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Definitions
Precise Definition : We say lim f ( x ) = L if Limit at Infinity : We say lim f ( x ) = L if we
x ®a x ®¥
for every e > 0 there is a d > 0 such that can make f ( x ) as close to L as we want by
whenever 0 < x - a < d then f ( x ) - L < e . taking x large enough and positive.
om
by taking x sufficiently close to a (on either side
of a) without letting x = a . Infinite Limit : We say lim f ( x ) = ¥ iiff w
we
x ®a
.c
the same definition as the limit except it of a) without letting
g x = a.
requires x > a .
imila
imila ddefin
There is a simila eeffi tion for lim f ( x ) = -¥
fin tion
ce
x ®a
Left hand limit : lim- f ( x ) = L . This has the
x ®a except we kee f ( x ) arbitrarily large and
we make
maak
m
same definition as the limit except it requires negative.
aati
tivve.
e.
x<a.
Relationship between the li
lim
limit
miitt aand
ra
nd oon
one-sided
ne-
e- limits
lim f ( x ) = L Þ lim+ f ( x ) = lim- f ( x ) = L lim
lli
imm f ( x ) = lim- f ( x ) = L Þ lim f ( x ) = L
x ®a x ®a x ®a x ®a x ®a x ®a
P
Properties
Prroop
p
Assume lim f ( x ) and lim g ( x ) bo
both
botthh eex
exist and c is any number then,
xiisstt and
x ®a x ®a
x
x ®a
ë x ®a
2. lim éë f ( x ) ± g ( x ) ùû = liim f ( x ) ± lim g ( x )
llim
im n n
x ®a x®a x ®a 5. lim éë f ( x ) ùû = élim f ( x ) ù
x ®a ë x ®a û
w
3. lim éë f ( x ) g ( x ) ùû = lli
lim
imm f ( x ) lim g ( x ) 6. lim é n f ( x ) ù = n lim f ( x )
x ®a x ®a x ®a x ®a ë û x®a
w
lim e x = ¥ &
1. lim lim e x = 0 5. n even : lim x n = ¥
x®¥
x ®¥ x®- ¥ x ®± ¥
x ®a
( x ®a
)
lim f ( g ( x ) ) = f lim g ( x ) = f ( b ) Polynomials at Infinity
p ( x ) and q ( x ) are polynomials. To cco
compute
ommpu
puttee
Factor and Cancel
om
p ( x)
lim
x 2 + 4 x - 12
= lim
( x - 2 )( x + 6 ) lim
x ®± ¥ q ( x )
factor largest power ooff x ou
outt o
off bo
both
x®2 2
x - 2x x®2 x ( x - 2)
p ( x ) and q ( x ) and then co
compute
com
mpu
puttee lli
limit.
imit
mit
x+6 8
= lim
x®2 x
= =4
2 (
x 2 3 42 ) 3 - 42
.c
3x 2 - 4 x 3
Rationalize Numerator/Denominator lim = lim
m 2 5 = lim 5 x = -
3- x 3- x 3+ x
x ®-¥ 5 x - 2 x 2 x® x x -2 ( x
)®- ¥
x -2 2
lim 2 = lim 2 Piecewise Function
unct
un ctiion
on
ce
x ®9 x - 81 x ®9 x - 81 3 + x
ì x 2 + 5 if x < -2
= lim
9- x
= lim
-1 lim g ( x ) w ere g ( x ) = í
where
whhere
î1 - 3x if x ³ -2
( )
( x - 81) 3 + x x®9 ( x + 9 ) 3 + x ( )
x ®-2
x ®9 2
oom
mpu
Computeputtee two
ttw
woo one
on sided limits,
=
-1
=-
1
ra lim
lli
imm g ( x ) = lim- x 2 + 5 = 9
(18)( 6 ) 108 ®-
® - x ®-2
lim
lli
imm g ( x ) = lim+ 1 - 3x = 7
Combine Rational Expressions
am
x®
®--2+ x ®-2
5. e x fo or all x.
ffor
6. ln x for x > 0 . x ¹ L , -2p , -p , 0, p , 2p ,L