motion is used
to formulate the nonlinear governing equations and solution has
been done through finite element method and direct iteration
technique. Woo et al. [120] studied the effect of material proper-
ties, boundary conditions and thermal loading on the dynamic
behavior of the plates. Mathematical modeling is done using von
Karman theory. Huang and Shen [121] investigated the effects of
temperature change, voltage and volume fraction distribution on
the nonlinear vibration and dynamic response of FGM plate under
thermo-electro loading. They used HSDT and general von Karman
equation to formulate governing equations with thermo-piezo-
electric effects. It is found that the natural frequencies decreases
with increases the volume fraction index, temperature change and
control voltage.
Kitipornchai et al. [122] investigated the influence of different
mechanical properties like Young's modulus, Poisson ratio, ther-
mal loading, different boundary conditions, side-to-thickness ra-
tio, and plate aspect ratio on the dynamic characteristics of FGM
plate. Allahverdizadeh et al. [123] used semi-analytical approach
to analyze nonlinear free and forced vibration of a FGM plate of
constant thickness. Generalize solution is done by assumed-time-
mode method and Kantorovich time averaging technique. The ef-
fect of vibration amplitude, variation of Poisson's ratio and volume
fraction index on the vibration characteristic is found in the study.
Nie and Zhong [124] studied dynamic response of FGM plate using
3D elasticity theory with different boundary conditions.
Matsunaga [125] incorporated the effects of transverse shear,
normal deformations and rotary inertia during the analysis of
natural frequency of FGM plates. Fares et al. [126] presented a
unified theory incorporating the transverse normal strain and
8 A. Gupta, M. Talha / Progress in Aerospace Sciences ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎

Table 2
Different shear deformation theories reported by the researchers.

Sr. no. Theory Field variable Specific concern

Classical first and second order plate theory

1. Classical plate theory u (xo,yo , z ) = uo (xo, yo ) − z (∂wo/∂x ) No transverse shear strain compo-
(CLPT) (Kirchoff theory) v (xo,yo , z ) = vo (xo, yo ) − z (∂wo/∂y ) nents are involved in CLPT
[82,83] z (xo,yo , z ) = zo (xo, yo )
2. Reissner–Mindlin plate u (xo, yo , z ) = uo (xo, yo ) − zθx This theory considered the effects of
theory (first order shear v (xo, yo , z ) = vo (xo, yo ) − zθ y a constant transverse shear stress
deformation theory w (xo, yo , z ) = wo (xo, yo ) state and else hypotheses are
(FSDT) [84–86] maintained as in CLPT
3. Refined nonlinear theory u1 (x, y, z , t ) = u (x, y, t ) + zψ (x, y, t ) + z2ξx (x, y, t ) + z 3ζx (x, y, t ) This theory accounts for parabolic
x
of plates [87] distribution of the transverse shear
u2 (x, y, z , t ) = v (x, y, t ) + zψy (x, y, t ) + z2ξy (x, y, t ) + z 3ζy (x, y, t )
strains through the thickness of the
u3 (x, y, t ) = w (x, y, t ) plate
4. Second order shear de- u1 = u + x3 ϕ1 + x32 ϕ2 All displacement field components
formation theory (SSDT) are considered as a smooth func-
u2 = v + x3 ψ1 + x32 ψ 2
[88] tions of position and time
u3 = w
Higher order plate theory
5. Third order shear de-
formation theory [89]
u = u0 + zϕx − z2 ( ) − z ⎡⎣⎢C (
1 ∂ϕz
2 ∂x
3
1
∂w0
∂x
+ ϕx +) 1 ∂ϕz ⎤
3 ∂x ⎦⎥
It accounts the quadratic
variation of transverse shear

v = v0 + zϕy −z ( ) − z ⎡⎢⎣C (
2 1 ∂ϕz
2 ∂x
3
1
∂w0
∂y )
+ ϕy +
1 ∂ϕz ⎤
3 ∂y ⎥⎦
strains, there is no need to
use shear correction
w = w0 + zϕx + z2ϕz
4
C1 = , u0 = u (x, y, 0, t ), v0 = v (x, y, 0, t ), w0 = w (x, y, 0, t )
3h2
6. Higher-order shear u (x, y, z , t ) = zθx (x, y, t ) + z 3θx* (x, y, t ) Displacement field contains
deformable theory 5 degree of freedom per node
v (x, y, z , t ) = zθ y (x, y, t ) + z 3θy* (x, y, t )
(HSDT5) [90]
w (x, y, z , t ) = w0 (x, y, t )
7. Higher-order shear u (x, y, z , t ) = zθx (x, y, t ) + z 3θx* (x. y, t ) Displacement field contains
deformable theory 6 degree of freedom per
v (x, y, z , t ) = zθ y (x, y, t ) + z 3θy* (x, y, t )
(HSDT6) [90] node.
w (x, y, z , t ) = w0 (x, y, t ) + z2w0* (x, y, t )
8. Higher-order shear u (x, y, z , t ) = u0 (x, y, t ) + zθx (x, y, t ) + z 3θx* (x. y, t ) Displacement field contains
deformable theory 7 degree of freedom per
v (x, y, z , t ) = v0 (x, y, t ) + zθ y (x, y, t ) + z 3θy* (x, y, t )
(HSDT7) [90] node.
w (x, y, z , t ) = w0 (x, y, t )
9. Higher-order shear u (x, y, z , t ) = u0 (x, y, t ) + zθx (x, y, t ) + z2u0* (x, y, t ) + z 3θx* (x. y, t ) Displacement field contains
deformable theory 9 degree of freedom per node
v (x, y, z , t ) = v0 (x, y, t ) + zθ y (x, y, t ) + z2v0* (x, y, t ) + z 3θ y (x, y, t )
(HSDT9) [90]
w (x, y, z , t ) = w0 (x, y, t )
10. Higher-order shear u (x, y, z , t ) = u0 (x, y, t ) + zθx (x, y, t ) + z2u0* (x, y, t ) + z 3θx* (x. y, t ) Displacement field contains
deformable theory 11 degree of freedom per
v (x, y, z , t ) = v0 (x, y, t ) + zθ y (x, y, t ) + z2v0* (x, y, t ) + z 3θ y (x, y, t )
(HSDT11) [90] node
w (x, y, z , t ) = w0 (x, y, t ) + zθz (x, y, t ) + z2w0* (x, y, t )
Modification in plate theories
11. Refinement of higher- U (x, y, z ) = − zWx − pu + ∑kN−=11 ϕx [p − p (zk ) ] H (z − zk ) Piecewise displacement considered
order laminated plate in this theory to incorporate the
theories [91] V (x, y, z ) = − zWy − pv + ∑kN−=11 ψk [p − p (zk ) ] H (z − zk ) transverse shear stress continuity
W (x, y, z ) = W + qw
U , V (x , y , − z ) = − U , V ( x , y , z ) w ( x , y , − z ) = w ( x , y , z )
( )
p = p (z ) = z − z 3/3h2 q = q (z ) = 1 − z2/h2 ( )
12. Simpi refined plate ∂wb ⎡1 5 z 3⎤ ∂ws Theory resembled with CPT with
theory[92]
u= −z
∂x
+ h⎢
⎣4
z
( )− ( )
h
⎥
3 h ⎦ ∂x one of its variant but gives far better
⎡1 ⎤ results as comparison of CLPT and
∂wb 5 z 3 ∂ws
v= −z
∂y
+ h⎢
⎣4
z
( ) − ( ) ⎥⎦
h 3 h ∂y FSDT
w = wb + ws
13. Refined first-order s (x1, x2, z ) = u (x1, x2 ) + zφ (x1, x2 ) Shear stress follows a quadratic
shear deformation s2 (x1, x2, z ) = w (x1, x2 ) function along the thickness and do
theory models for s1 u1 φ1 not require the use of shear correc-
composite laminates s= {} {} { }
s2
u=
u2
φ= φ
2 tion factors
[93]
14. Generalized shear de- ux (x, y, z , t ) = u − z ∂ x w + h sin (πz¯ ) φx , Transversal shearing strain has also
formation theory [94– uy (x, y, z , t ) = v − z ∂ yw + h sin (πz¯ ) φy , incorporated in the theory so no
96] transversal shear correction factors
uz (x, y, z , t ) = w,
required
15. Modified higher-order u¯ = uo + f1 (z ) ψx + f2 (z ) αx + f3 (z ) βx + f4 (z ) θx Theory used 13 DOF per node to
shear deformation v¯ = v0 + f1 (z ) ψy + f2 (z ) αy + f3 (z ) βy + f4 (z ) θ y accommodate the transverse shear
theory [97] stress and more accurate results
w
¯ = w0 + f5 (z ) ψz + f6 (z ) αz
where f1 (z ) = C1z − C2 Z3, f2 (z ) = − C3 z2f3 (z ) = − C4 z 3, f4 (z )
4 1 1
= − C5 z 3, f5 = C1z , f6 = C1z2, C1 = 1, C2 = C4 = , C3 = , C5 = and ξz = αz
3h2 2 3
16. Inverse hyperbolic ⎡⎣z − z u ⎤⎦ H z − z u ∝i + ∑l − i ⎡z − z l ⎤ H −z + z l Considers an inverse hyperbolic
zigzag theory (IHZZT)
U (x , y , z ) = u (x , y ) − z
∂w
∂x
+ ∑ui =−1i i ( i )
xu j=1 ⎣ j⎦ (
j ) function as shear strain shape
[98] j
∝xl + ⎡⎣g (z ) + Ω kz ⎤⎦ βx function, which represents the non-

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 A. Gupta, M. Talha / Progress in Aerospace Sciences ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
Table 2 (continued )
Sr. no. Theory Field variable
∂w
V ( x , y , z ) = v (x , y ) − z
∂y
j
∝ yl + ⎡⎣g (z ) + Ω kz ⎤⎦ βy
w (x , y , z ) = w (x , y , )
17. Secant function based
shear deformation
theory [99]
u (x , y , z ) = u 0 (x , y ) − z
v (x, y, z ) = v0 (x, y ) − z
w (x, y, z ) = w0 (x, y )
stress with the boundary conditions at both the surfaces of the
plates without considering shear correction factor.
Malekzadeh and Beni [127] carried out the study of the free
vibration of FGM plate with certain boundary condition under
thermal environment based on the FSDT. They have solved the
governing equation through the spatial derivatives by using the
differential quadrature method. Hashemi et al. [128] emphasized
on the study of free vibration of FGM Plate which is supported on
the Winkler or Pasternak elastic foundations under several
boundary conditions. They proposed a new formula for shear
correction factors to investigate the effect of foundation stiffness
parameters on the free vibration of the FG plates with the con-
sideration of aspect ratios, gradient indices, and thickness to
length ratios under certain boundary conditions exposed to the
plate. In the same line author [129] used Reissner–Mindlin plate
theory to analyze the free vibration FGM plates with different
boundary condition. They introduced some new potential and
auxiliary functions for the formulation of displacement fields of
plates and to find the natural frequency of the plate.
Xiang et al. [130] obtained an n-order model for FGM plate in
which n-order polynomial is used to characterize the displace-
ment field. They calculated the natural frequencies of the FGM
plate with different side-to-thickness ratios, material properties
and compared with the existing theory to validate the results.
Talha and Singh [131] modified in transverse displacement in
the consideration of HSDT to investigate the vibration response of
FGM plates. Author employed a continuous isoperimetric La-
grangian finite element to solve the governing equations. They
observed that the natural frequency parameter increases with
plate aspect ratio, lower volume fraction index n and smaller
thickness ratios. Author further continued [132–134] the study for
different boundary conditions and find out the effects of different
parameters like volume fraction, thickness ratio etc. on the large
flexural amplitude of vibration of FGM material.
Zhu and Liew [135] presented a meshless method to investigate
the vibration analysis of FGM plate under thermal loading. Author
assumed the material properties to be temperature-dependent
and have continuous function along the thickness direction of
plate. Natarajan and Manickam [136] used shear flexible element
based on higher order structural theory to investigate the vibra-
tion characteristics of FGM plate which also incorporate the ra-
tional variation of the displacements along the thickness and ro-
tary inertia. Jha et al. [137] analyzed the free vibration response of
FGM plate with different boundary conditions using higher order
shear/shear-normal deformations theories (HOSTs/HOSNTs). They
observed that there is a decrement in natural frequencies when
material gradient index as well as side-to-thickness ratios in-
creases. Ungbhakorn and Wattanasakulpong [138] used energy
method to investigate the vibration response of FGM plate under
thermo-elastic loading condition. The effect of plate thickness
Please cite this article as: A. Gupta, M. Talha, Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and
structures, Progress in Aerospace Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.07.001i
9
Specific concern
+ ∑ui =−1i ⎡⎣z − ziu ⎤⎦ H z − ziu ∝iyu + ∑lj−=i1 ⎡⎣z − z lj ⎤⎦ H −z + z lj
( ) linear distribution of in-plane dis-
( ) placement across the thickness
⎡ ⎤ The displacement field satisfies the
∂w0 ⎢ sec (r / 2) ⎥ zero transverse shear conditions
∂x
+ ⎢z sec
⎢
rz
( )−z
h ⎛ r ⎛ r ⎞⎞ ⎥ x
⎜1 + tan ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
θ (x , y)
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ ⎦
⎡ ⎤
∂w0 ⎢ sec (r / 2) ⎥
∂x
+ ⎢z sec
⎢
rz
( )−z
h ⎛ r ⎛ r ⎞⎞ ⎥ y
⎜1 + tan ⎜ ⎟ ⎟ ⎥
θ (x , y)
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ ⎦
ratios, plate aspect ratios, the power law index, material properties
and shear deformation on the dynamic characteristics of FGM
plate has been carried out in this paper.
Akavci [139] considered the effect of transverse shear de-
formations during the vibration response of FGM plate resting on
Pasternak type elastic foundation. They assumed the material
properties of the plate to be varying as a smooth function along
the thickness direction by simple power law distribution in terms
of the volume fractions of the constituents. Hamilton's principle is
used to formulate the governing equations based on higher order
hyperbolic shear deformation theory. Pandey and Pradyumna
[140] studied the vibration response of FGM plate with different
thermal environment.
7.2. Bending and stability analysis of FG plates
Birman [141] took first step to investigate the buckling behavior
of functionally graded hybrid composite plates. Feldman and
Aboudi [142] optimized the buckling load for FGM plate with
different boundary condition under in-plane compressive loadings
with gradient material properties being the function of spatial
coordinates. Reddy and Chin [143] emphasized on the thermo-
elastic analysis of functionally graded cylinders and plates. Reddy
et al. [144] formulated the relationship between the classical plate
theory and the first-order plate theory for the bending behavior of
functionally graded circular plates. Reddy [145] further used HSDT
to develop the finite element model for linear and nonlinear
thermo-mechanical bending response of FGM plates. Singh et al.
[146–148] investigated the post-buckling and vibration response
of laminated composite plate with or without elastic foundation
using HSDT. Vel and Batra [149] used finite element method to get
an exact solution for the thermo-elastic deformation of function-
ally graded thick plate exposed to thermo-mechanical loadings.
Liew et al. [150] emphasized on postbuckling and thermal post-
buckling behavior of FGM plates with two opposite edges fixed
and with surface-bonded piezoelectric actuators. Najafizadeh and
Eslami [151] used classical plate theory (CLPT) to investigate the
buckling behavior of clamped and simply supported circular FGM
plate. Onkar et al. [152,153] presented the generalized buckling of
laminated composite plate with random material properties using
classical plate theory (CLPT) combined with First order shear de-
formation theory (FSDT). Samsamshariat et al. [154] studied
buckling behavior of FGM plates under uniaxial compression and
biaxial compression and tension, using CLPT and HSDT. Lee et al.
[155] employed Ritz method to perform the postbuckling analysis
for functionally graded plates under thermo-mechanical loading.
Thai and Choi [156] presented a refined theory for buckling ana-
lysis of functionally graded plates under uniaxial and biaxial
compressions.
Aydogdu [157] investigated the flatness conditions of a FGM
10 A. Gupta, M. Talha / Progress in Aerospace Sciences ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
plate during pre-buckling stage. He found that bending moment is
necessary on FGM plate to keep the simply supported plate flat
under in-plane loading. The bifurcation buckling does not exist
due to the stretching/bending coupling effect, and the bifurcation
solutions for FGM rectangular plates with simply supported
boundary conditions subjected to in-plane uniaxial or biaxial
compression or uniform temperature rise are physically incorrect.
Author also claimed that this condition is also applicable in the
shear deformation plate theories when studying bifurcation
buckling of FGM plates.
Uymaz and Aydogdu [158] used the linear strain energy con-
cept and Ritz method to investigate the mechanical buckling of
rectangular transversely graded plates under biaxial loads. In the
following discussion,an efforts has been made to incorporate some
of the studies which has been carried out to get the stability
analysis under several loading condition like thermal, electro-
mechanical since over the decades. Praveen and Reddy [159] used
FSDT to investigate the thermo-elastic behavior of functionally
graded (FG) rectangular plates. Reddy [160] further used TSDT
plate theory to investigate the effect of the material distribution on
the deflections and transverse stresses, and it is concluded that the
response of the FGM plates is greatly influenced by the gradients
in material properties.
Shen [161] used HSDT to formulate the basis of post-buckling
analysis of shear-deformable composite plate under the axial and
thermal loads. The perturbation technique is applied to determine
the buckling loads and the post-buckling equilibrium paths. Au-
thor continued his study [162] to investigate of buckling and
postbukling effect of rectangular Reissner–Mindlin plate subjected
to biaxial compression combined with a transverse central patch
load and resting on a Pasternak-type elastic foundation. Galerkin-
perturbation technique is used to find the characteristics of
buckling and postbuckling. It is concluded that the bucking be-
havior of plate is strictly influenced by foundation stiffness,
transverse shear deformation, plate aspect ratio, and initial lateral
pressure.
Mian and Spencer [163] proposed a set of exact solutions of the
3D elasticity equations for traction-free rectangular and circular
isotropic FG plate. They developed an exact 3D solution for a thick
plate based on 2D classical equations for stretching and bending of
similar plate. Ootao and Tanigawa [164] considered partial heat
supply in a transient state to investigate the three-dimensional
thermal stress on FGMs plate. Cheng and Batra [165] established
an exact relationship between the deflection of a simply supported
FG polygonal plate given by the FSDT and TSDT to that of an
equivalent homogeneous Kirchhoff plate. The effective material
properties are governed by the rule of mixture, and the volume
fraction of the ceramic phase to follow a power law distribution
through plate thickness.
Woo and Meguid [166] computationally studied the nonlinear
deformations based on the von Karman classical nonlinear plate
theory of thin FG plates and shallow shells. Deflection, stress and
bending moment is calculated with the different boundary con-
ditions of FGM plate and shell under transverse thermo-mechan-
ical loading.
Vel and Batra [167] presented an exact solution for three-di-
mensional deformations of a simply supported functionally graded
rectangular plate subjected to thermo-mechanical loads. Power
series method is used to find the solution of governing equation
with different thermal and structural boundary conditions.
Yang and Shen [168] used semi-analytical approach to in-
vestigate large deflection and postbuckling responses of func-
tionally graded rectangular plates under transverse and in-plane
loads. Zhong and Shang [169] used state space approach to get the
equation of functionally gradient piezoelectric material. An exact
3D solution of the plate with electro-elastic field coupling is
Please cite this article as: A. Gupta, M. Talha, Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and
structures, Progress in Aerospace Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.07.001i
developed under electro-mechanical loading.
Ma and Wang [170] considered classical nonlinear von Karman
plate theory to get the structural response of FGM plate under
thermo-mechanical loading. The influence of material constants
and boundary conditions on the temperature distribution, non-
linear bending, critical buckling temperature and thermal post-
buckling behavior of the FGM plate are observed.
Wu [171] used FSDT to derive an equilibrium and stability
equations for a moderately thick rectangular FGMs plate under
thermal loading. The influences of the plate aspect ratio, relative
thickness, gradient index and the transverse shear on buckling
temperature are discussed in the study. It is concluded that the
critical buckling temperature differences is greatly influenced by
Transverse shear deformation for thick plate.
Kashtalyan [172] used Plevako general solution [173] to present
3D elasticity solution for FGMs plate under transverse loading. The
mechanical properties of the plate are assumed to follow ex-
ponential law through the thickness, and the Poisson's ratio is
assumed to be constant.
Qian et al. [174] used meshless local Petrov–Galerkin (MLPG)
method to analyze plane strain thermo-elastic deformations of a
simply supported FGMs plate. The plate material is considered to
be made of two isotropic randomly distributed constituents. Dis-
placements and stresses computed with the MLPG method shows
close proximity with the analytical solution of the problem.
Abrate [175] assumed the properties of FGMs are temperature
dependent, Poisson's ratio is constant and effective properties of
graded material are assumed to follow the rule of mixtures. During
his study, he suggested that if the reference surface is chosen in
such a way that the bending–stretching coupling does not exist
and keeping all the other parameters same, the static deflections,
critical buckling load parameter and natural frequencies of FG
plates are always proportional to those of homogeneous isotropic
plates and that the proportionality constant can be easily be pre-
dicted. Author also did the comparative study of the present re-
sults with the published data by several researchers who used
CLPT and FSDT.
Shen et al. [176] used HSDT to get the thermal postbuckling
response of FGMs plate under in-plane non-uniform parabolic
temperature distribution and heat conduction type of thermal
loading. They also considered initial geometric imperfection of the
plate. In the continuation [177,178] author investigate the non-
linear thermal bending response of shear deformable FGMs plate
with piezoelectric actuators under thermal and electrical loads.
Shen [179] investigated the postbuckling behavior of a shear
deformable FGM cylindrical shell surrounded by tensionless Pas-
ternak foundation and exposed to axial compressive loads in
thermal environments. He used HSDT with von Karman–Donnell-
type of kinematic nonlinearity. Author used perturbation techni-
que to get the post-buckling response of initially geometric im-
perfect shell. He found that the postbuckling behavior of FGM shell
is greatly influenced by the volume fraction distribution; tem-
perature field and shell initial geometric imperfections.
Huang et al. [180] suggested an exact 3D elasticity solution of
FGMs plates resting on the Winkler–Pasternak elastic foundation.
The state space method is used to solve the governing PDEs. Alla
et al. [181] suggested that ZrO2/6061–T6/Ti–6Al–4V 2D–FGM has
great capability to withstand in sever thermal loading condition
without fracture or plastic deformation. An elastic plastic stress–
strain relation based on the rule of mixture of the 2D-FGM is
formulated to investigate the behavior of FGM under transient
boundary conditions. Zenkour [182] investigated the effect of
moisture concentration and thermal loading on the structural re-
sponse of FGMs. They assumed elastic coefficients, thermal coef-
ficient and moisture expansion coefficient of the plate as a smooth
function along the thickness direction. It is also observed that
 A. Gupta, M. Talha / Progress in Aerospace Sciences ∎ (∎∎∎∎) ∎∎∎–∎∎∎
prolonged use of FGM may cause of generating hygrothermal in-
ternal stresses and can lead to fracture also.
Sofiyev [183] investigated the effect of combined axial exten-
sion loads and hydrostatic pressure on the buckling characteristics
of FGM circular truncated conical and cylindrical shells resting on
a Pasternak type elastic foundation. Material properties assumed
to be varying smoothly along its thickness. Voigt scheme is used to
have the effective material properties. Author derived a specific
formula with and without the elastic foundation to get the buck-
ling response of FGM shell.
Bagherizadeh et.al [184] used third order shear deformation
shell theory (HSDT) to investigate the mechanical buckling of
simply supported FGM cylindrical shell which is surrounded by
the Pasternak elastic foundation under combined axial and radial
compressive loads. He concluded that the shell geometry, volume
fraction exponent, and the foundation parameters like shear
coefficient of Pasternak foundation have great influence on the
buckling characteristics of FGM shell. Author also found that the
fully ceramic shell has the largest critical buckling load.
Nguyen et al. [185] used Gelerking method and HSDT with Von
Karman nonlinearity to investigate the buckling and postbuckling
behaviors of thick FGM plate subjected to thermo-mechanical
loads. Material properties are assumed to be graded in the thick-
ness direction which follows a simple power law distribution in
terms of the volume fractions of constituents.
Ghannadpour et al. [186] used finite strip method to investigate
the buckling behavior of FGMs plate under linear and nonlinear
temperature distribution along the thickness of plate. CLPT is used
to formulate the mathematical modeling. Alshorbagy et al. [187]
investigated the effect of shifting of neutral plane from the mid
position of the FGM plate under thermo-mechanical loading. They
found that in FGMs plate, the neutral plane is not exactly at the
middle position but it shifts slightly to the side having higher
Young's modulus.
Talha and Singh [188,189] presented stochastic perturbation-
based finite element for buckling and vibration characteristics of
FGMs under thermal environments based on modified HSDT.
Nguyen [190] emphasized on the nonlinear postbuckling behavior
of imperfect eccentrically stiffened thin FGM plates under thermal
loading. The effect of material and geometrical properties, tem-
perature, elastic foundation and eccentrically stiffeners on the
buckling and postbuckling are analyzed. Author used the CLPT
with the consideration of Lekhnitsky smeared stiffeners technique
with Pasternak type elastic foundation [191–193] for analysis.
Shariyat and Asemi [194] used 3D cubic B-spline element
having C2 to investigate the buckling characteristics of orthotropic
heterogeneous FGM plates using 3D elasticity theory. Jari et al.
[195] used NURBS (non-uniform rational basis spline) to provide
the exact geometry and C1-continuity to the model. The influence
of aspect ratio, volume fraction index and temperature distribu-
tion across the thickness on the thermo-mechanical behavior of
FGM plate is discussed. Zhang and Zhou [196] investigated the
post-buckling behavior of FGM plates having elastic foundations
using HSDT with different boundary conditions. Ritz method is
used to find the effect of different boundary conditions, foundation
stiffness, thermal environmental conditions and volume fraction
index on the post-buckling behavior of FGMs.
Rad [197] investigated the thermo-elastic behavior of func-
tionally graded circular plates with gradient hybrid foundation.
Horvath–Colasanti type foundation and 3D theory of thermo-
elasticity is used for modeling. The influence of material hetero-
geneity indices, foundation stiffness coefficients, different loads
and temperature distribution through the surfaces of the plate on
displacement and stress fields is investigated.
Please cite this article as: A. Gupta, M. Talha, Recent development in modeling and analysis of functionally graded materials and
structures, Progress in Aerospace Sciences (2015), http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.paerosci.2015.07.001i
11
8. Conclusion
A critical review is given in the present paper, in which dif-
ferent type of fabrication techniques, specific applications of FGM,
different theories adopted for static and dynamic response of FGM
plate has been discussed. The general outcomes from the current
literature review are as follows:
1. Among the various plate theories like CLPT, FSDT, TSDT,
HSDT, employed for the analysis of FGM plates, FSDT and HSDT
were extensively used. Some modification has also been in-
corporated in FSDT and HSDT by the researches time to time to get
the accurate result in the real time domain.
2. In most of the 2D theories only transverse shear deformation
effect has been considered and very less theories found in which
transverse shear and transverse normal deformations effect are
considered. Many researchers claimed to use 2D theories instead
of 3D theory to save the computational time and cost but more
research should be carry out to make the results based on 2D
theory with close proximity with 3D theory based results.
3. The gradation in material properties is an important concern
for structural and dynamic response of FGM plates. Vibration,
buckling and postbuckling behavior is very much influenced by
the type of loading, gradation of material property, type of foun-
dation etc. It is also concluded that among saveral micromechanics
models, Voigt model is acceptable in the analysis of FGMs plate
and structure to save computational time and good results. Proper
care should be taken during the tailoring of FGM for a specific
application.
4. Although many fabrication techniques of FGM are available,
out of them powder metallurgy is the most adopted techniques
now a days, but still there is a need of some improvement in the
techniques to get the guaranteed distribution of properties
throughout the structure with more reliability and predictability.
5. The great potential of FGM lies not only in the field of
aerospace but also broadly accepted in health care applications.
FGM's seems to be very promising in the medical field applications
like dentistry, artificial bones etc. Some researcher needs to ex-
plore more in this field to turn it in to the revolutionary achieve-
ment for the benefit of the society.
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