EXERCISE 1: ANIMAL TISSUE A.

SIMPLE EPITHELIA

OBJECTIVES: TYPES SIMPLE EPITHELIA:

1. To identify different types of tissues and their corresponding 1. SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
locations in the body 2. SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
2. To correlate the structure of the tissues to its function 3. SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
3. To name the function(s) of each type of tissue 4. CILIATED EPITHELIUM
4. To identify the parts of each type of tissue 5. PSEUDOSTRATIFIED EPITHELIUM
 Cells are structural and functional units of the body  SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
 Cells are multi-cellular
 The epithelium is composed of one layer of cells
 Cells do not function independently
 The cells, with their oval nuclei, are arranged like tiles in the
HISTOLOGY floor
 The round structure found at the center of the cell is the nucleus
 The study of tissues surrounded by the nuclear membrane
 Outside the nuclear membrane is a lighter portion, the
TISSUES cytoplasm surrounded by the cell membrane
 The epithelium lines the:
 Aggregations of similar cells and cell products that perform specific
1. Inner wall of blood vessels (the endothelium)
functions
2. Terminal respiratory ducts and their sacs of the lungs
 Tissues perform specific functions thus, 3. Lining of the coelom (the peritoneum)
 Shape (Morphology)
 SIMPLE CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
 Location
 Position  The cells are cube – shaped
 The cells are more specialized for wear and tear than are the
of the cells have a definite relation to their function cells of simple squamous epithelium
 The spaces of varying sizes and shapes are the lumen of the
4 KINDS OF TISSUES IN THE BODY:
kidney tubules
 Lining these spaces are the cells of the cuboidal epithelium
1. EPITHELIAL TISSUES
 The round centrally located dark structure is the nucleus
2. CONNECTIVE TISSUES
3. MUSCLE TISSUES  This type of epithelium is also found in
4. NERVOUS TISSUES 1. Many glands ( e.g salivary & mucous)
2. Germinal layer of the ovary
I. EPITHELIAL TISSUES 3. Pigmented epithelium of the retina
 Covers body and organ surfaces, line body and lumen cavities  SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM
and form glands
 Cells of this epithelium are taller than they are wide
 Forms the outer layer of the skin, parts of the sense organs,
 Certain cells of this tissue contain goblets cells
most glandular tissue structures & the inner linings of the
respiratory, excretory, digestive and circulatory systems  Specialized for absorption and secretion as well as protection
 This lines the:
 Composed of tightly fitted cells
1. Stomach
EPITHELIAL TISSUES MAY BE STUDIED AS TO: 2. Intestines
3. Gall bladder
a. THE NUMBER OF LAYERS IN THE CELLS 4. Bronchioles
1. SIMPLE – single-layered 5. Oviducts
6. Uterus
2. STRATIFIED – multilayered
7. Many glands

 SIMPLE EPITHELIUM GOBLET CELLS – single–celled glands

 Allows substances to diffuse readily through the cells
› Specialized for secreting mucus
 STARTIFIED EPITHELIUM › Found abundantly in mucous membranes
 More protective in function
 CILIATED EPITHELIUM

b. THE SHAPE OF THE CELLS  The cells are either squamous, cuboidal, or columnar
 The free ends of which are provided with hair-like projections
1. SQUAMOUS – flattened
 The cells are columnar, supported by a basement membrane
2. CUBOIDAL – cube like  Occurs in the uterine tubes of the female
3. COLUMNAR – column like
CILIA – fine hair-like structures, found in the free end of the cells
 PSEUDOSTRATIFIED CILIATED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM II. CONNECTIVE TISSUES
 Stratified (It is actually simple however, since each cell is in  Found throughout the body
contact with the basement membrane, although not all cells are  Supports or binds other tissues
exposed to the surface  Provides for the metabolic needs of all body organs
 Has a stratified appearance  Highly vascular & well nourished
 Numerous goblet cells and ciliated, exposed surface are  They are able to replicate
characteristic of this epithelium  Responsible for the repair of body organs
 The lumina of the trachea and the bronchial tubes are lined with  Contain considerably more matrix (intercellular material) than
this tissue cells
 Frequently called respiratory epithelium  Do not occur on free surfaces of body cavities or on the surface
of the body
B. STRATIFIED EPITHELIA  Named according to the kind & arrangement of the matrix
 Tissues consisting 2 or more layers of cells
4 KINDS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE:
 Specialized for protection
 Classified according to the shape of the surface of the cells 1. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER
 The layer in contact with the basement membrane is cuboidal 2. CARTILAGE TISSUE
or columnar in shape 3. BONE TISSUE
4. VASCULAR TISSUE
TYPES OF STRATIFIED EPITHELIA:

A. CONNECTIVE TISSUE PROPER

1. STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
2. STRATEFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM  Has a loose, flexible matrix
3. STRATEFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM  Frequently called ground substance
4. TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM
FIBROBLAST – most common cell

 STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM › Large, star-shaped cells that produce collagenous , elastic & reticular
fibers
 Composed of a variable number of cell layers that tend to flatten
near the surface
6 BASIC TYPES OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE
TYPES STRATIFIED SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM
1. LOOSE (AREOLAR) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2. DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
1. KERATINIZED – forms the outer layer or epidermis of the skin
3. DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
2. NONKERATINIZED – lines in the oral cavity & pharynx, nasal 4. ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
cavity, vagina & canal 5. RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
6. ADIPOSE (FAT) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 STRATEFIED CUBOIDAL EPITHELIUM
 Usually consists of only 2 or 3 layers of cuboidal cells forming the  LOOSE (AREOLAR) CONNECTIVE TISSUE
lining around the lumen  Loosely arranged fibroblastic tissue
 This type of epithelium is confined to the linings of the larger  The most widespread of all connective tissue
ducts of sweat glands, salivary glands & pancreas  Specialized cells called MAST CELLS – are dispersed throughout
this type of tissue
 STRATEFIED COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM  FIBROBLASTS are the predominant cells of this type of
 Sites containing this tissue include parts of the epithelium, with collagenous & elastic fibers dispersed
1. Pharynx throughout the ground substance
2. Larynx
3. Mammary glands  DENSE REGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
4. Salivary gland ducts  Characterized by large amount of densely packed collagenous
fibers lying parallel to the direction of force placed on this tissue
 TRANSITIONAL EPITHELIUM during body movement
 Similar to nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium except  This type of tissue occurs where strong, flexible support is
that the surface cells of the former are large & round rather than necessary
flat & some may have 2 nuclei  TENDONS & LIGAMENTS are composed of this type of tissue
 Located only within the urinary system
 DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE
› Particularly in the luminal surface of the urinary bladder & the walls
of the ureters  Characterized by large amounts of densely packed collagenous
fibers that are interwoven to provide tensile strength in any
direction
  This tissue is found in the DERMIS of the skin, SUBMUCOSA of
the GI tract, & composing that fibrous capsules of ORGANS &
JOINTS
 ELASTIC CONNECTIVE TISSUE
 Has a predominance of elastic fibers that are irregularly
arranged & yellowish in color
 This type of tissue is found in:
 Sites containing hyaline cartilage include the articular surfaces of
cones, nose, walls of respiratory passages & fetal skeleton
 Scattered throughout the matrix or CHONDRIN are small
cavities, LACUNAE
 Each lacunae contains at least one cartilage-forming cell – a
CHONDROCYTE
 ELASTIC CARTILAGE

1. the walls of large arteries  Similar to hyaline except for the presence of elastic fibers in its
2. portions of the larynx matrix
3. trachea & bronchial tubes of the lungs  Sites containing elastic cartilage include the
4. arches of the vertebrae that make up the vertebral column 1. external ear
2. walls of the auditory tube
 RETICULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE 3. epiglottis
 Characterized by a network of reticular fibers woven through a 4. larynx
jellylike matrix  Situated in the lacuna, the chondrocytes are in some cases
 Certain specialized cells within reticular tissue are arranged as a cells nests, as in hyaline cartilage
PHAGOCYTIC – and therefore ingest foreign materials  A layer of connective tissue, the perichondrium, surrounds the
 This tissue contains in: elastic cartilage

1. Liver
 FIBROCARTILAGE
2. Spleen
3. Lymph nodes  Has its matrix reinforced with numerous collagenous fibers
4. Bone marrow  It is found at the SYMPHYSIS PUBIS – where the 2 pelvic bones
articulate & between the vertebrae as INVERTEBRAL DISCS
 ADIPOSE (FAT) CONNECTIVE TISSUE  It also forms the cartilaginous wedges within the knee joint
called MENISCI
 A specialized type of loose fibrous connective tissue that
 The chondrocyte lacunae present typically lie in rows between
contains large quantities of ADIPOSE CELLS or ADIPOCYTES
collagen bundles
 Adipose cells store droplets of fat within their cytoplasm,
 It lacks perichondrium
causing them to swell & forcing their nuclei to one side
 The fat is usually removed in the prepared section
C. BONE TISSUE (OSSEOUS TISSUE)
 Adipose tissue is found throughout the body but is concentrated
1. around the kidney  The most rigid of the connective tissue
2. hypodermis of the skin  The cells are called BONE CELLS or OSTEOCYTES – located in the
3. surface of the heart spaces called lacunae & having matrix of calcium carbonate
4. surrounding joints  The outermost covering of the bone is the POROSITY
5. breast of sexually mature females  most bones have both types of bone tissue

B. CARTILAGE TISSUE 2 TYPES OF BONE TISSUE

 Consist of CARTILAGE CELLS or CHONDROCYTES, and a semisolid
1. COMPACT / DENSE BONE TISSUE
matrix that imparts marked elastic properties of tissue
2. SPONGY / CANCELLOUS CONE TISSUE
 The chondrocytes within cartilage may occur singly but are
frequently clustered
 COMPACT / DENSE BONE TISSUE
 CHONDROCYTES – occupy cavities called LACUNAE, within the
matrix  The hard outer layer & is covered by the PERIOSTEUM
 most cartilage tissue is surrounded by a dense regular  OSTEOCYTES (mature bone cells) are arranged in concentric
connective tissue called PERICHONDRIUM layers around a CENTRAL (HAVERSIAN) CANAL – which contains
a vascular & nerve supply
3 KINDS OF CARTILAGE  Each osteocyte occupies a cavity canal called a LACUNA
 Radiating from each lacuna are numerous minute canals called
1. HYALINE CARTILAGE CANALICULI
2. ELASTIC CARTILAGE  The canaliculi traverse the dense matrix of the bone tissue to
3. FIBROCARTILAGE adjacent lacunae
 The inorganic matrix is deposited in concentric layers called
 HYALINE CARTILAGE LAMELLAE
 Has a homogenous, bluish matrix in which the collagenous fibers
are so fine
 When viewed through microscope, hyaline cartilage has a clear,
glassy appearance
 SPONGY / CANCELLOUS CONE TISSUE
 Is the porous, highly vascular, inner portion
 Consists primarily of slender, bony trabeculae that enclose
irregular marrow cavities
 Peripherally, these trabeculae merge with a thin shell of
compact bone which contains scattered OSTEONS (HAVERSIAN
SYSTEMS)
 The reticular connjective tissue in the marrow cavities is
obscured by ADIPOSE CELLS & HEMOPOIETIC (blood – forming)
tissue
D. VASCULAR TISSUE
 Blood is highly specialized, viscous connective tissue
 The cells or formed elements of vascular connective tissue are
suspended in the liquid plasma matrix
THREE TYPES OF FORMED ELEMENTS ARE FOUND WITHIN THE BLOOD
ARE:
1. ERYTHROCYTES / RED BLOOD CELLS
2. THROMBOCYTES / PLATELETS
3. LEUCOCYTES / WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 ERYTHROCYTES / RED BLOOD CELLS
 These cells are the commonest type & it has a shape of
biconcave disk & without nucleus
 RBC’S sometimes stick together temporarily, forming columns
called ROULEAUX – that resemble stacks of coins
 THROMBOCYTES / PLATELETS
 These are produced by MEGAKARYOCTES – giant cells of red
bone marrow
 Platelets represent entirely cytoplasmic fragments, covered by
cell membrane & lacking a nuclear component because they are
produced through fragmentation of subdivided megakaryocyte
cytoplasm
 They tend to aggregate in drawn blood, so platelet clumps may
be found as well as individual platelets in blood films
 The central region of a platelet contains purple-staining
granules, whereas the non-granular periphery stains a
transparent pale blue using Wright’s stain
 LEUCOCYTES / WHITE BLOOD CELLS
 These nucleated cells are much less numerous than erythrocytes
 Leucocytes are subdivided into 5 types according to the
character of the nucleus the absence or presence of granules in
the cytoplasm & the types of granules
WBC’S ARE DIVIDED INTO 2 MAIN GROUPS:
1. GRANULAR LEUCOCYTES / GRANULOCYTES
2. AGRANULAR LEUCOCYTES / AGRANULOCYTES
 GRANULAR LEUCOCYTES / GRANULOCYTES
 Granule containing leucocytes
1. NEUTROPHILS
 Most leucocytes present in a blood film are mature neutrophils
 These cells represent 50% - 70% of the total leucocyte count of
adult peripheral blood
 The nucleus of the mature neutrophil is segmented, which 2 of 5
lobes interconnected by fine strands & chromatin that is
condensed & dark staining
 They contain abundant fine neutrophilic granules (specific
granules), that impart a lavender color to the cytoplasm
 In addition, they have a few larger granules that stain a reddidsh
purple using (Wright’s stain)
 Immature forms are recognizable by the fact that their nucleus
remains band-shaped, sometimes resembling a horseshoe,
hence they are termed BAND NEUTROPHILS
2. EOSINOPHILS
 Only 1% - 4% of the leucocytes in adult peripheral blood are
eosinophils
 Slightly larger than neutrophils & their nucleus consists of only 2
lobes
 Striking feature: large acidophilic specific granules, which stain
bright red / reddish-purple using (Wright’s stain)
3. BASOPHILS
 Rare type of leucocytes representing 0.5% - 1% of the total
peripheral blood leucocytes, so to find even a single basophil in
a blood film is a real challenge
 Almost as large as neutrophils
 Basophils possess a nucleus that generally has 2 lobes but may
have more
 The nucleus may be largely or entirely obscured by a moderate
number of substantial blue-staining specific granules using
(Wright’s stain)
 AGRANULAR LEUCOCYTES / AGRANULOCYTES
 Lack conspicuous granules
 Few tiny granules may be present
1. LYMPHOCYTES
 Comprise 20% - 40% of peripheral blood leucocytes & are
relatively easy to find in blood films
 Most are SMAL LYMPHOCYTES & some are LARGE
LYMPHOCYTES
SMAL LYMPHOCYTES – possess a small, spherical / slightly indented
rim of slightly basophilic cytoplasm is visible in blood films
LARGE LYMPHOCYTES – possess a nucleus that is slightly larger &
darker staining, though also spherical / slightly indented (sometimes
mistaken as a monocyte); the cytoplasm is slightly more copious that
that of a small lymphocytes & equally basophilic
2. MONOCYTES
 Constitute 2% - 6% of the total blood leucocytes
 Because they represent the largest type of leucocyte they are
relatively easy to find in blood films
 The nucleus varies from being deeply indented / roughly kidney-
shaped to having the form of a wide horseshoe
  The cytoplasm is abundant & stains a distinctive pale blue / light 2. CROSS SECTION OF A NERVE
blue gray  The section seen is composed of 2 or 3 bundles of nerve fibers or
fascicle, bound together by a connective tissue, the
III. MUSCLE TISSUES EPINEURIUM
 These tissues are unique in possessing the property of  Each nerve bundle / fascicle is in turn made up of smaller round
contractility structures, the nerve fibers & enclosed by the PERINEURIUM
 The muscle cells / fibers are elongated in the direction of  From the perineurium, very fine strands are seen passing inward
contraction between nerve fibers
 The inward extensions of the perneurium is the endoneurium
3 TYPES OF MUSCLE TISSUE IN THE BODY

1. SMOOTH / VISCERAL / UNSTRIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLE

2. CARDIAC / STRAITED INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE
3. SLKELETAL / STRAIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLE

 SMOOTH / VISCERAL / UNSTRIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLE

 Common throughout the body, occurring in many of the systems
 Found in the:
1. Wall of the GI tract
2. Walls of the arteries
3. Walls of respiratory passages
4. Urinary & reproductive tracts
 Smooth muscle fibers are long, spindle shaped cells
 Each contains a single nucleus & lack striations
 These cells are usually grouped together in flattened sheets,
forming a muscular portion of a wall around a lumen

 CARDIAC / STRAITED INVOLUNTARY MUSCLE

 Makes up most of the wall of the heart
 Characterized by BIFURCATING (branching) fibers, a centrally
positioned nucleus & transversely positioned intercalated discs

 SLKELETAL / STRAIATED VOLUNTARY MUSCLE

 Attaches to the skeleton
 Responsible for voluntary movements
 Each elongated, multinucleated fiber has distinct transverse
striations
 Fibers of this muscle are grouped into parallel FASCICULE
(bundles) that can be seen without a microscope in fresh muscle

IV. NERVOUS TISSUES

 Specialized to receive & transmit impulses
 The unit structure of this tissue us the nerve cell, neuron,
composed of a nerve cell body (PERIKARYON) with a
conspicuous nucleus & nerve processes in the form of dendrites
& axon

NERVE FIBER – refers to any process extending from the cell body of
a neuron

1. NERVE CELL / NEURON

 The cells are stellate in shape
 Examine a prepared slide of a cross section cerebellum
containing nerve cells