Theorem 11.

If two opposite sides of a quadrilateral are congruent and parallel it is also parallelogram.
Given: 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a quadrilateral in which
̅̅̅̅ 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝑨𝑩
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑫𝑪
𝑨𝑩 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝑫𝑪
To Prove: 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a parallelogram.
Construction: Join A to C.
Proof: In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 ↔ ∆𝑪𝑫𝑨
̅̅̅̅ ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑩 𝑫𝑪 (𝑮𝒊𝒗𝒆𝒏)
̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑨𝑪
𝑨𝑪 ̅̅̅̅ (𝑪𝒐𝒎𝒎𝒐𝒏)
∠𝟏 ≅ ∠𝟐 (𝑨𝒍𝒕𝒆𝒓𝒏𝒂𝒕𝒆 𝑨𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔)
∴ ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪 ≅ ∆𝑪𝑫𝑨 (S.A.S≅ 𝑺. 𝑨. 𝑺)
Hence ∠𝟑 ≅ ∠𝟒 (𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒓𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒕)
But these are alternate angles
𝑨𝑫 ∥ ̅̅̅̅
∴ ̅̅̅̅ 𝑩𝑪
∴ 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 has both pairs of opposite sides parallel.
∴ 𝑨𝑩𝑪𝑫 is a parallelogram.

Theorem 11.3

The line segment, joining the midpoints of two sides of triangles is parallel to the third side and is equal to
one half if its length.
𝑨𝑩 and ̅̅̅̅
Given: In ∆𝑨𝑩𝑪, D and E are the mid points of ̅̅̅̅ 𝑨𝑪 respectively. ̅̅̅̅
𝑫𝑬 join them.
𝟏
̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝑩𝑬
To prove: 𝑫𝑬 ̅̅̅̅ and 𝑫𝑬 ̅̅̅̅.
̅̅̅̅ = 𝒎𝑩𝑪
𝟐
Construction: On ̅̅̅̅ 𝑫𝑬, takes F, such that ̅̅̅̅̅
𝑫𝑬 ≅ ̅̅̅̅
𝑬𝑭. Join F to C.
Proof: In ∆𝑨𝑫𝑬 ↔ ∆𝑪𝑭𝑬
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑫𝑬 ≅ ̅̅̅̅ 𝑬𝑭 (Construction)
̅̅̅̅̅
𝑨𝑬 ≅ 𝑪𝑬 ̅̅̅̅̅ (Given)
∠𝟏 ≅ ∠𝟐 (Vertical Angles)
∴ ∆𝑨𝑫𝑬 ≅ ∆𝑪𝑭𝑬 (S.A.S≅ 𝑺. 𝑨. 𝑺)
Hence 𝑨𝑫 ̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑪𝑭̅̅̅̅ (𝑪𝒐𝒓𝒓𝒆𝒔𝒑𝒐𝒏𝒅𝒆𝒏𝒄𝒆 𝒂𝒏𝒈𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒂𝒓𝒆 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒈𝒓𝒖𝒆𝒏𝒕)
But 𝑨𝑫 ̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑩𝑫̅̅̅̅̅ (Given)
̅̅̅̅̅ ≅ 𝑪𝑭
∴ 𝑩𝑫 ̅̅̅̅ (Transitive property)
Also 𝑨𝑩 ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝑪𝑭 (Alternate angles are congruent)
̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅̅ ∥ 𝑪𝑭
Or 𝑩𝑫
i.e. BCFD is a parallelogram (opposite sides parallel)
Which follows that
𝑫𝑬 ∥ ̅̅̅̅
̅̅̅̅ 𝑩𝑪
̅̅̅̅
And m𝑫𝑭 = 𝒎𝑩𝑪 ̅̅̅̅ (opposite sides of a parallelogram)
𝟏
But m𝑫𝑬 ̅̅̅̅ = 𝒎𝑫𝑭̅̅̅̅. (Construction)
𝟐
𝟏
̅̅̅̅ =
But m𝑫𝑬 ̅̅̅̅.
𝒎𝑩𝑪 ̅̅̅̅)
̅̅̅̅ = 𝒎𝑩𝑪
(m𝑫𝑭
𝟐