Vivekanand Education Society’s

Institute of Technology
Chembur, Mumbai-71

REPORT

“Entrepreneurship”

Submitted by:

Shyam Mehta(29) Kiran Dhobale(10)

Tarun Jian (34) Perwinder Singh(54)
Hitesh Chabra(21) Rupa Maji(28)
Sheetal Khavare(23) Yogesh Sawant(50)

F.Y.M.C.A. (2009-10)

Under Guidance of
Mr. A. Nagananda
 Entrepreneurship
 
 
CONTENTS:
 
1.Introduction

2.Background Scenario

3.Sources of energy
1.Exhaustible sources
1.Hydro
2.Thermal
1.Oil
2.Coal
3.Natural Gas
3.Nuclear
Drawbacks of exhaustible sources
2.Natural-green energy sources
1.Wind
2.Solar
3.Energy from Biomass
4.Bio Fuel
Problem of natural energy

4.Problems in  India power sector

5.Future technologies
1.Ocean energy
2.Pressure pad  by walking

6.How to Save power

7.Electricity theft

8.Bibliography
 Introduction:
Energy has been universally recognized as one of the most important inputs for economic
growth and human development.

There is a strong two-way relationship between economic development and energy consumption.

India consumes 3.4% of global energy. The Indian power industry is growing
at a rapid pace. The Annual demand is increasing by 3.6% over the last 30 years.
There is surging demand from domestic and industrial sectors.
Industrial sector − 35.5% (2006-07)
Domestic sector − 25.87% (2006-07)

The State Electricity Boards (SEBs) are main agencies for the generation and
supply of electricity. Private investments in the Power Sector have been allowed since
1991, and therefore there is increased participation of private and global players. The
different sources of Power in India are Coal, Gas, Hydroelectric, Wind, and Solar.
Coal is still the biggest source of Power. The installed capacity for power generation
in India is 1, 49,391.91 MW.

(2009)

India is well-endowed with both exhaustible and renewable energy resources

Though 82.4% of villages are electrified less than 60% of households consume
electricity. Thus the per capita consumption of electricity is the lowest in India.
Industries followed by Agriculture are the two main sectors that consume power. But
the power sector in India faces many roadblocks like inefficient distribution systems,
low capacity utilization and poor maintenance.

By 2012, India will need another 60 to 70 GW of power; the demand would be

950,000 MW by 2030. For the Indian economy to grow at 9% annually, additional
capacity of 60 GW must be added every five years. This requires approx. US$100
billion in investment every five years. The domestic sector will cross 29% by 2011-
12; industrial sector will remain almost stagnant. The Government promise of 100%
electricity to domestic users will push up consumption. Government policies and
foreign investment in the sector will aim at bridging the huge gap between supply and
demand of electricity in India.

For a large country like India with its over one billion population and rapid
economic growth rate, no single energy resource or technology constitutes a panacea
to address all issues related to availability of fuel supplies, environmental impact,
particularly, climate change, and health externalities. Therefore, it is necessary that
all non-carbon emitting resources become an integral part of an energy mix – as
diversified as possible – to ensure energy security to a country like India during the
present century. Available sources are low carbon fossil fuels, renewable and nuclear
energy and all these should be subject of increased level of research, development,
demonstration and deployment

Electricity-GDP elasticity was 3.0 till the mid-sixties. It has also decreased
since then. Reasons for these energy–economy elasticity changes are: demographic
shifts from rural to urban areas, structural economic changes towards lighter industry,
impressive growth of services, increased use of energy efficient devices, increased
efficiency of conversion equipments and inter-fuel substitution with more efficient
alternatives.

The growth rates of the primary energy and electrical energy have been estimated as
follows.
Period Primary Energy Electricity
Percent Annual Growth Percent Annual Growth
2002-2022 4.6 6.3
2022-2032 4.5 4.9
2032-2042 4.5 4.5
2042-2052 3.9 3.9
 Background:
India boasts a growing economy, and is increasingly a significant consumer of
oil and natural gas. With high rates of economic growth and over 15 percent of the
world’s population, India has become a significant consumer of energy resources. In
2009, India was the sixth largest oil consumer in the world. The global financial crisis
and credit crunch have slowed India’s significant economic growth particularly in the
manufacturing sector, and GDP growth rates have declined from 9.3 percent in 2009
to 5.3 percent in the fourth quarter of 2009. Despite a recent slowing economy,
India’s energy demand continues to increase. In terms of end-use, energy demand in
the transport sector is expected to be particularly high, as vehicle ownership,
particularly of four-wheel vehicles, is forecast to increase rapidly once the global
economic crisis abates and domestic spending levels resume.

POWER SUPPLY SCENARIO

Year Energy Energy Availability Energy

Requirement(MU) (MU) shortage (%)
2002-03 545674 497589 8.8
2003-04 559264 519398 7.1
2004-05 5,91,373 5,48,115 7.3
2005-06 6,31,554 5,78,819 8.4
2006- 07 6,90,587 6,24,495 9.6
2007-08 7,37,052 6,66,007 9.8
2008-09 7,77,039 6,91,038 11.1
2009-10* 6,17,554 5,57,138 9.8

* Up to December 2009
Source: Ministry of Power, Government of India

India lacks sufficient domestic energy resources and must import much of its
growing energy requirements. India is not only experiencing an electricity shortage
but is also increasingly dependent on oil imports to meet demand. In addition to
pursuing domestic oil and gas exploration and production projects, India is also
stepping up its natural gas imports, particularly through imports of liquefied natural
gas. The country’s ability to secure a reliable supply of energy resources at affordable
prices will be one of the most important factors in shaping its future energy demand.
Coal accounts for more than half of India’s total energy consumption followed by oil,
which comprises 31 percent of total energy consumption. Natural gas and
hydroelectric power account for 8 and 6 percent of consumption, respectively.
Although nuclear power comprises a very small percentage of total energy
consumption at this time, it is expected to increase in light of recent international civil
nuclear energy cooperation deals. According to the Indian government, 30 percent of
India’s total energy needs are met through imports.
  Sources of energy

1. Exhaustible sources
1. Hydro
2. Thermal
1. Oil
2. Coal
3. Natural Gas
Drawbacks of exhaustible sources

 Exhaustible resources:

o Hydropower :

As part of India’s goal of diversifying its sources of electric power generation and
increasing the country’s capacity, increased use of hydroelectric power is also
included in the government’s plans. Hydropower could reportedly provide a great deal
of additional capacity in India. Due to its environmental advantages and the country’s
lack of electric supply, international organizations such as the World Bank are
providing funding for a variety of hydroelectric projects around the country.
However, lack of reliability and environmental and community concerns surrounding
Construction may make it difficult to fully capitalize upon this domestic energy
resource. Geothermal, solar, and wind power hold little importance in electric power
generation in the country and are unlikely to displace any of the other fuel sources in
the near future. Although, the government would like the share of renewable in
electricity production to increase.

o Thermal Power Generation:

Conventional thermal-generated power accounted for 81 percent of electricity in India
in 2005. Of these sources, coal is by far the most important fuel source for power
generation, with roughly 70 percent of electricity generated in coal-fired power plants.
India is both the third-largest consumer and third-largest producer of coal in the
world, and although the country can supply the bulk of its needs domestically, it is
currently a net importer of coal. In spite of the sector’s heavy reliance on coal, natural
gas is becoming increasingly important in the Indian electric sector due to
environmental considerations, quality concerns pertaining to the steel industry, and
supply constraints surrounding coal. Although the sector’s reliance on coal is unlikely
to wane significantly, the power industry is largely driving the demand for natural gas
in the country. Reliance Industries is building the world’s largest natural gas-fired
power plant at Dadri in Uttar-Pradesh, which is expected to have a capacity of 3,500
MW. The Hazira plant in Gujarat was converted to natural gas in 2002, and the
Dabhol plant will run on natural gas once fully completed.

 Oil:
 Because India is a growing net importer of oil, the Indian government has held
several licensing rounds in an effort to promote exploration activities and boost
domestic oil production. According to Oil & Gas Journal (OGJ), India had 5.6 billion
barrels of proven oil reserves as of January 2009, the second-largest amount in the
Asia-Pacific region after China. India’s crude oil reserves tend to be light and sweet,
with specific gravity varying from 38° API in the offshore Mumbai High field to 32°
API at other onshore basins. India produced roughly 880 thousand bbl/d of total oil in
2008, of which approximately 650 thousand bbl/d was crude oil, with the rest of
production resulting from other liquids and refinery gain. India has over 3,600
operating oil wells, according to OGJ. Although oil production in India has slightly
trended upwards in recent years, it has failed to keep pace with demand and is
expected by the EIA to decline slightly in 2009.

India’s oil consumption has continued to be robust in recent years. In 2007,

India consumed approximately 2.8 million bbl/d, making it the fifth largest consumer
of oil in the world. Demand grew to nearly 3 million bbl/d in 2008. EIA anticipates
consumption growth rates flattening in 2009 largely due to slowing economic growth
rates and the recent global financial crisis. The combination of rising oil consumption
and relatively flat production has left India increasingly dependent on imports to meet
its petroleum demand; India is currently dependent on imports for 68 percent of its oil
consumption. The EIA expects India to become the fourth largest net importer of oil
in the world by 2025, behind the United States, China, and Japan.

Strategic Petroleum Reserve:

In support of the country’s energy security, Indian officials have declared that the
country intends to develop a strategic petroleum reserve (SPR). The decision has been
made to set up a strategic reserve of 5 million tons (36.6 million barrels) of crude oil
in underground structures in Mangalore, Visakhapatnam, and Padur. The project is
expected to come online in 2012. The location of the storage facilities was selected to
be along the coast so that the reserves could be easily transported to refineries during
a supply disruption. The SPR project is being managed by the Indian Strategic
Petroleum Reserves Limited (ISPRL), which is part of Oil Industry Development
Board (OIDB), a state-controlled organization. Despite these plans, India does not
have any strategic crude oil stocks at this time.

 Coal:

India now ranks third amongst the coal producing countries in the world.
Being the most abundant fossil fuel in India till date, it continues to be one of the most
important sources for meeting the domestic energy needs.
It accounts for 55% of the country’s total energy supplies
However, current shortage is a cause of concern. Other resources Coal is likely to
remain our mainstay fuel for energy generation till 2031-32.
How we create energy:
We burn coal at thermal power station to generate electricity, suffer huge losses in
transmission and distribution and finally convert that electricity into heat.
It is better to directly burn coal at home and get the required heat. This way we will
save 70 per cent of coal
  Natural Gas
Fuel of the 21st Century
Despite major new natural gas discoveries in recent years, India is considering
large-scale imports via pipelines and LNG terminals to help meet growing demand.
According to Oil and Gas Journal (OGJ), India had 38 trillion cubic feet (Tcf)
of proven natural gas reserves as of January 2009. The EIA estimates that India
produced approximately 1.1 Tcf of natural gas in 2007, up only slightly from 2006
production levels. The bulk of India’s natural gas production comes from the western
offshore regions, especially the Mumbai High complex. The onshore fields in Assam,
Andhra Pradesh, and Gujarat states are also significant sources of natural gas. The
Bay of Bengal has also become an important source of natural gas for the country.
In 2007, India consumed roughly 1.5 Tcf of natural gas, approximately 100 Bcf more
than in 2006, according to EIA estimates. Natural gas demand is expected to grow
considerably, largely driven by demand in the power sector. The power and fertilizer
sectors account for nearly three-quarters of natural gas consumption in India. By
2030, EIA expects Asian demand for natural gas to more than double, and India is
expected to be responsible for a sizeable part of that growth. Natural gas is expected
to be an increasingly important component of energy consumption as the country
pursues energy resource diversification and overall energy security. Although India’s
natural gas production has consistently increased, demand has already exceeded
supply and the country has been a net importer of natural gas since 2004. India’s net
imports reached an estimated 353 Bcf in 2007. India imports natural gas via liquefied
natural gas (LNG).

Natural Gas Imports

Analysts expect that India’s natural gas import demand will increase in the coming
years. To help meet this growing demand, a number of import schemes including both
LNG and pipeline projects have either been implemented or considered.

 Nuclear Power Generation:

Nuclear power holds a great deal of potential in India and the government is
increasingly relying on its development to hit its power generation targets. The
country has recently established a civil nuclear cooperation deal with the United
States. Internationally, controversy has historically surrounded India’s nuclear
program in light of the country’s refusal to sign the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty
(NPT) and its 1974 nuclear weapons test. The U.S. - India civil nuclear energy
cooperation deal, signed in July 2005, is no exception. Also known as the “123
Agreement”, the deal allows for civil nuclear trade between the U.S. and India with
the goal of increasing India’s installed nuclear power generation capacity.
In light of the deal, the Indian government has set its nuclear generation target at
40,000 MW by 2020, already showing an increase from its original goal of 20,000
MW. India currently has 14 nuclear reactors in commercial operation with more
planned. Recently, India bought six nuclear reactors from Areva of France and four
from Rosatom of Russia. They are slated for the Maharashtra and Tamil Nadu nuclear
projects. Combined, the ten new reactors will add 11,000 MW of electric capacity to
the country. In addition, in September 2008, India and France also signed a civil
nuclear energy cooperation deal that will further enhance India’s future nuclear
energy generation capabilities.

Nuclear power is power (generally electrical) produced from controlled (i.e.,

non-explosive) nuclear reactions. Commercial plants in use to date use nuclear fission
reactions. Electric utility reactors heat water to produce steam, which is then used to
generate electricity. In 2009, 15% of the world's electricity came from nuclear power.
More than 150 naval vessels using nuclear propulsion have been built.

Nuclear Energy is also Clean Energy

Most scientists agree that pollution is contributing to global warming and to
climate change. This can hurt agricultural production and harm all living beings on
our planet. We must, therefore, reduce pollution that causes global warming. This
requires environment friendly energy sources – clean and green energy.
Any means of producing electricity involves some wastes and environmental
hazard. The nuclear industry is unique in that it is the only energy-producing industry
that has taken full responsibility for the disposal of all its wastes and meets the full
cost of doing so. Nuclear energy also does not contribute to global warming.
Also the cost of fuel for a nuclear power station is very much less than for an
equivalent coal fired power station. Electricity from nuclear reactors in many regions
is competitive with electricity produced from coal, even after providing for
management and disposal of radioactive wastes and the decommissioning of reactors.
So, nuclear energy will be a clean and an affordable source of energy
Presently, only 3% of India’s energy needs are met from nuclear sources. India
plans to produce 20,000 MWe from the nuclear sector by 2020, increasing from the
very low level of 3,700 Mwe at present.
Increased share of nuclear power in the Indian energy mix will diminish the
reliance on fossil fuels and reduce carbon emissions from India.
Advantages of Nuclear Power:
1. Fuel is inexpensive and easy to transport. Energy generated is very efficient
and the remaining waste is compact.
2. Nuclear reactors need little fuel.
3. Amount of waste produced is billions of time smaller than that produced in
coal burning plant
4. Chance of a nuclear accident is 1 in 250 years.
5. Clean source of energy.

Disadvantages
1. Actual cost of producing energy is more because of containment, radioactive
waste storage system
2. The mining of the fuel itself can cause serious problems
3. The meltdown of reactor can cause serious disaster.
 Natural Green Energy Sources:

1. Wind Energy

2. Solar Energy

3. Energy from Biomass

4. Biofuels

1. Wind Energy:
Wind Power:
1. It is used in different applications such as ships, in agricultural purposes etc.
2. Due to depletion of oil, gas and coal deposits, the exploitation of wind power
is increasing. Wind is present in plentiful and it is inexhaustible and hence
wind power is very attractive.
3. Wind mill site selection: Depends on several factors such as: Windy area;
scattered population. It can be installed in any locality provided the
topography is suitable. Wind mills do not require any outside supplies.

Advantages:
1. Wind carries enormous quantity of energy (use in sailing vessels, pumping
water and to grind wheat and corn.
2. It is attractive because it is in plentiful, inexhaustible and non-polluting.
3. In large portions of the world, wind blows for 320days in a year.
4. Operating cost in negligible.

Disadvantages:
1. It is non-steady and unreliable. There are wide variations in the speed and
direction of winds.
2. Very huge size and high structural area and quite large finance required.
3. The varying wind speed creates problems in case of wind mills employed for
electric power generation.
4. Since the speed of the wind will vary, it results in fluctuating voltage and
frequency. NOTE: The maximum efficiency which can be obtained is around
59-60%.

2. Solar Energy:
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans
since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation, along
with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power,
hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available renewable energy on
earth. Only a minuscule fraction of the available solar energy is used.
Solar powered electrical generation relies on heat engines and photovoltaics. Solar
energy's uses are limited only by human ingenuity. A partial list of solar applications
includes space heating and cooling through solar architecture, potable water via
distillation and disinfection, day lighting, solar hot water, solar cooking, and high
temperature process heat for industrial purposes. To harvest the solar energy, the most
common way is to use solar panels.

Solar technologies are broadly characterized as either passive solar or active solar
depending on the way they capture, convert and distribute solar energy. Active solar
techniques include the use of photovoltaic panels and solar thermal collectors to
harness the energy. Passive solar techniques include orienting a building to the Sun,
selecting materials with favorable thermal mass or light dispersing properties, and
designing spaces that naturally circulate air.

Applications of solar Energy:

 _ Space and water heating in domestic and commercial buildings

 _ Large scale heat collection for generation of electricity
 _ The chemical and biological conversion of organic materials to liquid, solid
and gaseous fuel
 _ Domestic lighting
 _ Street lighting
 _ Village electrification
 _ Water pumping
 _ Desalination of salty water
 _ Railway/traffic signals
3. Energy from Biomass:
India has a large potential for renewable energy (RE), an estimated aggregate of over
100,000MW. In addition, the scope for generating power and thermal applications
using solar energy is huge. However, only a fraction of the aggregate potential in
renewable, and particularly solar energy, has been utilized so far. Biomass as a source
of Renewable Energy is most important in view of its sustainability as well as
economic viability in respect of its use both for rural electrification and Industrial
application.

Biomass Power: Gasification and Biomethanation.

The advantage of Biomass is that it can be used to generate electricity with the same
equipment power plants, with some modification, that are now burning fossil fuels. It
is an important source of energy and the most important fuel worldwide after coal, oil
and natural gas. Biomass energy is an alternative energy source as it is renewable and
free from net CO2 (carbon dioxide) emissions, and is abundantly available on earth
in the form of agricultural/forestry residue, city garbage, cattle dung, firewood, etc.

Biogas which can be derived from Wet Biomass, such as, Cattle dung,
vegetable/food waste, fruit waste, organic part of MSW, soft grass, water hyacinth,
other selective plants etc.is expected to become one of the key energy resources for
global sustainable development.

Biomass Gasification Technology

Biomass gasification process can be used for both thermal and electrical applications.
Generally dry biomass, such as, firewood, agricultural residues such as rice husk,
cashew shell, coconut shell, mastered /maize stalk etc., are being used in gasifiers for
generation of producer gas. In India, there is wide range of gasifiers available with
capacities varying from 10 kW to 500 kW for electrical & thermal applications.
Thermal gasifiers finds applications in industries like bakeries, steel re-rolling,
engineering industries, tiles manufacturing, brick kilns, chemical Industries etc.

However, for rural electrification usually 10 to 20kWe capacity biomass gasifiers

based power plant on 100 Producer gas engine modes, is being used. Cost of
installation of such power plants is in the rage of Rs.8.00Lakhs to Rs.11.00Lakhs and
there is further additional cost involved for power distribution to the houses of the
families as well as running such plant by the suppliers for certain period in case of
Demonstration Plant. - 2

Biogas Technology (Biomethanation)

At present, biogas technology provides an alternative source of energy in rural India
for cooking mostly by Biogas Plant, popularly known as Gobar gas Plant, which runs
by Cattle dung only. It is particularly useful for village households that have their own
cattle. Through a simple process, cattle dung is used to produce methane based gas,
which serves as fuel for cooking and the residue is used as manure. The gas
essentially comprises of Methane (CH4) and Carbon di-oxide (O2) in the ratio 60:40.
It is the methane, which has the fuel value.

Use of Biomethanation Technology for Rural Electrification

Whenever question comes for rural electrification, major focus is being reflected to
Biomass Gasifiers based Power Plant (BGPP) on 100% producer gas engine mode,
as in this case cost is much lesser to solar power. But due to various constraints, such
as, lack of availability of dependable 100% producer gas engine, increasing of cost of
“Dry Biomass”, lack of training for operating BGPP, short duration operation (4hrs.in
evening) etc. progress could not be made as per plan.
Considering the huge potential and due to operational advantages, equal importance
need be given for installing Biogas Plants (Biomethanation Process) to generate
biogas for power generation either exclusively or parallel with BGPP; for rural
electrification. In certain areas, there may be abundance of Wet Biomass, which is
suitable and more economical to use for generating Biogas.

4. Biofuels:
Biofuels are a wide range of fuels which are in some way derived from biomass. The
term covers solid biomass, liquid fuels and various biogases.[1] Biofuels are gaining
increased public and scientific attention, driven by factors such as oil price spikes and
the need for increased energy security.

Bioethanol is an alcohol made by fermenting the sugar components of plant materials

and it is made mostly from sugar and starch crops. With advanced technology being
developed, cellulosic biomass, such as trees and grasses, are also used as feedstock for
ethanol production. Ethanol can be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is
usually used as a gasoline additive to increase octane and improve vehicle emissions.
Bioethanol is widely used in the USA and in Brazil.

Biodiesel is made from vegetable oils, animal fats or recycled greases. Biodiesel can
be used as a fuel for vehicles in its pure form, but it is usually used as a diesel additive
to reduce levels of particulates, carbon monoxide, and hydrocarbons from diesel-
powered vehicles. Biodiesel is produced from oils or fats using transesterification and
is the most common biofuel in Europe.

Biofuels provided 1.8% of the world's transport fuel in 2008. Investment into biofuels
production capacity exceeded $4 billion worldwide in 2007 and is growing.
 Problems in India Power Sector:
 Electricity:
India currently suffers from a major shortage of electric generating capacity.
In 2006, India had 144 gigawatts (GW) of installed electric capacity and generated
703 billion kilowatt hours. Nearly all power in India is generated with conventional
thermal sources, which produced over 80 percent of electricity in 2006.
Hydroelectricity has been a consistent source of power in India, accounting for nearly
16 percent of power generated in 2006. Finally, nuclear energy produced roughly 2
percent of electricity during the same year, while geothermal and other renewable
sources accounted for as little as 1 percent.

Electricity Shortages:

India suffers from a severe shortage of electric capacity. According to the

World Bank, roughly 40 percent of residences in India are without electricity. In
addition, blackouts are a common occurrence throughout the country’s main cities.
The World Bank also reports that one-third of Indian businesses believe that
unreliable electricity is one of their primary impediments to doing business. Further
compounding the situation is that total demand for electricity in the country continues
to rise and is outpacing increases in capacity. Adequate additional capacity has failed
to materialize in India in light of market regulations, insufficient investment in the
sector, and difficulty in obtaining environmental approval and funding for
hydropower projects.
In addition, coal shortages are further straining power generation capabilities
In order to address this shortfall; the Indian government has set the goal of adding
90,000 MW of additional electric generation capacity by 2012. In light of these
targets, the private sector is beginning to step up investment in the sector. For
example, UK-based Hinduja Group, which already operates several power plants in
the country, has pledged $15 billion towards the addition of 10,000 MW of capacity
over the next several years. The country also grapples with electricity efficiency
issues.
 In order to improve efficiency standards, the Energy Conservation Act was
passed in 2002, which established the Bureau of Energy Efficiency and has sought to
promote efficient use of energy and labeling of energy-intensive products. It is also
possible to import some electricity into India, as the country’s power grid is
interconnected with the grids in Nepal and Bhutan. This has allowed for the export of
surplus electricity to India, however, this is not likely to prove sufficient to make up
for India’s lack of electric generation capacity.
 Future technologies:
There some technologies which are going to implemented in future.
This technology comes under natural sources.

1. Ocean Energy:
India is blessed with a long coast line of 7,500kms and has enormous potential
for Ocean Energy. This is the Energy that can ensure the 10 percent or above GDP
growth of India. Ocean Energy is for ‘free’. It is only the installation costs. Entire
world could be powered with the Ocean Energy.
Govt. of India is encouraging Wind Energy and Solar Energy. The following
facts should be taken into consideration while considering ocean energy.
1. Availability factor for Wind Energy and Solar Energy is just 20 to 30 percent
only (However, for wind energy, this factor could be improved 60% to 80% with
innovative techniques).
Availability factor for Ocean Energy is over 90 percent.
2. Every 1000MWs of Solar Energy gives out 10,000MWs of heat directly into
the atmosphere.
3. Water moving at 8 knots has the same energy as Wind blowing at 217knots.
Water molecules in Ocean Waves, are given momentum of velocity, greater than 8
knots.
Wind Turbines are shut down when wind speeds exceed 90 kms per hour.
However, Ocean energy turbines can withstand and take all the energy of the ocean
waves, ocean tides, and ocean currents.
4. Winds are intermittent and unpredictable and off shore winds are just 20
percent stronger than on inlands.
On the other hand, Ocean energy is continuous and predictable. Ocean waves,
ocean tides and ocean currents collect and carry energy over thousands of kilometers
with little loss.
Ocean energy varies in intensity, and is available 24hours a day and 365days a
year. And this energy can be tapped right on our shores.
5. At depths of over 10 meters, Ocean wave energy is three to eight times of
what we see near the shore.
6. Compressibility ratio between sea water and air is 1:832. Water turbine of 4
to 8 meters equals wind turbine of 80 meters.
With wind energy, small single generators of up to 3.6MWs only, can be run.
With Ocean Energy, large single generators of up to 100MWS or more can be
run, from the energy obtained in a stretch of one kilometer or more, to get continuous
power of 60MWs to over 100MWs.
India should be powered with the Ocean Energy. This World should be
powered with the Ocean Energy.

Ocean Energy Technology (Combined With Wind Energy & Solar

Energy).

       A stretch of 15 kms of Ocean, at depths of over 10 meters, has energy, equaling
to 1500MWs to10, 000MWs or more at some places.  Availability factor, for Ocean
Energy is, over 90%. Availability factor, for Wind Energy and Solar Energy is, just
20%to30% only. (However, for wind energy this factor could be improved 60% to
80%, with innovative techniques).

Cost of the Ocean Energy Project, approximately, by my 'Power India Technologies'

is, Rs.700,00,000/MW initially, and can possibly be reduced, (after, all the
infrastructure that is needed for this kind of power generation is established), to less
than the cost for thermal power  generation (i,e.Rs. 400,00,000/MW)     This in effect,
will turn out to be the lowest cost, when compared to any other form of Power
Generation, the World over, that produces power continuously, throughout the year.
And, add to this--No recurrent fuel costs (fossil fuels with consequent pollution and
global warming) and also the fact, that this kind of Power Generation is almost
maintenance free (a 100MW ocean wave energy Power Station could possibly be run
with a staff of two (2) to four (4) personnel).

        It is possible to run a single electric generator of 100MWs or more, with the
ocean energy, obtained in a stretch of one kilometer or more.

     The following facts should be noted for the ocean energy technology, in contrast to
thermal power generation.

 Only Installation costs. No Land acquisition for the Construction of the

Project. 
 No Fuel costs.
 No Transportation costs.
 No Internal Power Consumption in the Plant.
 No Pollution. No Global Warming.
 No Radio-active fall-out.
 No Fuel Stocks needed. No fear of accidental Fuel Burn-out. No carbon-
monoxide poisoning.
 No Effluents. No Land destruction.
 No Health Hazards.
 No Gestation Period. Power Generation starts from the very first unit and the
life time depends on the civil construction of the project which could be over
100 years.

2. Pressure Pads under Pavements Could Generate

Electricity from Every Step We Take
"When we walk along a pavement, eight watts of energy is wasted - absorbed
by the ground - with each heel. Yet it's possible to harvest at least 30 per cent of that
energy," explains Claire Price, a director at The Facility Architects in London. The
technology, developed by London-based The Facility, uses a flooring system that
incorporates a matrix of hydraulic compression pads. The pressure of the footsteps on
these pads pushes fluid through a micro-turbine and generates electricity.

In 2007, a version of the technology that used the energy of passing trains to
power a flood detector underwent successful trial at a bridge in the Midlands, Britain.
There are plans to use this technology in the stairs to the Spinnaker Tower viewing
platform in Portsmouth.

The proposal by David Webb of British consultancy Scott Wilson involves use
of miniature heel-strike generators installed beneath the stairs to capture the power
generated by people walking above. A study based on foot traffic at London’s
Victoria underground train station showed that the average 34,000 travelers that pass
through the station each hour could power 6,500 light bulbs. If we use more
technologies like this then it help us to solve the problem of power shortage.
 How the Save Power (Energy Conservation)

For Domestic Purpose:

Lighting System
01. One of the best energy-saving devices is the light switch. Turn off lights when
not required.
02. Many automatic devices can help in saving energy used in lighting. Consider
employing infrared sensors, motion sensors, automatic timers, dimmers and
solar cells wherever applicable, to switch on/off lighting circuits.
03. As for as possible use task lighting, which focuses light where it's needed. A
reading lamp, for example, lights only reading material rather than the whole
room.
04. Dirty tube lights and bulbs reflect less light and can absorb 50 percent of the
light; dust your tube lights and lamps regularly.
05. Fluorescent tube lights and CFLs convert electricity to visible light up to 5
times more efficiently than ordinary bulbs and thus save about 70% of
electricity for the same lighting levels.
06. Ninety percent of the energy consumed by an ordinary bulb (incandescent
lamp) is given off as heat rather than visible light.
08. Replace your electricity-guzzling ordinary bulbs (incandescent lamps) with
more efficient types. Compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs) use up to 75 percent
less electricity than incandescent lamps.
09. A 15-watt compact fluorescent bulb produces the same amount of light as a 60-
watt incandescent bulb.

Room Air Conditioners

01. Use ceiling or table fan as first line of defence against summer heat. Ceiling
fans, for instance, cost about 30 paise an hour to operate - much less than air
conditioners (Rs.10.00 per hour).
02. You can reduce air-conditioning energy use by as much as 40 percent by
shading your home's windows and walls. Plant trees and shrubs to keep the
day's hottest sun off your house.
03. One will use 3 to 5 percent less energy for each degree air conditioner is set
above22°C (71.5°F), so set the thermostat of room air conditioner at 25°C
(77°F) to provide the most comfort at the least cost.
04. Using ceiling or room fans allows you to set the thermostat higher because the
air movement will cool the room.
05. A good air conditioner will cool and dehumidify a room in about 30 minutes, so
use a timer and leave the unit off for some time.
06. Keep doors to air-conditioned rooms closed as often as possible.
07. Clean the air-conditioner filter every month. A dirty air filter reduces airflow
and may damage the unit. Clean filters enable the unit to cool down quickly and
use less energy.
08. If room air conditioner is older and needs repair, it's likely to be very
inefficient. It may work out cheaper on life cycle costing to buy a new energy-
efficient air conditioner.
Refrigerators
01. Make sure that refrigerator is kept away from all sources of heat, including
direct sunlight, radiators and appliances such as the oven, and cooking range.
When it's dark, place a lit flashlight inside the refrigerator and close the door. If
light around the door is seen, the seals need to be replaced.
02. Refrigerator motors and compressors generate heat, so allow enough space for
continuous airflow around refrigerator. If the heat can't escape, the refrigerator's
cooling system will work harder and use more energy.
03. A full refrigerator is a fine thing, but be sure to allow adequate air circulation
inside.
04. Think about what you need before opening refrigerator door. You'll reduce the
amount of time the door remains open.
05. Allow hot and warm foods to cool and cover them well before putting them in
refrigerator. Refrigerator will use less energy and condensation will reduce.
06. Make sure that refrigerator's rubber door seals are clean and tight. They should
hold a slip of paper snugly. If paper slips out easily, replace the door seals.
07. When dust builds up on refrigerator's condenser coils, the motor works harder
and uses more electricity. Clean the coils regularly to make sure that air can
circulate freely.
08 For manual defrost refrigerator, accumulation of ice reduces the
. cooling power by acting as unwanted insulation. Defrost freezer
compartment regularly for a manual defrost refrigerator.

Water Heater
01 To help reduce heat loss, always insulate hot water pipes, especially where they
. run through unheated areas. Never insulate plastic pipes.
02 By reducing the temperature setting of water heater from 60 degrees to 50
. degrees C, one could save over 18 percent of the energy used at the higher
setting.
Microwave Ovens &Electric Kettles
01 Microwaves save energy by reducing cooking times. In fact, one can save up to
. 50 percent on your cooking energy costs by using a microwave oven instead of
a regular oven, especially for small quantities of food.
02 Remember, microwaves cook food from the outside edge toward the centre of
. the dish, so if you're cooking more than one item, place larger and thicker items
on the outside.
03 Use an electric kettle to heat water. It's more energy efficient than using an
. electric cook top element.
04 When buying a new electric kettle, choose one that has an automatic shut-off
. button and a heat-resistant handle.
05 It takes more energy to heat a dirty kettle. Regularly clean your electric kettle
. by combining boiling water and vinegar to remove mineral deposits.
06 Don't overfill the kettle for just one drink. Heat only the amount of water you
. need.
Computers
01 Turn off your home office equipment when not in use. A computer that runs 24
. hours a day, for instance, uses - more power than an energy-efficient
refrigerator.
02 If your computer must be left on, turn off the monitor; this device alone uses
. more than half the system's energy.
 03 Setting computers, monitors, and copiers to use sleep-mode when not in use
. helps cut energy costs by approximately 40%.
04 Battery chargers, such as those for laptops, cell phones and digital cameras,
. draw power whenever they are plugged in and are very inefficient. Pull the
plug and save.
05 Screen savers save computer screens, not energy. Start-ups and shutdowns do
not use any extra energy, nor are they hard on your computer components. In
fact, shutting computers down when you are finished using them actually
reduces system wear - and saves energy

Energy Conservation in industries:

THERMAL UTILITIES
Boilers
• Preheat combustion air with waste heat
(22 0C reduction in flue gas temperature increases boiler efficiency by 1%).
• Use variable speed drives on large boiler combustion air fans with variable
flows.
• Burn wastes if permitted.
• Insulate exposed heated oil tanks.
• Clean burners, nozzles, strainers, etc.
• Inspect oil heaters for proper oil temperature.
• Close burner air and/or stack dampers when the burner is off to minimize heat
loss up the stack.
• Improve oxygen trim control (e.g. -- limit excess air to less than 10% on clean
fuels).
(5% reduction in excess air increases boiler efficiency by 1% or: 1%
reduction of residual oxygen in stack gas increases boiler efficiency by 1%.)
• Automate/optimize boiler blow down. Recover boiler blow down heat.
• Use boiler blow down to help warm the back-up boiler.
• Optimize deaerator venting.
• Inspect door gaskets.
• Inspect for scale and sediment on the water side
(A 1 mm thick scale (deposit) on the water side could increase fuel
consumption by 5 to 8%).
• Inspect for soot, flyash, and slag on the fire side
(A 3 mm thick soot deposition on the heat transfer surface can cause an
increase in fuel consumption to the tune of 2.5%.)
• Optimize boiler water treatment.
• Add an economizer to preheat boiler feed water using exhaust heat.
• Recycle steam condensate.
• Study part-load characteristics and cycling costs to determine the most-efficient
mode for operating multiple boilers.
• Consider multiple or modular boiler units instead of one or two large boilers.
• Establish a boiler efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit
and follow-up, then make a boiler efficiency-maintenance program a part of
your continuous energy management program.

Steam System
 • Fix steam leaks and condensate leaks
(A 3 mm diameter hole on a pipe line carrying 7 kg/cm 2 steam would waste
33 kilo litres of fuel oil per year).
• Accumulate work orders for repair of steam leaks that can't be fixed during the
heating season due to system shutdown requirements. Tag each such leak with
a durable tag with a good description.
• Use back pressure steam turbines to produce lower steam pressures.
• Use more-efficient steam desuperheating methods.
• Ensure process temperatures are correctly controlled.
• Maintain lowest acceptable process steam pressures.
• Reduce hot water wastage to drain. Remove or blank off all redundant steam
piping.
• Ensure condensate is returned or re-used in the process
(6 0C raise in feed water temperature by economiser/condensate recovery
corresponds to a 1% saving in fuel consumption, in boiler).
• Preheat boiler feed-water.
• Recover boiler blow down.
• Check operation of steam traps.
• Remove air from indirect steam using equipment
(0.25 mm thick air film offers the same resistance to heat transfer as a 330 mm
thick copper wall.)
• Inspect steam traps regularly and repair malfunctioning traps promptly.
• Consider recovery of vent steam (e.g. -- on large flash tanks).
• Use waste steam for water heating.
• Use an absorption chiller to condense exhaust steam before returning the
condensate to the boiler.
• Use electric pumps instead of steam ejectors when cost benefits permit
• Establish a steam efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy audit
and follow-up, then make a steam efficiency-maintenance program a part of
your continuous energy management program.

Insulation
• Repair damaged insulation
(A bare steam pipe of 150 mm diameter and 100 m length, carrying saturated
steam at 8 kg/cm2 would waste 25,000 litres furnace oil in a year.)
• Insulate any hot or cold metal or insulation.
• Replace wet insulation.
• Use an infrared gun to check for cold wall areas during cold weather or hot wall
areas during hot weather.
• Ensure that all insulated surfaces are cladded with aluminum
• Insulate all flanges, valves and couplings
• Insulate open tanks
(70% heat losses can be reduced by floating a layer of 45 mm diameter
polypropylene (plastic) balls on the surface of 90 0C hot liquid/condensate).

ELECTRICAL UTILITIES
Electricity Distribution System
• Optimize the tariff structure with utility supplier
• Schedule your operations to maintain a high load factor
 • Shift loads to off-peak times if possible.
• Minimize maximum demand by tripping loads through a demand controller
• Stagger start-up times for equipment with large starting currents to minimize
load peaking.
• Use standby electric generation equipment for on-peak high load periods.
• Correct power factor to at least 0.90 under rated load conditions.
• Relocate transformers close to main loads.
• Set transformer taps to optimum settings.
• Disconnect primary power to transformers that do not serve any active loads
• Consider on-site electric generation or cogeneration.
• Export power to grid if you have any surplus in your captive generation
• Check utility electric meter with your own meter.
• Shut off unnecessary computers, printers, and copiers at night.

Motors
• Properly size to the load for optimum efficiency.
(High efficiency motors offer of 4 - 5% higher efficiency than standard
motors)
• Use energy-efficient motors where economical.
• Use synchronous motors to improve power factor.
• Check alignment.
• Provide proper ventilation
(For every 10 oC increase in motor operating temperature over recommended
peak, the motor life is estimated to be halved)
• Check for under-voltage and over-voltage conditions.
• Balance the three-phase power supply.
(An imbalanced voltage can reduce 3 - 5% in motor input power)
• Demand efficiency restoration after motor rewinding.

Refrigeration
• Use water-cooled condensers rather than air-cooled condensers.
• Challenge the need for refrigeration, particularly for old batch processes.
• Avoid over sizing -- match the connected load.
• Consider gas-powered refrigeration equipment to minimize electrical
demand charges.
• Use "free cooling" to allow chiller shutdown in cold weather.
• Use refrigerated water loads in series if possible.
• Convert firewater or other tanks to thermal storage.
• Don't assume that the old way is still the best -- particularly for energy-
intensive low temperature systems.
• Correct inappropriate brine or glycol concentration that adversely affects
heat transfer and/or pumping energy.
If it sweats, insulate it, but if it is corroding, replace it first.
• Make adjustments to minimize hot gas bypass operation.
• Inspect moisture/liquid indicators.
• Consider change of refrigerant type if it will improve efficiency.
• Check for correct refrigerant charge level.
• Inspect the purge for air and water leaks.
• Establish a refrigeration efficiency-maintenance program. Start with an energy
audit and follow-up, then make a refrigeration efficiency-maintenance
program a part of your continuous energy management program.

Cooling towers
• Control cooling tower fans based on leaving water temperatures.
• Control to the optimum water temperature as determined from cooling tower
and chiller performance data.
• Use two-speed or variable-speed drives for cooling tower fan control if the
fans are few. Stage the cooling tower fans with on-off control if there are
many.
• Turn off unnecessary cooling tower fans when loads are reduced.
• Cover hot water basins (to minimize algae growth that contributes to
fouling).
• Balance flow to cooling tower hot water basins.
• Periodically clean plugged cooling tower water distribution nozzles.
• Install new nozzles to obtain a more-uniform water pattern.
• Replace splash bars with self-extinguishing PVC cellular-film fill.
• On old counter flow cooling towers, replace old spray-type nozzles with new
square-spray ABS practically-non-clogging nozzles.
• Replace slat-type drift eliminators with high-efficiency, low-pressure-drop,
self-extinguishing, PVC cellular units.
• If possible, follow manufacturer's recommended clearances around cooling
towers and relocate or modify structures, signs, fences, dumpsters, etc. that
interfere with air intake or exhaust.
• Optimize cooling tower fan blade angle on a seasonal and/or load basis.
• Correct excessive and/or uneven fan blade tip clearance and poor fan
balance.
• Use a velocity pressure recovery fan ring.
Lighting
• Reduce excessive illumination levels to standard levels using switching,
delamping, etc. (Know the electrical effects before doing delamping.)
• Aggressively control lighting with clock timers, delay timers, photocells,
and/or occupancy sensors.
• Install efficient alternatives to incandescent lighting, mercury vapor lighting,
etc. Efficacy (lumens/watt) of various technologies range from best to worst
approximately as follows: low pressure sodium, high pressure sodium, metal
halide, fluorescent, mercury vapor, incandescent.
• Select ballasts and lamps carefully with high power factor and long-term
efficiency in mind.
• Upgrade obsolete fluorescent systems to Compact fluorescents and electronic
ballasts
• Consider day lighting, skylights, etc.
• Consider painting the walls a lighter color and using less lighting fixtures or
lower wattages.
• Use task lighting and reduce background illumination.
• Re-evaluate exterior lighting strategy, type, and control. Control it
aggressively.
• Change exit signs from incandescent to LED.
 Power Theft In India
For slum dwellers, power theft is almost a way of life. There's little or no
effort to hide it and the method is simplicity itself: just find the nearest overhead
power cable, sling a metal hook over it, then run a wire from the hook to the
home. The result: an illegal supply of free electricity that lasts until inspectors
from the local power utility stage one of their periodic raids. And when that
happens, people simply all wait for a few hours until the inspectors have gone
before reconnecting.

Christmas trees

The evidence for this is there for all to see. Across a main road from
the slum is a line of pylons carrying mains electricity cables. As well as the
thick wires they are supposed to be supporting, most of the pylons have dense
tangles of other much smaller wires sprouting off in different directions.

The proliferation of connections makes the pylons look a little like

over-decorated Christmas trees. These little wires run across the road
siphoning off power from the transmission lines to homes and businesses
located in the slum, which is a maze of little alleyways with children and
animals running around.

Most households here seem to have an illegal connection to the grid. In

many instances there are several unauthorized connections - and on occasion a
legal one as well.

National problem

Similar scenes can be seen in many parts of Delhi. According to the

latest official estimate, as much as 42% of the power supplied to India's capital
disappears through "transmission losses", meaning it is consumed without
being paid for. In effect, it is stolen.

Three years ago the problem was even more serious. Then
transmission losses accounted for over the half the electricity distributed in
Delhi. Although Delhi has been dubbed the power theft capital of the world,
the situation in other parts of India is little better.

There are no hard figures, but the best estimate is that somewhere
between a third and half of the country's electricity supply is unpaid for. No
other country suffers revenue losses on this scale. In China, Asia's other
emerging economic giant, no more than 3% of the nation's power supply is
lost to theft.
Spreading the blame

Slum dwellers' unofficial hook-ups are the most visible sign of India's
power theft crisis, but there are yet bigger problems dogging the country's
energy sector.

Meter tampering by middle class households seeking to pay less than

they should costs still more, says Sangeta Robinson, an official with local
utility North Delhi Power Limited, a subsidiary of energy giant Tata Power.

And yet another huge loss - albeit one which no-one can quantify - is
electricity theft by industrial enterprises. Giresh Sant, who works for an NGO
called Prayas campaigning for more efficient and accountable government,
says the problem is one of corruption - and a vested electoral interest in
turning a blind eye.

No-one likes paying their utility bills, he says, so often politicians

regard laxness about revenue collection as a vote-winner. And opportunities
for personal enrichment through corruption related to industrial power theft
have given them, as well as civil servants and utility officials, further
incentives not to rock the boat.

The political aspect is probably most blatant in rural areas. At least

20% of India's power is consumed by farmers' irrigation systems. Frequently
they either get free power or pay low set charges that bear no relation to the
amount of electricity used. The powerful farmers' lobby is hard for politicians
to ignore in country where a majority of the population still makes its living
from agriculture.

Power drought

But the pervasive electricity theft means India is chronically short of

power. Power cuts due to load shedding - which happens when demand
exceeds supply - are a regular event in Indian cities. And the problem is likely
to get worse as rapid economic growth leads to greater energy consumption.

If the current 8% growth rate continues, India's energy planners reckon

generating capacity will need to expand sevenfold over the next 25 years - and
that means as much as $300bn on new power stations and transmission lines.
Meanwhile, power theft means most of India's state run electricity companies
are close to bankruptcy, collectively losing $4.5bn a year.

Private discipline?

But at last the power sector is starting to build the monitoring systems
needed to make sensible decisions. Recent legal reforms could also help. The
2003 Electricity Act made power theft a criminal offence for the first time, and
made provision for special courts and police departments dedicated to
cracking down.
 Finally, there is the push to privatize. The idea is that private energy
utilities will be better managed more motivated to raise revenue - and less
susceptible to political pressure than government-run enterprises. Private-
sector power generation plants have targets for reducing transmission losses
built into their contracts.

The privatization process is rather less advanced in power distribution.

So far, only Delhi and the eastern state of Orissa have private firms playing a
significant role.

Crackdown

But in Delhi, the private power firms say they are making progress.
India's two largest private power companies - Tata Power and Reliance Energy
- have been awarded management control of supplying electricity to Delhi,
working in partnership with state-run organizations.

Tata Power claims to have cut transmission losses in its patch from
over 50% of the power supplied to little more than 30%. The company
recently secured its first criminal conviction for power theft, and has also
launched several thousand civil legal cases against people it suspects of
abusing the system in Delhi.

Tata is also undertaking an education campaign to convince consumers

of the merits of paying for power. And it is also offering an incentive: a
scheme that gives slum-dwellers power enough for lights and a fan for a fixed
price of 179 rupees ($4; £2.30) a month.

Some say, however, that even this is too expensive in relation to

income, so India's campaign against power theft clearly still has some way to
go.
References:

1. India struggles with power theft, By Mark Gregory, BBC World Service
international business reporter in Rohini, Delhi

2. Sectorial analysis for electricity demand in India,Subhash Mallah and N.K.Bansal,

Shri Mata Vaishno Devi University

3. Energy in India for the Coming Decades, Anil Kakodkar, Chairman, Atomic
Energy Commission, India

4. Indian Express, Renewable Energy can meet India's 35 percent demand by 2030

5. Bureau of Energy Efficiency, New Delhi

6. 8th World Wind Energy Conference & Exhibition Wind Power for Islands –
Offshore and Onshore Jeju Island, South Korea 23-25 June 2009

7. Use of Biomass in meeting the Energy demand of Remote Rural Villagers in a

socially and environmentally sound manner. By S.K.Bose, Senior Advisor, GP Green
Energy Systems Pvt. Ltd.

8. Growing Energy Demand in India and China, from

http://www.researchandmarkets.com

9. International Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering 1:3 2009

Energy Supply, Demand and Environmental Analysis – A Case Study of Indian
Energy Scenario, I.V. Saradhi, G.G. Pandit and V.D. Puranik

10. Elasticities of Electricity Demand in Urban Indian Households

Massimo Filippini Shonali Pachauri, Centre for Energy Policy and Economics
Swiss Federal Institutes of Technology.

11. Nuclear Power –An alternative, Dr. S.K.Jain, Nuclear Power Corporation of
India Limited & Bharatiya Nabhikiya Vidyut Nigam Limited

12. The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), COMPETITION IN INDIA’S

ENERGY SECTOR (Electricity, Oil & Gas and Coal)

Websites:
1. http://www.wikipedia.com
2. http://www.researchandmarkets.com/reports/
3. http://powermin.nic.in/index.htm
4. http://www.cea.nic.in/
5. http://www.powergridindia.com/PGCIL_NEW/home.aspx