NATURE OF COMMUNICATION
Communication is a process.
Communication occurs between two or more
people (the speaker and the receiver).
Communication can be expressed through written
or spoken words, actions (nonverbal), or both
spoken words and nonverbal actions at the same
time.
ELEMENTS OF COMMUNICATION
 Speaker
The source of information or message
 Message
The information, ideas, or thoughts conveyed by
the speaker in words or in actions
 Encoding
The process of converting the message into
words, actions, or other forms that the speaker
understands
 Channel
The medium or the means, such as personal or
non-personal, verbal or nonverbal, in which the
encoded message is conveyed
 Decoding
The process of interpreting the encoded message
of the speaker by the receiver
 Receiver
The recipient of the message, or someone who
decodes the message
 Feedback
The reactions, responses, or information provided
by the receiver
 Context
The environment where communication takes
place
 Barrier
The factors that affect the flow of communication
PROCESS OF COMMUNICATION
Speaker
Encodes
Transmits
Receiver
Decodes
Feedback
MODELS OF COMMUNICATION
 Shanno-Weaver Model
“Mother of all communication”
Depicts communication as a linear or one-way
process consisting of five elements.
Has been criticized for missing one essential
element in the communication process: feedback.
Without feedback, the speaker will not know
whether the receiver understands the message or
not.
 Transaction Model
A two-way process with the inclusion of feedback
as one element.
There is a collaborative exchange of messages
between communicators with the aim of
understanding each other.
It also shows that a barrier, such as noise, may
interfere with the flow of communication.
 Schramm Model
FUNCTIONS OF COMMUNICATION
 Control
Communication functions to control behavior.
 Social Interaction
Communication allows individuals to interact with
others.
 Motivation
Communication motivates or encourages people
to live better.
 Emotional expression
Communication facilitates people’s expression of
their feelings and emotions.
 Information dissemination
Communication functions to convey information.
FEATURES OF AN EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION
 Completeness
Complete communication is essential to the
quality of the communication process in general.
Hence, communication should include everything
that the receiver needs to hear for him/ her to
respond, react, or evaluate properly.
 Conciseness
Conciseness does not mean keeping the message
short, but making it direct or straight to the point.
Insignificant or redundant information should be
eliminated from the communication that will be
sent to the recipient.
 Consideration
To be effective, the speaker should always
consider relevant information about his/her
receiver such as mood, background, race,
preference, education, status, and needs, among
others. By doing so, he/she can easily build rapport
with the audience.
 Concreteness
Effective communication happens when the
message is concrete and supported by facts,
figures, and real-life examples and situations. In
this case, the receiver is more connected to the
message conveyed.
 Courtesy
The speaker shows courtesy in communication by
respecting the culture, values, and beliefs of
his/her receivers. Being courteous at all times
creates a positive impact on the audience.
 Clearness
Clearness in communication implies the use of
simple and specific words to express ideas. It is
also achieved when the speaker focuses only on a
single objective in his/her speech so as not to
confuse the audience.
 Correctness
Correctness in grammar eliminates negative
impact on the audience and increases the
credibility and effectiveness of the message.
BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION
Emotional barrires
Use of jargons
Lack of confidence
Noisy environment
VERBAL COMMUNICATION AND NONVERBAL
COMMUNICATION
VERBAL
Refers to an interaction in which words are used to
relay a message. For effective and successful
verbal communication, use words to express ideas
which can be easily understood by the person you
are talking to.
NONVERBAL
Refers to an interaction where behavior is used to
convey and represent meanings.
INTERCULTURAL COMMU
NICATION
Happens when individuals interact, negotiate, and
create meanings while bringing in their varied
cultural backgrounds (Ting-Toomey, 1999).
THE DEVELOPMENT MODEL OF INTERCULTURAL
SENSITIVITY
Offers a structure that explores how people
experience cultural differences. According to
Bennett and Bennett (2004).
 Denial
The individual does not recognize cultural
differences.
 Defense
The individual starts to recognize cultural
differences and is intimidated by them, resulting in
either a superior view on own culture or an
unjustified high regard for the new one.
 Minimization
Although individuals see cultural differences, they
bank more on the universality of ideas rather than
on cultural differences.
 Acceptance
The individual begins to appreciate important
cultural differences in behaviors and eventually in
values.
 Adaptation
The individual is very open to world views when
accepting new perspectives.
 Integration
Individuals start to go beyond their own cultures
and see themselves and their actions based on
multifarious cultural viewpoints.
TYPE OF SPEECH CONTEXT
 Intrapersonal
This refers to communication that centers on one
person where the speaker acts both as the sender
and the receiver of message.
 Interpersonal
This refers to communication between and among
people and establishes personal relationship
between and among them.
 Dyad communication
Communication that occurs between two people
 Small group
Communication that involves at least three but not
more than twelve people engaging in a face-to-
face interaction.
 Public
This type refers to communication that requires
you to deliver or send the message before or in
front of a group. The message can be driven by
informational or persuasive purposes.
 Mass communication
This refers to communication that takes place
through television, radio, newspapers, magazines,
books, billboards, internet, and other types of
media.
TYPES OF SPEECH STYLE
 Intimate
This style is private, which occurs between or
among close family members or individuals. The
language used in this style may not be shared in
public.
 Casual
This style is common among peers and friends.
Jargon, slang, or the vernacular language are used.
 Consultative
This style is the standard one. Professional or
mutually acceptable language is a must in this
style.
 Formal
This style is used in formal settings. Unlike the
consultative style, this is one-way.
 Frozen
This style is “frozen” in time and remains
unchanged. It mostly occurs in ceremonies.