Indoor Air Quality Assessment

INDOOR AIR QUALITY ASSESSMENT
Ontario Association of Architects

111 Moatfield Drive
North York, Ontario
Prepared for:
Mr. David Fujiwara

Architect
Main Street Studio

276 Main Street, Suite 202
Toronto, Ontario
M4C 4X5
Performed by:
Safetech Environmental Limited
Natalie Markiewicz, B.A.Sc., (OH&S)

Occupational Hygiene Technician
Reviewed by:
Michael Mitanis, B.A.Sc. (OH&S)

Occupational Hygienist
SEL Project Number 404614

Table of Contents
1.0 BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE .......................................................................................................... 1
2.0 INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................................. 2
2.1 HVAC SYSTEMS AND IAQ .............................................................................................................. 2
2.2 THERMAL COMFORT ....................................................................................................................... 3
2.3 SUSPENDED PARTICULATES ........................................................................................................... 3
2.4 TOTAL VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS (TVOCS) ......................................................................... 3
3.0 INDOOR AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS, STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES ................................... 4
3.1 REGULATIONS ................................................................................................................................ 4
3.2 STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES ......................................................................................................... 5
3.2.1 ASHRAE .................................................................................................................................. 5
3.3 SUMMARY OF RECOMMENDED IAQ GUIDELINES AND EXPOSURE LIMITS ........................................... 6
3.4 SUMMARY OF EXPOSURE GUIDELINES FOR TOTAL VOLATILE ORGANIC COMPOUNDS......................... 7
4.0 METHODOLOGY ................................................................................................................................. 9
4.1 VISUAL INSPECTION........................................................................................................................ 9
4.2 SPOT READINGS FOR THERMAL COMFORT AND IAQ PARAMETERS ................................................... 9
4.2.1 Thermal Comfort and General IAQ Parameters ...................................................................... 9
4.2.2 Suspended Particulates .......................................................................................................... 9
4.3 CONTINUOUS MONITORING FOR THERMAL COMFORT AND GENERAL IAQ PARAMETERS .................. 10
5.0 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................................... 10
5.1 VISUAL INSPECTION...................................................................................................................... 10
5.2 SPOT READINGS FOR THERMAL COMFORT AND GENERAL IAQ PARAMETERS .................................. 11
6.0 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS ...................................................................................... 16
6.1 VISUAL INSPECTION...................................................................................................................... 16
6.2 SPOT READINGS FOR THERMAL COMFORT AND GENERAL IAQ PARAMETERS .................................. 16
7.0 LIMITATIONS..................................................................................................................................... 18
Appendix I Site Photographs

Appendix II Summary of Spot Measurements for Thermal Comfort and IAQ Parameters
Appendix III Graphical Summaries for Thermal Comfort and IAQ Parameters

November 4th, 2014
Main Street Studio

276 Main Street, Suite 202
Toronto, Ontario
M4C 4X5
Attention: Mr. David Fujiwara

Architect
Re: Indoor Air Quality Assessment

111 Moatfield Drive, Toronto, Ontario
1.0 BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE
From September 25th to October 2nd, 2014, Safetech Environmental Limited (SEL)
personnel were on site to perform an indoor air quality (IAQ) assessment throughout the
building located at 111 Moatfield Drive, Toronto, Ontario.
The IAQ assessment was performed at the request of Mr. David Fujiwara, Architect of
Main Street Studio to determine indoor air quality prior to the building undergoing a
major HVAC replacement project. Therefore, spot and continuous monitoring was
performed throughout the 2nd and 3rd floors of the building to evaluate the quality of air.
The assessment consisted of visual inspections and spot sampling and continuous
monitoring for general IAQ parameters. General IAQ parameters that were measured
included temperature (T), relative humidity (RH%), carbon monoxide (CO), carbon
dioxide (CO2), particulates (PM10 & PM2.5) and total volatile organic compounds
(TVOCs).

2.0 INTRODUCTION
Indoor Air Quality has emerged as a concern for commercial and institutional facilities
such as office buildings and schools. The demand for energy efficiency has resulted in
more tightly constructed buildings where windows cannot be opened and environmental
conditions are dependant solely on mechanical ventilation. In addition, many more
products are now being introduced into buildings that are composed of synthetic
materials, plastics, compressed wood products, glues and varnishes, etc.
Good indoor air quality includes the introduction and distribution of adequate ventilation
air, control of airborne contaminants and maintenance of acceptable temperature and
relative humidity. However, it is important to remember that while occupant complaints
may be related to time at work, they may not necessarily be due to the quality of the air.
Other factors such as noise, lighting, ergonomic stressors, and job-related psychosocial
stressors can also contribute to poor IAQ complaints.
As defined in ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

Conditioning Engineers) Standard 62.1-2013 “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air
Quality”, acceptable indoor air quality is “air in which there are no known contaminants
at harmful concentrations as determined by cognizant authorities and with which a
substantial majority (80% or more) of the people exposed do not express
dissatisfaction.”
2.1 HVAC Systems and IAQ
Operation and maintenance of the Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)

system plays a critical role in maintaining acceptable air quality for indoor environments.
HVAC systems for buildings are designed to provide good air quality and thermal
comfort at a reasonable energy cost. Failure to properly design, install, commission,
operate and maintain HVAC systems may lead to IAQ complaints.
Thermal comfort and ventilation needs are met by supplying “conditioned” air to
occupied spaces of the building at an adequate outdoor air supply rate. IAQ complaints
often arise because the quantity or distribution of outdoor air is inadequate to serve the
ventilation needs of building occupants. Under conditions of inadequate outdoor air
ventilation, human bioeffluents and other indoor contaminants may build up in occupied
areas to levels which may affect occupant comfort or health.
HVAC systems can also play a role in distributing contaminants to occupied spaces
from external sources or other internal sources. HVAC systems themselves can also
become a source of contamination if not properly maintained. Internal rusting, debris
accumulation and deterioration of internally insulated surfaces can lead to infiltration
and distribution of these contaminants into the supply air stream. Stagnant water
sources can also provide locations for microbial growth. It is therefore important to
SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

September & October, 2014 111 Moatfield Drive, Toronto, Ontario Page 2

properly maintain HVAC systems on a regularly scheduled basis to ensure that normal
operation of the systems do not contribute to any IAQ issues.
2.2 Thermal Comfort
Maintaining comfortable thermal and moisture conditions generally improves occupant

perception of air quality. Good thermal comfort can be achieved only when the air
temperature, humidity, and air movement are within a specified range often referred to
as the “comfort zone”. Thermal comfort is typically defined as an environment in which
at least 80% of normally clothed occupants engaged in sedentary or near-sedentary
activities feel comfortable.
Inadequate thermal comfort conditions can result in complaints from building occupants.
Many studies have found an association of increased indoor air temperatures with SBS
(Sick Building Syndrome) symptoms and with perceptions of worsened IAQ. Office
areas that are too warm can make occupants feel tired, while temperatures that are too
cool can make building occupants restless, distracted and cause their attention to drift.
Low humidity is sometimes associated with mucous membrane symptoms, and
increased humidity is associated with worsened perceived air quality. These problems
are diminished by effective control of thermal conditions and humidity.
2.3 Suspended Particulates
Airborne particulates are solid or liquid substances that are suspended in the air, and
can include dusts, fumes, smoke, microorganisms, mists and fog. These particles can
range widely in diameter, and can be classified as total suspended particulates (TSPs)
or Respirable Suspended Particulates (RSPs), depending on their size. Generally,
RSPs have a particle size below 10μm, which is an important consideration with respect
to human health as small particulates within the size range of 0.1-10μm are able to
penetrate into the lower thoracic and respiratory regions of the respiratory tract, thereby
causing most of the negative health effects associated with exposure to particulates.
Particles smaller than 0.1μm are generally too small to remain trapped in the lower
respiratory tract, and are removed from the body during exhalation. Conversely,
particles larger than 10μm are too large to reach the lower respiratory tract, and are
filtered by the nose and other components of the upper respiratory tract.
2.4 Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs)
Volatile organic compounds comprise the group of all chemicals containing carbon and
hydrogen whose boiling points fall approximately within the range from 50-250°C.
Although there may be thousands of chemicals that satisfy these criteria, whether they
are naturally occurring or synthetic, approximately 900 of these have been identified in
the indoor environment. These chemicals may be present in a variety of indoor
furnishings, finishes and other building elements such as paints, solvents, adhesives,


carpets, fabrics and textiles. As such, odours typically associated with a buildup of
VOCs resemble those associated with the aforementioned materials (i.e. paints,
solvents, etc.). Exposure to elevated airborne concentrations of VOCs may result in a
range of toxicological effects, including fatigue, headaches, drowsiness, skin and eye
irritation, and general discomfort. However, the wide variety of potential sources and
compositions renders it impractical to measure the concentrations of each particular
chemical individually. As such, the concept of total volatile organic compound (TVOC)
attempts to address this practical limitation, by providing a simple measure for the
aggregate of all volatile organic compounds without distinguishing between individual
chemicals.
3.0 INDOOR AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS, STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES
3.1 Regulations
Currently there are no provincial or federal regulations in Canada that establish “safe”
exposure limits for airborne contaminants that are typically found in commercial,
residential or institutional settings. For provincially regulated industrial facilities in
Ontario, Regulation 833/90, “Control of Exposure to Biological or Chemical Agents”
(made under the Occupational Health & Safety Act) as amended by O. Reg. 419/10
establishes permissible exposure limits for a variety of chemical contaminants. Under
this regulation, the employer is required to limit the daily and weekly exposure of
workers to a chemical agent to the regulated airborne exposure limit. These exposure
limits are expressed as a time-weighted average (TWA), a short-term exposure limit
(STEL) or a ceiling exposure limit (C).
The TWA is a contaminant concentration considered acceptable for a normal 8-hour

workday and a 40-hour workweek, to which nearly all workers may be repeatedly
exposed, day after day, without adverse health effects. The STEL is the maximum
airborne concentration of a substance to which a worker can be exposed to in any
fifteen-minute period while the C is the maximum airborne concentration to which a
worker can be exposed to at any time.
As indicated, exposure limits provided in Ontario Regulation 833 have been developed
to protect workers in manufacturing environments. They are intended to protect against
the onset of specific illnesses or health effects and in many instances are not intended
to protect against irritation or to limit odours. In addition, the limits are intended to
protect “healthy workers”. Individuals having pre-existing medical conditions, severe
allergies, chemical sensitivities and other such conditions would not be expected to
work in a manufacturing environment. However, these individuals may work in non-
industrial, commercial and institutional environments. For these reasons, exposure
limits provided in Ontario Regulation 833 are not considered to be appropriate for use in
assessing IAQ in office and institutional workplaces.


3.2 Standards and Guidelines
In the absence of specific legislation for non-industrial indoor environments, the “general
duty clause” applies. This clause, common to all Canadian occupational health and
safety legislation, states that employers are required to take every precaution
reasonable in the circumstances for the protection of workers. In order to ensure that
workers are adequately protected from IAQ issues arising in non-industrial facilities,
several organizations have published guidelines and standards specifically for these
types of environments.
3.2.1 ASHRAE
Standards published by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) are the most widely recognized standards that
provide guidance for maintaining thermal comfort and air quality in a variety of indoor
environments.
ASHRAE Standard 55-2013, “Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Comfort”

provides recommended ranges for thermal comfort parameters (temperature, relative
humidity, air speed, etc.). The ranges provided are based on occupant activity and
clothing factors and are set to satisfy the majority of occupants in the space with respect
to comfort conditions.
ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013, “Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality” (Standard
62) specifies minimum ventilation rates and indoor air quality that will be acceptable to
human occupants and are intended to minimize the potential for adverse health effects.
This standard considers chemical, physical, and biological contaminants that can affect
air quality.
In determining whether ventilation systems within buildings fall within ASHRAE

Standard 62, either the Ventilation Rate Procedure or the IAQ Procedure can be used.
For the purpose of this assessment, SEL has applied the IAQ Procedure to address the
control of specific contaminants and the Ventilation Rate Procedure to address the
general aspects of indoor air quality in the building.
Using the Ventilation Rate Procedure, outdoor air intake rates are determined based on
the type of space/application, occupancy level, and floor area. Minimum recommended
airflow rates per person and per unit area are provided in Standard 62 based on
contaminant sources and source strengths that are typical for that type of space. These
two ventilation rates account for people-related contaminant sources and area-related
contaminant sources. For typical office spaces, the default value for the combined
outdoor air ventilation rate is 17 cfm/person. This is based on recommended minimum
ventilation rates of 5 cfm/person and 0.06 cfm/ft2 and a default occupant density of 5
people/1,000 ft2.


In order to provide an indication as to whether occupied areas of the building are

providing the ASHRAE-recommended ventilation rates based on the default values
listed above, CO2 concentrations were measured by SEL. Carbon dioxide is a natural
product of human respiration. Therefore, under certain conditions, CO2 concentrations
measured in indoor air, as compared to the exterior concentration, can act as a
surrogate indicator of the ventilation rate.
The steady-state CO2 concentration obtained based on maintaining an outdoor air flow
rate of 17 cfm/person can be approximated using a simple mass balance equation.
Based on the equation presented in Appendix C of Standard 62, CO2 concentrations up
to approximately 600 ppm above outdoor air levels will indicate that the recommended
default outdoor air ventilation rate of 17 cfm/person is being met. Therefore, based on
the average measured exterior CO2 concentration of approximately 370 ppm, interior
concentrations above 970 ppm may represent inadequate outdoor air ventilation rates
for an occupant density of 5/1,000 ft2. Carbon dioxide concentrations above 970 ppm
will provide an indication that the outdoor air ventilation rate is inadequate and that
building-related and people-related contaminants released under typical conditions
could build up in the work space.
The IAQ Procedure determines acceptable outdoor air intake rates based on an
analysis of contaminant sources, contaminant concentration targets, and perceived
acceptability targets. Using this method, contaminants of concern are identified and a
target concentration limit, its corresponding exposure period and an appropriate
reference to a cognizant authority are specified. Compliance with these values can then
be used to validate the acceptability of perceived air quality. Concentration targets used
in this assessment along with the cognizant authority from which it came are
summarized below in Table I.
3.3 Summary of Recommended IAQ Guidelines and Exposure Limits
A summary of recommended IAQ guidelines and exposure limits for thermal comfort
and ventilation are summarized below in Table I.


TABLE I
Summary of Recommended IAQ Guidelines and Exposure Limits
Standard, Guideline THERMAL COMFORT PARAMETERS

or Regulated Limit Temperature (ºC) Relative Humidity (%)
20.0-25.0°C (during the winter season @
50% RH)a Max of 60% at 24.0°Ca
ASHRAE(1)
24.0-27.0°C (during the summer season @ (No recommended Lower Limit)
50% RH)a
30-80 (summer)
Health Canada(2) ---
30-55 (winter)b
a
Acceptable levels of humidity and temperature are interdependent (based on ASHRAE 55-2010);
b
Unless constrained by window condensation
Standard, Guideline
or Regulated Limit
VENTILATION RATES/CARBON DIOXIDE
ASHRAE(3) 970a ppm
Health Canada(2) ≤3,500 ppm[L]
O.Reg 833/90(4) 5,000 ppm
a
Based on average measured exterior CO2 concentration of approx. 370 ppm and an outdoor air ventilation rate of 17 cfm/person.
Standard, Guideline
COMMON INDOOR AIR POLLUTANTS
or Regulated Limit CO Suspended Particulate
(ppm) (µg/m3)
25[8hr]
O.Reg 833/90(4) 3000c[8hr]
100[15min]
9[8hr] 50a[1yr]
NAAQS/EPA(5)
35[24hr] 150a[24hr]
10[24hr] ≤100b[1hr]
Health Canada(2)
25[1hr] ≤40b[L]
a
Numbers in brackets [ ] refer to averaging times (min=minutes; hr=hours; yr=years; L=long-term). For particles with a mass median
b c
aerodynamic diameter of ≤10 µm; For particles with a mass median aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5 µm; Respirable fraction for
particles not otherwise specified.
Table References:
1. ASHRAE Standard 55-2013. Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Occupancy.
2. Health Canada. 1995. Exposure Guidelines for Residential Indoor Air Quality: A Report of the Federal-
Provincial Advisory Committee on Environmental and Occupational Health.
3. ASHRAE Standard 62.1-2013. Ventilation for Acceptable Indoor Air Quality.
4. Occupational Health and Safety Act Ontario Regulation 833. 1990. Control of Exposure to Biological or
Chemical Agents.
5. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 2000. Code of Federal Regulations, Title 40, Part 50. National
Ambient Air Quality Standards.
3.4 Summary of Exposure Guidelines for Total Volatile Organic Compounds
Risk assessment and guideline setting for VOCs is an exceptionally difficult task
because of the potential for such a large number and varied composition of organic
compounds to be present in indoor air. One practical approach for providing indoor air
quality guidelines for VOCs has been to use the Total VOC (TVOC) approach as a
general indication of the quality of air. This approach is generalized from published
toxicological studies performed to determine the health effects elicited by humans


exposed to mixtures of VOCs under controlled conditions. A general TVOC guideline

based on such studies is summarized in Table II.
TABLE II
Summary of Exposure Guidelines for Total Volatile Organic Compounds
Concentration Exposure
Health Effects
Range Range
< 120 ppb* Comfort Range No irritation or discomfort expected
Odours, irritation and discomfort may

Multifactorial appear in the presence of TVOC
120 to 1,200 ppb*
Exposure Range together with other thermal comfort
factors and stressors
Multifactorial Further discomfort, complaints may

1,200 to 10,000 ppb*
Discomfort Range be expected
Demonstrated Temporary discomfort and

>10,000 ppb
Irritation Range demonstrated respiratory irritation
Source: Health Canada:

“Indoor Air Quality in Office Buildings: A Technical Guide” (2007).
*Concentration ranges have been converted from mg/m3 to ppb based on the response of the monitoring unit used to
the calibration gas (isobutylene), and thus should be considered approximations based on isobutylene units.
Currently, neither Ontario nor the federal government has set standards specifically for
TVOC levels in industrial, commercial, institutional or residential settings. However,
global consensus has resulted in the emergence of preliminary guidelines for TVOC
standards for IAQ in non-industrial settings. Depending on location (home, school, etc.)
recommended levels range from approximately 100 to 650 ppb isobutylene units.
Health Canada guidelines indicate that a target limit of 1,000µg/m3 (approx. 400 ppb)
and an action limit of 5,000µg/m3 (approx. 2000 ppb) are being discussed.
Furthermore, these guidelines indicate that one may expect complaints when TVOC
concentrations exceed 3,000µg/m3 (1,200 ppb).


4.0 METHODOLOGY
4.1 Visual Inspection
A visual walkthrough inspection of the assessment areas was performed to identify

conditions present at the time of our assessment. The intent of the walkthrough
inspection was to acquire an overview of occupant activities, equipment, materials and
building layout to identify conditions that may impact on IAQ.
Locations where photographs (P#) were taken that support our observations are
provided in Appendix I.
4.2 Spot Readings for Thermal Comfort and IAQ Parameters
Spot measurements for temperature, percent relative humidity, carbon dioxide, carbon
monoxide, respirable suspended particulates and total volatile organic compounds were
collected in representative locations of the building and were chosen by the architect,
Mr. Fujiwara. Readings were retrieved for a period of approximately 30 seconds at
each location. Each spot measurement represents the conditions measured at the time
and locations indicated. The assessment included a total of 24 locations, plus two
exterior measurements for comparison.
4.2.1 Thermal Comfort and General IAQ Parameters
Measurements for temperature, percent relative humidity, CO2, CO and TVOCs were
taken using a GrayWolf Advanced Sense Environmental Test Meter. This instrument
allows for direct-reading of each of the above parameters via five separate sensors. The
GrayWolf Advanced Sense Environmental Meter was calibrated according to
manufacturer instructions, with CO2 measurements taken outside at the beginning of
our assessment to ensure proper operation.
4.2.2 Suspended Particulates
Airborne particulate measurements were taken using The GrayWolf PC-3016A 6-

Channel Particle Counter. This device instantaneously counts particles between
approximately 0.3 and 10 μm in diameter, with sampling conducted at a flow rate of 2.8
L/minute. This unit then calculates the concentration of particulate at different size
ranges, including particulates less than or equal to 10 microns in diameter (i.e. PM10)
and particulates less than or equal to 2.5 microns in diameter (i.e. PM2.5).
The GrayWolf PC-3016A 6-Channel Particle Counter is factory calibrated to the

standard ISO 21501-4 Calibration using NIST Traceable PSL Spheres, DMA and
Condensation Particle Counter. A zero check was performed on site prior to use to
ensure accuracy.


4.3 Continuous Monitoring for Thermal Comfort and General IAQ Parameters
Continuous monitoring for thermal comfort and general IAQ parameters consisted of
placing two Canary IAQ Monitors and two Yes IMS IAQ Monitors in four locations of
concern to continuously monitor IAQ parameters (temperature, percent relative
humidity, CO2, CO, suspended particulate and TVOCs) for periods varying
approximately 168 hours at each location. The two Canary IAQ monitors were placed
on the 2nd Floor West side of the Atrium and 3rd Floor Room 304 (Registrar Area). The
two YES IMS IAQ monitors were placed in the 3rd Floor East side of the atrium gallery
and 3rd Floor Room 306 (within the ceiling cavity). Each monitoring device was
programmed to record average readings for each of the above parameters every 5
minutes throughout the duration of the sampling period. At the completion of air
monitoring, the information was downloaded from the instruments for interpretation.
5.0 RESULTS
The locations assessed included representative areas of the 2nd and 3rd Floors. Offices
and boardrooms were observed to be primarily located along the perimeter of the
building with an atrium located at the south centre section. Cubicles were noted to be
adjacent to the atrium. Interior building materials primarily consisted of carpet flooring,
drywall walls, lay-in ceiling tiles, drywall ceilings, windows and steel beams. Moderate
water damage was observed to the west upper exterior wall common to the offices
located west of the atrium.
Typical office furnishings, equipment and stored items were noted to be present
throughout the office areas such as computers, printers, fax machines, photocopiers,
engineered wood furnishings (desk, credenza, book case, etc.), personal items, paper
products and other office supplies. All of these items generally appeared to be in good
condition. There were no obvious odours associated with new building materials or the
operation of typical office equipment noted at the time of our assessment. Overall,
housekeeping practices appeared to be generally adequate. Moreover, there was no
significant evidence that any materials likely to generate significant quantities of
airborne contaminants were present. Work activities were primarily limited to each
individual’s computer workstation, which involved speaking on the phone, typing on the
computer and other related procedures. No work activities were noted to agitate the
environment such that any IAQ or thermal comfort parameters would likely be altered to
a significant degree. It was reported by an employee within the building that the
adjacent building would conduct tests on its generator once a month (at approximately
5pm) and would detect odours potentially produced by the generator. Inspection of the
exterior revealed that the fresh air intake (P1) is located on the north side (3rd floor level)
facing north and downwards (the generator is located on the north side of the adjacent
building, P2).


Perimeter windows were generally inoperable with exception of the private rooms
located on the south side. Other potential pathways for pollutants/odours to travel from
the outside to the interior of the building included elevators, stairwells and mechanical
ventilation.
5.2 Spot Readings for Thermal Comfort and General IAQ Parameters
Findings from out spot sampling for general IAQ parameters are summarized below in
Table III. A full summary of all spot testing results for each parameter measured
(including minimum, maximum and average values obtained in specified test areas) is
included in Appendix II.
TABLE III
Summary of Spot Sampling Results for
Thermal Comfort and General IAQ Parameters
September 25th and October 2nd, 2014
Concentrations varied from 418 to 583ppm, with an average concentration of

CO2
466ppm. Concentrations remained stable during the two sampling periods. Overall,
(ppm) CO2 concentrations did not exceed the ASHRAE recommended limit of 970ppm.
Temperatures remained consistent during both rounds of sampling. Temperatures
Temp ranged between 20.1°C and 24.3°C and averaged at 23°C throughout all locations.
(oC) Overall, the majority of temperature readings obtained were slightly below the
ASHRAE recommended range (24°C to 27°C at 50% RH) for this time of year.
Humidity levels remained stable and consistent throughout the day and no significant
changes were observed between the locations sampled. Readings ranged from
34.4% to 65.3% with an average of 48.4%. Overall, average results were found to be
%RH within the recommended ASHRAE maximum limit of 60%. ASHRAE does not
provide a recommended minimum percent relative humidity for thermal comfort,
although it is generally recommended to maintain percent relative humidity above
25% within the office area to avoid occupant complaints.
Concentrations remained low and stable at all sampled locations for the duration of
CO the two sampling rounds. Readings ranged from 0 to 0.7ppm and had an average of
(ppm) 0.1ppm. These results indicate that concentrations are well below Health Canada
guideline limits.
Concentrations remained relatively low and stable throughout the areas tested for
Suspended 3
both sampling periods. PM2.5 concentrations ranged from 1 to 33µg/m and averaged
3 3
Particulates at 7µg/m while PM10 concentrations ranged from 2 to 155µg/m and averaged at
3
(μg/m3) 19µg/m . These results indicate conditions where suspended particulate
concentrations are well below NAAQS/EPA and Health Canada guideline limits.
Concentrations ranged from 42ppb to 143ppb and averaged at 75ppb. Readings
TVOCs
were low and consistent throughout the sampling period. All levels measured
(ppb) remained well below the recommended maximum of 1,200ppb.


Continuous monitoring results for thermal comfort and general IAQ parameters are
summarized below in Tables IV, V, VI and VII for the duration of the sampling period.
Results are summarized according to the minimum, maximum and average
concentrations obtained for each parameter during the sampling period from September
25th to October 2nd, 2014. Results for the entire sampling period are also summarized
graphically in Appendix III for illustrative purposes.
TABLE IV
Summary of Continuous Monitoring Results for
2nd Floor West Atrium

September 25th to October 2nd, 2014
Parameter
Min. Max. Avg. General Observations
(units)
Temperature readings were found to be stable for the
duration of the work week. Average readings were
Temp. found to primarily remain in the 24ºC range during the
23.3 26.5 24.5
(ºC) 7am to 5pm timeframe. Average temperature levels
were within the ASHRAE recommended minimum of
24°C and maximum of 27°C for the cooling season.
RH levels varied slightly with an increase as the week
progressed. Levels generally remained between 55 to
60% during the monitoring period. Overall, %RH
readings were below the maximum limit of 60%
RH
43.1 59.4 50.3 recommended by ASHRAE. ASHRAE does not provide
(%) a minimum percent relative humidity for thermal
comfort, although it is generally recommended to
maintain percent relative humidity above 25% within
the office area to avoid occupant complaints.
CO2 concentrations were found to increase during the
evening hours with lower concentrations (maximum of
600ppm) the first week (September 25th to 29th) and
began to increase slightly to a maximum of 810-
960ppm on September 30 to October 2. Day time
CO2
438 963 586 concentrations were found to be primarily in the
(ppm) 500ppm range. Average CO2 concentrations were well
within the ASHRAE recommended guideline limit of
970ppm; however, readings were found to be
approaching the limit on the last two days of
monitoring.
Concentrations remained low throughout the sample
CO
0.3 2.4 1 period. Average CO concentrations were well within the
(ppm) Health Canada guideline limit.


2nd Floor West Atrium

Parameter
(units)
Suspended Suspended particulate concentrations were generally
low with slightly higher concentrations during the last
Particulate 4 49 9
two days of monitoring. Overall, average
(ug/m3) concentrations remained well within guideline limits.
TVOC concentrations remained below 70ppb
TVOCs
0 68 0.1 throughout the sampling period and were generally
(ppb) within the comfort range.
TABLE V
3rd Floor West Atrium

Parameter
(units)
duration of the work week. Average readings were
Temp. found to primarily remain in the 23-24ºC range during
22.8 26.7 24.4
(ºC) the 7am to 5pm timeframe. Average temperature levels
were within the ASHRAE recommended minimum of
24°C and maximum of 27°C for the cooling season.
RH
37 52 43 recommended by ASHRAE. ASHRAE does not provide
evening hours with lower concentrations (500-600ppm)
the first week (September 25th to 29th) and a slight
increase to maximum averages of approximately
CO2
340 990 498 700ppm on September 30 to October 2. Day time
(ppm) concentrations were found to be generally in the
400ppm range. Average CO2 concentrations were well
970ppm during time hours.
Concentrations remained either low or undetected
CO throughout the sample period. Average CO
0 4.5 0
(ppm) concentrations were well within the Health Canada
guideline limit.


3rd Floor West Atrium

Parameter
(units)
Particulate 7 43 10 low with no significant trends noted. Overall, average
TVOC concentrations remained below 90ppb
TVOCs
0 90 0 throughout the week and were generally within the
(ppb) comfort range.
TABLE VI
3rd Floor Registrar Office, Room 304

Parameter
(units)
duration of the work week. Temperatures were noted
to be higher in the morning and decreased as the day
Temp. progressed. Average readings were found to primarily
21.9 26.6 23.8
(ºC) remain in the 22-23ºC range during the 7am to 5pm
timeframe. Average temperature levels were slightly
below the ASHRAE-recommended minimum of 24°C
and maximum of 27°C for the cooling season.
60% during the monitoring period. Overall, the majority
of %RH readings were below the maximum limit of
RH
44 62 50.5 60% recommended by ASHRAE. ASHRAE does not
(%) provide a minimum percent relative humidity for
thermal comfort, although it is generally recommended
to maintain percent relative humidity above 25% within
CO2
(ppm) concentrations were found to be generally in the 400-


3rd Floor Registrar Office, Room 304

Parameter
(units)
Concentrations remained low throughout the sample
period with higher readings at the beginning of the
CO
0.8 6 2.3 monitoring period and slowly decreasing as the week
(ppm) progressed. Average CO concentrations were well
within the Health Canada guideline limit.
low with slightly higher concentrations during the last
Particulate 2 25 6
two days of monitoring. Overall, average
TVOC concentrations generally remained low for the
TVOCs duration of the sampling period with a few spikes
0 462 1
(ppb) occurring. Average concentrations generally fell into
the comfort range.
TABLE VII
3rd Floor Finance Manager’s Office

Parameter
(units)
duration of the work week. Temperatures were noted
to be generally higher; however, readings during the
Temp.
22.9 29 25.8 day time average at 25ºC. Average temperature levels
(ºC) were slightly below the ASHRAE-recommended
minimum of 24°C and maximum of 27°C for the cooling
season.
RH levels varied slightly and remained between 35 to
RH recommended by ASHRAE. ASHRAE does not provide
34 46 40.9
CO2
(ppm) concentrations were found to be generally in the 400-


3rd Floor Finance Manager’s Office

Parameter
(units)
Concentrations remained low or undetected throughout
the sample period with higher readings at the
CO beginning of the monitoring period and slowly
0 6 0
(ppm) decreasing as the week progressed. Average CO
concentrations were well within the Health Canada
guideline limit.
Particulate 7 37 10 low with no significant trends noted. Overall, average
TVOC concentrations remained undetected for the
TVOCs
0 0 0 duration of the monitoring period and therefore fell into
(ppb) the comfort range.
6.0 CONCLUSIONS & RECOMMENDATIONS
Our walkthrough inspection did not reveal any obvious significant deficiencies within the
inspected areas that would be expected to result in a major reduction in air quality or
serve as a source of odours/contaminants. In general, the building appeared to be free
from significant dust accumulation indicating that housekeeping activities are adequate.
In addition, no obvious visible mould growth was identified; however, one location was
observed to exhibit water damage on the third floor west of the atrium gallery.
6.2 Spot Readings for Thermal Comfort and General IAQ Parameters
Carbon dioxide concentrations measured throughout the building did not exceed the
ASHRAE-recommended limit of 970ppm during the two sampling rounds. Therefore,
adequate ventilation is being introduced into the building and there should not be a
buildup of contaminants within these areas.
Results of spot sampling for temperature were found to be slightly below the ASHRAE-
recommended comfort zone (24.0°C to 27°C at 50%RH during the cooling season);
however, occupants should still feel comfortable with respect to temperature within the
designated areas assessed.
Readings for relative humidity were generally found to be below the ASHRAE-
recommended maximum of 60%RH. Therefore, occupants should feel comfortable with
respect to relative humidity levels.


Carbon monoxide concentrations remained low during the sampling period and
therefore were found to be within currently recommended IAQ guidelines and should not
pose any health concerns to occupants.
Suspended particulate concentrations remained relatively low during both sampling

rounds and were found to be within currently recommended IAQ guidelines, indicating
acceptable conditions for occupants that should not result in any health or comfort
concerns.
TVOC concentrations measured throughout the building were found to be generally low
and primarily remained below 150ppb and generally fell into the comfort range (see
Table II), where no irritation or discomfort would be expected. Therefore, based on
these results, occupants should not experience any discomfort or health concerns with
respect to TVOCs.
Results of continuous monitoring within the four locations monitored (2nd Floor West
atrium, 3rd Floor East Atrium Gallery, 3rd Floor Room 304 and 3rd Floor 306 (ceiling
cavity) indicated similar results for the majority of all IAQ parameters measured.
Measurements for CO2 and temperatures found to be were higher during the evening
hours in all locations in comparison to daytime hours suggesting that the HVAC unit
serving the areas is possibly turned off or fresh air dampers are closed. Daytime CO2
concentrations were found to be generally in the 400-500ppm range while evening CO2
concentrations were found to be higher (concentrations ranged from 500-600ppm the
first week and increased slightly the second week with concentrations ranging from 700-
900ppm). Overall, the average CO2 values obtained over the entire sampling period and
occupied period were below the maximum limit recommended by ASHRAE, indicating
that the areas assessed were receiving adequate fresh outdoor air to satisfy the
ASHRAE-recommended ventilation rate.
Measurements for temperature were stable and were typically lower during the workday
with readings slightly below or borderline to the recommended minimum temperature of
24°C. Temperatures typically averaged at 22.8°C within Room 304, 23-24°C within the
3rd Floor East Atrium Gallery, 24°C within the 2nd Floor West Atrium Area and 25°C
within the ceiling cavity of Room 306. Preferences with respect to temperature, which
may deviate slightly from the existing environment, may be addressed by encouraging
occupants to modify their personal clothing as needed.
Measurements for relative humidity indicated stable conditions below the maximum limit
of 60% recommended by ASHRAE with reading averages ranged between 35% and
60%. It is generally recommended that percent relative humidity be maintained above


25% in order to avoid occupant complaints. Therefore, occupants should not experience
comfort concerns at the levels measured.
Overall, CO concentrations remained low and well within recommended IAQ guidelines
and exposure standards throughout the sampling period at each monitoring location.
Therefore, based on the overall low readings, occupants should not experience comfort
concerns or adverse health effects at the levels measured.
Suspended particulate concentrations at each monitoring location were observed to be

low overall; with some minor short-term peaks. Concentrations were found to be within
acceptable IAQ guideline limits and should not pose a health concern to occupants.
Concentrations for TVOCs were determined to be either low or undetected and

averages fell into the comfort exposure range. Overall, continuous monitoring for
TVOCs in all four locations indicated levels well below the recommended maximum limit
of 1,200ppb. Therefore, the majority of occupants would not be expected to experience
health/comfort-related concerns with respect to TVOC exposure at the levels measured.
7.0 LIMITATIONS
The information and recommendations detailed in this report were carried out by trained
professional and technical staff in accordance with generally accepted environmental
and industrial hygiene work practices and procedures. Recommendations made in this
report have been made in the context of existing industry accepted guidelines, which
were in place at the date of this report.
In preparing this report, Safetech Environmental Limited (SEL) relied on information

supplied by others. Except as expressly set-out in this report, SEL has not made any
independent verification of such information.
The collection of samples at the site was consistent with the scope of work agreed-upon
with the person or entity to whom this report is addressed and the information obtained
concerning prior site investigations. As conditions between samples may vary, the
potential remains for the presence of unknown additional contaminants for which there
were no known indicators.
Conclusions are based on site conditions at the time of inspection and can only be
extrapolated to an undefined limited area around inspected locations. The extent of the
limited area depends on building construction and conditions. SEL cannot warrant
against undiscovered environmental liabilities. If any information becomes available that
differs from the findings in this report, we request that we be notified immediately to
reassess the conclusions provided herein.


This report has been prepared for the sole use of the person or entity to who it is
addressed. No other person or entity is entitled to use or rely upon this report without
the express written consent of Safetech Environmental Limited and the person or entity
to who it is addressed. Any use that a third party makes of this report, or any reliance
based on conclusions and recommendations made, are the responsibility of such third
parties. SEL accepts no responsibility for damages suffered by third parties as a result
of actions based on this report.


APPENDIX I
Site Photographs

P1 View of the location of the fresh air intake.
P2 View of the adjacent building with generator.

APPENDIX II
Summary of Spot Measurements for Thermal Comfort and IAQ Parameters

Summary of Spot Measurements for Thermal Comfort and General IAQ Parameters
TVOCs CO2 CO Temp PM2.5 PM10

Loc. # Floor Location RH (%)
(ppb) (ppm) (ppm) (°C) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)
49 463 0 23.7 42.3 2 19
1 2 Atrium North
133 440 0 20.4 63.7 9 45
48 457 0 23.7 43.3 2 14
2 2 Atrium South
126 418 0.3 21 62.6 9 27
49 454 0 23.2 43.3 2 15
3 2 Atrium West Cubicles
121 427 0.4 21.1 61.9 9 35
Lounge, Southeast 46 461 0 23.3 43.7 3 7
4 2
Corner 117 443 0.6 21.5 61.3 10 21
42 459 0 23.4 43.5 2 8
5 2 Kitchen
116 425 0.6 22 59.4 9 27
51 452 0 23.7 42.3 2 5
6 2 Reception
143 436 0 20.1 65.3 31 70
Room 204, Meeting 45 454 0 23.5 43.4 3 5
7 2
Room 100 461 0.7 23 53.4 10 16
45 447 0 23.5 44.3 33 155
8 2 Room 205, Boardroom
103 436 0.7 23 54.2 10 30
Room 216, Northwest 42 499 0 23.1 42.6 2 15
9 2
Corner 95 470 0.7 22.5 49.5 12 43
Room 217, Server 42 480 0 22.7 34.7 2 9
10 2
Room 68 491 0.1 22.9 34.4 5 8
Room 331, Boiler 46 505 0 23.7 43.9 2 8
11 3
Room 80 583 0 23.8 53.8 10 14
Mechanical Room, 42 467 0 23.1 43.6 1 3
12 3
Room 332 81 532 0 24 52.1 9 24
51 464 0 23.3 42.9 2 8
13 3 North Bridge
80 498 0.2 23.6 51.1 10 21
Room 330, Printer 56 458 0 23.3 43.9 2 5
14 3
Room 75 482 0 22.8 52.1 10 14
Room 302, Meeting 86 477 0 23.2 45.2 2 15
15 3
Area 88 504 0.1 23 53.6 9 15
105 472 0 23.1 47.6 3 4
16 3 Room 304
89 487 0.2 22.9 53.7 9 19
Room 312, Southeast 68 427 0 23.2 45.4 2 4
17 3
Office 86 462 0.1 23 52.1 10 12
62 448 0 23.4 43.8 2 11
18 3 Room 317
81 452 0.1 23.2 49 11 22
60 427 0 23.2 42.2 2 8
19 3 Room 322
80 469 0.1 22.8 49.1 11 15
56 453 0 23.2 43.2 2 3
20 3 Room 327
82 516 0 23.1 51.1 10 12
Room 328, Staff 45 493 0 24.3 40.7 3 11
21 3
Lounge 80 508 0.2 23.5 51.5 8 20
Room 339a, Cubicle 70 426 0 23 44.3 2 9
22 3
Station 3, Southeast 83 459 0.2 23 50.8 9 22
Sept and Oct 2014
SEL Project #404614 IAQ Assessment ‐ 111 Moatfield Drive, Toronto, Ontario Page 1
Summary of Spot Measurements for Thermal Comfort and General IAQ Parameters
TVOCs CO2 CO Temp PM2.5 PM10

Loc. # Floor Location RH (%)
(ppb) (ppm) (ppm) (°C) (ug/m3) (ug/m3)
Room 342a, Cubicle 66 437 0 23.4 42.8 2 4
23 3
station 2 81 475 0 23.1 48.5 11 16
65 448 0 23.3 43.7 2 2
24 3 South Bridge
85 461 0 23.2 50.8 9 12
25 400 0 22.4 46.1 5 25
25 0 Exterior
179 372 0 17.8 77.7 5 26
Minimum 42 418 0 20.1 34.4 1 2

Maximum 143 583 0.7 24.3 65.3 33 155
Average 75 466 0.1 23 48.4 7 19
Sept and Oct 2014
SEL Project #404614 IAQ Assessment ‐ 111 Moatfield Drive, Toronto, Ontario Page 2

APPENDIX III
Graphical Summaries for Thermal Comfort and IAQ Parameters

Indoor Air Quality Assessment - Canada PDF

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Ontario Association of Architects

Mr. David Fujiwara

Main Street Studio

Safetech Environmental Limited

Natalie Markiewicz, B.A.Sc., (OH&S)

Michael Mitanis, B.A.Sc. (OH&S)

SEL Project Number 404614

Appendix I Site Photographs

November 4th, 2014

Main Street Studio

Attention: Mr. David Fujiwara

Re: Indoor Air Quality Assessment

1.0 BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVE

As defined in ASHRAE (American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

2.1 HVAC Systems and IAQ

Operation and maintenance of the Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning (HVAC)

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

2.2 Thermal Comfort

Maintaining comfortable thermal and moisture conditions generally improves occupant

2.3 Suspended Particulates

2.4 Total Volatile Organic Compounds (TVOCs)

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

3.0 INDOOR AIR QUALITY REGULATIONS, STANDARDS AND GUIDELINES

The TWA is a contaminant concentration considered acceptable for a normal 8-hour

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

3.2 Standards and Guidelines

Standards published by the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-

ASHRAE Standard 55-2013, “Thermal Environmental Conditions for Human Comfort”

In determining whether ventilation systems within buildings fall within ASHRAE

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

In order to provide an indication as to whether occupied areas of the building are

3.3 Summary of Recommended IAQ Guidelines and Exposure Limits

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

Standard, Guideline THERMAL COMFORT PARAMETERS

3.4 Summary of Exposure Guidelines for Total Volatile Organic Compounds

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

exposed to mixtures of VOCs under controlled conditions. A general TVOC guideline

< 120 ppb* Comfort Range No irritation or discomfort expected

Odours, irritation and discomfort may

Multifactorial Further discomfort, complaints may

Demonstrated Temporary discomfort and

Source: Health Canada:

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

4.1 Visual Inspection

A visual walkthrough inspection of the assessment areas was performed to identify

4.2 Spot Readings for Thermal Comfort and IAQ Parameters

4.2.1 Thermal Comfort and General IAQ Parameters

4.2.2 Suspended Particulates

Airborne particulate measurements were taken using The GrayWolf PC-3016A 6-

The GrayWolf PC-3016A 6-Channel Particle Counter is factory calibrated to the

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

5.1 Visual Inspection

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

Concentrations varied from 418 to 583ppm, with an average concentration of

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

2nd Floor West Atrium

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

2nd Floor West Atrium

3rd Floor West Atrium

SEL Project Number: 404614 Indoor Air Quality Assessment

3rd Floor West Atrium

3rd Floor Registrar Office, Room 304