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Earthquake
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Terminology
• Focus (seismic centre): is the place
beneath the earth surface from
where earthquake originates.
• Epicenter: the point or line on the
earth surface immediately above
the focus is called epicenter.
• Anticenter: The point which is
diametrically opposite to the
epicenter is called anticenter.
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Terminology
• Fault Line: A fault line is a break or fracture in the ground
that occurs when the Earth's tectonic plates move or shift and
are areas where earthquakes are likely to occur. A break
where the Earth's tectonic plates shifted that is a likely site of
an earthquake is an example of a fault line.
Types of Earthquake
• Depending on depth of focus:
Shallow Earthquake 60
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Elastic Rebound
Theory
Rocks bend under stress
while storing elastic
energy. When the strain in
the rocks exceeds their
strength, breaking will
occur along the fault.
Stored elastic energy is
released as the
earthquake. Rocks“snap
back”, or rebound to their
original condition.
Pg 275/BM Das 7
Spread of the Seismic Waves
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SEISMOLOGY BASICS
Seismometer
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Seismograph
(Horizontal)
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Horizontal Seismograph
Seismograph (Vertical)
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Vertical Seismograph
Seismogram
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SEISMOLOGY
BASICS
Seismogram
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SEISMOLOGY
BASICS
Body waves
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P-wave
• Primary Waves (P-Waves) are identical in character to sound waves.
• They are high frequency, short-wavelength, longitudinal waves which
can pass through both solids and liquids.
• The ground is forced to move forwards and backwards as it is
compressed and decompressed.
• This produces relatively small displacements of the ground.
• P Waves can be reflected and refracted, and under certain circumstances
can change into S-Waves.
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P-wave
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S-Waves
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S-Waves
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Motion of P Waves vs S Waves
P Waves S Waves
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L-Waves
• Surface Waves (L-Waves) are low frequency transverse vibrations with a
long wavelength.
• They are created close to the epicentre and can only travel through the
outer part of the crust.
• They are responsible for the majority of the building damage caused by
earthquakes.
• This is because L Waves have a motion similar to that of waves in the
sea.
• The ground is made to move in a circular motion, causing it to rise and
fall as visible waves move across the ground
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L-wave
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SEISMOLOGY
MAGNITUDE
Properties of waves
• Pg-278/ BM Das
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Locating Epicenter
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SEISMOLOGY
LOCATING EARTHQUAKES
Triangulation
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SEISMOLOGY
LOCATING EARTHQUAKES
Triangulation
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Video link: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TBss68oBmmk
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EARTHQUAKE INTENSITY: Mercalli Scale
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Rossi–Forel scale
• III. Very feeble shock. Felt by several persons at rest. Strong enough for the
direction or duration to be appreciable.
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• V. Shock of moderate intensity. Felt generally by everyone. Disturbance of
furniture, ringing of some bells.
• VI. Fairly strong shock. General awakening of those asleep. General ringing
of bells. Oscillation of chandeliers, stopping of clocks, visible agitation of
trees and shrubs. Some startled persons leaving their dwellings.
• VIII. Very strong shock. Fall of chimneys, cracks in the walls of buildings.
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C.F. Richter Scale (1935)
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• Early in the century the earthquake in San Francisco registered 8.3 on
the Richter scale. In the same year, another earthquake was recorded
in South America that was four time stronger. What was the
magnitude of the earthquake in South American?