FEExamReview2013

Statics

BrittanyCoats,PhD
B i C PhD
MechanicalEngineeringDept.
brittany.coats@utah.edu
Scalars haveamagnitude

Vectors haveamagnitude&direction
 Vector Principles
VectorPrinciples
2 VectorAddition
2. Vector Addition

A B R
GraphicallyidentifyRusingtheparallelogram
law B
A
R OR R
A
B
B
 Vector Principles
VectorPrinciples
3 VectorSubtraction
3. Vector Subtraction

RB A OR R  ( B) A
Sameasvectoraddition,butͲ1ismultipliedto
oneofthevectors
ͲB
B R
R A
 Solving for the Resultant
SolvingfortheResultant
GraphicalSolution:
Graphical Solution:
lawofsines: sin D sin E sin J
A B C
lawofcosines: C 2
A2  B 2  2 AB cos J
B
J D
C
A E
 Rectangular Components
RectangularComponents

Fx =Fcos T

Fy =Fsin T

Fx &Fy arestillvectorsw/amagnitude&direction.
 Cartesian Coordinates
CartesianCoordinates
Breaksdownthemagnitudeanddirectionofthevector

F Fxiˆ  Fy ˆj

F F F
x
2
y
2

§ Fy ·
T
T t
tan ¨¨ ¸¸
1

© Fx ¹
Bemindfulofpositive&negativei andjdirections
Cartesian Vector –– 3D
CartesianVector

A Axiˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ

A A A A
2
x
2
y
2
z
Cartesian Vector –– 3D
CartesianVector
unit vector uA
unitvector,u
A Ax ˆ Ay ˆ Az ˆ
uA=
= == i j k
A A A A
Ax Ay Az
cos D cos E cos J
A A A

uA cos D iˆ  cos E ˆj  cos J kˆ

 Position Vectors
PositionVectors
z

x Aiˆ  y A ˆj  z Akˆ
B(xB,yB,zB)
rA
rAB

rB xBiˆ  y B ˆj  zB kk̂ A (xA,yyA,zzA)

A(x rB

rA
y

rAB xB  x A iˆ   yB  y A  ˆj  zB  z A kˆ
 Defineforcevector
frompositionvector
Definethevector,F,usingtheprovided
magnitudeoftheforceandtheposition
i d f h f d h ii
vectortodeterminethedirection.

Magnitude=F(given)
g (g )
Direction=sameaspositionvectorfromAtoB

Step1:Findtheunitvectorfromthe
positionvector
r
uF ur
r
Step2:Multiplyunitvectorbyforce
magnitude
F F ur
 Dot Product
DotProduct
Canbeusedto:
•• Fi
Findanglebetweentwovectors
d l b t t t
•• Findaforceperpendicular(ŏ)orparallel
(||)toaline
A B A B cos T

A
T

B
 A B A B cos T
Dot Product
DotProduct
i j =0 k i i =1
j k =0 j j =1
k i =0 j k k =1
i
A Axiˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ B Bxiˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ

A B ( Axiˆ  Ay ˆj  Az kˆ) ( Bxiˆ  B y ˆj  Bz kˆ)

A B Ax Bx  Ay B y  Az Bz
 Dot Product Applications
DotProductApplications
1. Anglebetweentwovectors:
A B A B cos T
2. Component
Componentofavector||toaline
of a vector || to a line
(projectionofavectoronaline)
A||a A cos T A ua
3. Componentofvector ŏ toaline
AAa A sin T
2
AAa A A 2
||a
a
A||
 Moments

Momentarm

M0=Fd
= Fd
 Moment Direction
MomentDirection
z
UserightͲhandrule
+M:thumbpointsin
directionofpositiveaxis(3D)
OR thumb points out of the
ORthumbpointsoutofthe
y
page(2D).
x

y
ͲM:thumbpointsindirection
ofnegativeaxis(3D)OR
x thumbpointsintothepage
(2D)
(2D).
Calculating Moments
CalculatingMoments
Mo =rxF
 Cross Product
CrossProduct
•• Alwaysresultsinavector.
•• Resultingvectorisalwaysperpendicular
tothetwooriginatingvectors.

AxB ( A B sin T )uA AB

A
T

B
 Cross Product
CrossProduct
ixj=k k i x i =0
jxk=i j x j =0
kxi=j j k x k =0
i
j x i =Ͳ k
k x j =Ͳ i
i x k =Ͳ j

AxB ( A B sin T )uA AB

 Resultant Moments
ResultantMoments
F1 d3 F3

O d1

d2
F2

¦M O  F1d1  F2d 2  F3d 3

 Resultant Moments
ResultantMoments
F1 F3
r3
r1
O

r2
F2

¦M O ( r1 x F 1 )  ( r 2 x F 2 )  ( r 3 x F 3 )
Moment about Axis
MomentaboutAxis
Ma Fd Aa

Ma uˆa ˜ ( r x F )
 Equivalent Couple
EquivalentCouple
2F
F
2d d

Ͳ2F
ͲFF

M=F(2d) = 2Fd
M=F(2d)=2Fd M=(2F)d = 2Fd
M=(2F)d=2Fd

Magnitude&directionofeachcouplearesame
Equivalent ForceͲMoment
EquivalentForce MomentSystems
Systems
d
ͲF1 F1

M=F1d
O

F1 ¦F F1

¦M O F1d
 Distributed Loads
DistributedLoads
FR
xR
Fr ³ w( x)dx
L
d ³ dA A
A

xR
³ xw( x )dx ³ xdA
L A

³ w( x )dx ³ dA
L A

FR
Equilibrium:

objectatrestwillstayatrest
bj t t t ill t t t
OR
objectwithaconstantvelocity
willstayatthatconstantvelocity
ill t t th t t t l it
0
F
F=ma

‫׫‬F 0
‫׫‬F=0
 Equilibrium
•• Drawfreebodydiagram(FBD)
•• Sumupalltheforcesandsetequalto
zero ‫׫‬F=‫׫‬F
‫׫‬F = ‫׫‬Fxi +‫׫‬F
+ ‫׫‬Fyj+‫׫‬F
j+ ‫׫‬Fzk =0
=0
•• Sumupallthemomentsandsetequalto
zero
‫׫‬M=‫׫‬Mxi+‫׫‬Myj+‫׫‬Mzk =0
‫׫‬Mx =0 ‫׫‬Fx =0
‫׫‬My =0 ‫׫‬Fy =0
‫׫‬Mz =0 ‫׫‬Fz =0
Free body diagrams
Freebodydiagrams
Find all forces acting at A
FindallforcesactingatA
TAD

TAB TAC
 Types of forces: weight
Typesofforces:weight

particle
W=mg
W mg W=0
Types of forces: cables/ropes
Typesofforces:cables/ropes

C bl
Cablesarealwaysintension
l i t i
 Typesofforces:
cablesinfrictionlesspulleys
bl f l ll

T W T
C bl
Cablesarealwaysintension
l i t i
Types of forces: normal forces
Typesofforces:normalforces

normalforce
normalforce
lf
Types of forces: springs
Typesofforces:springs
F=ks
k=springconstant

s=lengthfinal –– lengthinitial

+s:

Ͳs:
 Reaction forces
Reactionforces
Reactionforcesresisttranslationorrotation
Rx

roller Ry pin
Ry
Rx
M
rolleron
angle
Ry fixedsupport
R
 Trick #1 –– Two
Trick#1 TwoͲForce
ForceMember
Member
Ifonlytwoforcesactonarigidbody,theymustbe
equal and opposite in magnitude and act along the
equalandoppositeinmagnitude,andactalongthe
samelineofaction
 Trick #2 –– Three
Trick#2 ThreeͲForce
ForceMember
Member
Ifthreeforcesactonarigidbody,theymustbeeither
concurrent or parallel
concurrentorparallel
 Equilibrium
Example:
 Free Body Diagrams
FreeBodyDiagrams
Example:
 Trusses
•• Loadsareappliedtothejoints
•• Membersareattachedwithsmoothpins
•• Weightofmembersisconsideredsmall
Weight of members is considered small
comparedtoloadsbeingapplied
•• Structuremakesthemrigid
St t k th i id
•• Eachmembermustbe
undercompressionor
tension
Solve for Reaction Forces
SolveforReactionForces

Ax

Ay Cy

DrawFBDofentiretruss
 Solve for Internal Forces
SolveforInternalForces
UsingMethodofJoints

B 500N

FBA

FBA FBC
A
Ax FAC

FBC
Ay
Ax C

FAC
Ay Cy
Cy

Createequilibriumequationsforeachjoint
Method of Sections
MethodofSections
 ZeroͲForce
Zero ForceMembers
Members

Rule#1:Ifthereareonly2membersactingonajoint
and no external forces (applied or reaction), then those
andnoexternalforces(appliedorreaction),thenthose
membershavezeroforce.
 ZeroͲForce
Zero ForceMembers
Members

Rule#2:Ifthereareonly3membersactingonajoint(and
noappliedorreactionforces)andtwomembersare
pp )
collinear,thenthe3rd memberhaszeroforce.
 Solving Truss Problems
SolvingTrussProblems
•• Seeifyoucansolvefortheforcesby
inspection
–– ZeroͲforcemembers
–– Symmetry
–– Easy‘‘joints’’
•• Solveforreactionforces
•• Usemethodofjointsiftheunknownsare
nearaknownforce
•• Usemethodofsectionsiftheunknowns
arenotnearaknownforce.
Frames & Machines
Frames&Machines

FAB

FAB

FAB
Internal Forces
InternalForces

B
Internal Forces
InternalForces
Internal Forces (3D)
InternalForces(3D)
 Load,Shear,MomentRelationships
10N 15N

Shearchangesbythe
g y
magnitudeanddirectionof
11N 14N concentratedload.
11N
1N Ͳ14N Momentchangeisequalto
the area under the shear
theareaundertheshear
curve.
1N*m
11N*m Ͳ14N*m
Slopeofshearisequalto
integralofload,slopeof
momentisequaltointegral
ofshear.
 Load,Shear,MomentRelationships
10N 9N/m

Additionofamoment
2N*m
makesthemomentdiagram
11N 17N jumpbythemagnitude
11N
1N 1N

Ͳ9N Shearisintegralof
12N*m distributedload,momentis
11 N*m
11N m
11N*m i
integralofshear.
l f h
10N*m
 Friction
•• Aforcethatopposesmotionorpotential
motionbetweentwocontactingsurfaces

N
 Kinetic Friction
KineticFriction
•• Ifappliedload,P,surpassesthelimitingstatic
frictionalforce,frictionisreducedtothe
kineticfrictionalforce.
fk =PkN

Angleofkineticfriction:
Ik =tanͲ11(Pk)
Friction vs. Applied Load
Frictionvs.AppliedLoad
 Friction Problems
FrictionProblems
•• Equilibrium:Whatisthefrictionalforce?

CheckthatFa чPANA andFc чPCNC

 Friction Problems
FrictionProblems
•• Impendingmotionatallcontactpoints:What
isthesmallestanglethataladdercanbe
placedalongawall?
 Friction Problems
FrictionProblems
•• Impendingmotionatasinglecontactpoint:
Whatistheminimumappliedloadthat
neededtocausemotionanywhere?
 Wedges
•• Transformanappliedforceintoamuchlarger
forcesatapproximatelyarightangletothe
appliedforce.
Flat Belt Friction
FlatBeltFriction
Flat Belt Friction
FlatBeltFriction

PE
T2 T1e
 CenterofMass

CenterofArea
A A

A A

C t
CenterofaLine:
f Li
L L

L L
 Identifying Centroids Ͳ Line
IdentifyingCentroids
•• Pickyourdifferentialelement
y
•• IdentifyarelationshipofdL todx anddy
dL dx  dy
2 2

•• Identifyarelationshipofdx
tody
dx 2 ydy
•• Plugintoourequationsfor
xandycentroid
 Identifying Centroids Ͳ Area
IdentifyingCentroids
•• Pickyourdifferentialelement
•• IdentifyarelationshipofdA todx ordy
dA xdy
•• Plugintoourequations
g q
forxandycentroid
Centroids –– compositebodies
composite bodies
Moments of Inertia (I)
MomentsofInertia(I)

³
2
Ix y dA

³
2
Iy x dA

³
2
Jo r dA

Jo Ix  I y
ParallelͲAxis
Parallel AxisTheorem
Theorem

Ix I x '  Ad 2
y

Iy I y '  Ad 2
x

JC I x'  I y'

JO J C  Ad 2
 Radius of Gyration
RadiusofGyration

Ix Iy
kx ky
A A

Jo
ko
A
 Moment of Inertia Ͳ composite
MomentofInertia
1) Computemomentofinertiafor
eachsegment.
2)) Addupmomentofinertias……
p
BUT……theymustbeaboutthe
same axis in order to add them up!
sameaxisinordertoaddthemup!
 Moments of Inertia
MomentsofInertia

Example 2:
Example2:

DeterminethemomentofinertiaofthecrossͲsectionalarea
ofthechannelwithrespecttothexͲaxis