Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
www.ehu.es/revista-psicodidactica © UPV/EHU
DOI: 10.1387/RevPsicodidact.5622
Abstract
A conceptual proposal for the teaching style of elementary teachers was established. It is made up of a
set of holistic and integrated dimensions with an introspective and extrinsic nature. These dimensions
are used as the basis to elaborate the Elementary Teacher’s Instructional Self-perceived Competence
Evaluation Scale (ET-IACES). It can be used as an assessment instrument with valid, accurate, and
reliable psychometric properties, suitable for measuring elementary teachers’ strategic competence
profile. The ECAD-EP is rated on a Likert-type scale and comprises 58 items arranged in a three-
dimensional factor structure as follows: (a) Socio-emotional, comprising the variables: co-existence,
mediation, group dynamization, emotional bonding, adaptive communication, communicative
sensitivity, empathy, and self-efficacy; (b) Communicative-relational, consisting of the variables:
assertiveness, affective leadership, executive leadership, problem solving, nonverbal communication,
and paraverbal communication; (c) Instructional, which contains the variables: adapting to new
situations, instructional control, and planning.
Keywords: Teaching styles, assessment of teaching, self-perceived teaching competence, instructio-
nal variables, teacher rating scale.
Resumen
Se establece una propuesta conceptual del estilo de enseñanza del profesorado de EP constituida por un
conjunto de dimensiones holísticas e integradoras, de naturaleza introyectiva y proyectiva, que sirven
de base para la elaborar la Escala de Evaluación de la Competencia Autopercibida del Docente de Edu-
cación Primaria (ECAD-EP), escala que puede ser empleada como un instrumento de evaluación con
propiedades psicométricas válidas y fiables, idónea para poder cuantificar el perfil competencial del
profesorado estratégico de EP. La ECAD-EP presenta un formato tipo Likert constituida por 58 ítems y
dispuesta en una estructura factorial tridimensional del orden siguiente: (a) Socioemocional, compuesto
por las variables: convivencia, mediación, dinamización grupal, implicación afectiva, adaptación comu-
nicativa, sensibilidad comunicativa, empatía y autoeficacia; (b) Comunicativo-relacional, constituido
por las variables: asertividad, liderazgo afectivo, liderazgo ejecutivo, resolución de conflictos, comuni-
cación no verbal y comunicación paraverbal; (c) Instruccional, que contiene las variables: adaptación a
nuevas situaciones, control instruccional y planificación.
Palabras clave: Estilos de enseñanza, evaluación de la enseñanza, competencia docente autoperci-
bida, variables instruccionales, escala de evaluación docente.
determine qualitatively and quanti- aspects and focus mainly on the stu-
tatively an appropriate profile of the dents’ activity. Hence, since initi-
efficacious teacher. ating the conceptual design of the
The variables studied herein may ECAD-EP, we included the teach-
modulate the teaching-learning proc- ing variables inherent to the teacher
ess and are made up of an integrated as an agent, taking into account the
set of cognitive, affective, and social dual nature of their dynamic activ-
behaviors (Martínez, 1999). Teaching- ity: a more individual or introjective
learning processes are influenced by one (insight) and a more social or
the synergies of these variables, which projective one (acting out). These
are dynamic forces of change that are are expressed in the following as-
expressed in repertories of motivat- pects: self-efficacy, metacognition,
ing teaching skills (Carbonero, Ro- planning, decision-making, com-
mán, Martín-Antón, & Reoyo, 2009). munication (verbal, nonverbal, and
They are a model to discriminate dif- paraverbal), affective bonds, assert-
ferent teaching styles that actually oc- iveness, empathy, leadership, co-ex-
cur in the teaching praxis; hence, their istence, problem solving or media-
relevance. Teaching styles act like a tion (in the task, in behaviors, and
specific characterizing variable within in interpersonal relations), and ad-
the teaching process, which makes aptation to new situations.
them an interesting aspect to study.
The style teaching adopted by any
teacher somehow conditions the di- Method
verse teaching elements, because it
interferes with or alters their relation- Participants
ships. Efficacious teachers will there-
fore very probably master diverse For the construction and valida-
teaching styles and, after having pre- tion of the Scale-guide, we used a
viously analyzed the situation, will sample of N = 17 University teachers
know how to apply them. They should (PhDs in Psychology and Pedagogy)
also know how to combine them ade- for the Experts’ Judgment and a sam-
quately, and to transform them to cre- ple of N = 60 of EE teacher-tutors.
ate new ones (Hervás, 2003). For the construction and vali-
The review reveals the pres- dation of the ECAD-EP, we used
ence of diverse variables or criteria the same panel of experts as in the
on which are based the proposals former process of the Scale-guide,
of teaching style classification, al- and for the pilot tests, we used a
though such classifications emerge sample of N = 49 teacher-tutors of
from diverse settings, with differ- EE with similar characteristics as the
ent populations and historical loca- sample of the first administration.
tions (De León, 2005), and most of For the factor analysis, the
the criteria refer to learning-related sample employed was N = 305 EE
Figure 2. Multidimensional structure of the ECAD-EP and its relation with the Scale-guide.
Reliability Analysis
Table 1
Measures of Test-Retest Reliability of the ECAD-EP Dimensions
Test Retest
Dimensions Cronbach’s Guttmann’s Cronbach’s Guttmann’s
N N
α split-half α split-half
Table 2
Measures of Test-Retest Reliability of the Subdimensions of ECAD-EP
Test Retest
Subdimensions Cronbach’s Guttmann’s Cronbach’s Guttmann’s
N N
α split-half α split-half
Table 3
Matrix of Rotated FA1 Components: Factors 1, 2, and 3
Theoretical Factor Theoretical Factor Theoretical Factor
Item Item Item
Dimension 1 Dimension 2 Dimension 3
As 79 .750* ANS 50 .356* DM 81 .363*
Co 87 .708* Me 36 .765* Me 92 .718*
Co 78 .699* Co 30 .754* Co 91 .688*
ANS 62 .567* Me 67 .671* DM 90 .668*
Co 70 .500* Me 49 .630* DM 60 .501*
DM 81 .434* Co 72 .531* Me 77 .395*
NVC 44 .414* VC 73 .450* Se 37 .321*
As 71 .413* L 63 .448* Se 58 .301*
Co 64 .484* L 29 .406* PVC 84 .317*
Co 17 .398* DM 45 .384*
VC 89 .308* Em 31 .382*
ANS 50 .388* As 10 .346*
AB 25 .445* DM 26 .303*
AB 46 .365* VC 53 .338*
Co 72 .435* Se 86 .303*
L 29 .356* Se 13 .397*
Me 77 .387* ANS 27 .303*
As 18 .301*
AB 69 .345*
Em 61 .331*
Co 83 .352*
AB 15 .333*
* Items with a high or unique factor loading in one factor.
Note: As = Assertiveness, Co = Co-existence, ANS = Adaptation to new Situations, DM = Decision
Making, NVC = Nonverbal Communication, VC = Verbal communication, AB = Affect: Affective
Bonds, L = Leadership, Me = Problem solving: Mediation, Em = Affect: Empathy, Se = Self-efficacy,
PVC = Paraverbal Communication.
Table 4
Matrix of Rotated FA1 Components: Factors 4, 5, and 6
Table 5
Matrix of Rotated FA1 Components: Factors 7, 8, and 9
Table 6
Matrix of Rotated FA1 Components: Factors 10, 11, and 12
Table 7
Matrix of Rotated FA1 Components: Factors 13, 14, and 15
Table 8
Matrix of Rotated FA1 Components: Factors 16, 17, and 18
tor, with a weight of ≥.492. Fac- all the items of the scale, of which
tor 15 groups 3.26% of all the items 33.33% only load on this factor, with
of the scale, of which 66.66% only a weight of ≥.706. However, the sup-
load on this factor, with a weight of posed Factor 18, which groups 4.35%
≥.609. of all the items of scale, was elimi-
Factor 16 groups 3.26% of all the nated because it did not present items
items of the scale, of which 66.66% with a unique loading on this factor
only load on this factor, with a weight and the items that did load on it had a
of ≥.539. Factor 17 groups 3.26% of low weight (≤.309).
Table 9
Matrix of Rotated FA1 Components: Factors 19, 20, and 21
CO 1 .620 .538 .637 .417 .567 .407 .612 .442 .600 .450 .361 .377 .361 .366 .479 .519
GD .620 1 .585 .522 .468 .523 .498 .576 .358 .495 .470 .465 .357 .399 .443 .463 .450
PS .538 .585 1 .515 .343 .452 .433 .555 .410 .450 .511 .407 .484 .360 .433 .486 .469
CA .637 .522 .515 1 .457 .606 .353 .584 .396 .427 .388 .387 .338 .412 .343 .484 .421
Pl .417 .468 .343 .457 1 .355 .268 .386 .293 .296 .270 .255 .192 .491 .311 .325 .275
Se .567 .523 .452 .606 .355 1 .424 .575 .426 .372 .355 .433 .346 .387 .409 .469 .419
NVC .407 .498 .433 .353 .268 .424 1 .472 .279 .296 .380 .426 .433 .355 .323 .479 .349
Me .612 .576 .555 .584 .386 .575 .472 1 .495 .468 .502 .445 .370 .428 .477 .508 .442
AB .442 .358 .410 .396 .293 .426 .279 .495 1 .474 .379 .244 .294 .325 .374 .376 .219
Em .600 .495 .450 .427 .296 .372 .296 .468 .474 1 .353 .327 .278 .305 .289 .423 .343
EL .450 .470 .511 .388 .270 .355 .380 .502 .379 .353 1 .349 .328 .316 .334 .326 .358
AL .361 .465 .407 .387 .255 .433 .426 .445 .244 .327 .349 1 .302 .306 .318 .375 .369
As .377 .357 .484 .338 .192 .346 .433 .370 .294 .278 .328 .302 1 .237 .251 .344 .243
IC .361 .399 .360 .412 .491 .387 .355 .428 .325 .305 .316 .306 .237 1 .388 .353 .181
ANS .366 .443 .433 .343 .311 .409 .323 .477 .374 .289 .334 .318 .251 .388 1 .350 .244
PVC .479 .463 .486 .484 .325 .469 .479 .508 .376 .423 .326 .375 .344 .353 .350 1 .379
Figure 5. Representation of the dimensions of each factor of the ECAD-EP after the FA2.
Table 13
Numeric Distribution of the Variables in the Factors and Number of Items in each Factor
The three factors that form the fining teachers’ teaching styles as a
final edition of the ECAD-EP also link to students’ learning styles. The
have significantly high reliability, teaching-learning correlation was
calculated with Cronbach’s α: for the acknowledgement of the teach-
Factor A (Socio-emotional) Cron- ers’ mediating role, granting maxi-
bach’s α = .852; for Factor B (Com- mum importance to the interactive
municative-relational), Cronbach’s processes. In this sense, many au-
α = .788; and for Factor C (Instruc- thors have made experimental con-
tional) Cronbach’s α = .721. tributions, making teaching more
The final version of the ECAD- scientifically valid (Aitkin, Ben-
EP can be seen in the last annex. net, & Hesketh, 1981; Baumgart,
1977; Campbell & Campbell, 1978;
Dunn & Dunn, 1979; Eble, 1981;
Discussion Fischer & Fischer, 1979; Tuckman,
Steber, & Hyman, 1979; Turner,
The assessment of the teach- 1979; Vernon & Entwistle 1982;
ing praxis strongly emerges with the Wilson, 1986; Wragg & Bennett,
main goal of improving the qual- 1976; Yule & Bennett, 1978). How-
ity of educational institutions and ever, most of these advances were
the professional development of the subsequently blocked in favor of
teaching staff as the directing sub- experimentation and innovation in
ject of the teaching-learning proc- the organizational sphere and in the
ess, in addition to meeting the legis- area of instructional design. Instead
lative demands of each epoch. There of focusing on the subjects’ proc-
have been more written articles than esses, the studies focused on techno-
empirical research, because many logical and situational elements and
of the theoretical approaches are not factors of the teaching process. Few
applicable to real work. In the past models have attempted to opera-
20 years, the assessment of teach- tionalize the variables and processes
ers and the definitions of the rating concerning the teachers’ individual
criteria to determine teaching com- actions (cognitive, affective, social,
petences and efficacy have been one interactive, conversational...), and
of the most vanguard areas of re- when this has been done, a preva-
search in Educational Psychology. lence of works based on the hy-
Our teaching assessment proposal pothetical existence of a series of
falls within this framework, seek- characteristics that define a good
ing the operational definition of the teacher have emerged, which the as-
variables that make up the teaching sessment instruments should take
praxis globally and completely. into account; it is therefore better to
In the decades of the 1970s refer to teaching styles. The scarcity
and 1980s, Instructional Psychol- of measurement instruments of the
ogy progressed notably when de- defining psychoinstructional vari-
ables of the EE teaching staff has 2011). Most research of this topic
also been verified. has either focused on external opin-
If we could scientifically study ions and appraisals (perceptions of
the way each teacher resolves a spe- judges, students, etc.) or on implicit
cific educational situation effec- theories (Marrero, 1993; Pozo &
tively, we could elaborate an Ed- Scheuer, 1999). There is some con-
ucational Psychology that would cern about the design and develop-
improve educational praxis. This ment of procedures and techniques
requires the application of an in- for the assessment of teaching, as
ductive methodology to observe valid measures of learning how to
the teaching-learning processes mi- teach and in order to improve teach-
croscopically. The analysis of these ers’ training programs and thereby
processes should be carried out in to gain instructional efficacy, as re-
specific situations, because broad ported in the works of Cohen-Vogel
and nonspecific or ambiguous situa- and Smith (2007), Mohan, Lunde-
tions do not admit this type of anal- berg, and Reffitt (2008), Pecheone
ysis. We propose to make the teach- and Chung (2006, Performance As-
ing situation the unit of analysis of sessment for California Teachers-
the teaching-learning process. PACT), Ridley, Hurwitz, Hackett,
The proposal of a descriptive and Miller (2005), Tam et al. (Tam,
and methodological conceptual Pak, Hui, Kwan, & Goh, 2010) or
framework that defines teaching Van Zandt (1998, Professional De-
styles comprises of a mixture of var- velopment School-PDS). However,
iables expressed by capacities (con- it is currently difficult to agree on
ceptual, factual, and values), which an explicit and complete model to
make up three modular areas (or be assessed. Researchers have at-
dimensions) holistically (system) tempted to overcome this drawback
and interrelatedly. These justify dif- with diverse models and the use of
ferent teaching styles in teachers, quantitative, qualitative, and mixed
defined by Beltrán et al. (Beltrán, methodologies, as well as instru-
Moraleda, Alcañiz, Calleja, & San- ments with diverse characteristics
tiuste, 1990) as behavioral patterns (Elizalde & Reyes, 2008).
that the teacher follows when per- In research of Psychology of In-
forming externally visible teaching. struction, the analysis of the cog-
Nevertheless, as seen throughout the nitive activities underlying the
investigation, it is difficult to agree teaching staff’s actions, such as ver-
on which traits or specific qualities balization thinking aloud, stimulat-
the EE teachers should possess. ing recall (Schön, 1983), has given
Therefore, the need to clarify way to the study and assessment of
the validity of emerging teaching thoughts (Shavelson & Stern, 1989),
competences is intrinsically linked conceptions and beliefs (Liston &
to their assessment (Collins & Pratt, Zeichner, 1991; Zeichner, 1993), di-
rect actions, knowledge, and reflec- necessary for the teacher, especially
tion on the instructional processes. the EE teacher. We have verified
Self-assessment of teaching com- that both the technical-professional
petence has thus become an ideal and personal characteristics are im-
means to develop the assessment portant, and emphasized the action
of teaching performance, which in- of the moderator variables, which
cludes a broad competence model provide the clues to select and train
comprising instructional, emotional, teachers appropriately in the dimen-
relational, and motivating variables sions that contribute the most to
(Pena, Rey, & Extremera, 2012; achieving excellence in teaching
Rey & Extremera, 2011). According to Snider and Roehl
The ECAD-EP is thus a valid (2007), EE teaching staff focuses
and reliable method to assess teach- on the development of instructional
ing patterns and profiles in EE, praxis based on constructivism, un-
characterized by its tripartite struc- derlining the importance of teach-
ture, which includes teachers’ tech- ing style rather than content, and
nical-instructional, socio-emotional, they support a teaching based on
and communicative-relational as- strategies and eclectic methods and
pects, thereby configuring a pro- interaction with a reduced class.
posal of holistic assessment of com- Teaching experience and teachers’
petence. preparation and continued training
The explicit rating of teachers’ are also valued. In general, a teacher
self-perception of their own teach- who generates positive expectations
ing processes allows them not only in the students achieves better re-
to self-rate themselves but also to sults that a teacher who gives in
infer their models, expectations, and when faced with students’ difficul-
attitudes about these teaching proc- ties, because developing such ex-
esses. Having employed a broad pectations generates an efficacious
sample of active EE teachers in the instructional environment (Rosen-
national territory makes the ECAD- feld & Rosenfeld, 2008).
EP a situational report of what these Lastly, a study of Serrano and
teachers consider, think and value in Pons (2008) concludes that all the
the current Spanish educational sys- classifications of the teaching-learn-
tem. This represents an up-to-date ing processes share three aspects:
conception of teaching competences they fulfill a social and socializ-
in agreement with the implementa- ing function (Madariaga & Goñi,
tion of the new study plans for the 2009); they have an affective com-
Degree of Teacher, according to the ponent (attribution of meaning) and
European Space for Higher Educa- a cognitive component (construc-
tion (ESHE). tion of meaning); and they are me-
The ECAD-EP also allows us diated processes. Teachers who are
to found a tripartite training that is well prepared to teach the facts of
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Evidence in teacher education. The doi: 10.1177/0022487104272098.
Juan Antonio Valdivieso Burón is PhD in the subject of Developmental and Educa-
tional Psychology, Associate Professor in the Department of Psychology of the
University of Valladolid and Adviser at the Center for Training Teacher and Ed-
ucational Innovation (CFIE) of Valladolid of the Ministry of Education of the
Government of Castilla y León. His main scientific production focuses on the
evaluation and development of strategies and effective teaching styles, as well as
on the counseling and training of motivating teaching skills.
Miguel Angel Martin Carbonero, PTUN in the area of Educational Psychology at the
University of Valladolid. In his scientific highlights the direction of six doctoral
theses. His main research is on motivational teaching skills, effective teachers,
teaching strategies, on which he has published in recent years several contribu-
tions in journals of impact. He has conducted research projects nationally com-
petitive and regionally.
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
Resumen
Se establece una propuesta conceptual del estilo de enseñanza del profesorado de Educación Primaria
(EP) constituida por un conjunto de dimensiones holísticas e integradoras, de naturaleza introyectiva y
proyectiva, que sirven de base para la elaborar la Escala de Evaluación de la Competencia Autoperci-
bida del Docente de Educación Primaria (ECAD-EP), escala que puede ser empleada como un instru-
mento de evaluación con propiedades psicométricas válidas y fiables, idónea para poder cuantificar el
perfil competencial del profesorado estratégico de EP. La ECAD-EP presenta un formato tipo Likert
constituida por 58 ítems y dispuesta en una estructura factorial tridimensional del orden siguiente:
(a) Socioemocional, compuesto por las variables: convivencia, mediación, dinamización grupal, impli-
cación afectiva, adaptación comunicativa, sensibilidad comunicativa, empatía y autoeficacia; (b) Co-
municativo-relacional, constituido por las variables: asertividad, liderazgo afectivo, liderazgo ejecutivo,
resolución de conflictos, comunicación no verbal y comunicación paraverbal; (c) Instruccional, que
contiene las variables: adaptación a nuevas situaciones, control instruccional y planificación.
Palabras clave: Estilos de enseñanza, evaluación de la enseñanza, competencia docente autoperci-
bida, variables instruccionales, escala de evaluación docente.
Abstract
A conceptual proposal for the teaching style of elementary teachers has been established. It is composed
of a set of holistic and integrated dimensions with an introspective and extrinsic nature. These
dimensions are used as the basis to elaborate the Elementary Teacher Instructional Auto-perceived
Competence Evaluation Scale (ET-IACES). Therefore, it can be used as an instrument of evaluation
with valid, accurate and reliable psychometric properties, suitable in its tasks of measuring elementary
teachers’ strategic competence profile. The ECAD-EP has a Likert-type scale consisting of 58 items and
arranged in a three-dimensional factor structured in the following order: (a) Socio-emotional, composed
of the variables: coexistence, mediation, revitalization group, emotional involvement, adapting
communicative, communicative sensitivity, empathy and self-efficacy; (b) Communicative-relational,
consisting of the variables: assertiveness, affective leadership, executive leadership, conflict resolution,
nonverbal communication and paraverbal comunication; (c) Instructional, which contains the variables:
adapting to new situations, instructional control and planning.
Keywords: Teaching styles, evaluation of teaching, self-perceived teaching competence, instruc-
tional variables, teacher rating scale.
Análisis de fiabilidad
Tabla 1
Medidas de Fiabilidad de las Dimensiones de la ECAD-EP en el Test-Retest
Test Retest
Dimensiones α de Dos Mitades α de Dos Mitades
N N
Cronbach de Guttman Cronbach de Guttman
Tabla 2
Medidas de Fiabilidad de las Subdimensiones de la ECAD-EP en el Test-Retest
Test Retest
Subdimensiones α de Dos Mitades α de Dos Mitades
N N
Cronbach de Guttman Cronbach de Guttman
Tabla 3
Matriz de Componentes Rotados del AF1: Factores 1.º, 2.º y 3.º
Dimensión Factor Dimensión Factor Dimensión Factor
Ítem Ítem Ítem
Teórica 1 Teórica 2 Teórica 3
As 79 .750* ANS 50 .356* TD 81 .363*
Con 87 .708* Me 36 .765* Me 92 .718*
Con 78 .699* Con 30 .754* Con 91 .688*
ANS 62 .567* Me 67 .671* TD 90 .668*
Con 70 .500* Me 49 .630* TD 60 .501*
TD 81 .434* Con 72 .531* Me 77 .395*
CNV 44 .414* CV 73 .450* Au 37 .321*
As 71 .413* Li 63 .448* Au 58 .301*
Con 64 .484* Li 29 .406* CPV 84 .317*
Con 17 .398* TD 45 .384*
CV 89 .308* Em 31 .382*
ANS 50 .388* As 10 .346*
VA 25 .445* TD 26 .303*
VA 46 .365* Cv 53 .338*
Con 72 .435* Au 86 .303*
Li 29 .356* Au 13 .397*
Me 77 .387* ANS 27 .303*
As 18 .301*
VA 69 .345*
Em 61 .331*
Con 83 .352*
VA 15 .333*
* Items con una carga factorial alta o con una saturación única dentro del factor.
Nota: Las claves de las dimensiones docentes teóricas empleadas en las tablas son: ANS = Adaptación
a Nuevas Situaciones, As = Asertividad, Au = Autoeficacia, CV = Comunicación Verbal, CNV = Comu-
nicación No Verbal, CPV = Comunicación Paraverbal, Con = Convivencia, Em = Afectividad: Empatía,
Li = Liderazgo, Me = Resolución de conflictos: Mediación, Pl = Planificación, TD = Toma de Decisio-
nes y VA = Afectividad: Vinculación Afectiva.
Tabla 4
Matriz de Componentes Rotados del AF1: Factores 4.º, 5.º y 6.º
Tabla 5
Matriz de Componentes Rotados del AF1: Factores 7.º, 8.º y 9.º
Tabla 6
Matriz de Componentes Rotados del AF1: Factores 10.º, 11.º y 12.º
Tabla 7
Matriz de Componentes Rotados del AF1: Factores 13.º, 14.º y 15.º
Tabla 8
Matriz de Componentes Rotados del AF1: Factores 16.º, 17.º y 18.º
Tabla 9
Matriz de Componentes Rotados del AF1: Factores 19.º, 20.º y 21.º
CON 1 .620 .538 .637 .417 .567 .407 .612 .442 .600 .450 .361 .377 .361 .366 .479 .519
DG .620 1 .585 .522 .468 .523 .498 .576 .358 .495 .470 .465 .357 .399 .443 .463 .450
RC .538 .585 1 .515 .343 .452 .433 .555 .410 .450 .511 .407 .484 .360 .433 .486 .469
AC .637 .522 .515 1 .457 .606 .353 .584 .396 .427 .388 .387 .338 .412 .343 .484 .421
PL .417 .468 .343 .457 1 .355 .268 .386 .293 .296 .270 .255 .192 .491 .311 .325 .275
AE .567 .523 .452 .606 .355 1 .424 .575 .426 .372 .355 .433 .346 .387 .409 .469 .419
CNV .407 .498 .433 .353 .268 .424 1 .472 .279 .296 .380 .426 .433 .355 .323 .479 .349
ME .612 .576 .555 .584 .386 .575 .472 1 .495 .468 .502 .445 .370 .428 .477 .508 .442
IA .442 .358 .410 .396 .293 .426 .279 .495 1 .474 .379 .244 .294 .325 .374 .376 .219
E .600 .495 .450 .427 .296 .372 .296 .468 .474 1 .353 .327 .278 .305 .289 .423 .343
LE .450 .470 .511 .388 .270 .355 .380 .502 .379 .353 1 .349 .328 .316 .334 .326 .358
LA .361 .465 .407 .387 .255 .433 .426 .445 .244 .327 .349 1 .302 .306 .318 .375 .369
AS .377 .357 .484 .338 .192 .346 .433 .370 .294 .278 .328 .302 1 .237 .251 .344 .243
CI .361 .399 .360 .412 .491 .387 .355 .428 .325 .305 .316 .306 .237 1 .388 .353 .181
ANS .366 .443 .433 .343 .311 .409 .323 .477 .374 .289 .334 .318 .251 .388 1 .350 .244
CPV .479 .463 .486 .484 .325 .469 .479 .508 .376 .423 .326 .375 .344 .353 .350 1 .379
Tabla 13
Distribución Numérica de Variables en cada uno de los Factores
y Número de Ítems en cada una
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Anexo: ECAD-EP
1 2 3 4 5
4 Suelo responder de modo tranquilo y con voz moderada a las cuestiones que
plantea el alumnado.
9 Ayudo al/a la alumno/a menos capaz a que supere los obstáculos que le im-
piden progresar.
1 2 3 4 5
1 2 3 4 5
58 Me gusta que se presenten los hechos de forma objetiva, sin atribuir doble in-
tencionalidad al que los expone.