Sensors, Platforms, and Systems

11/29/2017
Sensors, Platforms and

Systems
GsE 189 Remote Sensing: Theory and Applications

1
Lecturer: Ayin M. Tamondong
Outline
I. Sensor and Platform Defined

III. Sensor Categories
IV. Types of Orbit Patterns
V. Remote Sensing Systems Categories
VI. Common Scanning Modes
VII. Resolution of Digital Images
VIII. Satellite Sensor Characteristics
2
2
1
11/29/2017
Sensor vs. Platform

SENSOR PLATFORM
 It refers to the  It is the type of
instrument or device vehicle that supports
that makes the or carries the sensor.
measurement.  Satellite, Space shuttle,
 Radiometer, Spectrometer, Airplane, Helicopter,
Sounder, Interferometer, Balloon, Ship
Synthetic Aperture Radar,
Altimeter, Lidar, Scanner,
Spectroradiometer
Remote Sensing: A Layered System

PLATFORMS
2
11/29/2017
Sensor Categories
I. Based on the Utilized Electromagnetic
Spectrum
A. Optical
B. Infrared
C. Microwave
II. Based on the Source of Energy Used for

Illumination
A. Passive
B. Active
TYPES OF ORBIT PATTERNS
I. Geostationary/Geosynchronous Orbit
A satellite in this orbit lies on the plane of

the Earth’s equator and travels at the same
angular velocity or is synchronous with the
rotation of the Earth such that it has a
constant view of a part of the Earth at all
times.
The satellite appears stationary with
respect to the Earth's surface.
Examples:
Geostationary Operational Environmental
Satellite (US) 7
Geostationary Meteorological Satellite (Japan)
3
11/29/2017
TYPES OF ORBIT PATTERNS

II. Polar/Sun-synchronous
The satellite is moving around the Earth’s poles from north to south
across the sky. Most satellites do not orbit in a true north-to-south
direction but in an orbit that is inclined from 8 to 10 degrees. As a result,
it passes over the same point only after several days.
Examples: Landsat (United States); SPOT (France)
Comparison of Geostationary and Polar Orbits
4
11/29/2017
Comparison of Geostationary and Polar

Orbits
10
Remote Sensing Systems:

Two major categories
I. Framing System
Instantaneously acquire
an image of an area, or
frame, on the terrain
Examples are cameras
and vidicons
 Vidicon is a type of
television camera that
records the image on a
photosensitive electronically
charged surface
11
5
11/29/2017
Remote Sensing
Systems: II. Scanning System
Two Major Categories Employs a sensor with
a narrow field of
view (IFOV) that
sweeps over the
terrain to build up
and produce a
two-dimensional
image of the
surface.
Reflected radiance
from the surface is
optically scanned
and electronically
recorded.
12
Common Scanning Modes

I. Across/Cross-track Scanning
Scan the Earth in a series of lines, the lines are oriented perpendicular to the
direction of motion of the sensor platform (across the swath).
Each line is scanned from one side of the sensor to the other, using a rotating
mirror (A).
Also called “Whiskbroom Scanning”
13
6
11/29/2017

II. Along-track Scanning
Use the forward motion of
the platform to record
successive scan lines and
build up a two-dimensional
image, perpendicular to the
flight direction.
Instead of a scanning mirror,
they use a linear array of
detectors (A) located at the
focal plane of the image (B)
formed by lens systems (C),
which are "pushed" along in Also referred to as “pushbroom
the flight track direction scanners”, as the motion of the
(along track). detector array is analogous to the
bristles of a broom being pushed
along a floor. 14
Pushbroom Scanning: Advantages

 Increase life of sensor
 Eliminates geometric errors due to
variation in scan mirror velocity
 Longer dwell times
 Increase Signal-to-Noise Ratio
15
7
11/29/2017
III. Circular Scanning

The scan motor and mirror are mounted with a vertical axis
of rotation that sweeps a circular path on the terrain.
Advantage: Distance between the scanner and terrain is

constant.
Disadvantage: Circular scan data requires extensive

reformatting prior to processing.
16
IV. Side Scanning

The scanning mode
primarily used by active
remote sensing systems.
17
8
11/29/2017
Comparison of Systems
18
1. Spatial Resolution
2. Spectral Resolution
3. Radiometric Resolution
4. Temporal Resolution
Often, there is a tradeoff between the different types

of resolution
9
11/29/2017
 Ability of imaging system to record fine detail in a

distinguishable manner
 Practical limit to level of detail possible from aerial/satellite
image
 Limit defined as “resolution”
 Image detail also affected by character of scene,
atmospheric conditions, illumination, experience and
ability of interpreter
 Fineness of spatial detail visible in the image

 It refers to the size of the smallest object that can be
resolved on the ground
 In a digital image, the spatial resolution is limited by the
pixel size
High spatial resolution: 0.6 - 4 m

Medium spatial resolution: 4 - 30 m
Low spatial resolution: 30 - > 1000 m
10
11/29/2017
 Ability of sensor to define fine wavelength intervals

 Refers to the specific wavelength intervals in the
electromagnetic spectrum that a sensor can record
High : 220
Medium : 3 - 15 bands
Low : 3 bands
11
11/29/2017
 A multispectral image – consists of a few image layers,

each representing an image acquired at a particular
wavelength band
 A superspectral image – consists of images with many
more wavelength bands acquired by more recent sensors
 A hyperspectral image – consists of about a hundred or
more contiguous spectral bands
12
11/29/2017
 Ability of sensor to record many levels of brightness

 Refers to the smallest change in intensity level that can be
detected by the sensing system
 The sensitivity the sensor has for recording variations in the
EM Spectrum
 Coarse radiometric resolution – record scene using only few
brightness levels or few bits (e.g., 8 bit  28 BVs (0-255)
 Landsat 8: 12-bit (4096 levels)
1-bit quantization 2-bit quantization 3-bit quantization

(2 levels) (4 levels) (8 levels)
4-bit quantization 6-bit quantization 8-bit quantization

(16 levels) (64 levels) (256 levels)
13
11/29/2017
GRAYSCALE
 The temporal resolution specifies the revisiting frequency of a

satellite sensor for a specific location.
High temporal resolution: < 24 hours - 3 days
Medium temporal resolution: 4 - 16 days
Low temporal resolution: > 16 days
 Examples: (revisit time)

 Landsat-7/8 16 days
 SPOT-5 2-3 days depending on Latitude
 IKONOSapproximately 3 days at 40° Latitude
 QuickBird 1-3.5 days depending on Latitude
14
11/29/2017
Satellite Imaging Systems

First Generation (Multi-spectral)
 Landsat
 NOAA-AVHRR
 SPOT
 IRS Series
30
Landsat
 First launched in 1972
 Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS)
 4 Bands (Green, Red, NIR x 2)
 80-m ground resolution
 185-km swath
 First series (Landsats 1, 2, 3)
 Sun-synchronous, 103 minutes
 14 orbits/day
 Repetitive coverage every 18
days (252 orbits)
31
15
11/29/2017
Landsat
 Landsat 4 Launched 1982
 Upgraded instrument -
 Landsat Thematic Mapper
(TM)
 Seven bands
 Blue, Green, Red, NIR,
SWIR x 2, TIR
 30m ground resolution
 185Km swath
32
Landsat Period of Operation
33
16
11/29/2017
PRINCIPAL
SATELLITE LAUNCHED END OF SERVICE
SENSORS
Landsat 1 23 Jul 1972 6 Jan 1978 MSS, RBV
Landsat 2 MSS, RBV

22 Jan 1975 25 Jan 1982
Landsat 3 MSS, RBV

5 Mar 1978 3 Mar 1983
Landsat 4
15 Jul 1982 Transmission TM - Aug 1993 TM, MSS
Operational TM - Nov 2011;

Landsat 5
1 Mar 1984 Direct downlink (2012-Jan 2013); TM, MSS
Decommissioned 5 Jun 2013
Landsat 6
5 Oct 1993 Destroyed at launch ETM
Landsat 7 Scan line correction failure

15 April 1999 ETM+
31 May 2003
Landsat 8 11 Feb 2013 OLI, TIRS

34
Landsat 7 Satellite Sensor

Characteristics
 Landsat 7 was designed to last for five years, and has the capacity
to collect and transmit up to 532 images per day.
 It is in a polar, sun-synchronous orbit, meaning it scans across the
entire earth's surface.
 It takes 232 orbits, or 15 days, to do so.
 The satellite weighs 1973kg, is 4.04m long, and 2.74m in diameter.
 Unlike its predecessors, Landsat 7 has a solid state memory of
378 gigabits (roughly 100 images).
 The main instrument on board Landsat 7 is the Enhanced
Thematic Mapper Plus (ETM+).
 It's main features are:
• A panchromatic band with 15m spatial resolution
• Full aperture, 5% absolute radiometric calibration
• A thermal infrared channel with 60m spatial resolution 35
17
11/29/2017
Landsat Satellite
36
37
18
11/29/2017
38
39
19
11/29/2017
40
41
20
11/29/2017
42
Landsat 8
• USGS assumed possession of the satellite from NASA on 05/30/13

• Collecting approximately 500 new scenes every day
• New capabilities proving very popular:
• 8-10 time improvement in signal-to-noise ratio
• 12-bit quantization
• New coastal blue band (detection of water column constituents)
• New cirrus band (better cloud screening)
• Additional thermal band (more precise temperature measurements)
43
21
11/29/2017
44
Landsat 8
45
22
11/29/2017

SPOT (Systeme Pour
L’Observation De La Terre)
 French satellite launched in 1986

 Conceived by the Center
Nationale D’Etudes Spatiales
(CNES)
 First satellite system to use
linear array sensor and pointable
optics
 Two modes of operation
(panchromatic; multispectral)
 Off nadir look capability (during
passes 1 and 4 days apart)
 Stereo capability
46

SPOT 1
 Launched 21 Feb 1986
 Retired 31 Dec 1990
SPOT 2 (Launched 21 Jan 1990)
SPOT 3 (Launched 25 Sept 1993)
 Not functioning due to accident 14 Nov 1997
SPOT 4 (Launched 24 Mar 1998)
SPOT 5 (3 May 2002)
SPOT 6 (Launched 12 Sept 2012)
SPOT 7 (Launched 30 Jun 2014)
47
23
11/29/2017
Spot-5 Satellite Sensor

Characteristics
 Launch Date May 3, 2002
 Launch Vehicle Ariane 4
 Launch Location Guiana Space Centre, Kourou, French Guiana
 Orbit Altitude 822 Km
 Orbit Inclination 98.7º, sun-synchronous
 Speed 7.4 Km/second – 26,640 Km/hour
 Equator Crossing Time 10:30 a.m. (descending node)
 Orbit Time 101.4 minutes
 Revisit Time 2-3 days depending on Latitude
 Swath Width 60 Km x 60 Km to 80 Km at nadir
 Metric Accuracy <50-m horizontal position accuracy (CE90%)
 Digitization 8 Bits
 Resolution Pan: 2.5m from 2 x 5m scenes
Pan: 5m (nadir)
MS: 10m (nadir)
SWI: 20m (nadir)
 Image Bands Pan: 480 - 710 nm
Green: 500 - 590 nm
Red: 610 - 680 nm
Near IR: 780 – 890 nm
ShortWave IR: 1,580 – 1,750 nm 48
SPOT 5 Satellite
49
24
11/29/2017
SPOT-5 Orbit Pattern
50
51
25
11/29/2017
Spot 6 Satellite Sensor

Characteristics
 Launch Date SPOT 6: September 12, 2012
 Design Lifetime 10 Years
 Orbit sun-synchronous, 10:00 AM local time at descending node
 Period 98.79 minutes
 Revisit Time 1 day with SPOT 6 and SPOT 7 operating simultaneously
Between 1 and 3 days with only one satellite in operation
 Swath Width 60km at nadir
 Metric Accuracy 35m CE 90 without GCP within a 30°viewing angle cone
 Digitization 12 Bits
 Resolution Panchromatic: 1.5m
Multispectral 6m
 Spectral Bands Panchromatic: 0.450-0.745 µm
Blue: 0.450-0.520 µm
Green: 0.530-0.590 µm
Red: 0.625-0.695 µm
Near Infrared: 0.760-0.890 µm
52
Comparison of SPOT 5 (2.5 m) and

SPOT 6 (1.5 m) images of New York
53
26
11/29/2017
54
55
27
11/29/2017
Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellites
 IRS 1A  IRS 1C
 4 bands  4 bands
 72m resolution  25 to 70m resolution
 148 Km swath  141 Km swath
 Launched in 1988  Launched 1996
 IRS 1B  Also PAN
 5m resolution
 36m resolution  70 Km swath
 Launched 1991  WiFS -
 1 band at 188m res.
 774 Km swath
 5 days revisit
56

Second Generation (High resolution)
 Commercial satellites
 Ikonos
 QuickBird
 OrbView
 KOMPSAT Series
57
28
11/29/2017
Satellite Imaging System
New Commercial Satellites

Space Imaging
 IKONOS spacecraft
 Carterra Instrument
 Multispectral
 4 bands
 4m resolution
 Panchromatic
 one meter resolution
58
IKONOS Satellite System:

Sensor Characteristics
 Launch Date 24 September 1999
Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, USA
 Operational Life Over 7 years
 Orbit 98.1 degree, sun synchronous
 Speed on Orbit 7.5 kilometers per second
 Speed Over the Ground 6.8 kilometers per second
 Orbit Time Around the Earth 98 minutes
 Altitude 681 kilometers
 Resolution Nadir: 0.82 meters panchromatic
3.2 meters multispectral
26° Off-Nadir 1.0 meter panchromatic
4.0 meters multispectral
 Image Swath 11.3 kilometers at nadir
13.8 kilometers at 26° off-nadir
 Equator Crossing Time Nominally 10:30 a.m. solar time
 Revisit Time Approximately 3 days at 40° latitude
 Dynamic Range 11-bits per pixel
 Image Bands Panchromatic, blue, green, red, near IR 59
29
11/29/2017
TOKYO Bay
12 Feb 2007 60
TOKYO Bay
29 Nov 2008 61
30
11/29/2017
62
63
31
11/29/2017
QuickBird Satellite Sensor

Characteristics
 Launch Date October 18, 2001
 Launch Vehicle Boeing Delta II
 Launch Location Vandenberg Air Force Base, California, USA
 Orbit Inclination 97.2º, sun-synchronous
 Speed 7.1 Km/second - 25,560 Km/hour
 Equator Crossing Time10:30 a.m. (descending node)
 Orbit Time 93.5 minutes
 Revisit Time 1-3.5 days depending on Latitude (30º off-nadir)
 Swath Width 16.5 Km x 16.5 Km at nadir
 Metric Accuracy 23-meter horizontal (CE90%)
 Digitization 11 bits
 Resolution Pan: 61 cm (nadir) to 72 cm (25º off-nadir)
MS: 2.44 m (nadir) to 2.88 m (25º off-nadir)
 Image Bands Pan: 450 - 900 nm
Blue: 450 - 520 nm
Green: 520 - 600 nm
Red: 630 - 690 nm
Near IR 760 - 900 nm
64
65
32
11/29/2017
GeoEye-1
GeoEye again made history with the Sept. 6, 2008 launch of GeoEye-1—the world's
highest resolution commercial earth-imaging satellite at that time.
66
67
33
11/29/2017
68
ALOS “Daichi”
 Advanced Land
Observing Satellite
 Sensors
 a high-resolution stereo
mapping sensor (PRISM)
 a visible and near infrared
radiometer (AVNIR-2)
 an L-band synthetic
aperture radar (PALSAR)
69
34
11/29/2017
70
71
35
11/29/2017
72
73
36
11/29/2017
WorldView-1
 Launched 18 Sept 2007
 Orbit
 Altitude: 496 km.
 Type: Sun-synchronous, 10:30 am descending
node
 Period: 94.6 mins.
 Sensor band: Panchromatic
74
WorldView-2
75
37
11/29/2017
WorldView-2
 Sensor Bands
 Panchromatic
 8 Multispectral:
4 standard colors: blue, green, red, near-IR 1
 4 new colors: coastal, yellow, red edge, near-IR 2
 Sensor Resolution
 Panchromatic: 0.46 meters at nadir
0.52 meters at 20° off-nadir
 Multispectral: 1.84 meters at nadir
2.08 meters at 20° off-nadir
76
77
Sydney Opera House, October 20, 2009
38
11/29/2017
WorldView-2
Date of March 7, 2010

acquisition
Time of 10:45:41
acquisition
Cloud cover 0%
Product type Standard (LV2A)
and level
78
79
39
11/29/2017
80
WorldView-3
Launched August 13, 2014
Very high-resolution
- Panchromatic 31 cm
- Visible & near-infrared 1.24 m
- Short-wave infrared 3.7 m
81
40
11/29/2017
82
83
41
11/29/2017
84
Resolution Comparison of
Common Satellite Sensors
85
42
11/29/2017
86
87
43
11/29/2017
KOMPSAT Series
• National program
• Developed and operated by KARI (Korea Aerospace Research Institute)
• Dual use : Government & commercial
• Worldwide imagery distribution by Satrec Initiative
88
89
44
11/29/2017
KOMPSAT-2 Specifications
90
91
45
11/29/2017
92
93
46
11/29/2017
Environmental Satellites
First Generation
 NOAA-AVHRR
 RESURS
94
NOAA-AVHRR
Advance Very High
Resolution Radiometer
 A weather satellite series
 Launched in 1978
 5 bands, 1.1Km resolution
 2700 Km swath
 Cheap satellite for global or
continental scale monitoring
95
47
11/29/2017

NOAA-AVHRR
Ocean Temperature
Mapping
96
RESURS
 Russian satellite
marketed by Sweden
 Five bands, vis-NIR
 150m resolution
 600Km swath
97
48
11/29/2017
Second generation
 TOPEX/Poseidon
 SeaWIFS
TOPEX/Poseidon made precise

measurements of the ocean surface
98
from 1992 to 2006.
TOPEX/Poseidon
 French/USA
oceanographic satellite
 Radar altimeter
 Measures wave height
99
49
11/29/2017

SeaWIFS (Sea-Viewing Wide
Field-of-View Sensor)
Oceanographic colour image
1 August 1997
1.1 km resolution
2806 km swath
History - CZCS, MOS-1
8 bands in vis-NIR
Chlorophyll concentration
100
SeaWIFS-derived average sea surface chlorophyll for the period 1998 to 2006.
101
50
11/29/2017
Remote Sensing
Third Generation
 EOS - MODIS
 Envisat
102

Third Generation
EOS - Earth Observation System

Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer
 Terra satellite (EOS-AM)
 Aqua satellite (EOS-PM)
Terra's orbit around the Earth is timed so that it passes from north to south across
the equator in the morning, while Aqua passes south to north over the equator in
the afternoon. Terra MODIS and Aqua MODIS are viewing the entire Earth's
surface every 1 to 2 days, acquiring data in 36 spectral bands, or groups of
wavelengths 103
51
11/29/2017
Satellite Imaging
Systems
Envisat
 Launched March 2002
 MERIS 15 band imagery
 Imaging RADAR
104
Radar Satellites
 SIR series
 ERS series
 JERS-1
 Radarsat
 Sentinel 1 & 2
 ALOS PALSAR
105
52
11/29/2017
Imaging Systems
Airborne Systems
Advantages
 Flexible Timetable
 Resolution determined by altitude
 Large number of bands available
Disadvantages
 Cost
 Operational complexity
106
Development of a Philippine
Scientific Earth Observation
Microsatellite
.
Slides prepared by:

Joel S. Marciano Jr., Ph.D.
Professor and Program Leader
Electrical and Electronics Engineering Institute
University of the Philippines Diliman
107
53
11/29/2017
109
http://assets.rappler.com/612F469A6EA84F6BAE882D2B94A4B421/img/5700BA4E769D4F508C5C4AE367F87CAC/timpeake
-20160427-diwata-1-deployment-001.jpg
Building Capability and Capacity through

PHL-MICROSAT
 The country currently relies on acquiring commercial

satellite imagery for manifold requirements
 Need to develop capacity through deep, intensive

study leading to the actual development of
important satellite technologies
 The PHL-MICROSAT program proposes to build,

launch and effectively utilize micro-satellite
technology for multi-spectral, high precision earth
observation
110
54
11/29/2017
Microsatellite: what and why?

Satellite Class Mass Range
Femtosatellite 10 – 100 g
Picosatellite < 1 kg
Nanosatellite 1 – 10 kg
Microsatellite 10 – 100 kg
Small satellite 100 – 500 kg
RISING-2
Advances in
microelectronics
and computing
have led to a
new breed of
reliable and
capable smaller
satellite systems
111
Microsatellite: how?
BASELINE DESIGN
 50kg Micro-Satellite
for remote-sensing
missions
 Hokkaido University
(payload, thermal
design)
 Tohoku University
(BUS)
112
55
11/29/2017
PHL-MICROSAT: Objectives
• To build and launch a multi-spectral high-
resolution Earth Observation Microsatellite with
high precision telescope and other relevant
payload through Filipino engineers and
scientists working with Japanese counterparts
• To investigate and implement design

enhancements on the electronic and computing
systems and payload of the microsatellite
through the local Microsatellite Research Facility
113
PHL-MICROSAT: Objectives
• To establish the ground receiving station (GRS) of
the microsatellite
• To implement data access, utilization, processing

mechanisms for the microsatellite data
• To perform calibration and validation of the

payload sensors to be carried by the microsatellite
• To develop higher level remote sensing products

from the raw microsatellite data
114
56
11/29/2017
PHL-MICROSAT: Component
Projects
PROJECT 1: Microsatellite BUS Development (UPD-EEEI)

PROJECT 2: Ground Receiving Station for the Philippine Microsatellite
Program (DOST-ASTI)
PROJECT 3: Development of a Data Processing, Archiving, and Distribution
Sub-system for the Ground Receiving Station of the Philippine
Scientific Earth Observation Micro-Satellite (UPD-TCAGP)
PROJECT 4: Calibration and Validation of Remote Sensing Instruments for
PHL-MICROSAT (UPD-TCAGP)
PROJECT 5: Remote Sensing Product Development (UPD-IESM)
115
PHL-MICROSAT: Orbit
Altitude: 400 - 420

km from the
ground
 PHL-MICROSAT will be launched from the International

Space Station (ISS)
 It will be a Low Earth Orbit (LEO) Satellite with an estimated
altitude of 400 to 420km and a speed of around 7km/s
116
57
11/29/2017
PHL-MICROSAT: Overview
Class: 50kg
Microsatellite
Dimensions:
550x550x350mm
Inclination: 51.6deg 117
PHL-MICROSAT: Science Mission

High Precision Telescope SMI with LCTF Wide Field Camera
Monitor changes in
Determine the extent of damages Observation of cloud
Vegetation
from disasters patterns and weather
disturbances
118
Monitor cultural and natural heritage sites Monitor ocean productivity
58
11/29/2017
Camera’s Field of View

Spaceborne Multispectral Imager
FOV: 52x39
km
High Precision Telescope
FOV: 1.9x1.4
km
Images are taken from Google
Earth 119
http://www.rappler.com/science-nature/earth-space/135134- 120
diwata-1-first-images
59
11/29/2017
THANK YOU FOR LISTENING.

121
60

Sensors, Platforms, and Systems

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Sensors, Platforms, and Systems

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

11/29/2017

Sensors, Platforms and

GsE 189 Remote Sensing: Theory and Applications

I. Sensor and Platform Defined

Sensor vs. Platform

Remote Sensing: A Layered System

II. Based on the Source of Energy Used for

TYPES OF ORBIT PATTERNS

A satellite in this orbit lies on the plane of

TYPES OF ORBIT PATTERNS

Examples: Landsat (United States); SPOT (France)

Comparison of Geostationary and Polar Orbits

Comparison of Geostationary and Polar

Remote Sensing Systems:

Common Scanning Modes

Common Scanning Modes

Pushbroom Scanning: Advantages

Common Scanning Modes

III. Circular Scanning

Advantage: Distance between the scanner and terrain is

Disadvantage: Circular scan data requires extensive

Common Scanning Modes

IV. Side Scanning

Often, there is a tradeoff between the different types

 Ability of imaging system to record fine detail in a

 Fineness of spatial detail visible in the image

High spatial resolution: 0.6 - 4 m

 Ability of sensor to define fine wavelength intervals

 A multispectral image – consists of a few image layers,

 Ability of sensor to record many levels of brightness

1-bit quantization 2-bit quantization 3-bit quantization

4-bit quantization 6-bit quantization 8-bit quantization

 The temporal resolution specifies the revisiting frequency of a

 Examples: (revisit time)

Satellite Imaging Systems

Landsat Period of Operation

Landsat 1 23 Jul 1972 6 Jan 1978 MSS, RBV

Landsat 2 MSS, RBV

Landsat 3 MSS, RBV

Operational TM - Nov 2011;

Landsat 7 Scan line correction failure

Landsat 8 11 Feb 2013 OLI, TIRS

Landsat 7 Satellite Sensor

• USGS assumed possession of the satellite from NASA on 05/30/13

Satellite Imaging Systems

 French satellite launched in 1986

Satellite Imaging Systems

Spot-5 Satellite Sensor

SPOT-5 Orbit Pattern

Spot 6 Satellite Sensor

Comparison of SPOT 5 (2.5 m) and

Indian Remote Sensing (IRS) Satellites

Satellite Imaging Systems

Satellite Imaging System

New Commercial Satellites

IKONOS Satellite System:

QuickBird Satellite Sensor

Date of March 7, 2010

Satellite Imaging Systems

Satellite Imaging Systems

Satellite Imaging Systems

Satellite Imaging Systems