NURSING: DEFINITIONS

NURSING (as an art)

Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in
assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance
of health. It involves the creative application of knowledge in the service of people.

NURSING (as a science)

It is the “body NURSING: DEFINITIONS

NURSING (as an art)

Is the art of caring sick and well individual. It refers to the dynamic skills and methods in
assisting sick and well individual in their recovery and in the promotion and maintenance
of health. It involves the creative application of knowledge in the service of people.

of abstract knowledge” arrived through scientific research and logical analysis

Nursing (as a profession)

Profession- a calling in which its members profess to have acquired special knowledge by
training or experience, or both so that they may guide, advise or save others in that
special field.

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Nursing is the act of utilizing the environment of the patient to assist him in his recovery.

VIRGINIA HENDERSON
Nursing is the act of assisting the individual, sick or well, in the performance of those
activities contributing to health or its recovery (or to a peaceful death) that he would
perform unaided if he had the necessary strength, will, or knowledge, and to do this in
such a way as to help him gain independence as rapidly as possible.

CANADIAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (CNA)

Nursing is a dynamic, caring, helping relationship in which the nurse assists the client to
achieve and obtain optimal health.

THEMES THAT ARE COMMON TO THESE DEFINITION:

Nursing is caring
Nursing is an art
Nursing is a science
Nursing is client-centered
Nursing is holistic
Nursing is adaptive
Nursing is concerned with health promotion, health maintenance, and health restoration
Nursing is a helping profession

AMERICAN NURSES ASSOCIATION (ANA)

1973
Nursing is direct, goal oriented, and adaptable to the needs of the individual, the family,
and community during health and illness.

1980
Nursing is the diagnosis and treatment of human responses to actual or potential health
problems.

1995
ANA acknowledges FOUR ESSENTIAL FEATURES OF CONTEMPORARY NURSING
PRACTICE:

 Integration of objective data with knowledge gained from understanding of the client
or group’s subjective experience.
 Application of scientific knowledge to the processes of diagnosis and treatment.
 Provision of caring relationship that facilitates health and healing.

NURSE
 Comes from a Latin word “to nourish” or “to cherish
 One who cares for the sick, the injured, and the physically, mentally, and emotionally
disabled
 One who advise and instruct individuals, families, groups and communities in the
prevention, treatment of illness and diseases and in the promotion of health.
 An essential member of a health team who cares for individuals, families and
communities in disease and illness prevention and in the promotion of health and
healthy environment.

PATIENT
 Comes from a Latin word, “to Suffer” or “to Bear”
 An individual who is in the state of physical, mental, and emotional imbalance
 An individual who seeks for nursing assistance, medical assistance, or for surgery due
to illness or a disease.
 Is an individual who is waiting or undergoing medical or surgical care. One who is
physically or mentally disabled.
 PERIODS OF NURSING HISTORY

I. INTUITIVE PERIOD

 Prehistoric à Early Christian Era

 More on intuition
 NOMADS – travel from one place to another
Survival of the fittest
“Best for the most” – motto
 Sickness is due to “voodoo”
 Performed out of feeling of compassion for others
 Performed out of desire to help
 Performed out of wish to do good
 Nursing is given by the WOMEN

SHAMAN – uses white magic to counteract the black magic

- They are the doctors during those time.

TREPHINING – drilling the skull

- Used to treat Psychotic patients
- Psychotic patients are believed to be possessed by evil spirits.

Growth of religion – most important thing that happened

Growth of civilization
Law of self-preservation – inspire man in search of knowledge

RISE IN CIVILIZATION

 From the mode of Nomadic life à agrarian society à gradual development of urban
community life
 Existence of means of communication
 Start of scientific knowledge à more complex life à increase in health problems à
demand for more nurses
 Nursing as a duty of SLAVES and WIVES. NURSING DID NOT CHANGE but there was
progress in the practice of Medicine.
 Care of the sick was still closely allied with superstitions, religion and magic

 Near East – birth place of 3 religious ideologist:

- Judaism
- Christianity
- Mohammedism or Islam
- Near East culture was adopted by the Greeks and Romans combined with the wonders
of the Far East by returning crusaders and explorers improved and was carried to Europe
during the Renaissance Period that resulted to greater knowledge then to the New World
by the Early settlers.

 New World – a tiny area known as birth of monotheism that lies between Tigris and
Euphrates River in the Nile River arose the cultures of Babylonia, Egypt and Hebrew.

MONOTHEISM – believer of one God

RISE IN CIVILIZATION

BABYLONIANS
- CODE OF HAMMURABI
1st recording on the medical practice
Established the medical fees
Discouraged experimentation
Specific doctor for each disease
Right of patient to choose treatment between the use of charms, medicine, or surgical
procedure

EGYPTIANS
- ART OF EMBALMING
Mummification
Removing the internal organs of the dead body
Instillation of herbs and salt to the dead
Used to enhance their knowledge of the human anatomy. Since work was done and
performed on the dead

“THE 250 DISEASES”

Documentation about 250 diseases and treatments

HEBREW
Teachings of MOSES
Created Leviticus
Father of sanitation
Practice the values of “Hospitality to strangers” and the “Act of Charity” – contained in
the book of Genesis
LEVITICUS – 3rd book of the Old Testament
Laws controlling the spread of communicable diseases
Laws governing cleanliness
Laws on preparation of food
Purification of man and his food
The ritual of CIRCUMCISION – on the 8th day after birth

MOSAIC LAW- Meant to keep Hebrews pure so that they may enter the sanctuary
without affronting God
- Meant as a survival for health and hygienic reason only

CHINA
- “MATERIA MEDICA”
Book that indicates the pharmacologic drug used for treatment
Use of wax to preserve the body of the dead
Method of paper making

FACTOR THAT HAMPERED THE ADVANCEMENT OF MEDICINE:Prohibits dissecting of

human body thus thwarting scientific study

INDIA
- SUSHURUTO
1st recording on the nursing practice
Hampered by Taboos due to social structures and practices of animal worship
Medicine men built hospitals
Intuitive form of asepsis
There was proficient practice of Medicine and Surgery

NURSES QUALIFICATIONS: Lay Brothers, Priest Nurses, combination of Pharmacist,

Masseurs, cooks
There was also decline in Medical practice due to fall of Buddhism

GREECE
AESCULAPUS
Father of medicine in Greek mythology

HIPPOCRATES
Father of modern medicine
1st to reject the idea that diseases are caused by evil spirits
1st to apply assessment
Practice medical ethics

CADUCEUS
Insignia of medicine
Composed of staff of travellers intertwined with 2 serpent (the symbol of Aesculapus and
his healing power). At the apex of the staff are two wings of Hermes (Mercury) for speed.

ROMANS
“If you’re strong, you’re healthy” – motto
Transition from Pagan to Christianity

FABIOLA
Was converted to Christian and later she converted her home to a hospital and used her
wealth for the sick.

1st hospital in the Christian world

- treated citizens rejected from society due to their "loathsome diseases".

II. APPRENTICE PERIOD

 11th century à 1836
 On-the-job training period
 Refers to a beginner (on-the-job training). It means care performed by people who are
directed by more experienced nurses
 Starts from the founding of Religious Orders in the 6th century through the Crusades
in the 11th century (1836 – when the deaconesses School of Nursing was established
in Kaiserswerth, Germany by Pastor THEODORE FLEIDNER)
 There was a struggle for religious, political, and economic power
 Crusades took place in order to gain religious, political, and economic power or for
adventure

MILITARY RELIGIOUS ORDERS AND THEIR WORKS

1. KNIGHTS OF ST. JOHN OF JERUSALEM (ITALIAN)

Also called as “Knights of the Hospitallers”
Established to give care

2. TEUTONIC KNIGHTS (GERMAN)

Took subsequent wars in the Holy Land
Cared for the injured and established hospitals in the military camps

3. KNIGHTS OF ST. LAZARUS

Care for those who suffered Leprosy, syphilis, and chronic skin diseases
 4. ALEXIAN BROTHERS
A monasteric order founded in 1348. They established the Alexian Brothers School of
Nursing, the largest School under religious auspices exclusively in US and it closed down in
1969

5. ST. VINCENT DE PAUL

He organized the charity group called the “La Charite” and the “Community of Sisters of
Charity” composed of women dedicated in caring for the sick, the poor, orphaned, and
the widowed. He founded the “Sisters of Charity School of Nursing” in Paris, France
where Florence Nightingale had her 2nd formal education in Nursing.

6. LOUISE de GRAS
Was the 1st Superior and co-founder of the Community of Sisters of Charity

NURSING SAINTS

1 .ST. CLAIRE OF ASSISI

Took vows of poverty, obedience to service and chastity
Founded the 2nd order of St. Francis of Assisi
“the poor Claire”

2. ST. ELIZABETH OF HUNGARY

The patroness of Nursing
A princess
Sees her calling to give care for the sick
Fed thousands of hungry people

3. St. CATHERINE OF SIENA

“Little Saint” – took care of the sick as early as 7y/o
“1st Lady with a Lamp”

RISE OF RELIGIOUS NURSING ORDER

Orders of St. Francis of Assisi
1st order – founded by St. Francis
2nd order “the poor Claire” – founded by St. Claire
3rd “the tertiary order”
- Beguines
- Oblates
- Benedictines
- Ursulites
- Augustinians
Beguines - These women lived alone.
- They tended to live near the edge of towns.
- They were not nuns. They did not take vows.
- They devoted themselves to prayer and good works and it appears that
many were devoted to study.

Oblates - are individuals, either laypersons or clergy, normally living in general society,
who, while not professed monks or nuns, have individually affiliated themselves with a
monastic community of their choice.
- They make a formal, private promise (annually renewable or for life,
depending on the monastery with which they are affiliated) to follow the Rule of the
Order in their private life as closely as their individual circumstances and prior
commitments permit.
- Such oblates do not constitute a separate religious order as such but are
considered an extended part of the monastic community.

Benedictines - also known as the Black Monks, is a Roman Catholic religious order of
independent monastic communities that observe the Rule of Saint Benedict.

Ursulines - refers to a number of religious institutes of the Catholic Church.

- The best known group was founded in 1535 at Brescia, Italy, by St. Angela
Merici (ca. 1474-1540), for the education of girls and the care of the sick and needy.
Their patron saint is Saint Ursula.

Augustinians - named after Saint Augustine of Hippo (354–430), applies to two

separate types of Catholic religious orders, and to some Anglican religious orders. Within
Anglicanism the Rule of St Augustine is followed only by women, who form several
different communities of Augustinian nuns in the Anglican Communion.

DARK PERIOD OF NURSING 17th-19th century

Also called the Period of Reformation until the American Civil War
Hospitals were closed
Nursing were the works of the least desirable people (criminals, prostitutes, drunkards,
slaves, and opportunists)
Nurses were uneducated, filthy, harsh, ill-fed, overworked
Mass exodus for nurses

THEODORE FLIEDNER
(a pastor) reconstituted the Deaconesses and later he established the School of Nursing at
Kaiserswerth, Germany where Florence Nightingale had her 1st formal training for 3
months as nurse
FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Practiced her profession during the Crimean War
“Lady with a Lamp”
From a well-known family
Went to Germany to study

Florence Nightingale era

Began in June 15, 1860 when Florence Nightingale School of Nursing opened at St.
Thomas Hospital in London England, where 1st program for formal education of Nurses
began and contributed growth of Nursing in the US
FACTORS THAT INFLUENCED DEVELOPMENT OF NURSING EDUCATION:
Social forces
Trends resulting from war
Emancipation of women
Increased educational opportunities

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
Mother of Modern Nursing
Lady with the Lamp
Born on May 12, 1820 in Florence, Italy
Her SELF-APPOINTED GOAL – to change the profile of Nursing
She compiled notes of her visits to hospitals, her observations of sanitation practices and
entered Deaconesses School of Nursing at Kaiserswerth, Germany for 3 months.

III. EDUCATIVE PERIOD

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE
- Became the Superintendent of the Establishment for Gentle Women during the Illness
(refers to the ill governess or instructors of Nursing

- She disapproved restriction on admission of patient and considered this unchristian and
contrary to health care.

- Upgraded the practice of Nursing and made Nursing a honorable profession

- Led other nurses in taking care of the wounded and sick soldiers during the Crimean
War

- She was designated as Superintendent of the Female Establishment of English General

Hospital in Turkey during the Crimean War
- She reduced the casualties of war by 42%-2% thru her effort by improving the practice
of sanitation techniques and procedure in the military barracks

THE CONCEPTS OF FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE ON NURSING SCHOOL:

- School of Nursing should be self-supporting not subject to the whimps of the Hospital.

- Have decent living quarters for students and pay Nurse instructors

- Correlate theories to practice

- Support Nursing research and promote continuing education for nurses

- Introduce teaching knowledge that disease could be eliminated by cleanliness and

sanitation and Florence Nightingale likewise did not believed in the Germ Theory of
Bacteriology.

- Wrote Notes on Nursing, “What it is and what it is not.”

- Wrote notes on hospitals

OTHER SCHOOLS OF NURSING

Bellevue Training School for Nurses – New York City

Alexian Brothers Hospital School of Nursing in US exclusively for men. It opened in 1348
and it closed down in 1969.

LINDA RICHARDS – the first graduate nurse in US. Graduated in September 1, 1873.

2 NURSING ASSOCIATION / ORGANIZATIONS THAT UPGRADED NURSING PRACTICE

IN US:
American Nurses Association
National League for Nursing Education
IV . CONTEMPORARY PERIOD
This covers the period after WWII to present :

- Establishment of the WHO by the UN to assist in fighting diseases by providing health

information and improving nutrition
- Use of atomic energy for medical diagnosis and treatment
- Utilization of computers for collecting data teaching, establishing diagnosis, maintaining
inventory, making payrolls, record keeping and billing
- The advent of space medicine also brought about the development of aerospace nursing

FACTORS AFFECTING NURSING TODAY:

1. Economics
2. Consumer’s Demand
3. Family Structure
4. Information and Telecommunications
5. Legislation

HISTORY OF NURSING IN THE PHILLIPINES

Nursing in the Philippines

 history of nursing in the Philippines stems from the caregiving provided by women,
priests, and herb doctors during pre-colonial Philippines

 women did not have much opportunity to be formally educated in schools because only
a limited number of Filipino women received primary education

 During the Philippine revolution, Filipino women also became the providers of care for
wounded revolutionaries

 Filipino women were given the chance to become educated as nurses, guided by their
American nurse and missionary mentors, until nursing became a full-pledged profession
in the Philippines, a professional career not only for modern-day women in the country
but also for men in the Philippines

Early Beliefs and Practices:

- diseases and their causes and treatment were shrouded with mysticism and
superstitions.

1. Beliefs about causation of disease

- another person
- an enemy or a witch
- evil spirits
2. People believed that evil spirits could be driven away by persons with powers to expel
demons.

3. People believed in special gods of healing, with priest-physician (called “word doctors)
as intermediary. If they used leaves or roots, they were called herb doctors (Herbolarios)

4. Filipinos who became sick were usually cared for by the female family members or
friends in the home.

Early Care of the Sick:

 the early Filipinos subscribed to superstitious beliefs and practices in relation to health
and sickness.

 Herbmen were called “Herbicheros”, meaning one who practiced witchcraft.

 persons suffering from diseases without any identified cause were believed to be
bewitched by the “Mangkukulam” or “ Mangagaway”.

 difficult childbirth and some diseases (called “Pamao”) were attributed to “Nunos”.

 While in labor, the “mabuting hilot” (good midwife) was usually present. If the birth became
too dangerous, bad omens and evil sorcerers were thought to be the cause. Exploding
gunpowder from a bamboo cane near the head of the person going through the suffering
would usually get rid of the bad omen.[4]

Health Care During the Spanish Regime

- The context of nursing has manifested through simple nutrition, wound care, and
taking care of an ill member of the family

- Certain practices when taking care of a sick individuals entails interventions from
babaylan (priest physicians) or albularyo (herb doctor).

- In 1578, male nurses were acknowledged as Spanish Friars’ assistants for caring sick
individuals in the hospital. These male nurses were referred as practicante or enfermero.

The Earliest Hospitals established were the following:

1. Hospital Real de Manila (1577).

- it was established mainly to care for the Spanish King’s soldiers, but also admitted
Spanish civilians, founded by Gov. Francisco de Sande
2. San Lazaro Hospital (1578).
- founded by brother Juan Clemente and was administered for many years by the
hospitalliers of San Juan de Dios, built exclusively for patients with leprosy.

3. Hospital de Indio (1586)

- established by the Franciscan Order; service was in general supported by alms and
contributions from charitable persons

4. Hospital de Aguas Santas (1590)

- established in Laguna; near a medicinal spring, founded by brother J bautista of the
Fransciscan order

5. San Juan de Dios Hospital (1596)

- founded by the brotherhood of Misericordia and administered by the hospitalliers of
San Juan de Dios; support was derived from alms and rents; rendered general health
service to the public

Nursing During the Philippine Revolution

In the late 1890’s, the war between Philippines and Spain emerges which resulted to
significant amount of casualties

With this, many women have assumed the role of nurses to assist the wounded soldiers

the emergence of Filipina nurses brought about the development of Philippines Red Cross.

The prominent persons involved in nursing works were:

1. Josephine Bracken.
- wife of Jose Rizal installed a filed hospital in an estate house in Tejeros; provided
nursing care to the wounded night and day

2. Rosa Sevilla Alvero

- As early as 18 years old, she volunteered nursing work to serve wounded soldiers
converted their house into quarters for the Filipino soldiers, during the
Philippine-American War that broke out in 1899.

3. Dona Hilaria de Aguinaldo

- considered the” First Lady of the Philippines”
- wife of Emilio Aguinaldo;
- organized the Filipino Red Cross under the inspiration of Apolinario Mabini
- She complemented Emilio's military campaigns by caring for wounded soldiers and
their families.

4. Dona Maria Agoncillo de Aguinaldo.

- second wife of Emilio Aguinaldo; provided nursing care to Filipino soldiers during the
revolution.
- president of the Filipino Red Cross branch in Batangas

5. Melchora Aquino (Tandang Sora)

- Considered as:
“Mother of Philippine Revolution”,
“Mother of Balintawak”,
“Tandang Sora”
- nursed the wounded Revolutionary Filipino soldiers and gave them shelter and food

6. Capitana SalomeKahabagan
- a revolutionary leader in Nueva Ecija
- provided nursing care to the wounded when not in combat

7. Generala Agueda Kahabagan

- revolutionary leader in Laguna, also provided nursing care services to her troops

8. Trinidad Tecson
- “Ina ng Biak na Bato”, “Mother of Philippine Red Cross”

- stayed in the hospital at Biak na Bato, whenever she was not in the battle field, to care
for the wounded soldiers

Filipino Red Cross (Philippine Red Cross)

- Born officially in 1947
- Malolos, Bulacan was the location of the national headquarters
- established branches in the provinces

Functions of Filipino Red Cross (During Philippine Revolution):

1. Collection of war funds and materials through concerts, charity bazaars and voluntary
contributions
2. Provision of nursing care to wounded Filipino soldiers

- in the past, the PRC used to be involved only in the provision of blood and short-term
palliatives as well as participation in disaster-related activities, but they now focus on a
wider array of humanitarian services
At present, the PRC provides six major services:

1. National Blood Services

2. Disaster Management Services
3. Safety Services
4. Health Services
5. Welfare Services
6. Red Cross Youth

Hospital School of Nursing’s Formal Training (1901 – 1911)

- Formal training in hospital school of nursing transpire.

- This began when American missionary doctors and nurses realized that the manpower
is insufficient.

- Thus, it resulted to a decision of training Filipino nurses that would be catering to the
hospitals that Americans established in the 20th century.

- The first hospital in the Philippines which trained Filipino nurses in 1906 was Iloilo
Mission Hospital, established by the Baptist Missionaries

- When this health institution was built, there were no strict requirements for the
applicants as long as they are all willing to work

- In this period, Pensionado Act of 1903 (or Act 854) was mandated, allowing Filipino
nursing student to study in United States.
Hospitals and Schools of Nursing

1. Iloilo Mission Hospital School of Nursing (Iloilo City, 1906)

- it was ran by the Baptist foreign Mission society of America.

- it moved to its present location in Jaro Road, Iloilo City in 1929.

- Miss Flora Ernst, an American nurse, took charge of the School in 1942. In March,
1944, 22 nurses graduated;

- in April, 1946 graduate nurses took the first Nurses Board Examination at the Iloilo
Mission Hospital

2. St. Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

- the hospital was established by the Archibishop of Manila, the most Reverend Jeremiah
Harty under the supervision of the Sisters of St. Paul de Chartres.
- it was located in Intramuros and it provided general hospital services.

- it had a free dispensary and dental clinic.

- it opened its training school for nurses in 1908, with Rev. Mother Malanie as
superintendent and Miss E. Chambers as Principal

3. Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing (1907)

- the Philippine General Hospital began in 1901 as small dispensary mainly for ‘Civil
Officers and Employees” in the City of Manila. It later grew into Civil Hospital

in 1906, Mrs. Mary Coleman Master, an educator advocated for idea of training Filipino
girls for the profession of nursing. With the approval of government officials, she first
opened a dormitory for girls enrolled at the Philippine Normal Hall and the University of
the Philippines

1907, with the support of Governor General Forbes and the Director of Health among
others, she opened classes in nursing under the auspices of the Bureau of Education.

Admission into the school was based on an entrance examination. The applicant must
have completed elementary education to the seventh grade.

Julia Nichols and Charlotte Clayton taught the students nursing subjects. American
physicians also served as lecturers

in 1910, Act. No. 1976 modified the organization of the school, placing it under the
supervision of the Director of health.

The Civil Hospital was abolished; the Philippine General Hospital was established. The
school became known as the Philippine General Hospital and School of Nursing

when became chief nurse, Eisie McCloskey-Gaches introduced several improvements in the
school. The course was made attractive and more practical.

Anastacia Giron-Tupaz, the first Filipino nurse to occupy the position of chief nurse and
superintendent in the Philippines, succeeded her.

4. St. Luke’s Hospital School of Nursing (Quezon City, 1907)

- the hospital is an Episcopalian institution. It began as a small dispensary in 1903.

In 1907, the school opened with three Filipino girls admitted. These girls had their first
year in combined classes with the Philippine General Hospital School of Nursing and St.
Paul’s Hospital School of Nursing.
Miss Helen hicks was the first principal. Mrs. Vitaliana Beltran was the first Filipino
superintendentof nurses. Dr Jose Flores was the first Filipino medical director of the
hospital.

Note: in the period of organization between 1907 and 1910, the first-year nursing
students of the Philippine General Hospital, St. Luke’s hospital and St. Paul Hospital had a
common first year course.
This was known as the central school idea in nursing education. The three schools
selected their own students, based on the following requirements:

1. Educational preparation, at least completion of seventh grade

2. Sound physical and mental health
3. Good Moral Character
4. Good family and social standing
5. Recommendations from three different persons well known in the community

the three groups of students from these schools were later fused in one class, lived in the
same dormitory and received the same instruction in anatomy and physiology, massage,
practical nursing, material Medica, bacteriology and English

5. Mary Johnston Hospital and School of Nursing (Manila, 1907)

it started as a small dispensary on Calle Cervantes (now Avenida Rizal). It was called
Bethany Dispensary and was funded by the Methodist Mission for the relief of suffering
among women and children.

1907, Dr. Rebecca Parish, together with the registered nurses Rose Dudley and Gertrude
Dreisback, Organized the Mary Johnson School of Nursing.

The nurses training course began with three Filipino young girls fresh from elementary
grades as the first students

6. Philippine Christian Mission Institute Schools of Nursing

the united Christian Missionary Society of Indianapolis, Indiana, a protestant organization

of the Disciples of Christ, operated three schools of nursing:

Sallie Long Read Memorial Hospital School of Nursing (Laoag, Ilocos Norte, 1903)
Mary Chiles Hospital School of Nursing (Manila 1911)

Frank Dunn Memorial Hospital (Vigan, Ilocos Sur, 1912)

7. San Juan de Dios Hospital School of Nursing (Manila, 1913)

in 1913, through the initiative of Dr. Benito Valdez, the Board of Inspectors and the
Executive Board of the Hospital passed a resolution to open a school of nursing.

The school is run by the Daughters of Charity since then, Sister Taciana Trinanes was the
first directress of the school.

Dr. Gregorio Singian introduced the following reforms when he was appointed medical
director in 1920:
a. the first six months of training was considered a trial period. Students who incurred a
failure in two or three subjects were dismissed
b. a separate building was provided for the library
c. a kitchen was constructed; classes for bacteriology and chemistry was introduced
d. laboratory classes for bacteriology and chemistry were introduced
e. anatomic charts and specimens for experiments were acquired
f. a new spacious dormitory for students and nurses was built. In 1945, during the fight
in Intramuros, the hospital was destroyed. It rebuilt at its present site in Roxas Boulevard

8. Emmanuel Hospital School of Nursing (Capiz, 1913)

in 1913, the American Baptist Foreign Mission Society sent Dr. P.H.J. Lerrigo to Capiz
for the purpose of opening a hospital, Miss Rose Nicolet assited him.

The school offered a 3 year training course for an annual fee of P100.00.

Miss Ciara Predrosa was the first Filipino principal.

9. Southern Islands Hospital School of Nursing (Cebu, 1918)

the hospital was established in 1911 under the Bureau of health. The school opened in
1918 with Anastacia Giron-Tupaz, as the organizer.

Miss Visitacion Perez was the first principal.

10. Other Schools of Nursing established were as follows:

a. Zamboanga General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)

b. Chinese General Hospital School of Nursing (1921)
c. Baguio General Hospital School of Nursing (1923)
d. Manila Sanitarium and Hospital School of Nursing (1930)
e. St. Paul’s School of Nursing in Iloilo City (1946)
f. North General Hospital and School of Nursing (1946)
g. Siliman University School of Nursing (1947)

THE FIRST COLLEGES OF NURSING IN THE PHILIPPINES:

1. University of Santo Tomas College of Nursing (1946)

the college began as the UST School of nursing Education on February 11, 1941.

The School was unique since it operated as a separate entity from the Santo Tomas
University Hospital.
The Courses of Instruction were designed to conform to the latest and most modern
advances in nursing science and education.

At the same time, the ideals of Christian Charity permeated this course.

In its first year of existence, its enrollees consisted of students from different schools of
nursing whose studies were interrupted by war.

in 1947, the Bureau of Private Schools permitted UST to grant the title of graduate
nurse to the 21 students who were at the advanced education leading to the
baccalaureate degree (BSN).

Sor Taciana Triňanes was its first directress.

2. Manila Central University College of Nursing (1947)

The MCU Hospital first offered the BSN course in 1947. It served as the clinical field for
practice.

Miss Consuelo Gimeno was its first principal.

3. University of the Philippines College of nursing (1948)

the idea of opening the college began in conference between Miss Julita Sotejo and then
U.P President Gonzales.

Nurses, who attended the biennial convention in May, 1946 endorsed the idea. In april,
1948, the university Council approved the curriculum, and the Board of regents
recognized the profession as having equal standing as medicine, law, engineering, etc.

Miss Julita Sotejo was its first dean.

NURSING LEADERS IN THE PHILIPPINES:

1. Anastacia Giron-Tupaz. First Filipino nurse to hold the position of Chief Nurse
Superintendent; founder of the Philippine Nurses Association.

2. Soccoro Diaz. First editor of the PNA magazine called “the Message”

3. Conchita Ruiz. First full-time editor of the newly named PNA magazine “the Filipino
Nurse”

4. Loreta tupaz. “Dean of the Philippine Nursing”; Florence Nightingale of Iloilo

NURSING ORGANIZATIONS:
1. Philippine Nurses Association - This is the national organization of Filipino nurses

2. National League of Nurses - The association of nurses employed in Department of

Health

3. Catholic Nurses Guild of the Philippines

4. Others: ORNAP, MCNAP, RNAP, ANSAP, CCINAPI