Recoinnot

[explore] [the]

re el
Com [world]

os Stars.
Climate.
Volcanoes
1
.
 Table of
K
I. STARS
Contents
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………… 1 - 8
- KINDS OF STARS
- FACTS ABOUT STARS
- ACTIVITY

2. Climate
………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………….9 - 12
- Types of climates
- Facts about climate
- Activity 2
3
 Stars DID YOU KNOW?
Stars are cosmic energy engines that produce heat, light, ultraviolet rays, x-rays, and
other forms of radiation. They are composed largely of gas and plasma, a superheated
state of matter composed of subatomic particles. Though the most familiar star, our own
sun, stands alone, about three of every four stars exist as part of a binary system
containing two mutually orbiting stars. No one knows how many stars exist, but the
number would be staggering. Our universe likely contains more than 100 billion galaxies,
and each of those galaxies may have more than 100 billion stars. Yet on a clear, dark
night Earth's sky reveals only about 3,000 stars to the naked eye. Humans of many
cultures have charted the heavens by these stars.

How do stars look like?

The star’s Appearance

Some stars have always stood out from the rest. Their brightness is a factor of how
much energy they put out–known as luminosity–and how far away from Earth they
are. Stars in the heavens may also appear to be different colors because their
temperatures are not all the same. Hot stars are white or blue, whereas cooler stars
appear to have orange or red hues. Stars may occur in many sizes, which are classified
in a range from dwarfs to supergiants. Supergiants may have radii a thousand times
larger than that of our own sun. Hydrogen is the primary building block of stars. The
gas circles through space in cosmic dust clouds called nebulae. In time, gravity causes
these clouds to condense and collapse in on themselves. As they get smaller, the
clouds spin faster because of the conservation of angular momentum—the same
principle that causes a spinning skater to speed up when she pulls in her arms.
Building pressures cause rising temperatures inside such a nascent star, and nuclear
fusion begins when a developing young star's core temperature climbs to about 27
million degrees Fahrenheit (15 million degrees Celsius).

4
 How long do stars live?

LIFE CYCLE
Young stars at this stage are called PROTOSTARS. As they develop, they accumulate
mass from the clouds around them and grow into what are known as main sequence
stars. Main sequence stars like our own sun exist in a state of nuclear fusion during
which they will emit energy for billions of years by converting hydrogen to helium. Stars
evolve over billions of years. When their main sequence phase ends they pass through
other states of existence according to their size and other characteristics. The larger a
star's mass, the shorter its lifespan will be. As stars move toward the end of their lives
much of their hydrogen has been converted to helium. Helium sinks to the star's core
and raises the star's temperature—causing its outer shell to expand. These large,
swelling stars are known as red giants. The red giant phase is actually a prelude to a star
shedding its outer layers and becoming a small, dense body called a white dwarf. White
dwarfs cool for billions of years, until they eventually go dark and produce no energy. At
this point, which scientists have yet to observe, such stars become known as black
dwarfs.

A few stars eschew this evolutionary path and instead go out with a bang—detonating as supernovae. These
violent explosions leave behind a small core that may become a neutron star or even, if the remnant is large
enough, a black hole.

More facts?
1. The Sun in the center of our solar system is a star.
2. There are around 200 billion stars in the Milky Way alone.
3. VY Canis Majoris is the largest known star in our galaxy, if this star was in the center of
our solar system its outer atmosphere would reach the orbit of Saturn.
4. One of the smallest known stars in our galaxy is VB 10, it is only around 20% larger
than Jupiter.
5. Very large stars have a lifespan of only a few million years while very small stars can
exist for trillions of years.
6. The lifespan of our own star, the Sun, is around 10 billion years.
7. Supernovas are explosions generated by large stars when they come to the end of
their lifespan.
8. There is a maximum of 2,500 stars visible to the naked eye at any one time in the
night sky.
9. The nearest star to our solar system is Proxima Centauri which is 4.2 light years away.
10.The Sun is part of a single star system 5but there are also binary and multiple stars
where two or more stars orbit around each other.
More facts?
11. Mass = temperature = color
- The color of stars can range from red to white to blue. Red is the coolest color; that’s a star
with less than 3,500 Kelvin. Stars like our Sun are yellowish white and average around 6,000 Kelvin.
The hottest stars are blue, which corresponds to surface temperatures above 12,000 Kelvin. So the
temperature and color of a star are connected. Mass defines the temperature of a star. The more
mass you have, the larger the star’s core is going to be, and the more nuclear fusion can be done at
its core. This means that more energy reaches the surface of the star and increases its temperature.
There’s a tricky exception to this: red giants. A typical red giant star can have the mass of our Sun,
and would have been a white star all of its life. But as it nears the end of its life it increases in
luminosity by a factor of 1000, and so it seems abnormally bright. But a blue giant star is just big,
massive and hot.

12. Most stars are red dwarfs

- If you could collect all the stars together and put them in piles, the biggest pile, by far, would
be the red dwarfs. These are stars with less than 50% the mass of the Sun. Red dwarfs can even be as
small as 7.5% the mass of the Sun. Below that point, the star doesn’t have the gravitational pressure
to raise the temperature inside its core to begin nuclear fusion. Those are called brown dwarfs, or
failed stars. Red dwarfs burn with less than 1/10,000th the energy of the Sun, and can sip away at
their fuel for 10 trillion years before running out of hydrogen.

13. The biggest stars would engulf Saturn

Speaking of red giants, or in this case, red supergiants, there are some monster stars out there that
really make our Sun look small. A familiar red supergiant is the star Betelgeuse in the constellation
Orion. It has about 20 times the mass of the Sun, but it’s 1,000 times larger. But that’s nothing. The
largest known star is the monster VY Canis Majoris. This star is thought to be 1,800 times the size of
the Sun; it would engulf the orbit of Saturn!

14. The most massive stars are the shortest

lived
I mentioned above that the low mass red dwarf stars can sip away at their fuel for 10
trillion years before finally running out. Well, the opposite is true for the most massive
stars that we know about. These giants can have as much as 150 times the mass of the Sun,
and put out a ferocious amount of energy. For example, one of the most massive stars we
know of is Eta Carinae, located about 8,000 light-years away. This star is thought to have
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150 solar masses, and puts out 4 million times as much energy. While our own Sun has
been quietly burning away for billions of years, and will keep going for billions more, Eta
Carinae has probably only been around for a few million years. And astronomers are
Smallest star,
EBLM J0555–57Ab

Biggest star,
VY Canis Majoris
7
Blue-white stars, are the
hottest stars.
10,000-33,000 kelvin

White stars,
7,500-10,000 kelvin
8
 Yellow stars,
5,700-7,500 kelvin

Red-orange,
3,700-5700 kelvin
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ACTIVITY TIME!

S t a r S WU M K

u j s e x q g d v

n c z d w a r f w

h y d
Words to find:
r o g e n u
 Hydrogen
 Sun
 Stars
 dwarf
10
Climate
Words to find:
 STARS
 SUN
 DWARF
 hydrogen

11
 Types
Of Climate
 Tropical
Wet (rain forest)
Monsoon
Wet and dry (savanna)
 Dry
Arid
Semiarid
 Mild
Mediterranean
Humid subtropical
• Continental
Warm summer
Cool summer
Subarctic (boreal)
• Polar
Tundra
12 Ice cap
 Tropical
Tropical Wet: Rain Forests
Places with a tropical wet climate are also known as rain forests. These equatorial regions
have the most predictable weather on Earth, with warm temperatures and regular rainfall.
Annual rainfall exceeds 150 centimeters (59 inches), and the temperature varies more
during a day than it does over a year. The coolest temperature, about 20° to 23° Celsius
(68°-73° Fahrenheit), occurs just before dawn. Afternoon temperatures usually reach 30°
to 33° Celsius (86°-91° Fahrenheit). Rain forests experience very little seasonal change,
meaning average monthly temperatures remain fairly constant throughout the year.

Tropical Monsoon
Tropical monsoon climates are most found in
southern Asia and West Africa. A monsoon is a
wind system that reverses its direction every six
months. Monsoons usually flow from sea to land in
the summer, and from land to sea in the winter.

Tropical Wet and Dry: Savanna

Tropical wet and dry climates are sometimes called “savanna” climates
after the grassland ecosystem defined by wet and dry periods. ropical wet
and dry climates sit just outside the ITCZ, near 13
the Equator. They have
three seasons. One season is cool and dry—when the warm, moist ITCZ is
in the opposite hemisphere.
 Dry
Regions lying within the dry climate group occur where precipitation is low. There are two
dry climate types: arid and semiarid. Most arid climates receive 10 to 30 centimeters (4 to
12 inches) of rain each year, and semiarid climates receive enough to support extensive
grasslands.

Semiarid
Semiarid regions, such as the Australian Outback, usually receive between 25 and 50
centimeters (10-20 inches) of rainfall every year. They are often located between arid
and tropical climate regions.

ARID
Although rainfall is limited in all dry
climates, there are a few parts of the
world where it never rains. One of the
driest places on Earth is the Atacama
Desert of Chile, on the west coast of South
America. Stretches of the Atacama have
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never received rain in recorded history.
 Mild

Mediterranean
Mediterranean climates have warm summers and short, mild, rainy winters.
Mediterranean climates are found on the west coasts of continents between 30°
and 40° latitude, and along the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. Mediterranean
summers feature clear skies, cool nights, and little rain. The city of Jerusalem, Israel,
once had no rain in July for more than 100 years.

Humid Subtropical
Humid subtropical climates are usually found on the eastern sides of
continents. In cities such as Savannah, Georgia, in the U.S.; Shanghai, China;
and Sydney, Australia, summers are hot and humid. Winter can be severely
cold. Precipitation is spread evenly through the year and totals 76 to 165
15 and other violent storms are common
centimeters (30-65 inches). Hurricanes
in these regions.
 Continental

Warm Summer
Warm summer climate regions often have wet summer seasons, similar to
monsoon climates. For this reason, this climate type is also called humid
continental. Most of Eastern Europe, including Romania and Georgia, has warm
summer climates.

Cool Summer
Cool summer climates have winters with low temperatures and snow. Cold winds,
sweeping in from the Arctic, dominate winter weather. People living in these climates
have grown accustomed to the harsh weather, but those unprepared for such cold
may suffer.

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Subarctic
North of regions with cool summer climates are regions with subarctic climates.
These regions, including northern Scandinavia and Siberia, experience very long,
cold winters with little precipitation. Subarctic climates are also called boreal
climates or taiga.

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 Polar
The two polar climate types, tundra and ice cap, lie within
the Arctic and Antarctic Circles near the North and South
Poles.

Tundra
In tundra climates, summers are short, but plants and animals are
plentiful. Temperatures can average as high as 10° Celsius (50° Fahrenheit)
in July. Wildflowers dot the landscape, and flocks of migratory birds feed
on insects and fish. Whales feed on microscopic creatures in the region’s
cold, nutrient-rich waters. People have adapted to life on the tundra for
thousands of years.

Ice Cap
Few organisms survive in the ice cap climates of the Arctic and Antarctic.
Temperatures rarely rise above freezing, even in summer. The ever-present ice helps
keep the weather cold by reflecting most of the Sun’s energy back into the
atmosphere. Skies are mostly clear and precipitation is low. In fact, Antarctica,
covered by an ice cap a mile thick, is one of the largest, driest deserts on Earth.
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Let’s
identi
fy!
1. ____________climates have winters with low temperatures and snow. Cold
winds, sweeping in from the Arctic, dominate winter weather. People living in these
climates have grown accustomed to the harsh weather, but those unprepared for
such cold may suffer.

2. Humid subtropical climates are usually found on the _______ sides of continents.

3-5. Tropical monsoon climates are most found in ________ and_______. A

monsoon is a wind system that reverses its direction every ____ months. Monsoons
usually flow from sea to land in the summer, and from land to sea in the winter.

6. Places with a tropical wet climate are also known as ____________.

7-9. Regions lying within the ____ climate group occur where precipitation is low.
There are two dry climate types: _____ and ______. Most arid climates receive 10 to
30 centimeters (4 to 12 inches) of rain each year, and semiarid climates receive
enough to support extensive grasslands.

10. The two polar climate types, _______ and ice cap, lie within the Arctic and
Antarctic Circles near the North and South Poles.

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20
 Volcano
Volcanoes are a good way for the earth to blow off a little steam. More
correctly, volcanoes are vents in the earth's crust through which lava, rock
fragments, hot vapor and gases are ejected. And, while they are all natural
events in the life of Earth, there are different types of volcanoes. The types
of volcanoes are differentiated based on their size, composition and
explosive style.

In fact, we could compare the different types of volcanoes to players on a

football team. The tall and impressive composite cone volcanoes are
much like the strong and confident quarterback. The broad and lower-to-
the-ground shield volcanoes are much like the beefy lineman of the team.
And, the fast-growing but smaller cinder cone volcanoes are much like the
quick-moving and compactly built running
21 backs of our team. Let's take a
closer look at these three main types of volcanoes.
 Composite Cone
Volcano

Composite cone volcanoes, which are also called 'stratovolcanoes' or

simply 'composite volcanoes,' are cone-shaped volcanoes composed of
layers of lava, ash and rock debris. Composite cone volcanoes are grand
sites and can grow to heights of 8,000 feet or more. Mount St. Helens
and Mount Rainier, which are both found in Washington State, are
impressive examples of composite volcanoes.

These steep-sided volcanoes erupt in an explosive manner. In

fact, Mount Vesuvius is a composite volcano that is most famous
for burying the ancient Roman city of Pompeii in up to 20 feet of
volcanic ash in 79 AD. The explosiveness of their eruptions is due
to the thick, highly viscous lava that is produced by composite
cone volcanoes.

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And, this viscous lava has a lot to do with why they are shaped the way they
are. The thick lava cannot travel far down the slope of the volcano before it
cools. This makes the sides of the composite volcano steep. These explosive

Shield Volcano
volcanoes also spew out eruptions of small rock and ash, which gets deposited
on the sides of the volcano. Therefore, we see that composite volcanoes are
composed of alternating layers of hardened lava, volcanic ash and rock
fragments, which is why they are called 'composite.'

Shield volcanoes are broad, domed-shaped volcanoes with

long, gently sloped sides. If you were to fly over top of a
shield volcano, it would resemble a warrior's shield, hence
the name. These volcanoes can cover large areas but never
grow very tall. The reason these volcanoes tend to flatten
out is due to the composition of the lava that flows from
them, which is very fluid. This more fluid lava spreads out in
all directions but cannot pile up in steep mounds.

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Shield volcano eruptions are less explosive than composite volcanoes, as
the lava tends to pour out of the volcano's vent, creating the low-profile
layers of lava that are characteristic of these volcanoes. The Hawaiian
Islands are actually the tops of gigantic shield volcanoes rising from the
ocean basin.

Cinder Cone
Volcano

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In a cinder cone, lava erupts from a small vent in the crust and
'sprays' melted rock fragments into the air where they then fall
back to earth in a pile. These rock fragments are glassy, gas-
filled chunks of lava called cinders or scoria that cool rapidly as
they sail through the air and land next to the vent opening,
slowly accumulating in the geometric shape of a cone. Some of
the most dramatic volcanic eruptions are these displays of lava
fountains shooting sparkling, glowing glass-like rock fragments
into the air from cinder cones.

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Check your
understanding!
True or False?
_____________1. In a SHIELD VOLCANO, lava erupts from a small vent
in the crust and 'sprays' melted rock fragments into the air where they
then fall back to earth in a pile.

_____________2. CINDER CONE volcanoes are broad, domed-shaped

volcanoes with long, gently sloped sides.

_____________3. Composite cone volcanoes, which are also called

'stratovolcanoes' or simply 'composite volcanoes,' are cone-shaped
volcanoes composed of layers of lava, ash and rock debris.

_____________4. Volcanoes are a good way for the earth to blow off a
little steam.

_____________5. The types of volcanoes are differentiated based on

their WEIGHT, composition and explosive style.

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27
Criteria:
LEVEL OF PERFORMANCE/PRODUCT
LEVEL OF UNDERSTANDING [60%] [40%]

ACCURATE CRITICAL COMPLETE & ENGAGING SKILLFUL

INSIGHTFUL
[20 PTS] [20 PTS] [20 PTS] [20 PTS]
[ 20 PTS ]

Shows Display critical Presentation Performance is Performance

extensive mins in covers all very engaging product is
accuracy of the presenting topics with and mindful of highly skillful
concepts. profoundly insightful the audience and shows
thoughts. unusual
craftsmanship.
[20 – 15 pts. ] [ 20 – 15 pts ] [ 20 – 15 pts ] [ 20 – 15 pts ]

Shows accurate Share critical Presents most Performace is Performance

concepts thought on the of the topics engaging and product is
unit. with insightful mindful of the highly skillful
thoughts. audience and shows
unusual
[ 14 – 9 pts ] [ 14 – 9 pts ] [ 14 – 9 pts ] [ 14 – 9 pts ] craftsmanship.

Shows accurate Share critical Presents most Performace is Performance

concepts thought on the of the topics engaging and product is
unit. with insightful mindful of the highly skillful
thoughts. audience and shows
unusual
[ 8 – 1 pts ] [ 8 – 1 pts ] [ 8 – 1 pts ] [ 8 – 1 pts ] craftsmanship.

28
Recoinnotre
El Comos
EXPLORE. THE. WORLD.

Stars.
Climate.
29
PALINO, KARYLLE V.
9 - INITIATIVE

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