Egypt. J. Zool., 60 : 397-415 (December, 2013) DOI: 10.

12816/0003300

BIOMETRIC STUDIES OF GROWTH PATTERN AFFECTING PEARL

PRODUCTION IN PEARL OYSTER PINCTADA RADIATA
Moussa, R.M.
National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries- Alexandria-Egypt
ragiamoussa@yahoo.com.au

ABSTRACT
Comparative studies were made on the growth and biometric
relationships of the pearl oyster Pinctada radiata which is a candidate
species for mariculture and pearl production in Egypt. A total of 613
oysters were collected from three stations along Egyptian Mediterranean
coast, of Alexandria. The size structure of the sampled populations was
described and the relative growth parameters were estimated. It appeared
that the majority of collected specimens were dominated by individuals in
size range of 40-64 mm DVL. The maximum size (113 mm DVL, 144.71g
T.wt), recorded in S1 (Abu-Qir), was bigger than that recorded elsewhere.
The biometric relationships between dorso-ventral length [DVL] and hinge
length [HL]; thickness [THK], anterior-posterior length [APL]; nacre width
[NW], and nacre length [NL] were studied. All populations showed high to
moderate correlations between various combined parameters, with some
variability from one station to another. Further correlations were studied
between DVL and THK, NL, NW for each size class in all stations. It was
concluded that S1 (Abu-Qir) is one of the most suitable sites for specimens
collection for seed implantation since oysters attained the highest thickness
,flesh weight values, and largest nacreous layer area. Also, 65-89mm size
range of P. radiata is recommended for seed implantation.
KEY WORDS: Biometry; Morphometry; Pearl oyster; Pinctada
radiata; Egyptian Mediterranean coastline
Biometric studies of growth pattern affecting pearl production in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata

INTRODUCTION
The pearl oyster Pinctada radiata (Leach, 1814) is one of the first
lessepsian immigrants that arrived to the Mediterranean Sea through the
Suez Canal (Monterosato, 1878). This indo-pacific bivalve has successfully
passed from the Red Sea and spread throughout the Mediterranean basin
colonizing continually new habitats. It has been recorded several times in
both eastern and western Mediterranean basins (Galil and Zenetos, 2002;
Gofas and Zenetos, 2003; Zenetos et al. 2005). In Egypt, P. radiata was
reported for the first time in 1874 as Meleagrina sp. in the Egyptian
Mediterranean coast (Dogan and Nerlovic, 2008). It is commonly known as
the Atlantic pearl-oyster or the Gulf pearl oyster. It is considered a habitat-
modifying gregarious bivalve capable of impacting native fauna by
forming oyster banks (Yassien et al., 2000). P. radiate represents an
edible, cheap and feasible source of commercial importance. As a result, it
has been extensively exploited in Egyptian coastal water of Mediterranean
Sea and Red Sea. Additionally, it is the greatest source of natural pearls in
the world, since ancient times. It played a crucial role in the natural pearl
industry in the world from time immemorial, meeting the world's demand
for both mother-of-pearls and pearls (Almatar, 1992).
Growth information is of interest for pearl farming, since flesh weight is
useful indicator for pearl oyster health and suitability of the environment as
they represent the integrated response of the entire physiological activity of
the organisms (Pouvreau et al., 2000). In addition, shell dimensions give
precious information on pearl growth, since shell increment and deposition
of nacreous matter on the implanted nucleus are strongly correlated
(Coeroli and Mizuno, 1985). Therefore, the main objective of the present
study was to investigate the biometric relationship of different populations

398
 Moussa R.M.

of P. radiata to provide the baseline information of establishing Egyptian

cultured pearl production and oyster mariculture and understanding the
ecological variations with the oyster populations.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

A total of 613 individuals of wild Pinctada radiata specimens were
collected from three stations; S1, S2, and S3 which are Abu-Qir;
Maamoura, and Miami, respectively along Alexandria coastline by divers
from 10-15m depth (Fig.1). The oysters were removed from the place of
attachment by severing the byssus threads, using a long narrow chisel.
Oysters were transported in cool moist condition to the Invertebrate
Aquaculture laboratory at National Institute of Oceanography and Fisheries
(NIOF), Alexandria, Egypt. Collected oysters were scrubbed to remove the
fouling organisms and silt, washed thoroughly in seawater and measured.
Specimens were measured for dorso-ventral length (DVL) ; hinge length
(HL);anterior-posterior length (APL); nacre width (NW) nacre length (NL),
and thickness (THK) in millimeters using digital vernier calipers to a
precision of 0.01 mm. Total weight (T.wt), wet flesh weight (W.wt), and
shell weight (S.wt) in grams (g) were taken using a digital balance. A
population from each station was grouped in three size class (40-64, 65-89,
90-114 mm DVL) with 24 mm class interval.
Biometric relations such as DVL-HL;DVL-APL; DVL-THK; DVL-NL,
and DVL-NW were done by the least square method, using the linear
regression equation ‘Y = a ± b X’, where, ‘a’ is the intercept and ‘b’ the
slope. The length-weight relationship was calculated using standard
exponential equation W=a Lb. Both relations were estimated for each
sampling station. The correlations between various parameters were

399
Biometric studies of growth pattern affecting pearl production in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata

analyzed by means of Spearman’s correlation, using SPSS software. The

level of significance of the regression coefficient (R2) value was
determined using a simple one-way ANOVA test.
Biometric relationships were studied for DVL-THK, DVL-NL, and
DVL-NW to provide information about the suitable size for seed
implantation and the preferred station for specimen selection among the
studied ones. Regression statistics of slope, intercept, regression coefficient
and significance of these variables are presented in Table 3.

RESULTS
During the period of investigations, the number of collected P. radiata
was 150in S1, 362 in S2, and 101in S3. The majority of the analyzed oyster
subpopulations in S1 and S2 were dominated by individuals in size class
40-64 mm (Fig. 2). However, most of collected oysters in S3 were in size
range of 65-89 mm. The larger size class of 90-114mm was only observed
in S1 and represent 10% of the collected S1 subpopulation.
Mean DVL and T.wt values of the collected specimens ranged between
61.15±6.80 mm and 67.07±15.34 mm, and 31.54±12.36g and
48.70±30.81g, respectively (Table.1).The maximum size (113 mm DVL,
144.71g T.wt) reported during the present study was recorded in S1. There
was significant difference between the mean values of DVL; NL;
NW,T.wt; W.wt, and S.wt between studied stations. In contrast, mean
values of HL; APL, and THK were closely related to each other showing
no significant difference. The highest mean parameters values recorded in
S1are decreased in S3 and the lowest in S2.
The dimensional relationships between DVL and HL, APL, THK, NL,
and NW are shown in Fig. 3. The regression equations of various

400
 Moussa R.M.

parameters in the three stations are given in Table 2. All relationships were
positive with respect to DVL. The Spearman correlation coefficient values
were varied among studied stations. The highest Spearman correlation
coefficient values were recorded in S1. Biometric relationship of DVL-NL
and DVL-NW were strong in S1 as compared to moderate biometric
relationship in S2and S3.
The relationship between DVL-T.wt, DVL-W.wt, and DVL-S.wt in the
different studied sites are shown in Fig. 4 and Table 2.In all stations, there
was an increase in total, wet and shell weight with respect to length. The
highest coefficient (R2=0.856) was obtained with DVL-T.wt in S1.
DVL-THK relationships showed no significance within the size class
40-64mm, while the other size classes had significant co-relation.
Likewise, DVL-NL and DVL-NW positive relationships followed the same
trend of DVL-THK relationship as nacreous area increase with size
increase (Table 3).

DISCUSSION
The growth of a bivalve is the total result of many interacting
endogenous and exogenous factors. Among endogenous factors, age is
presumably the most important. However, food supply and temperature are
considered from exogenous factors (Pouvreau et al., 2000). In the present
study, the size structure showed that with the exception of S3, which
characterized by the dominance of Pinctada radiate specimens of (65-89
mm DVL) class size, the other stations (S1, S2) were dominated by small
pearl oysters of class size (40-64mm DVL). Differences in size distribution
among stations might be due to various environmental factors, such as
temporally and spatially variable predation or exploitation or adverse

401
Biometric studies of growth pattern affecting pearl production in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata

environmental episodes as suggested by Tlig-Zouari et al.(2010) in

studying the morphometry of P. radiata along Tunisian coastline.
It is worth noting that the maximum size reported during the present
study (113 mm DVL, 144.71g T.wt) was the highest recorded size for P.
radiata among available published literature. The previous recorded
maximum sizes were 100.5mm in Bizerta lagoon, Tunisia (Tlig-Zouari et
al., 2010), 93.2mm size in Alexandria, Egypt (Yassien et al., 2000), 74mm
size in Kerkennah islands (Tlig-Zouari, 1993), 85mm size in Gabes Gulf
(Seurat 1929), and 64mm in Red Sea (Yassien, 1998).
The comparison of mean growth parameters values of P. radiata
among different stations showed that the highest values were recorded in
S1. Additionally, the maximum size and highest regression coefficient
values among all variables were recorded in S1. These findings may be due
to food availability which has been considered as one of the major factors
responsible for bivalve growth (Leighton, 1979, Urban, 2000).
It is noted that the relationship between the DVL and other shell
dimensions is generally positive and linear, which indicates isometric
growth pattern in the shell of P. radiata population of the studied stations.
The spearman correlation coefficient values varied among different studied
stations. This may be attributed to environmental conditions, in particular
to wave action, salinity and temperature as suggested by Beaumont and
Khamdan (1991). Also, it may be due to xenomorphism, which is the
process of oyster shape determination by contour of the substrate where
they grow (Quayle and Newkirk, 1989), and shell infestation that alter the
shell growing pattern (Seed, 1968). Moreover, genetic factors were
reported to be related to the existence of morphometric variations with P.
radiata in each of Australia (Colgan and Ponder, 2002), Japan (Wada 1975,

402
 Moussa R.M.

1982), and Bahrain (Beaumont andKhamdan, 1991). As a result,

dimensional relationships undergo modifications by the environmental
conditions under which the oyster grows (Hickman, 1979).
Linear DVL-THK, DVL-NL, and DVL-NW significant relationships
showed strong correlation (R2= 0.739-0.814) in different stations. In order
to investigate the growth pattern of thickness and nacreous layer area which
are the critical factors in pearl production, DVL-THK, DVL-NL, and DVL-
NW relationships were studied in various size classes in each station.
Absence of correlation between DVL and THK, NL, and NW in the size
class (40-64mm) was noticed; however, strong significant linear
relationships were observed in the other size classes (65-89mm) and (90-
114mm) in all stations. Similarly, in most pteroid oysters belonging to the
genus Pinctada, there is an increase in THK-DVL ratio with age (Hynd,
1955). Besides, Hwang et al. (2007) stated that oyster thickness is a prime
factor and the most important morphological character in the aquaculture of
many Pinctada species, since it greatly affects the number and size of the
inserted pearl nuclei. Many bigger nuclei can be implanted in pearl oysters
with larger thickness. The present findings on the biometric relationships
DVL-THK, DVL-NL, and DVL-NW of P. radiata collected from natural
beds suggested that the selection of oysters in size range of 65-89 mm DVL
is the best for implantation of round nucleus and may be for cultured pearl
production.
Length weight relationships DVL-T.wt, DVL-W.wt, and DVL-S.wt
were positive in all studied stations. DVL-T.wt relationship had reasonably
good fit in (R2= 0.664-0.856) as compared to DVL-W.wt (R2= 0.5-
0.769).This result is in agreement with that mentioned by Pouvreau et al.
(2000); growth rates in shell or tissue are strongly linked with the

403
Biometric studies of growth pattern affecting pearl production in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata

progressive investment in reproduction, since the part of the scope for

growth which is allocated to reproduction (called the reproductive effort,
ER, Thompson, 1984) is lost for shell or tissue growth.
The present findings are considered as baseline for establishing pearl
production in Egypt that can be summarized in:(1) for seed implantation,
S1 (Abu-Qir) is one of the suitable and recommended sites for specimens
collection, where oysters attained high thickness, flesh weight and large
nacreous layer area (2) environmental conditions in S1 seem to be the
optimum for oyster growth that was indicated by recording the highest
maximum sized P. radiata in published studies, and (3) the suitable size for
seed implantation is 65-89mm. Further studies are needed to investigate,
assess and manage the oyster banks along Egyptian Mediterranean
coastline.
REFRENCES
Beaumont A.R. and Khamdan S.A.A. 1991. Electrophoretic and
morphometric characters in population differentiation of the pearl oyster,
Pinctada radiate (Leach), from around Bahrain. J. Molluscan Stud. 57:
433–442.

Coeroli, M., and Mizuno, K. 1985. Etude des different facteurs influants
sur la production perlière de l'huître perlière à lèvres noires. Proc. 5th. Int.
Coral reef Congress, Tahiti, 5 : 551-556.

Colgan D.J. and Ponder W.F. 2002. Genetic discrimination of

morphologically similar, sympatric species of pearl oysters (Mollusca:
Bivalvia: Pinctada) in eastern Australia. Mar. Freshwater Res. 53: 697–
709.

Dogan, A., and Nerlović, V. 2008. On the occurrence of Pinctada radiate

(Mollusca: Bivalvia: Pteriidae), an alien species in Croatian waters. Acta
Adriatica, 49: 155-158.

Galil, B.S., and Zenetos , A. 2002. A sea change -exotics in the Eastern
Mediterranean Sea.p.325-336. In Invasive Aquatic Species in Europe.
404
 Moussa R.M.

Distribution, Impacts and Management. E. Leppakoski, S., Gollasch& S.

Olenin (Eds.), Dordrecht, Boston, London. Kluwer Academic Publishers.

Gofas , S., and Zenetos , A. 2003. Exotic molluscs in the Mediterranean

basin: current status and perspectives. Oceanography and Marine Biology:
An Annual Review.41: 237-277.

Hickman, R. W. 1979. Allometry and Growth of the Green-Lipped Mussel

Pema canaliculus in New Zealand.Marine Biol., 51: 311-327.

Hwang J.J., Yamakawa T. and Aoki I. 2007. Growth of wild pearl oysters
Pinctada fucata, Pinctada margaritifera and Pinctada sugillata (Bivalvia:
Pteriidae) in Taiwan. Fish. Sci. 73: 132–141.

Hynd, J.S. 1955. A revision of the Australian pearl shells genus Pinctada
(Lamellibranchia). Aust. J. Mar. Freshw. Res.6: 98-137.

Leighton, D.L. 1979. A growth for the rock scallop Hinnites multirugosus
held at several depths, California. Marine Biology.51: 229-232.

Monterosato, T.A. 1878. Enumerazione e sinonimia delle conchiglie

Mediterranee. Giornale di scienze naturali ed economiche di Palermo.13:
61-113.

Pouvreau, S.; Tiapari, J.; Gangnery, A.; Lagarde, F.; Garnier, M.; Teissier,
H.; Haumani, G.; Buestel, D., and Bodoy, A. 2000. Growth of the black-lip
pearl oyster Pinctada margaritifera, in suspended culture under hydro
biological conditions of Takapoto lagoon (French Polynesia). Aquaculture.
184: 133-154.

Quayle, D. B., and Newkirk, G. F. 1989. Farming Bivalve Molluscs:

Methods for Study and Development, Advanced in World Aquaculture,
Volume 1; International Development Research Centre; Canada; 294 pp.

Seed, R. 1968. Factors influencing shell shape in the mussel Mytilius

edulis. J. Mar. Bio. Ass. UK. 48: 561-581.

Seurat L.G. 1929. Observations sur les limites, les faci`es et les
associations animales de l’étage intercotidal de la petite Syrte (Golfe de
Gab`es). Bull. Inst. Nat. Sci. Techn.Mer.Salammbô.3: 1–71.

405
Biometric studies of growth pattern affecting pearl production in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata

Thompson, R.J. 1984. Production, reproductive effort, reproductive value

and reproductive cost in a population of the blue mussel Mytilus edulis
from a subartic environment. Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser. 16: 249-257.

Tlig-Zouari S. 1993. Contribution `a l’étude écobiologique de deux

esp`eces de mollusques lamellibranches Pinctada radiate (Leach, 1814) et
Pinna nobilis, Linné 1758 des ˆıles Kerkennah.Th`ese en Sciences, Eco-
biologie marine, Université de Tunis, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis.215
pp.

Tlig-Zouari S.; Rabougi, L.; Irathni, I; Diwara, M., and Ben Hassine, OK.
2010. Comparative morphometric study of the invasive pearl oyster
Pinctada radiata along the Tunisian coastline. Biologia.65: 294-300.

Urban, H. 2000. Culture potential of the pearl oyster (Pinctada imbricata)

from the Caribbean. II. Spat collection and growth and mortality in culture
systems. Aquaculture.189:375-388.

Wada K.T. 1975. Electrophoresis variants of leucine animopeptidase of the

Japanese pearl oyster Pinctada fucata (Gould).Bull. Nat. Pearl Res. Lab.
19: 2152–2156.

Wada K.T. 1982. Inter- and intraspecific electrophoretic variation in three

species of the pearl oysters from the Nansei Islands of Japan. Bull. Nat.
Res. Inst. Aquac.3: 1–10.

Yassien M.H. 1998. Biological and ecological studies on the pearl oyster,
Pinctada radiata (Mollusca, Lamellibranchia) from the Red Sea, with
special reference to its tolerance to water pollution. PhD Thesis, Faculty of
Science, Ain Shams University, Egypt, 191 pp.

Yassien, M.H.; Abdel-Razek, F.A., and Kilada, R.W. 2000. Growth

estimates of the pearl oyster, Pinctada radiata, from the Eastern
Mediterranean. Egypt. J. Aquat. Biol. & Fish.4: 105-118.

Zenetos, A.; Cinar, M.E.;PancucciPapadopoulou, M.A.; Harmelin

J.G.;Furnari G.;Andaloro F.; Bellou N.; Streftaris N., and Zibrowius, H.
2005. Annotated list of marine alien species in the Mediterranean with
records of the worst invasive species. Mediterranean Marine Science.2: 63-
118.

406
 Moussa R.M.

Table (1): maximum range and mean ±SD of dorso-ventral length (DVL) ;
hinge length (HL); anterior-posterior length (APL); nacre
width (NW) nacre length (NL), thickness (THK) in millimeters
, total weight (T.wt), wet weight (W.wt), and shell weight
(S.wt) in grams in the three stations

S1 S2 S3 F p
41.0 – 113.0 40.0 – 80.0 52.0 – 77.0
DVL 21.848 S***
67.07±15.34 61.15±6.80 64.39±5.40
4.0 – 72.0 16.0 – 60.0 35.0 – 57.0
HL 0.675 NS
47.17±12.73 46.44±4.61 47.10±3.92
4.0 – 66.0 17.0 – 56.0 22.0 – 53.0
APL 2.766 NS
44.25±12.75 42.46±6.04 43.52±4.93
1.0 – 46.0 13.0 – 54.0 15.0 – 44.0
THK 2.210 NS
21.59±8.33 21.35±4.67 22.68±3.62
3.0 – 70.0 28.0 – 46.0 34.0 – 59.0
NL 3.776 S*
44.24±12.26 42.60 ± 4.99 44.34±4.94
2.0 – 69.0 25.0 – 54.0 29.0 – 51.0
NW 6.840 S***
42.50±13.03 39.75±5.32 41.28±4.72
12.93 – 144.71 6.31 – 73.0 19.69 – 72.38
T. wt 46.930 S***
48.70±30.81 31.54±12.36 34.64±9.27
4.44 – 98.50 0.48 – 48.77 7.03 – 53.73
W. wt 25.040 S***
22.54±14.73 15.72±9.0 15.52±5.78
6.34 – 83.55 3.53 – 36.41 6.47 – 35.04
S. wt 54.869 S***
26.17±17.92 15.87±5.82 19.12±5.0
Values are expressed as: (Mean ± SD) F: F test (ANOVA)
*: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05, **: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.01,***: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.001

407
 Biometric studies of growth pattern affecting pearl production in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata

Table (2): Biometric statistics of shell dimensions and length-weight

relationship in three stations
Intercept Slope
Station N X Y R2 R Sig.
“a” value “b” value
S1 150 DVL HL 2.359 0.6681 0.647 0.885 S***
150 DVL APL 8.1536 0.5604 0.839 0.841 S***
Shell dimension 150 DVL THK 5.936 0.4102 0.814 0.842 S***
150 DVL NL 0.998 0.6481 0.707 0.802 S***
150 DVL NW 7.7115 0.7516 0.830 0.849 S***
150 DVL T.wt 0.003 2.252 0.856 0.898 S***
Length weight 150 DVL W.wt 0.012 1.770 0.769 0.848 S***
150 DVL S.wt 0.007 2.464 0.854 0.868 S***
S2 362 DVL HL 3.096 0.7564 0.793 0.890 S***
362 DVL APL 2.348 0.6650 0.697 0.733 S**
Shell dimension 362 DVL THK 0.884 0.3236 0.739 0.823 S***
362 DVL NL 0.937 0.7087 0.681 0.780 S**
362 DVL NW 4.039 0.7511 0.618 0.707 S**
362 DVL T.wt 0.003 2.2232 0.752 0.832 S***
Length weight 362 DVL W.wt 0.005 2.443 0.566 0.705 S*
362 DVL S.wt 0.003 2.1318 0.528 0.740 S*
S3 101 DVL HL 17.563 0.9823 0.779 0.879 S***
101 DVL APL 11.787 0.8810 0.692 0.792 S**
Shell dimension 101 DVL THK 3.796 0.4030 0.806 0.856 S***
101 DVL NL 12.126 0.8811 0.688 0.759 S**
101 DVL NW 12.521 0.8806 0.637 0.741 S**
101 DVL T.wt 0.004 2.2425 0.664 0.749 S**
Length weight 101 DVL W.wt 0.003 2.2310 0.500 0.631 S*
101 DVL S.wt 0.003 2.0840 0.521 0.664 S*

R: Spearman coefficient
*: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05, **: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.01, ***: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.001

408
 Moussa R.M.

Table (3): Intercept (a), slope (b) parameters and regression coefficient (R2) for the linear relationships
Of THK, NL and NW vs DVL in different size groups of Pinctada radiata

Station S1 S2 S3
Size class N X Y a b R2 Sig. N a b R2 Sig. N a b R2 Sig.
40-64 83 DVL THK 0.531 13.701 0.363 NS 246 0.065 24.32 0.004 NS 49 0.513 9.048 0.244 NS
83 DVL NL 0.915 14.831 0.307 NS 246 0.571 6.676 0.508 S* 49 0.731 3.013 0.360 NS
83 DVL NW 0.833 13.226 0.355 NS 246 0.301 20.26 0.115 NS 49 0.774 7.828 0.377 NS
65-89 52 DVL THK 0.518 11.38 0.727 S** 116 0.621 18.80 0.521 S* 52 0.550 13.35 0.500 S*
52 DVL NL 0.994 20.73 0.812 S*** 116 1.131 42.61 0.554 S* 52 1.111 28.47 0.511 S*
52 DVL NW 0.735 5.104 0.544 S* 116 1.204 34.96 0.500 S* 52 1.100 28.51 0.504 S*
90-114 15 DVL THK 0.168 15.99 0.764 S**
15 DVL NL 0.771 9.38 0.734 S**
15 DVL NW 0.339 31.13 0.713 S**

*: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.05

**: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.01
***: Statistically significant at p ≤ 0.001

409
Biometric studies of growth pattern affecting pearl production in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata

Fig. (1): Map showing sampling stations along the Egyptian Mediterranean
coastline, of Alexandria: S1- Abu-Qir; S2- Maamoura, and S3- Miami

Fig. (2): Distribution of Pinctada radiata according to dorso-ventral length

(DVL) size class (mm) in different stations.

410
 Moussa R.M.

S1 S2 S3
DVL vs HL

DVL vs APL

411
Biometric studies of growth pattern affecting pearl production in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata

DVL vs THK

DVL vs NL

412
 Moussa R.M.

DVL vs NW

Fig.(3): Comparison of relative growth parameters of Pinctada radiate collected from three stations considering
dorso ventral length ( DVL ) as a variable reference.

413
Biometric studies of growth pattern affecting pearl production in pearl oyster Pinctada radiata

S1 S2 S3

DVL vsT.wt

DVL vs W. wt

414
 Moussa R.M.

DVLvsS.wt

Fig.(4): Comparison of length-weight relationship of Pinctada radiate collected from three stations.

415